Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the research design, respondents of the study, locale
of the study, research instruments, sampling technique/design, and data
collection procedure and analysis of data.

Research Design

A descriptive-correlational design was utilized in this study According to

Creswell (2022), correlational research is a descriptive type of research aims
to describe what exists at the moment (conditions, practices, processes,
structures etc.) and determine the nature degree and direction of
relationships between variables or using these relationships to make
predictions. It aimed to identify and analyze the relationships between
instructional approaches of teachers and students' academic performance in
science.

Moreover, a descriptive correlational design describes the variables and the

relationship that occur naturally between and among them (Sousa et al.
2007). Thus, the study aimed to determine the relationship between
teachers' teaching style and students' academic performance in science
subject. By examining the current state of these factors, the study had
identified potential connections between instructional approaches and
students' academic performance in science.

Locale of the Study

This study's locale was conducted in the Southern Municipalities of Eastern

Samar, Philippines particularly in the areas of Maydolong, Balangkayan,
Llorente, Hernani, General MacArthur, Quinapondan, Giporlos, Balangiga
Lawaan, Salcedo, Mercedes and Guiuan. The municipalities mentioned offers
Secondary education such namely Maydolong National High School (MNHS),
Balangkayan National High School

(BNHS), Llorente National High School (LNHS), Pedro E. Candido Memorial National High
School (PECMNHS), Quinapondan National High School (QNHS), Giporlos National High
School (GNHS), Southern Samar National Comprehensive High School (SSNCHS), Lawaan
National High School of Craftmanship and Home Industries. Salcedo Vocational High School
(SVHS), Mercedes National High School (MNHS) and Guiuan National High School (GNHS).
Each of this schools have contributed to the progress of the district and may have influenced the
instructional approach of teachers and performance of the learners in science. Each schools
encompasses rich history of academic progress and excels in various learning areas.

These locales of this study were chosen as the researcher believes that they can provide
an appropriate context to explore the relationship between teachers’ instructional approaches in
teaching and students’ academic performance in the science subject.

Overall, the locale of the study in the southern municipalities of Eastern Samar shown in Figure
2 provides a dynamic and multifaceted setting for investigating the instructional approaches of
science teachers in teaching science and the academic performance of the learners.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study were secondary teachers of the identified southern municipalities
specifically teaching science subjects such as General Science, Biology, Chemistry, Physics,
Earth and Life Science, Physical Science and other science subjects offered both in junior high
school and senior high school levels. Even non-science major teachers but handling science
subject were included as respondents of the study. However, to be part of the study, the teacher
should be a full-time and regular teacher. Moreover, a total of 105 regular science teachers were
chosen to be respondents of the study in the southern municipalities of Eastern Samar,

Sample size of Science Teachers in the Southern Municipalities

Southern Schools
Population Size

Sample Size

13

12

Guiuan National High School

13

12

Mercedes National High School

Salcedo National High School

Lawaan National High School of Craftmanship and Home Industries

Southern Samar National Comprehensive High School

10

Giporlos National High School

Quinapondan National High School

General MacArthur National Agricultural School

Pedro E. Candido Memorial National High School

Llorente National High School

15

5
9

15

Balangkayan National High School

Maydolong National High School

TOTAL

105

10

6
105

Sampling Procedure

The respondents of this study were selected through census sampling to obtain more scientific
and bias-free results. Census sampling involves interviewing all members of the population
(OpenLeam, n.d.) It is a study of every unit, individual, or element in a population, often referred
to as a complete enumeration, meaning a complete count (Australian Bureau of Statistics, n.d.).
The participants were purposively selected. Purposive sampling is a non-randomized technique
that selects participants based on specific criteria relevant to the study’s objectives (Bisht, 2020)
According to Roscoe (1975), as cited by Memon et al. (2020), a sample size greater than 30 but
less than 500 is appropriate for behavioral studies. Furthermore, a comparative analysis suggests
that a minimum of 30 respondents should be considered for data sets, which aligns with the logic
of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT).

The respondents In this study were science teachers from the southern municipalities of Eastern
Samar who were currently teaching science subjects.

Research Instrument

The researcher used an adapted survey questionnaire to obtain the necessary information. To
carry out this study, the Grasha-Riechmann Teaching Style Inventory (1994) was adapted (see
Appendix). The survey was designed to capture classroom teaching styles and strategies that
have been shown to contribute to student learning.

Grasha and Riechmann (1994) assessed the teaching styles employed by teachers in their
classrooms. They identified five (5) types of teaching styles: Expert, Formal Authority, Personal
Model, Facilitator, and Delegator. This classification helped to determine the instructional
approaches utilized by teachers in the classroom to ensure a holistic learning experience for
students.

Data Gathering Procedure

The study followed the procedure outlined below to achieve the desired results. The researcher
first sent a letter to the superintendent of the Division of Eastern Samar, informing them of the
study’s purpose and the involvement of certain schools as respondents. Prior to distribution, the
instrument underwent a validation process, including a pilot test and expert feedback, to enhance
its reliability and validity. The researcher then sent letters to the respective district heads and
school principals of the identified respondents. Once approval was granted, the researcher
distributed the questionnaire to the science teachers of various secondary schools in the Southern
Municipalities. The respondents were informed that the data gathered would solely be used for
academic purposes, treated with utmost confidentiality, and that no personal information would
be published. Data gathering took place in November 2024.

Measurement of Variables

A rigorous analysis of the collected data was conducted to objectively derive insights from
respondent feedback. The survey form for factors influencing students’ performance utilized the
five-point Likert scale. Five (5) was the highest and 1 was the lowest and about the extent of
“agreement”. Meanwhile, the data for academic performance was interpreted based on the
guidelines in the Mean Percentage Score or MPS described by DepEd Memorandum 160 s.
2012. It illustrated further in tabular form, as follows:

Interpretation of Teachers Teaching Style (Grasha, 1996)

Scale

Range

Description
Interpretation

4.20-5.00

Strongly Agree

Very High Application

3.40-4.19

Moderately Agree

High Application

2.60-3.39

Undecided

Average

1.80-2.59

Moderately Disagree

Low Application

1.00-1.79
Strongly Disagree

Very Low Application

Mean Percentage Score (MPS) Bracket (DepEd, 2012)

Mean Percentage Score

Description

96%-100%

Mastered

86%-95%

Closely Approximating Mastery

66%-85%

Moving towards Mastery

35%-65%

Average

16%-34%
Low

5%-15%

Very Low

0%-4%

No Mastery

Data Analysis

The researcher used descriptive statistics, such as frequency counts and percentages, and
inferential statistics, including correlational analysis. Specifically. Descriptive statistics such as
frequency distributions, standard deviation, and mean-was used to provide an overview of the
study population. To determine the relationship between science teachers’ teaching approaches
and students’ academic performance, Pearson’s correlation coefficient ® was calculated with a
degree of freedom of 0.5, assuming a normal distribution. This analysis helped measure the
strength and direction of the relationship between teachers’ instructional approaches and
students’ academic performance in science. The academic performance of students in science
subjects was analyzed using frequency counts, means, and standard deviations. A significant
relationship between the two variables was tested at a 0.05 level of significance.
3

1
Ethical Consideration

Ethical consideration can be specified as one of the most important part of a research. According
to Bryman and Bell (2007), there are principles that needs to be followed in relation to ethical
consideration: (1) Research participants should not be subjected to harm in any ways whatsoever
(2) respect to dignity of research participants should be prioritized and, (3) full consent should be
obtained from the participants prior to the study (Business Research Methodology, n.d).

Ethical consideration was ensured by obtaining a letter of consent or permission in the conduct
of the survey. Letters were sent to the school head, M & E coordinator and the identified research
participants. The research made sure that the respondents’ identity was kept anonymously.
Consent (See appendices) was handed to the teacher and learners in order to gain respect to the
participant.