LESSON 2: IMPORTANCE OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS OF

INQUIRY

Schools, hospitals, social media, and media (radio and television) are among the beneficiaries of
qualitative research. These institutions have contributed largely to sustain a society.

Qualitative research has been found to be an effective method in finding answers to phenomena in the
context of different disciplines like education, technical communication and business, social and
behavioral sciences advertising, and social work. Further, the latest developments of these disciplines
are relatively contributed by qualitative study.

Importance of Qualitative Research across Different Fields

Qualitative Research in Education

To better understand research in education, Green and Bloome (1997) gave a distinction between
Ethnography of education and Ethnography in education.

Ethnography of education seeks to understand what counts as education for members of a particular
group while ethnography in education studies about social and cultural dynamics of a school or
classroom. An example is how teaching styles match the learning styles of students.

They concluded that ethnographic practice-like any set of social and cultural practices- are ways that
people in a certain place react to each other to pursue an agenda: including research agenda,
educational agenda, and social, cultural, and instructional change agenda. An example of this study is
how students react to the evaluation of their academic performance.

Qualitative research is important as it navigates towards the improvement of performance in

education.

Qualitative Research in Technical Communication

Qualitative research can also be used in studying the effective use of technology in the workplace to
ensure a smooth flow of communication. This can be conducted using focus groups.

Technical communications under study can be in the forms of e-mail, fax messaging. video and voice
conferencing, intranet and extranet, jargon, and graphics. The advancement in technical
communication is a product of exploration using qualitative research.

Qualitative Research in Psychology

According to Braun and Clarke (2013), the qualitative research paradigm in psychology has been
emerging since the second half of the nineteenth century. Psychology has been strongly shaped by the
behavioral and cognitive traditions within which psychology should seek to understand and determine
an observable, objective psychological reality. An example of this is, psychologists seek to understand
why some students lack the motivation to go to school and why some students resort to bullying and
the like.
Understanding the psychological processes and how they affect society is the Contribution of
qualitative research.

Qualitative Research in Advertising

Morrison et al. say that great advertising comes along from an understanding of Consumer's wants
and needs. Further, they say that qualitative research approaches, or methods useful in advertising
have been used by advertising researchers.

The stated connection of understanding the connection between advertising and consumer's.
preferences can be explained through qualitative research.

Qualitative Research in Social Work

Conducting research under social work means studying people's experiences especially what they
found traumatic and painful. This can be done by analyzing interview data and narratives which has
four broad categories:

1. Knowledge-direct remembering and reliving, with complete details of the events.

2. Awareness of mental process: awareness of emotions and of cognitive processes.

3. Awareness of identity- awareness of values and the construction of personal characteristics of each
partner and of the couple as a unit.

4. Alienation-refusal to observe, reflect or remember

Qualitative Research in Marketing

Historically, qualitative research in marketing is influenced by social research and has embedded
projective devices within the approach of in-depth interview.

The more modern qualitative marketing studies use the grounded theory approach. For example, Flint,
Woodruff, and Guardial (2002, as cited in Belk, 20016) studied customers at different levels in US
automobile manufacturing.

Thus, by thorough investigation through research, marketing strategies are improved for better return
of investment.

Qualitative Research in International Business

Business establishments use methods like participant observation, content analysis focus groups,
narrative interviews, and "hidden methods such as archival research (Marschan, Pekkari & Welch,
2004).

In this manner, business establishments can collect reliable information and come to a decision of
improving their ways and processes.
MODULE 3
Identifying the inquiry and stating the problem related to daily life
Lesson 1 designing a research project related to daily life

What is it

Designing a research is similar to making a house car bag dress cake etc. which needs appropriate
materials and necessary process or steps to follow then you have to consider whether what you indeed
to make or invent has significance to you as a person otherwise your efforts will not be put to use

In designing your qualitative research you have to consider whether the topic you have chosen is
relevant to you as a learner as a constituent in your barangay and as a citizen of this country.

Therefore the first question you should answer is what is the issue phenomenon or problem in my
school at home and in the community that needs my special attention by conducting a research ?

Examples:
1. In school

Based on observation what are the issues and problems I encounter inside the classroom is it the
lesson teachers learners attitude and hindrances to graduation?

2. At home
Considering my life on a daily basis what are the things that matter me at home?

3. in the community
What are the usual compliant of my neighbor regarding ordinances practices and activities in the
barangay or what are the situations in my community that need to be improved?

Once you had decided on area where you can focus on you need to remember the design of the
qualitative research you will venture into

Design of qualitative research Qualitative

Qualitative research is an emergent design which means that it emerges as you make ongoing
decisions about what you have learned.

As a design qualitative research requires researchers decision making like how to gather data from
where and home to collect when together and for how long is the process will be.

To have a holistic picture of qualitative research project you have to remember that in deciding on a
topic you have to consider the kind and the field it belongs as well as it relevance to your daily life.

Lesson 2: Writing a research title

Guidelines in choosing a topic

1. Interest in the subject matter You are interested about the topic because you have experienced it.
2. Availability of information It is important that when you decide on a topic sources of information
are available.

3. Timelines and relevance of the topic The topic you have chosen can be of significance to the
community.

4. Limitations on the subject Sometimes topic is limited to what the teacher suggest an example of this
is when the teacher asked the entire class to focus on covid-19 pandemic then you have no freedom to
explore other topics aside from what is given.

5. Personal resources Consider also if you can finish the research in terms of your ntellectual and
financial physical capabilities.

Topics to be avoided

1. Controversial topics Avoid highly opinionated topics

2. Highly technical subjects Two technical topics requires expertise if you don't have enough
knowledge about it then look for another one

3. Hard to investigate subjects An availability of reading materials and materials that are not updated
make the subject hard to investigate

4. Too broad subjects You lock focus if you deal with broad topics the remedy is to narrow it down

5. Too narrow subject Some subjects are too narrow that expensive and thorough reading are required.

6.vague subjects Titles that start with indefinite adjectives such as several many some etc. make the
topic vague

Sources of research topics

1. Mass media communication television newspaper ads radio films etc.

2. Books internet journals government publications

3. Professional periodicals specialized periodicals in different fields

4. General periodicals readers digest time magazine women's magazine etc.

5. Previous readings

6. Work experience
Examples of research topics and their sources

POSSIBLE AREA OF SOURCE TOPIC

RESEARCH

Social Problems Magazines journals social Cyberbullying and copying

media books newspapers mechanisms about senior high
school students

Wide reading or critical film Varied reading materials books Sona as information campaign
viewing journals magazines newspapers of the president's programs and
videos and documentaries project

Social networking Social media Facebook, Functionality of social media

Instagram twitter among students during the
pandemic

Replication of research Compilation of research in the Inadequacies of private schools

library in the k to 12 implementations

Gray areas about issues Lector stocks seminars The fallacy about covid-19
phenomena vaccines

How to narrow down a topic

1. you can narrow down the topic by exploring and extending the explanation of the theory

2. Talk over ideas with people who know research

3. Focus on specific group example: students mothers teachers

4. Define the aim or desired outcome of the study.

A. Is the study exploratory explanatory or descriptive?

B. Is the study applied or basic?

Before deciding on your topic, ask;

1. What area are not yet explored that I want to investigate?

2. Is my research useful to me to my school to my family and to my community?

Remember a research study must be significant enough to make it worth your efforts as the researcher.
Example of abroad topic narrowed down to specific one

General concept: early pregnancy

Narrow: early pregnancy among senior high school students
Narrow: prevention of early pregnancy among senior high school students
 Broad Specific

Lack of self-esteem Lack of self esteem among introverts :remedies

and intervention

Drug addiction Health hazards of vaping: prevention and

intervention

Suicide Suicidal teenagers in urban areas: a case study

Covid-19 Causes prevention and treatment of covid 19

Now we will tackle how you will formulate your research title

➤ Research title is the most important element of your research as it clearly expresses the problem to
be explored
➤ A research title capsulizes the main thought or idea of the whole research paper it also reflects the
variables under study
➤ It is expressed in few words possible and just enough to describe the contents and the purpose of
your research
➤ It needs to be informative
➤ It contains the: Less mastered competences of senior high school students in Bukidnon during
school year 2020 to 2021

What: less mastered competences

Where: Bukidnon
Who: senior high school students
When: school year 2022 2021

In qualitative research it is not necessary to complete the data on what were who and when in the title
consider the research titles below

●​ Study habits of senior high school students in public schools of Bukidnon

●​ Understanding the academic journey of senior high school students

●​ The poles of the people on the leadership style of president Rodrigo R. Duterte

●​ phenomenology of pioneering senior high school students in private schools

Body tattoo: is it an art?

what: the subject matter or topic to be investigated
Where: place or locate where the research is to be conducted
Who: the participants of respondents of the study When: the time period of the conduct of the study
Examples:
Struggles in online learning modality among students of Quezon national high school during school
year 2021 to 2021

What: struggles in online learning modality

Where: Quezon national high school Who: students
When: school year 2021 to 2021

Lesson 3 formulating research questions scope and delimitation of the study significance of the
study stating the problem

What is it

Formulating research questions

The questions that you ask in your research will determine the data that you want to have, answer, and
specify in chapter 4. Hence, it is a crucial stage to attain your research objective. Research questions
help writers focus their research by providing a path through the research and writing process. You
should ask a question about an issue that you are genuinely curious and or passionate about. The
question you ask should be developed for the discipline you are studying. A question directed towards
literature, for instance, is different from an appropriate one in mathematics to biology.

A research question is an answerable inquiry into a specific concern or issue. It is the initial step in a
research project. The research question is the first active step in research project. Let us use the
metaphor--the research project is a house. Your data collection forms the walls, and your hypothesis
that guides your data collection is the foundation. So, what is the research question? It is the ground
beneath the foundation. It is what everything in a research project is built on. Without a question, you
can't have a hypothesis. Without the hypothesis, you won't know how to study what you're interested
in.

A research question forms the base of where you are going, so we have to write a good research
question. If your foundation is built on something shifty, like a house built on sand, then everything
following that will be about correcting that initial issue instead of on making an awesome home or
research project.

Writing a research question

Writing a good research question means you have something you want to study. Let's say you're
interested in the effects of television. We will examine the steps and then look at how you could write
a research question.

✔specify your specific concern or issue

✓ decide what you want to know about the specific concern or issue ✓torn what you want to know
and the specific concern into a question
✓ensure that the question is answerable
✓ check to make sure the question is not too broad or too narrow
✓this is the basic process in writing a research question. Writing a good question will result in a
better research project.

A. Research question should be (from the writing center of George mason university):

✓clear. It provides enough specifics that once audience can easily understand its purpose without
needing additional explanation.
✓focused. It is narrow enough that it can be answered thoroughly in the space the right thing task
allows.
✓concise. It is expressed in the fewest possible words.
✓ complex. It is not answerable with a simple yes or no, but rather requires synthesis and analysis of
ideas and sources prior to composition of an answer.
✓arguable. Its potential answers are open to debate rather than accepted facts.

Please check for the following examples for reference:

Unclear: how should social networking sites address the harm they cause?
Clear: what action should social networking sites like myspace and Facebook take to protect users
personal information and privacy?

The unclear version of this question doesn't specify which social networking sites.

Writing the thesis statement

Every paper you write should have a main point, a main idea, or central message. The argument (s)
you make in your paper should reflect this main idea. The sentence that captures your position on this
main idea is what we call a thesis statement.

A thesis statement focuses your ideas into one or two sentences. It ppshould present the topic of your
paper and also make a comment about your position in relation to the topic. Your thesis statement
should tell your reader what the paper is about and also help guide your writing and keep your
argument focused.

Tips in writing clear thesis:

Your thesis statement is no exemption to your writing: it needs to be as clear as possible. By being as
clear as possible in your thesis statement, you will make sure that your reader understands exactly
what you mean.

Tip: in order to be as clear as possible in your writing:

✓unless you're writing a technical report, avoid technical language.
✓Always avoid jargon, unless you are confident your audience will be familiar with it.
✓ avoid vague words such as "interesting", "negative", "exciting" ,"unusual", and "difficult".
✓avoid abstract words such as "society", "values", or "culture." Scope and delimitation
The scope of your study

The scope of study in your research paper contains the explanation of what information or subject is
being analyzed. It is followed by an explanation of the limitation of the research. Research usually
limited in scope by sample size, time and geographic area, while the delimitation of the study is the
description of the scope of study. It will explain why definite aspects of a subject were chosen and
why other were excluded. It also mentions the research method used as well as the certain theories
applied to the data.

Your study and its significance

Writing a research paper has its purpose-may it be for you (as a researcher) or even for others. That is
why, you need to identify the key reason/s why you are taking a step forward and make your query
into a formal writing. In this stage, your 'WHY's' and 'HOW's' will be answered and explained. Before
taking this step, read the following notes.

You should provide a thesis early in your essay-in the introduction, or in longer essays in the second
paragraph-in order to establish your position and give your reader a sense of direction.

Tip: in order to write a successful thesis statement:

A. Avoid buying a great thesis statement in the middle of a paragraph or late in the paper.
B. Be as clear and a specific as possible, avoid vague words.
C. Indicate the point of your paper but avoid sentence structures like, Please see these examples on
how to improve your thesis:

Original thesis: there are serious objections to today's horror movies.

Revised thesis: Because modern cinematic techniques have allowed filmmakers to get more graphic,
horror flicks have desensitized young American viewers to violence.

The pornographic violence in "bloodbath" slasher movies degrades both men and women.

Todays slasher movies fail to deliver the emotional catharsis that 1930s horror films did. "the point of
my paper is..."

Tips in writing the significance of the study (regoniel, 2015)

A. Refer to the statement of the problem

Your problem statement can guide you in identifying the specific contribution of your study. You can
do this by observing a one-to-one correspondence between the statement of the problem and the
significance of the study.

For example, if you ask the question' is there a significant relationship between the teachers teaching
style and the students long quiz course in mathematics?' then the contribution of your research would
probably be a teaching style or styles that can help students perform better in mathematics. Your
research will demonstrate that teaching style really works. That could be a ground breaking approach
that will change the way teachers teach mathematics which students are hesitant of.
B. Right from general to specific contribution

Write the significance of the study by looking into the general contribution of your study, such as its
importance to society as a whole, then proceed downwards--towards its contribution to individuals
and that may include yourself as a researcher. You start of broadly then paper of gradually to a
specific group or person.

Sample significance of the study

Significance of the study

The findings of the study will underscores to the benefit of society considering that mathematics play
an important role in science and technologies today. The greater demand of graduates with
mathematics background justifies the need for more effective, life changing teaching approaches.
Thus, schools that apply the recommended approach derived from the results of this study will be able
to change students better. Administrators will be guided on what should be emphasized by teachers in
the school curriculum to improve students performance in mathematics. For the researcher, the study
will help them uncover critical areas in the educational process that many researchers were not able to
explore. Thus, a new theory on learning mathematics may be arrived at.

Practical research 1 Quarter 2-module 4: Qualitative research

Lesson 1 selecting and synthesizing information from relevant literature
What is it

A literature review follows an easy format (introduction, body, conclusion), but if the literature itself
is the topic of the essay, your essay will need to consider the literature in terms of the key
topics/themes you are examining.

Example plan
Introduction
Topic sentence that states the broad topic of your thesis following sentence/s that state what is
included/excluded (parameters) final sentence/s that signals list of key topics that will be used to
discuss the selected sources

Body
Divide up your text into sections/topics as indicated in the last sentence of your introduction. Each
paragraph will be a synthesis of the many texts you have chosen for your literature review.

Conclusion
This is summary of all related literature and studies. It may composed of 5 to 10 sentences.

Guide in writing a literature review;

1. Choose a topic. Your literature review should be guided by a central research question. Remember,
it is not a collection of loosely related studies in a field but instead represents background and
research development related to a specific research question, interpreted and analyzed by you in a
synthesized way.
2. Decide on the scope of review. How many studies do you need to look at? How comprehensive
should it be? How many years should it cover?
3. Select the databases you will use to conduct searches. Make a list of the databases you will search.
4. Conduct your search and find the literature. Review the abstracts of research studies carefully. This
will save you time. Write down the searches you conduct in each database so that you may duplicate
them if you need to later (or avoid dead-and searches that you forgotten you'd already tried). Use the
bibliographies and references of research studies you find to locate others.
5. Review the literature. What was the research question of the study you are reviewing? What were
the authors trying to discover? Was the research funded by a source that could influence the findings?
What were the research mythologies? Analyze its literature review, the samples and variables used,
the results, and the conclusions. Does the research seem to be complete? Could it have been
conducted more soundly? What farther questions does it raise? If there are conflicting studies, why do
you think that is? How are the authors viewed in the field? Has the study been cited? If so, how has it
been analyzed?

Lesson 2 citing related literature using standard styles (American psychological association
(APA) modern language association(MLA) or Chicago manual style)

What is it

A citation is a formal reference to a published or unpublished source that you consulted and obtained
information from writing research paper. The way in which you document your sources depends on
the writing style manual your professor wants to use for the class [e.g., (American psychological
association (APA), Modern language association (MLA), Chicago, Turabian, etc.). The act of citing
sources is also your best defense against allegations of plagiarism (Baraceros, 2016).

According to this author, the following are the purpose of citation.

1. To give importance and respect to other people for what they know about the field
2. To give authority, validity, and credibility to other people's claim ,conclusions and
3. Arguments
4. To prove your broad and extensive reading to authentic and relevant
5. To help readers find contact the sources of ideas easily
6. To permit readers to check the accuracy of your work and
7. To save yourself from plagiarism

Ballenger in 2012 also added more important reasons why citation is important. The following
reasons are:

1. Citing other people's words and ideas Indicates that you have conducted a thorough review of the
literature on your topic and therefore, you are reporting your research form an inform and critical
engaged perspective. This increases your credibility as the author of the work.

2. Other researchers' ideas can be used to reinforce your arguments. In many cases, other
researchers argument can act as the primary context from which you can emphasize the significance
of your study and to provide supporting evidence about how you addressed the "so what?" Question.

3. The ideas of other researchers can be used to explain reasons for alternative approaches. If
you disagree with researchers' ideas or you believe there is a gap in understanding the research
problem, your citations can serve as sources from which to argue an alternative viewpoint or the need
to pursue a different course of actions.

4. Just as the ideas of other researchers can bolster your arguments, they can also detract from
your credibility if the research is challenged Properly citing sources prevents your reputation from
being tarnished if the facts or ideas of those cited are proven to be inaccurate or off-base. It prevents
readers from concluding that you ignore or dismiss the findings of others, even if they are disputed

5. Ideas are concerned intellectual property and there can be serious repercussions if you fail to
cite where you got an idea from. in the professional world, failure to cite other people's intellectual
property ruins careers and reputation and can result in legal action. Citing sources during college will
help get you in the habit of acknowledging and property citing the work of others.

Note: In any academic writing, you are required to identify for your reader which ideas, facts,
theories, concepts, etc., are yours and which are derived from the research and thoughts of others.
Whether you summarize, paraphrase, or use direct quotes, if it's not your original idea, the source
must be acknowledged. The only possible exception to this rule is information that is considered to be
a commonly known fact [e.g., president Duterte is the president of the Philippines]. Appreciate,
however, that any "commonly known fact" is culturally constructed and shaped by social and
aesthetical biases. If you are in the doubt about whether a fact is common knowledge or not, protect
yourself from an allegation of plagiarism and provide a supporting citation, or ask your teacher for
clarification.

Styles in related literature citations or references

In reviewing related literature, you come to read varieties of reading materials containing knowledge
related to your research. It is a fact that this ideas, including the language or structures to express this
ideas belong to other people. They are not yours, copying the ideas of other authors and citing them in
your research is the good practice of being a researcher. Doing this practice signals not just honesty
and courtesy to learn people whose ideas lend information to your paper, but also indicates your
appreciation for their contribution to the field (hammersely, 2013).

The following are the three terms used to express your appreciation for recognition of people's
ownership of borrowed ideas (sharp 2012) excited by Baraceros (2016).

1. Acknowledgement-the beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have
contributed something to produce the paper.

2. References or bibliography-a complete list of all reading materials including books, journals,
periodical, from where the borrowed ideas came from.

3. Citation or In-text-citation-references within the main body of the text especially in review of
related literature.

The third one, citation is the focus of this lesson. Citation is also called in-text citation. It has many
purposes and style which are as follows:
Patterns of citation Citing

authors, websites, and other research materials have its own styles or patterns. Read the styles/patterns
of citation below and understand how they are distinct from each other. This is needed in order for
you to know what styles/patterns of citation are used by the researchers in writing the research and in
order for you to decide what styles/patterns you will adapt/use in your review of related literature.

1. Summary. The citation in this case is shortened version of the original text that is expressed in your
own language. Making the text short, you have to pick out only the most important ideas or aspect of
the text.

2. Paraphrase. This is the antithesis of the first one because, here, instead of shortening the form of the
text, you explain what the text means to you using your own words. In doing so, it is possible that
your explanations may decrease or exceed the number of words of the original text (Baraceros, 2016).

Strategies in paraphrasing:

a. Read the original text or abstract. Understand it as a whole, then, set aside.
b. Using your own memory, write down the main points or concepts.
c. In your own words, summarize the text/abstract that helps make you (university of texas, 2016).

3. Short direct quotation. Only a part of the author's sentences, not exceeding 40 words, is what you
can quote or repeat in writing through this citation pattern. Since this makes you copy the exact words
of the writer, it is necessary that you give the number of the page where the readers can find the
copied words.

4. Long direct quotation or black quotation or extract. Name in many ways, this citation pattern mane
you copy the author's exact words numbering from 40 to 100 words. Under APAA, the limit is eight
(8) lines. Placed at the center of the page with no indention, the copied lines look like decompose a
stanza of a poem.

Lesson 3 sources of related literature and studies of research and thesis writing, the sources of
related literature and studies may include the following:

1. Books, encyclopedias, almanacs, and other similar references.

2. Articles published in professional journals, magazines, periodicals ,newspapers, and other
publications.
3. Manuscripts, monographs, memoirs, speeches, letters and diaries.
4. Unpublished theses and dissertations.
5. The constitution, and laws and statures of the land.
6. Bulletins, circulars, and others emanating from government offices and departments, especially
from the office of the president of the Philippines and the department of education (DepEd).
7. Records of schools, public and private, especially reports of their activities
8. Reports from seminars, educational or otherwise.
9. Official reports of all kinds, educational, social, economic, scientific, technological,political, etc.
from the government and other entities. The said sources can be categorized as:
1. Primary sources: artifacts, autobiographies, court records, diaries emails speeches, letters
interviews,letters, official reports, drawings ,maps, photographs, speeches.
2. Secondary sources: biographies, critical studies of an author's work dictionaries,journal articles,
handbooks, magazines, newspapers ,reports, textbooks.

Related studies, on the other hand, are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to which
the present study is related or has some bearing or similarity. They are usually unpublished materials
such as manuscripts, thesis and dissertations (Calderon & Gonzales, 2015).

They may be classified as:

1. Local, if the inquiry was conducted in the Philippines and
2. Foreign/international, if they are conducted in foreign lands.

Locating the sources of related literature and studies

Generally, the sources of related literature as studies according to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) can be
accessed from the following:

1. Libraries, either government or schools (private or public)

2. Government and private offices
3. The national library and
4. Online websites (Aparejo, 2018)

Since students like you are mostly technologically savvy and exposed to computers and the internet
websites, you can utilize online websites for your related review of literature and studies. Fill the
value of the internet, search engines and websites in writing chapter 2 of your research-review of
related literature.

Lesson 4 organizing related literature

1. True chronological order (date/year)

In organizing your related literature using a chronological method, you could write your research
paper review according to when they were published. If this approach be used, it has to be insured that
clear development of the way, location or place of where such research are to be noted following the
flow of years or specific dates.

This is considered the easiest way in organizing coherent literature reviews and studies. It features
how the topic is changed according to year or time and how such topic is thought of today (Cronin,
Ryan & Coughlan, 2008)

According to Calderon & Gonzales (2015) related materials may also be cited chronologically, that is,
according to the year they were written. Materials which were written earlier should be cited first
before those which were written later. This can be done especially when citation is by author or writer.

Chronology of events. The circle the years tell the chronological arrangement of events.
2. Through broad-to-specific topic
According to Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan (2008), you can also organize your related review of
literature and studies by starting it from a general issue of topic, then lower it down to specific issues
in the literature until it reaches and links to your research title, questions, research keywords, thesis
statement and hypothesis.

An example of this is when you start the problem often age pregnancy internationally or globally.
Start by establishing the trend of such problem globally, therf at national level, to your province, city
or locality and to your own barangay (Aparejo, 2010).

3. Through major models or major theories

Another approach in writing coherent and organized review of related literature and studies is by
arranging it according to its significant models or major theories. When various models or theories
emerge in your studies, it is better to arrange them according to their importance in your research.
Group the articles you read and researched by models and theories to get coherent view of your
review of related literature and studies (Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan, 2008).

4. Through prominent authors

If a certain author, writer or researcher had developed a certain innovation, model, theory or education
breakthrough and then or other authors or researchers continue studying and developing it, it is good
to arrange such authors by their popularity or frame. It is also better if authors be organized according
to whose famous authors they agreed upon. With this organization, coherence of author's view on
specific issues from one author to another is vividly followed (Cronin, Ryan & Coughlan, 2008).

5. Through contrasting schools of thought

By this approach of organizing your related literature and study, you can group together major
arguments or contrasting differences that came up in your research with researchers stressing their
agreement and disagreement in their approaches and ideas.

6. True thematic concept or by topic

The thematic concept of topic reviews refers to the related reviews that are organized on specific topic
or a concept, an issue or trend of the time. It is different form chronological and by publication
because it focuses on concept or topic rather than time and year of publication.

For instance, a review of the impact of internet to Philippine political system. Although in this type of
organization the chronological and thematic organization can still be present in its development, the
focus in the thematic approach is not the year nor them but the rule of the internet and political system
of government. Note however that more authentic thematic reviews tend to break away from
chronological order. A review organized in this matter would shift between time periods within each
section according to the point made.

If different authors or writers have the same opinion about the same topic, it is discussed and cited
under the names of the authors or writers. This is a summary of their opinions or findings. This is
done to avoid separate and long discussions of the same topic.

In the example, it shows that there are several authors who confirm that web-applications are used in
clinical and medical services and in business and organizations. Note that clinical and medical
services is considered one of theme and business and organization is another theme.
7. Through methodological approach
In the methodological approach, the focus is on the method the researcher used. For example, the
literature review focuses on the method used by the graduating senior high school students to raise
funds for their entrepreneurship proposal or method used to increase agricultural yields among
agriculture students. It-can also be the method used by the stem students in the researches on the
preservation of our nature using the -innovation brought by technology.

In an example cited by Practical Research 1 book published by Rex Bookstore.

Methodological organization is evident in the scenario. It states for instance the internet in American
presidential politics projects One methodological approach would be to look at cultural differences
between the portrayal of American presidents on American, British, and French websites order view
might focus on the fundraising impact of the internet on a particular political party. A methodological
scope will influence either the types of documents in the review or the way in which these documents
are discussed.

Any method used in research by researchers or by respondents. that would become a phenomenon of
innovation, breakthrough success or failure will become the subject of discussion, focus and interest
on researchers' world.

To help you understand what is method, let us try to answer this first.
1. Enumerate the methods used in communication or in sending ideas. Possible answers are: language,
letters, using technology ,verbal and written or oral communication.
2. Enumerate the method used in order to become professional or educated. Possible answers are:
schooling, self-study, online study, etc…

Example
It is concluded that using differentiated instructions is considered an effective way of addressing the
diverse classrooms. This confirmed the stutty of Robinson, Maldonado& Whaley (2014) stating that if
teachers are provided with the knowledge and tools to differentiate in their classrooms it may increase
test scores and help low achieving students find success and Mc Cullough (2012) while expanding the
learning growth of gifted and talented students.

Source: Aparejo (2015) titled "Using Differentiated Instruction Designs Through Multiple Intelligence
Theory to Improve the Academic Performance of Students at Risk with LD

This example uses methodological approach considering that the method used in increasing academic
performance is the differentiated instructions inspired by the theory of multiple intelligences.

If You can already decide what method or organization will be using in your review of related
literature, it will become easy for you to fill up the blank space of your chapter 2 since you have now
the idea of what to do and where to go. Using chronological organization and thematic deal on
concepts or others, this does not mean you are to limit your Organization on what is being discussed
here. You can still add whatever type of organization you think you can use provided it is necessary.
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education
There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of leaning by students. On one
hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality learning This is supported by studies from
several parts of the globe such as Ghamawi (2011) Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006)
Wonget al. (2006) Becta (2003) Yelland (2001) Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000) Grimus (2000)
assures that..by teaching ICT skills in primary schools the puples are prepared to future development
based on proper understanding (p.362) This is also manifested by Yelland (2001) who emphasizes the
fact that there is no efficient and effective schooling unless ICT is well integrated within teaching and
leaming.

Leadership and ICT

A huge body of literature argues that school leaders play an imperative role in terms of setting the
stage for effective integration of ICT in schools (Kemey & McGarr 2009, Kirkland & Sutch, 2009,
Haynes, 2007, Steed et al., 2005: Jacobson & Hunter 2004: Schiller, 2003: Solwinski, 2000) Condie
and Munro (2007) who enlist a large number of barmers against the effective integration of ICT in
schools, assure that school leadership tops this list. Sweeny (2005) assures that effective leadership is
the most critical component in ensuing the successful implementation of any program in an
educational setting (p.48)

Attitudes and Level of Use of ICT in Schools

Studies addressing ICT integration in the teaching and learning process have underscored also
teachers' attitudes towards ICT (Albirini, 2006), Kluever et al. (1994) consider attitudes as a key
factor determining whether teachers would tend to accept computers as teaching tools that they would
employ in their teaching. Harrison and Rainer (1992) assure that teachers with weak attitudes towards
ICT often display low competencies in using computers. They would be, therefore, less likely to use
ICT in their teaching and leaming.

Lessson 5 making links between studies

What is it

links between studies is another skill in writing research of particularly in writing review of related
literature. This skill needs a thorough analysis from the research articles, literatures, abstracts and
studies. After reading the literature reviews, abstracts and studies comprehending and analyzing them
are the next steps in order to decide whether the findings of those materials have linked to your
studies.

Here are the effective transitions in research manuscripts writing introduced by Panter, M, (2020)

Introductory words or phrases

The transitional devices written below are frequently used to linked one study to another, one finding
to another, one theory to another. However, these are also transitional devices that would help to
emphasize disagreement or in opposition there to.

Here are the examples of the transitional words used to link one study to another by Mahmood (2016).
Agreements
●​ similarly, author b points to...
●​ likewise, author see makes the case that author d also makes this point..
●​ again, it is possible to see how author e agrees with author D..

Disagreements
●​ however, author be points to..
●​ on the other hand, authority makes the case
●​ conversely, author D argues
●​ nevertheless, what author e suggests argues the study of..

Lesson 6 content of the review of related literature

What is it

Writing review of related literature has its own structure. Researcher has to follow the structure for its
guided format. Like building a house, a carpenter or the engineer has to design a structure of a house
before he has to build it. Writing review of related literature follows the same procedure too. The
researcher will make or follow the procedural structure in writing review such-as an introduction,
body and conclusion.

1. Introduction

The introduction explains the focus and establishes the importance of the subject. It discusses what
kind of work has been. done on the topic and identifies any controversies within the field or any
recent research which has raised questions about earlier assumptions.

The introduction can be seen as the beginning paragraph of chapter 2, or the beginning paragraph of
the body of related literature. Example: if the topic under consideration is SHS students under Pres.
Duterte's declaration of martial law, the introduction can be like this: "this review will not explore the
accounts of SHS students in Visayas and Luzon but only in Mindanao (martial law is only
implemented in mindanao-2017-2019).

When you write an introduction, you have to bear in mind that it must have a focus and has to
emphasize on the subject or topic or problem of the study. It explains what kind of study or research
has been done and its purpose too. It also describes on any controversies encompassing the previous
and recent studies incorporating the present problems under investigation. It also provides the
background of the study or research. Sometimes an introduction will summarize or evaluate the kind
of research the researcher would like to undertake or may suggest how the findings of research will
lead to further researches.

Read the examples of the introduction of review and of related literature and learn how to write it on
your own to avoid plagiarism.
Examples of introduction in chapter 2-related literature
Related literature

Example 1. An introduction that expresses opposing views

There are opposing views to the impact ICT has on the acquisition of leaming by students. On one
hand, ICT has been viewed as a tool for promoting quality learning This is supported by ses from
several parts of the globe such as Ghamrawi (2011). Gillespie (2006), Romeo (2006), Murphy (2006),
Wongetal (2006), Becta (2003), Yalland (2001), Oliver (2000) and Grimus (2000).

Source: Aparejo, Brandino & Calipusan (2020)

Chapter 2
Review of Related Literature and Studies

This study is designed to explore the lived experiences of street children in Gingoog City who are
enrolled in Open High School Program (OHSP). To give the comprehensive view of this research,
review of related literature and studies are presented below (Liaren, 2016)

Source: Lionen (2016)

2. Body of review of related literature

The second content of the review of related literature is the body. The body of related review of
literature is often times divided into major headings and subheadings. In most cases to, the body of
related literature and studies.

3. Conclusion
The conclusion will give the summary of all the evidence that are being presented from introduction
to the body of related literature and studies. Aside from that, the conclusion will also give the precise
key findings of other studies of the review in general concepts.

The conclusion for review of related literature is different from the conclusion of the entire research
findings of your study. This conclusion here is specifically for the review of related literature only. It
consists of one paragraph only summarizing the main points of all the research findings from
abstracts, theories and models used in the study or in your research.

Lesson 7 ethical standard in research

What is it

Being a researcher, you can hear complaints about an ethical standards in writing research. When we
say unethical, it means that the ethical standard is being violated. The narrative accounts of how the
authors' intellectual rights are taken for granted during the writing of related literature review have
caught the attention of the seasoned researchers and the academic world. Thus, to make us follow the
ethical standard in writing research, let s read the information below.

According to Fraenkel & Wallen(2007) in their book titled "how to write an evaluate research in
education "ethics is the term coined to words of right or wrong. And if researchers think about
research, they are thinking whether or not conducting research to particular respondents in a particular
situation and place is "right" or "wrong".

Ethical standard in research means following the right procedure/protocol in conducting research.
Here are some points to consider the ethical standard in writing review of related literature.

1. Understand and intellectual property (IP) rights to understand the ethics of information use,
you should know the law of intellectual property rights and the law.

Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind such as inventions, literary and artistic works
and symbols, names, images, and designs used in commerce.

IP is divided into two categories: industrial property, which includes inventions (patents), trademarks,
industrial designs, and geographic indications of source; and copyright, which includes literary and
artistic works such as novels, poems and plays, films, musical works, artistic works such as drawings,
paintings, photographs and sculptures, and architectural designs" (source: "what is intellectual
property? ",WIPO-WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION).

According to this law, it is illegal to grab an image off someone else's web page and put it on your
web page without the permission of the copyright owner. Likewise, it is illegal to copy and paste any
articles, studies or research findings and consider them as yours without citing and asking permission
from the owner.

To protect the owners, from illegal use of their intellectual property, a copyright law comes into view.
This protects (1) literary works; (2) musical works, including any accompanying words; (3) dramatic
works, including any accompanying music; (4) Phantomimes and choreographic works; (5) pictorial,
graphic, and sculptural works;(6) motion pictures and other audio visual works;(7) sound records; and
(8) architectural works. Thus, anybody violating this law may be accountable to copyright law.

Copyright is automatic! Absence of a copyright mark or statement does NOT mean that an item is not
copyrighted. Copyright owners have exclusive rights of reproduction, adaptation, distribution, public
performance and display. As original work that is fixed in a tangible medium, material on the web is
protected. It is illegal to grab an image of someone else's web page and put it on your web page
without the permission of the copyright owner.

For educational purposes, some uses of copyrighted material are allowed through provisions of
copyright laws such as" fair use". In general, you can use only a small part of another's work. In short,
be careful when you are use the intellectual property of others.

2. To understand the ethical use of information

This helps you understand the ethical use of information by providing information on quoting,
paraphrasing, and citing the work of others and on recognizing and avoiding plagiarism.

To use the work of others aside from respecting the intellectual property right, you should know how
to quote, summarize of paraphrase and cite properly the work of others.
Here are the tips of maintaining the use of ethical information
●​ you have to cite the author/s name to give respect to credit of his/their property. You can do it
by quoting or by paraphrasing. Academic ethics require that writers be credited for their work
and the writing.
●​ if in case you use purposely or an intentionally the work of others without giving proper
credit, you have violated the law of plagiarism.
●​ Your bibliography or references is a good evidence to support that your review of related
literature demonstrates scholarly materials with credible evidence-references or bibliography.
●​ When citing other people literary work, use direct quotation by putting quotation in entire
words and cite your -source. If you paraphrase other people's literary words, cite that source.
If you've used the ideas from others, cite the names of those who give you that ideas.

Module 5: UNDERSTANDING DATA AND WAYS TO SYSTEMATICALLY COLLECT DATA

What is a research design?

Similar to building a house, a research design is your guide for you to finish your research. This may
include answering the 5W's:

What? Why? Who? Where? When?

Dawson (2002) explains the importance of these questions on how you are going to get the answers
for your research questions.

What is your research all about? What do you want to find out? What problems do you want to
solve? It is important to have answers to these questions in the very beginning of your research.
Answers to these questions will give you guide on how you are going to approach your research topic.

Why do you want to do your research? This question should be answered at the significance of the
study. It may be that you want to do your research because it is a requirement. However, there are
other reasons as to why you chose that specific topic. Whatever the reason may be, it is important to
have a clear vision on why you want to continue your research.

Who will take part in your research? Who will participate in your study? You should have a clear
indication on the specific type of people that will take part in your study (age. gender, economic
status, etc.).

Where will you gather all information needed for your research? This part of your research
should take into consideration your capabilities as a researcher. If you think that your data and
participants in research will be too far away, then it's much better to change your topic. You will learn
more about this in the following discussions.

Finally, when are you going to start gathering information for your research? When will you do
interviews? When will you interpret and analyze your data? This should be answered immediately
knowing that you only have a short time in completing your work.

How do we relate the 5W's to research design?

Knowing how to answer those questions in your own topic saves you a lot of time in thinking about
your research as a whole. You need to have a clear indication what your research is all about, why you
want to do it, who will be your respondents, where are you going to get the information and when will
you get it.

Ethnography
From the word ethno people and graphy writing Ethnography translates to writing about people. This
type of approach to qualitative research aims to study a particular group of people in their natural
settings. This particular study wants to describe and interpret the behavior of different kinds of people,
culture or population. This can pertain to a specific type of culture, community, school, or workplace.
For example, you may want to study a particular type of indigenous people, or you may want to study
about the behavior of students in a classroom. This type of approach is the most appropriate for your
research.

Case Study
If you want to learn deeper and more specific details of a certain situation, group of people or an
individual, you may want to use case studies. The difference of case study with other approaches to
qualitative research is that it gives a more in-depth analysis to a topic with a use of more data
gathering procedures at the same time. The problem with case studies is that it's more difficult to use
especially if it is your first time making a research paper.

Phenomenology
This type of approach to qualitative research wants to study the phenomenon or experiences of people.
The purpose of this approach is to give an idea on how individuals or a group of people react or
experience a certain phenomenon.

A phenomenon can be a rare occurrence or an experience of an individual that is not common. An

example of this can be applied when we want to study about the experiences of teenagers to bullying
or physical abuse.

Historical Approach
To give you a proper explanation of this type of approach, think of the 1986 EDSA Revolution; think
about World War II or the past presidential elections. Historical approach is a systematic collection
and evaluation of information which have occurred in the past. This can be in a form of documents,
stories, artifacts, videos, etc. What you want to do is to examine the validity of these documents, or if
you want to add more information about a past.

LESSON 2: SAMPLING
STEPS IN SAMPLING

1. Identify the population of interest

If you want to focus your study on the reasons why teenagers are dropping out from schools, then
what will be your population of interest? When choosing your population of interest, you should think
WHO will be directly affected from this study and WHO will be the potential respondents. In this
case, your population of interest should be teachers and out of school youths. However, it still too
broad to say that teachers and youths will be your population because there are lots of schools in our
province alone. Therefore, we need to proceed to the next step.
2. Specify a sampling frame
It's very difficult to say that your population will be teachers and out of school youths. Teachers from
what school? Out of school youth from what place? If we simply say those are your population, then it
will be difficult for us to identify who will be your respondents. Therefore, we need to specify WHO
we want to include in our study. You may want to choose your sampling frame to a place where you
are residing so that it will be easier to gather respondents.

For example: I am currently residing at Valencia City, Bukidnon. I would want my sampling frame to
be taken from a population in Valencia City, Bukidnon. More specifically, I would like to take
samples at Valencia National High School because it is near where I am. Thus, my samples will be
taken from teachers working at Valencia

3. Specify a sampling method

There are many types of sampling method for qualitative research Here are some of the most common
and easiest sampling methods to be used. You can either choose one method to use or have a mix of
two or more methods

Snowball sampling- this is done by asking relevant people if they know someone who will be willing
to participate in your research. You can put criteria or other qualifications for your respondents. You
can use social media for "crowd sourcing" or ask someone in your community on who is willing and
qualified to participate in your research.

Opportunistic Sampling-this is a type of sampling that takes sample or respondents that are readily
available. For example, you may choose respondents in your, community where you can just pick
anyone within a close range. Refer to the image below:

Convenience Sampling-using this kind of sampling technique involves selecting people that are the
most convenient for you as a researcher. You may use someone you already know as a respondent
because it will save you time and effort in looking for someone who will participate in your study.

These sampling methods are SOME of the methods that you can use for your research. There are
many methods to choose from, but it is important to keep your methods sample to avoid any
conclusion and complications.

4. Determine your sample size

A book on high school research by Clemente R. F. Julaton A. B. E. and Orleans. A. V. discusses how
to determine your sample sizes. There can be two approaches to determine your sample size:

a. You determine your sample size depending on whether your data will reach its saturation point

What does saturation point of a data?

When you conduct face to face interviews with your respondents, you may notice that there will be
patterns and similar answers to your questions as you increase the number of people that you are
interviewing. If you realize that there are no new answers and the pattem seems to be the same on,
let's say, the 10th interview, then it can be assumed that it will be your sample size because you have
reached the saturation point of your data.
b. Another way to choose sample size depends on the type of approach that you are going to use for
your research. It was cited from Creswell (2013) that 1-10 subjects are recommended for
phenomenology. Dukes (1984) stated that there should be 20-30 individuals for grounded theory and
Charmaz (2006) indicated that there should be 4-5 respondents for case studies and a single
culture-sharing group for ethnography.

Therefore, your sample size is the number of individuals that you are going to use for your study, and
it is up to you to determine which approach you are going to use in choosing your sample size.

5. Implement the plan

That's it! If you follow the steps correctly, with a little help and guidance, you can now implement
your sampling techniques and select respondents that can be a part of your research. It is important to
take note of all the details because you need to write it down in your research paper.

Module 6: Analyzing The Meaning of The Data and Drawing Conclusion

THE PATTERN, THEME, and CODE

A code in qualitative inquiry is most often a word phrase which symbolically defines a summative,
salient, essence-capturing, and/or evocative attribute for a portion of language-based or visual data.
This data can compose of interview transcripts, participant observation field notes, journals,
documents, literature, artifacts, photographs, video, websites, e-mail and correspondence. ance. While
a pattern is something that happens in a regular and repeated way. A theme is generated when similar
issues and ideas expressed by participants within qualitative data are brought together by the
researcher into a single category or cluster. There are two strategies on how to infer data. These are
thematic analysis and qualitative data analysis (QDA). But we will focus on thematic analysis.

There are 6 steps in thematic analysis. We will discuss in detail in each step.

1. Familiarization with the data: This phase involves reading and re-reading the data, to become
immersed and intimately familiar with its content.

2. Coding this phase involves generating succinct labels (codes) that identify important features of
the data that might be relevant to answering the research question. It involves coding the entire
dataset, and after that, collating all the codes and all relevant data extracts, together for later stages of
analysis.

3. Searching for Themes. This phase involves examining the codes and collated data to identify
significant broader patterns of meaning (potential themes). It then involves collating data relevant to
each candidate theme, so that you can work with the data and review the viability of each candidate
theme.

4. Reviewing themes. This phase involves checking the candidate themes against the data set, to
determine if they tell a convincing story of the data, and one that answers the research question. In this
phase, themes are typically refined, which sometimes involves them being split, combined, or
discarded.
5. Defining and naming themes. This phase involves developing a detailed analysis of each theme,
working out the scope and focus of each theme. determining the "story" of each. It also involves
deciding on an informative name for each theme.
6. Writing Up. This final phase involves weaving together the analytic narrative data and extracts and
contextualizing the analysis in relation to existing literature.

Here is an example of a transcribed result of an interview conducted in Clarin National High School
to displaced leamers during the Marawi siege. They were able to come up with varied themes
depending on the question asked. This is a result based on a one-on-one interview

In this lesson, the next task expected of you is to analyze data carefully. For most researchers, this is
the heaviest task, but it is the most fulfilling. Qualitative data analysis is an ongoing and cyclical
process which includes identification, examination, and interpretation of certain patterns and themes
in the data. It determines how these patterns and themes help answer the research questions.

This part will guide you on how to make this task easy. Below are the processes in doing a qualitative
analysis.

1. Know your data. Reread your written observations, relisten the audio recorded interviews, or
rewatch the movie or clip.

2. Focus your analysis. Focus yourself on consistent and or varied responses. For example: your
research question is, "Why are some high school students sometimes late for school?" Common
responses would be school's distance, waking up late, tons of chores prior to going to school, sleeping
late, etcetera.

3. Do coding. Always consult your research questions or you might end up coding unnecessary
information. Coding is simply categorizing the data and reducing them.

4. Clean your data. Go through your data once more if there are data errors.

5. Identify meaningful patterns and themes, Identifying meaningful patterns and the theme is the
heart and soul of the entire qualitative data analysis. In this stage, you can look at the data

6. Interpret your data. After analyzing, coding, and organizing the data, identifying the patterns and
themes, you are now ready to interpret your data. In interpreting the data, you will synthesize your
tables to a paragraph.

Here is another example of a transcribed result of an interview during the Marawi siege. They were
able to come up with varied theme depending on the questions asked. This is a result based on
one-on-one interview.

LESSON 2
Concluding qualitative research needs the researcher to recall more thoroughly the problem statement,
objectives, and results and findings of your analysis and how they connect and organize together. The
aim is to integrate them to come up a comprehensive, logical, and smart answer or explanation to the
research question. Research conclusion has its important roles and purpose in a research study. These
are commonly elaborated as the following: a) it stresses out the importance of the thesis statement, b)
it gives the written work a sense of completeness, c) it leaves a final impression to the readers and d)
it demonstrates good organization.

Conclusions are inferences, deductions, abstractions, implications, interpretations, general statements

and/or generalizations based upon the finding. It should appropriately answer the specific questions
raised at the beginning of the investigation in the order that they are given under the statement of the
problem. When making the conclusion in qualitative research, it should be drawn from the patterns.
and themes. Pattems and themes that were extracted from the real-life experiences. In vanManen's
point of view, conclusions can be best illustrated in literary works as poem, quote, and/ or songs as it
conveys emotions like making metaphors. Through metaphor like results can go beyond a descriptive
synthesis of data.

Strategies or tips to writing conclusions:

1. Write in a manner that is comfortable to you and edit while writing.

2. Write to be understood. Do not write to impress or to sound smart. Avoid highfalutin words to
replace the common but clearer ones.

3. Write from an objective distance. Remember that you are writing a formal academic paper.

4. Write in a fresh new style. In concluding your qualitative research, you are supposed to present a
new knowledge after all.

5. Conclusions should be formulated concisely, that is, brief and short, yet they convey a meaningful
and logical argument. It is important that conclusions have a conceptual significance and can imply,
indicate, or chart future research directions.

In the previous lesson, you have learned how to interpret data, group similar. responses into categories
and identify themes for easier data analysis.

Module 7: Reporting and Sharing the Findings

Drawing Conclusions from Patterns and Themes

Before writing the conclusion, make sure that you have written first a summary of your findings.

The summary of findings serves as a brief restatement of the components of the research paper

Now, a conclusion is like the falling action of a story. At this point, you as a researcher shall have the
chance to leave an important and lasting note to your readers or in a story make the readers understand
the reasons why the villain is the way he is or the protagonist understanding his or her purpose.

(Source: Amadeo Pangilinan Cristobal, Jr. & Maura Consolacion De La Cruz-Cristobal, Practical
Research for Senior High School 1, (Quezon City. C&E Publishing, Inc., 2017), 244)

✓ A conclusion contains insights drawn from the findings of each problem which answer the
questions presented at the beginning of the research paper.

Dos and Don'ts in Writing a Conclusion

 ●​ Include a complete summary of findings.

●​ Highlight key points based on the analysis or results of the study.

●​ Note important suggestions.
●​ Share what you learned from the study.
●​ Use clear and simple language.
●​ Never add new information.
●​ Describe the value of your research.
●​ Strategies in Writing the Conclusion
●​ Echo the introduction expressed in the other sections of the research.
●​ Challenge the readers into applying your study in their own lives.
●​ Look to the future by emphasizing the importance of your paper.
●​ Pose questions where the readers can gain a new perspective on the topic, or you may also
bring your main ideas together to create a new meaning.

(Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, & Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research for Senior High
School 1 Qualitative, (Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing Inc. 2017), 166.)

Sample Conclusion
A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama Consumption to the Patriotism of University of
the East - Caloocan Grade 12 HUMSS Fans and Nonfans

(Source: Cabello, Melo Mar Y., Joanne Mariel T. Palisoc, Remar Paulo L. Panganiban, Janna T.
Santosidad, and Robbin L.. Sarreal. A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama
Consumption to the Patriotism of University of the East - Caloocan Grade 12 HUMSS Fans and
Non-fans. Research Report, University of the East, 2018. 80-82.)

You might ask, "What is the reason behind having to write a recommendation in the first place?"
Research readers need insightful comments and for them to be able to cite your study or even apply it
in their daily lives, they need the recommendations. This is similar when you go to a doctor. The
doctor checks and has his/her diagnosis about the problem. Ultimately, s/he is to recommend a drug or
avoidance of food.

✔ A recommendation is a suggestion that improves the study for future research to be conducted in
the field.

Dos and Don'ts in Writing Recommendations

●​ Be logical by addressing the conclusion sensibly.

●​ Revisit your introduction (purpose of the study and the scope) so that the recommendations
will be relevant
●​ Keep in mind that recommendations are written to improve the study.

(Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, & Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research for Senior High
School 1 Qualitative, (Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing Inc. 2017), 166.)

Strategies in Writing Recommendations

Brief: Write short recommendations and only give when necessary.
Clear and Precise: Show how the implementation will be done.

For example
The research "A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama Consumption to the Patriotism
of University of the East Caloocan Grade 12 HUMSS Fans and Non-fans", highlighted in the
conclusion that the researchers were unable to find the connection to their research question number 3
which asked, "How do the Korean drama fans and non- Korean drama fans' perception towards their
country differ?"

The causal relationship of South Korean TV drama and the patriotism is deemed by the researchers to
have a fragile connection, since the results of the interview did not show an outcome where and when
this causation is manifested. Additionally, the low sample size is seen.

The recommendation above is quite wordy and somehow lost its main point because of the vague
language. The following statement may be a revision:

The researchers recommend the increase of participants in the future studies so as to set a connection
between the causal relationships.

Sample Recommendation
A Comparative Study on the Effects of Korean Drama Consumption to the Patriotism

Listing References
As you know, it is quite important to recognize the efforts of other people in the success of your
research because without them, your research would not have been good. And nothing spells this
appreciation better than listing them in the references.

References versus Bibliography

Reference is a list of sources that have been referred to within the research which includes direct
quotations. While bibliography is a list of sources which have been read during the research process to
widen one's knowledge about the research, however these had information which were used indirectly.

The Why's in Referencing in Research

●​ to share the hard work of the experts

●​ to show distinctions of which are your ideas versus the experts' ideas
●​ to respect the work done by the experts
●​ to allow future researchers to retrieve sources
●​ to add authority of your work by using time-tested evidence
●​ to assure readers that as a researcher you read and understood other researches

(Source: Nelia G. Prieto, Victoria C. Naval, & Teresita G. Carey, Practical Research for Senior High
School 1 Qualitative, (Quezon City, Lorimar Publishing Inc., 2017, 174.)

So, you already know that there are many kinds of referencing styles, however it should be noted that
the ones used for research is institutionalized. This means that it should be agreed upon by the body
with your mentor from the very beginning.