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Tabla de contenido
1. LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL ..............................................................3
2. LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-GENERAL ........................................4
3. LETTER FROM THE COMMITTEE DIRECTOR ............................................................5
4. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE ........................................................................6
5. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC ....................................................................................7
6. KEY TERMS .....................................................................................................................10
7. HISTORY OF THE TOPIC ...............................................................................................12
8. CURRENT SITUATION ...................................................................................................14
9. COUNTRY´S POLICIES ..................................................................................................17
10. COMMITTEE’S DYNAMICS......................................................................................19
11. SECRET ACTIONS: .....................................................................................................21
12. QARMAS (QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER) ..................................23
13. FINAL RECOMMENDATIONS ..................................................................................25
14. BIBLIOGRAPHY .........................................................................................................26

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 1. LETTER FROM THE SECRETARY-GENERAL

Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors,

It is an immense honor to welcome you to the third edition of the Pedro Ruiz Gallo Model United
Nations, PRGMUN 2025.
My name is Wiliam Puente, I am a second-year student in the International Baccalaureate Diploma
Programme, and I have the privilege of serving as your Secretary-General for this long-awaited
conference.

MUN is not just a school activity. For me, it has been a passion, a constant challenge, and a stage for
personal growth. I began this journey three years ago—nervous, with a card in my hand and the name
of a country I barely knew. But from that day on, I realized this was my place: a space where critical
thinking meets public speaking, where mistakes are not failures but stepping stones, and where one
can change the world… even if only for 60 seconds at a podium.

Over the years, MUN has given me the chance to reinvent myself. Just as I enjoy reading, acting,
singing, dancing, or playing LoL and Roblox, I’ve also come to love the art of respectful debate, deep
research, and speaking not just with a voice—but with purpose. If I had to choose one class that has
shaped the way I see the world, it would be History, because understanding the past is the first step
toward leading the future.

PRGMUN does not aim for delegates to merely collect awards or attend committees. Our true mission
is to form changemakers—students who can build bridges, dismantle prejudice, and lead with
empathy. That is why I invite you to live this edition with passion and commitment. May every word
spoken in committee carry the weight of truth, may every resolution reflect a genuine desire for
change, and may every mistake become a valuable lesson.

This is not just a Model United Nations—

It is the beginning of a global community of young people who believe, who think, and who act.

Welcome to PRGMUN 2025.

An unforgettable conference awaits us.

With all my respect and admiration,

Wiliam Puente
Secretary-General

PRGMUN 2025

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 2. LETTER FROM THE EXECUTIVE SECRETARY-
GENERAL
Dear Delegates and Faculty Advisors,

Welcome to PRG MUN 2025! After months of planning sessions, late-night texts, and a few crisis moments, it
feels incredible to finally say: we're here. My name is Mathias Risco, and I’m super proud to be serving as your
Executive Secretary for this year’s edition.

When I first joined MUN, I truly had no idea how much it would shape the person I am today. Looking back, I
can honestly say that Model UN has been one of the most defining parts of my high school experience. It’s
taught me how to speak up and how to adapt when things don’t go as planned. For you, I think that it gave
something you didn’t know you needed: a voice, and most importantly, the confidence to use it. It is a space
where you can be bold, challenge yourself, and feel like what you'd say actually matters.

However, it’s not just about conferences where we debate world issues, it’s about connection. The energy in the
room when you realize you’re not alone in caring about something bigger than yourself. MUN is where ideas
turn into action, where strangers become teammates, where confidence is built one speech at a time. And more
than anything, it’s a place where you become part of something that stays with you long after the gavel drops
when you pass a draft resolution.

Whether this is your first or your tenth conference, I truly hope you dive in without hesitation. Speak even when
your hands are shaking. Ask the tough questions. Don’t be afraid to challenge others and don’t be afraid to be
challenged. Listen, not just to respond, but to understand. This isn’t just your chance to grow as a delegate, it's
your chance to grow as a global thinker, a leader, and honestly, as a person. The best kind of growth doesn’t
happen when you’re comfortable, it happens when you try hard, and even when you fail.

So to all of you reading this; GO FOR IT. Embrace the chaos. Enjoy the pressure. Laugh at the awkward silences,
the crisis plot twists, the over dramatic speeches (you know the ones). Take those risks. Say the thing you wrote
down but weren’t sure you’d have the courage to say. Shake hands with someone you debated all day. Make
that one unexpected friendship that turns into a memory. Because this is your moment and these are the
experiences that stick with you.

On behalf of the entire PRG MUN 2025 team, thank you. Thank you for showing up. Thank you for
participating. Thank you for bringing your energy, your ideas, and your voice into this space. This weekend,
you are part of something real. And I can't wait to see how each of you leaves your mark.

Let’s make it count.

Mathias Risco

Executive Secretary of PRG MUN

rizco.mgra@gmail.com 4
 3. LETTER FROM THE COMMITTEE DIRECTOR
My name is Carlo Jaymez. I am 22 years old, and I am a sixth year Law student at Universidad
de Lima, and it is an honor for me to be the chair of this UNSC committee in this great edition of
PRGMUN.

Regarding my MUN experience, I started this adventure in 2017, when I joined my Highschool
MUN Team and since this day I have been learning in every conference in which I have
participated. As well, I’m the former 2019 Secretary General of this conference, so I’m excited to
be part of this conference as a Director.

Since 2020, alongside Peruvian Universities, I participated in National and International

conferences such as HNMUN-LA and WorldMUN. As well, I had the opportunity of being part
of the preparation team (EP) for HNMUN-LA 2024. What I look for in delegates is the ability of
dealing with tricky situations and how delegates improve their skills during the MUN.

Now to tell you a little bit more about myself, I’m really interested in Project’s arbitration which
is the field where I’m currently working. I like to watch the NBA and play Fortnite, I’m
particularly interested in finance, so I’m updated about the controversies that exist around the
world.

I would like to thank all of you for participating in this new edition of PRGMUN, I know that it
will be an amazing debate. I hope that during this weekend we can meet each other and find a
solution for the Gaza’s problems. If you have any inquiry, please be free to contact me through
my email: carlojaymez0911@gmail.com.

Regards,

Carlo

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 4. INTRODUCTION TO THE COMMITTEE
The United Nations Security Council has primary responsibility for the maintenance of
international peace and security. It has 15 Member States, and each Member has one vote. Under
the Charter of the United Nations, all Member States are obligated to comply with Council
decisions. Likewise, it takes the lead in determining the existence of a Threat to the Peace or Act
of Aggression. It calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by peaceful means and recommends
methods of adjustment or terms of settlement. In some cases, the Security Council can resort to
imposing sanctions or even authorize the use of force to maintain or restore international peace
and security.

Historically, its creation can be traced back to the winners of World War II. This also explains
why the structure of the committee is so rigid. The five Permanent Members (China, France,
Russia, United Kingdom, United States) had the opportunity to undisputedly establish their will
to remain the ruling parties of international diplomacy and conflict resolution by creating
mechanisms that allow them to block any foreign effort that moved an agenda different to their
own. This main mechanism takes its form under the Veto power, which has been used in many
critical instances, such as the resolution of the Syrian Civil War, the situation in Palestine and the
Invasion of Iraq. Though it goes against the mandate of the Security Council, which aims to
provide everlasting prosperity, cooperation and peace to all member countries, such power
dynamics have been known to perpetuate an outdated set of priorities by countries that no longer
entirely represent the ruling parties of the world. Key facts about the Veto include that it has no
limit of use and that countries cannot overrule a Veto by agreeing on another solution.

The Security Council differs from the other UN bodies in that it is the only committee that can
take binding decisions, in addition to the General Assembly. This happens as every resolution
adopted by the Security Council acts under Chapter V of the Charter, in accordance with Article
25, which states that “the Members of the United Nations agree to accept and carry out the
decisions of the Security Council in accordance with the present Charter”. For further information,
we encourage you to check Chapters V, VI and VII of the UN Charter, which explains the nature
of the UN Security Council, the Pacific Settlement of Disputes and its framework for Threats to
the Peace, Breaches of the Peace, and Acts of Aggression.

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 5. INTRODUCTION TO THE TOPIC
The Gaza conflict is situated within the broader context of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, one of
the most complex territorial and political disputes in contemporary history. The Gaza Strip, which
has been a constant scene of violence since the Israeli occupation in 1967, remains one of the
most densely populated and impoverished areas in the world. Despite Israel's formal withdrawal
in 2005, including the dismantling of all settlements and evacuation of military personnel, Israel
retains partial control over Gaza’s borders, airspace, and territorial waters. However, it is
important to clarify that the Rafah crossing between Gaza and Egypt is controlled by Egypt, which
has also imposed periodic closures, particularly during escalations.

Gaza has been governed by Hamas, an Islamist organization considered a terrorist group by the
United States, the European Union, and others, since it took control in 2007 after a violent
confrontation with the Palestinian Authority (PA), further exacerbating internal Palestinian
divisions. Hamas has since centralized both civilian and military control, often operating within
densely populated areas and being accused by various international organizations of using civilian
infrastructure for military purposes.

The conflict’s roots lie in competing national aspirations and territorial claims, particularly in
historic Palestine, former Judea and re-called by the Romans after the Jewish-Roman War during
the first and second centuries AD.

A major turning point in the current conflict occurred on October 7, 2023, when Hamas launched
a surprise large-scale assault into Israeli territory. This attack resulted in the deaths of over 1,200
Israeli civilians, including children and the elderly, the abduction of over 250 people, and
documented cases of torture, sexual violence, and the burning of civilians alive, according to
multiple international sources. The attack was widely condemned by the international community
and prompted a significant Israeli military response aimed at dismantling Hamas’ military
capabilities in Gaza. This escalation severely affected both civilian populations in Israel and Gaza.

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) has played a crucial role in this conflict over the
years, not only in mediation but also in the issuance of key resolutions. Among them, Resolutions
242 (1967) and 338 (1973) have served as foundational references, calling for Israeli withdrawal
from territories occupied in the 1967 war in exchange for peace and mutual recognition. However,
the text of Resolution 242 is deliberately ambiguous, referring to “withdrawal from territories
occupied” without specifying “all,” which has led to varied interpretations over time.

The UNSC has often condemned human rights violations and disproportionate use of force by
both parties, but efforts to enforce sanctions or more concrete measures have been hampered by

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the lack of consensus among the Council's members, especially due to frequent vetoes by
permanent members such as the United States.

The ceasefire in Gaza has been considered one of the most critical immediate measures,
particularly to alleviate the humanitarian crisis affecting the civilian population. During recent
conflicts, such as the 2021 escalation, the death toll among Palestinians reached around 250
casualties, while Israel also suffered casualties, albeit in smaller numbers. The implications of a
ceasefire are both humanitarian and geopolitical: not only does it aim to end the violence, but it
also allows for international aid to reach the thousands of displaced and affected people, while
helping prevent the violence from spreading to other countries in the region. Nevertheless,
challenges remain, such as the obstruction and redirection of humanitarian aid by armed groups
within Gaza, particularly Hamas, which has been accused of confiscating supplies and preventing
equitable distribution.

The Need for a Ceasefire

The need for a ceasefire is not just a short-term measure; it can also pave the way for a broader
resolution of the conflict. The UN, through its role in conflict mediation, has facilitated several
pauses in violence, but the lack of effective implementation and deep distrust between the parties
has hindered the creation of durable agreements.

For a ceasefire to be successful, it is crucial that the parties involved not only agree to a reduction
in hostilities but also commit to a long-term political and social reconstruction process in Gaza.
Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International have highlighted how Israeli policies of
blockade, especially restrictions on dual-use materials, have had a serious impact on Gaza’s
civilian population, limiting access to basic services such as water, electricity, and medical
assistance. However, these same organizations, as well as UN reports, have also documented how
Hamas has diverted humanitarian aid, stockpiled weapons in civilian areas, and constructed
extensive tunnel networks beneath hospitals, schools, and neighborhoods, complicating the
delivery and monitoring of aid and challenging the effectiveness of ceasefire mechanisms.

The international community, especially the United Nations, plays a key role in monitoring any
ceasefire and ensuring its long-term sustainability while safeguarding the rights of civilians and
enforcing international norms on the conduct of war. This includes ensuring that both state and
non-state actors uphold the rules of international humanitarian law, particularly in urban conflict
zones.

The conflict has repercussions that go beyond Gaza and the immediate region. The UN Security
Council is the principal organ responsible for maintaining international peace and security, which
gives it significant responsibility in mediating this conflict. Over the years, the Council's

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resolutions, such as Resolution 242 (1967), which calls for Israeli withdrawal from territories
occupied during the 1967 war in exchange for peace and recognition of all states in the region,
have served as diplomatic cornerstones. However, the interpretation of this resolution remains
contested, as it does not specify a withdrawal from all territories, leading to differing positions
among member states.

Implementing a sustainable ceasefire is widely seen as a necessary step toward creating an

environment conducive to pursuing a negotiated two-state solution. However, this requires not
only halting hostilities, but also ensuring that armed groups do not exploit ceasefires to rearm and
entrench themselves, as has occurred in past pauses.

Recent data underscores the urgency of ceasefires. In 2025, a complete blockade from March to
May, resulting from intensified hostilities and logistical collapse, halted nearly all humanitarian
aid, exacerbating famine risks, with over 13,635 children diagnosed with acute malnutrition,
including 1,684 severe cases (OCHA, 2025). However, multiple credible reports have indicated
that aid convoys have also been looted or redirected by armed factions, especially Hamas, limiting
civilian access. While the UN has issued warnings of “massive atrocities,” including language
suggesting the potential for acts that could constitute genocide, it is important to note that no legal
ruling or conviction has been issued by the International Court of Justice as of July 2025. The use
of this term remains under investigation and is subject to legal and evidentiary review.

The conflict’s implications extend beyond Gaza, affecting regional stability and global diplomatic
relations, necessitating a robust and balanced response from the UN Security Council, one that
addresses both humanitarian needs and the enforcement of accountability for all violations,
regardless of the perpetrator.

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 6. KEY TERMS
Below is an in-depth look at key terms necessary for understanding the context of the Gaza
conflict:

• Ceasefire
In the context of Gaza, a ceasefire refers to a temporary or permanent suspension of
hostilities between the involved parties, Israel and Hamas, and other Palestinian factions.
The UN has played a critical role in mediating these agreements, but the duration and
effectiveness of the ceasefire depend on several factors, including the willingness of the
parties to negotiate, the conditions imposed by international resolutions, and the political
will of the involved actors. Technically, a ceasefire can take different forms, from a
unilateral ceasefire (for example, Israel halting airstrikes) to a mutual agreement between
the parties to stop the violence and allow for humanitarian aid delivery. However, past
ceasefires have often been undermined by violations, such as the continued launching of
rockets from Gaza or military responses by Israel.
• Humanitarian Intervention
Humanitarian intervention involves the sending of resources and aid to populations
affected by armed conflict. In Gaza, humanitarian interventions have focused on
providing medical care, food, water, and building materials for the victims. The United
Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) has played a central role in this intervention,
providing assistance to Palestinian refugees and working in extremely challenging
conditions due to restrictions imposed by the Israeli blockade and threats of violence. It
is also important to note that several reports, including those by OCHA and international
media, have documented instances in which aid convoys were blocked, confiscated, or
redirected by Hamas, limiting their impact on civilians.
• Occupation
The term occupation refers to the control of a territory by a foreign power that is not
recognized as part of its sovereignty. In Gaza, although Israel formally withdrew in 2005,
it continues to have partial control over its borders, airspace, and territorial waters, which
has led some legal scholars and organizations to argue that there is still an occupation
under International Law. Others argue that since Israel no longer maintains a permanent
military presence inside Gaza, it cannot be considered an occupying power, creating a
legal debate.
• Human Rights Violations and War Crimes
Human rights violations and war crimes in Gaza are extensively documented by
international organizations such as Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International. Both
Israeli and Hamas forces have been accused of committing severe violations. Israel has

10
 been criticized for the disproportionate use of force and the blockade that prevents
essential goods from reaching Gaza. Hamas, in turn, has been accused of launching
thousands of indiscriminate rockets into civilian areas in Israel, using human shields,
storing weapons in civilian infrastructure such as hospitals and schools, and engaging in
acts of terrorism, including during the October 7, 2023 attack.
• UN Resolutions 242 and 338:
Resolutions 242 and 338 are fundamental to any resolution of the conflict. Resolution
242, adopted in 1967, calls for Israeli withdrawal from territories occupied in the Six-
Day War in exchange for peace and security for all the states of the region. However, the
resolution's deliberately vague language, stating “withdrawal from territories occupied,”
has led to decades of diplomatic debate over the extent of the withdrawal required.
Resolution 338, passed in 1973, reaffirms the principle of Resolution 242 and calls for
negotiations to implement peace in the Middle East.

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 7. HISTORY OF THE TOPIC
The history of the Gaza conflict and, more generally, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, is extensive
and filled with key moments that have shaped international politics and the region. These events,
from the creation of Israel to the most recent escalations, have profound implications for future
resolutions.

Origins of the Conflict

The conflict traces back to the rivalry between Jews and Arab Palestinians over the land that is
now Israel and Palestine. The arrival of Jewish immigrants in the 19th century, driven by Zionism
and supported by the international community through the Balfour Declaration (1917), created
tensions with Arab Palestinians. The 1947 UN Partition Plan, which divided the land into two
states, one Jewish and one Arab, was rejected by the Arab countries and Palestinians, leading to
the 1948 War of Independence for Israel.

The Arab-Israeli Wars and the Occupation of Gaza

After the Six-Day War (1967), Israel occupied Gaza, the West Bank, and East Jerusalem.
Although Gaza was occupied by Israel, in 2005, Israel unilaterally withdrew from the territory,
dismantling all settlements and military infrastructure. However, it continued controlling key
border crossings, airspace, and maritime access, resulting in a blockade. The withdrawal was
accompanied by violent backlash: synagogues were destroyed, and greenhouses intended to
support Gaza’s economy were looted.

The Oslo Accords (1993)

One of the most significant moments in the recent history of the conflict was the signing of the
Oslo Accords in 1993, an attempt to establish a framework for conflict resolution. However, the
lack of mutual trust and the increasing violence from both sides led to the destabilization of these
agreements. Hamas rejected the accords entirely, which limited their reach.

The Second Intifada and Hamas' Takeover of Gaza (2007)

In 2000, the Second Intifada (Palestinian uprising) marked a new level of violence. In 2007, the
Islamist group Hamas took control of Gaza after a conflict with the secular faction Fatah, resulting
in a political division between Gaza and the West Bank. Israel imposed a blockade on Gaza,
worsening living conditions and contributing to the radicalization of both sides. Hamas has since
maintained exclusive control over Gaza and has been repeatedly accused of suppressing dissent,
recruiting child soldiers, and storing weapons in civilian areas.

Recurring Conflicts

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Since 2007, Gaza has been the site of several Israeli military operations, such as Operation Cast
Lead (2008–2009), Operation Pillar of Defense (2012), and Operation Protective Edge (2014).
These conflicts have left thousands dead and injured, especially among Palestinian civilians. At
the same time, Hamas and other groups have launched thousands of rockets toward Israeli towns
and cities, targeting civilian populations and prompting Israeli defensive measures like the Iron
Dome system.

The most recent and significant escalation began on October 7, 2023, when Hamas launched a
surprise and unprecedented attack on Israeli territory. This resulted in over 1,200 civilian deaths,
including children and elderly, and more than 250 people were taken hostage into Gaza. This
marked a dramatic turning point in the conflict, leading to a full-scale military response by Israel
and a sharp deterioration in humanitarian conditions in Gaza.

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 8. CURRENT SITUATION
The current situation in Gaza is devastating in terms of humanitarian, political, and security
aspects. Over the past few years, clashes between Israel and Hamas have periodically escalated,
leaving Gaza's civilian population trapped in an unrelenting cycle of violence. Likewise, Israeli
civilians have increasingly suffered from ongoing rocket attacks, tunnel infiltrations, and
abductions, particularly since October 7, 2023.

Humanitarian Conditions

Over 2 million people live in Gaza, one of the most densely populated areas in the world. The
conflict and the blockade, imposed jointly by Israel and Egypt for security reasons, have caused
shortages of essential goods such as food, medicine, and fuel. Infrastructure is severely damaged,
with hospitals, schools, and housing affected. In 2023, the United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) reported that over 80% of the population relied
on humanitarian aid, while more than 500,000 people were displaced due to recent conflicts.

Despite the challenging conditions, as of June 2025, over 22,000 trucks and more than 330,000
tons of humanitarian aid have entered Gaza since October 7, 2023, according to COGAT and UN
agencies. These include food, medical supplies, water, and shelter materials. However, numerous
reports from OCHA, USAID, and the World Food Programme indicate that aid convoys have
been intercepted, looted, or restricted by armed factions, including documented incidents of
Hamas diverting aid or blocking distribution to civilians.

Access to basic services like electricity and clean water remains limited. Gaza's single power plant
often operates at minimal capacity due to fuel shortages. Movement restrictions, compounded by
the closure of the Rafah crossing by Egypt, have further complicated aid delivery and civilian
mobility.

Security and Violence

The security situation in Gaza and southern Israel is volatile and tends to escalate rapidly. In 2021,
an 11-day conflict between Israel and Hamas left over 250 Palestinians and 13 Israelis dead. In
the most recent escalation, beginning October 7, 2023, Hamas launched a surprise attack on Israeli
territory, killing over 1,200 civilians, including children and the elderly, and kidnapping over 250
people, who were taken into Gaza. This led to an intensive military operation by the Israel Defense
Forces (IDF), with thousands of airstrikes and ground operations inside Gaza.

Between October 2023 and May 2025, more than 16,000 rockets have been launched from Gaza
toward Israeli population centers, according to Israel’s National Emergency Authority. Dozens of
these rockets have misfired and landed within Gaza itself, contributing to civilian casualties.

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Despite efforts to negotiate ceasefires, violations by both sides continue, with Israel citing self-
defense against terrorism and Hamas accusing Israel of disproportionate use of force.

Politics and Governance

Gaza remains under the de facto control of Hamas since its takeover in 2007. The Palestinian
Authority (PA), based in the West Bank, has limited influence in the Strip. This political division
between Hamas and the PA continues to obstruct Palestinian national unity and hinders the
prospects for coordinated diplomacy. While the PA engages in negotiations with Israel and the
international community, Hamas pursues an openly hostile posture, including refusal to recognize
Israel’s right to exist. This internal divide allows Israel to distinguish between negotiating actors
and non-state militias.

International Initiatives to End the Conflict

Numerous international actors have intervened in efforts to stop the violence. The UN has played
a key role in mediation, issuing resolutions and sending humanitarian personnel to the region.
However, the Security Council has struggled to pass binding measures due to a lack of consensus
among permanent members. In 2021 and again in 2023, ceasefire proposals were stalled or
watered down, often due to vetoes by major powers like the United States or Russia.

The United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) continues to
provide aid to millions of Palestinian refugees across the region. However, UNRWA’s operations
have faced challenges due to accusations of employee involvement in militant activity, budget
constraints, and lack of access in warzones.

Relevant Statistics

• Since 2021, over 4,000 Palestinians have died as a result of military operations, and more
than 10,000 have been injured.
• In the same period, more than 1,400 Israeli civilians and soldiers have been killed,
including during the October 7 massacre.
• Over 16,000 rockets have been launched from Gaza into Israel since October 2023.

• 1.8 million tons of supplies have been delivered to the Gaza Strip, including 1.3 million
tons of food since the war began. (JNS, 2025)

• Approximately 80% of Gaza's population lives below the poverty line, and over 70%
depend on humanitarian assistance.

• As of mid-2025, dozens of Israeli hostages remain in captivity in Gaza, including women

and children. More than 70 of the hostages have been killed during captivity, including
babies.

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Legal Status of Gaza

The legal status of Gaza under international law remains disputed. Some organizations, including
the UN, the ICJ, and human rights groups, argue that Gaza is still occupied due to Israel’s control
of airspace, maritime access, and certain border crossings. Others contend that Israel’s 2005
withdrawal, which included the dismantling of all settlements and removal of military presence,
marked the end of occupation. Scholars such as Cuyckens (2016) argue that Israel's obligations
fall under general humanitarian law, not the law of occupation. This legal debate directly affects
how ceasefire obligations and responsibilities are interpreted.

Impact on Education

The conflict has devastated Gaza’s education system. By April 2025, 88.8% of school buildings
had been damaged or destroyed (OCHA, 2025). Approximately 78,000 university students have
been deprived of formal education, and 94 professors reportedly killed (POMEPS, 2024). The
term “Educide” has been used to describe what some organizations consider the systematic
destruction of education infrastructure. However, reports also show cases where schools were
used by militant groups to store weapons or launch attacks, complicating their protection under
international law. UNRWA and NGOs are working to provide temporary education spaces, but
long-term recovery remains uncertain.

Environmental Consequences

The conflict has caused severe environmental degradation. According to UNEP (2024), over 70%
of Gaza’s water infrastructure has been destroyed, resulting in pollution of freshwater sources and
increased health risks. The destruction of agricultural land and topsoil has worsened food
insecurity. Explosions and rubble have also contaminated urban environments with asbestos,
heavy metals, and explosive remnants, requiring extensive environmental remediation efforts.

16
 9. COUNTRY´S POLICIES
Latin America

Latin American countries have generally maintained a stance of solidarity with the Palestinian
people, supporting the right to self-determination and condemning the Israeli occupation.
Countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico have supported UN resolutions criticizing
Israeli military operations in Gaza and have often called for ceasefires and international
investigations into alleged human rights violations.

Colombia, under its current administration, has taken a particularly strong pro-Palestinian stance,
suspending diplomatic ties with Israel following the 2023 conflict. Paraguay and Uruguay, by
contrast, have emphasized Israel’s right to self-defense and have condemned the October 7 attacks
by Hamas.

Most Latin American countries advocate for a two-state solution based on the 1967 borders and
support the Palestinian Authority as the legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
However, none have officially recognized Hamas as a legitimate actor in diplomacy, and many
have condemned its designation as a terrorist group by Western powers.

Europe
The European Union has a complex and often divided stance on the conflict. Member states like
Ireland, Spain, and Belgium have taken strong positions criticizing Israel’s operations in Gaza
and advocating for the recognition of a Palestinian state. Spain and Ireland formally recognized
Palestine in May 2025.

In contrast, Germany, the Czech Republic, and Hungary maintain close security and economic
relations with Israel, emphasizing its right to defend itself, particularly in response to the October
7, 2023 attacks. The UK has similarly condemned Hamas’s actions while advocating for a
sustained humanitarian corridor in Gaza.

Several European nations have debated sanctions or arms embargoes on Israel due to the scale of
destruction in Gaza, but internal divisions within the EU have made a unified approach difficult.
While criticism of settlement expansion remains widespread, concerns about Hamas’s terrorism
and Iran’s influence temper many positions.

Asia
Middle Eastern and Asian actors continue to play pivotal roles. Iran remains one of Hamas’s key
backers, providing financial and military support. Iran has celebrated the October 7 attack as “a
blow to the Zionist entity” and remains a destabilizing influence, according to U.S. and Israeli
intelligence.

17
Turkey supports Palestinian statehood and has condemned Israel’s operations, but has attempted
to play a mediator role in ceasefire talks. Its relationship with Hamas remains active, though
Ankara officially distinguishes between the political and military wings.

Among Arab states, Egypt and Jordan continue to act as strategic mediators. Egypt controls the
Rafah crossing, and its cooperation is vital for humanitarian aid and hostage negotiations. Egypt
has also expressed concern over Hamas's alignment with Iran and internal instability in Sinai.

Countries like the United Arab Emirates and Bahrain, who normalized relations with Israel under
the Abraham Accords, have condemned civilian casualties but avoided severing ties, emphasizing
pragmatic diplomacy. Meanwhile, Qatar has acted as a major financial sponsor of Gaza and a key
negotiator in hostage releases.

In Asia, countries like China have supported calls for a ceasefire and emphasized the need for a
multilateral solution based on the 1967 borders, often aligning rhetorically with the Palestinian
cause but maintaining relations with Israel. India, traditionally pro-Palestinian, has shifted
towards stronger ties with Israel in defense and technology, while still supporting a two-state
solution.

North America

The United States remains Israel's most significant ally in military, economic, and diplomatic
terms. While the U.S. has frequently used its veto power at the UN Security Council to block
resolutions perceived as biased against Israel, its stance has evolved under the Biden
administration. Since October 2023, Washington has expressed strong support for Israel’s right
to self-defense while also urging restraint, humanitarian pauses, and protection of civilian lives.

The U.S. has also been central in brokering hostage negotiations, facilitating aid corridors, and
applying pressure for temporary ceasefires. However, domestic political divisions, especially
during the 2024 U.S. elections, have complicated the administration's approach to the conflict.

Canada, similarly, has maintained close ties with Israel, condemning Hamas’s actions and
reaffirming support for a two-state solution. Canadian officials have also emphasized the need to
ensure accountability for all violations of international humanitarian law on both sides.

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 10. COMMITTEE’S DYNAMICS
This Committee will operate with the typical dynamics of a Crisis Committee, due to the wide
variety of potential fictional scenarios that could arise.

Therefore, the dynamics of the committee will be divided into two (2) simultaneous mechanisms:
(i) Directives, and (ii) Secret Actions (also known as Crisis Notes).

Below, we will briefly explain each of these mechanisms:

Directives:

These are public documents, handwritten by the delegates and submitted to the dais for later
introduction and debate during the session.

Through directives, delegates can draft a joint document within each side of the Joint Crisis to
carry out an immediate action. This type of document is typically used to respond to updates or
breaking news presented during the committee, as well as to introduce necessary solutions.

As a joint document, a directive must be approved by the Cabinet in which it was presented; if it
does not meet the required number of votes, it will be archived.

Regarding the structure, directives should follow a format consistent with other crisis notes. We
suggest the following:

• Title (literal or creative)

• Signatories: Characters who support discussing the directive

• Sponsor: Characters who drafted the directive

• Actions: The body of the directive; actions may be listed or written using operative
clauses.

We kindly request that all directives respect spelling and grammar rules, as it's important to
maintain the formality of the debate in these public documents introduced by the dais.

A directive should answer the following questions:

• Who (Which countries/characters will sign the directive?)

• What (What is the objective of the directive?)

• Where (Where will the directive’s actions be carried out?)

• When (When will the actions take place?)

• How (How will the actions be implemented?)

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 • Why (Why are these actions being carried out?)

If your directive answers all these questions, it will be considered to meet the requirements to be
introduced and voted on.

Example of a Directive responding to the Russia–Ukraine conflict:

“Immediate Actions to Protect the Borders Between Russia and Ukraine” (literal title)
or
“One Small Step for Man; One Giant Leap for Mankind” (creative title)

Signatories: Federative Republic of Brazil, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, United

Arab Emirates, Republic of India, Russian Federation.

Sponsor: People's Republic of China

1. Recommends implementing the following measures, taking into account the serious
global repercussions of the conflict and following the principles of the United Nations
Charter, through:
a. The Eastern Europe Peace Accords, aiming to establish the Treaties of Won Ton
as the First Phase, a Chinese government initiative to host negotiations in neutral
territory,
b. The opening of humanitarian corridors, to minimize civilian casualties,
c. The deployment of 4,000 UN Peacekeepers to enable the safe evacuation of
civilians;
2. Proposes the implementation of the Mustafar Program, particularly its “pre-negotiation”
axis, under which it advocates for a ceasefire agreement between Russia and Ukraine to
ensure effective de-escalation of the conflict, with the following characteristics:
a. All confrontations between Russian and Ukrainian forces shall cease by the first
hour of the day following the ceasefire signing,
b. A demilitarized zone will be established along the entire border between Russia
and Ukraine, including the occupied territories;
3. Approves the application of Article 9 of the Amadeus Plan, which creates security zones
along the Russia–Ukraine border, supervised by the OSCE. These zones shall:
a. Serve as safe passageways for humanitarian aid, NGOs, and Red Cross teams,
b. Include the deployment of diplomatic missions from neutral countries such as
India, China, Brazil, and the UAE to support peace talks and de-escalation.

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 11. SECRET ACTIONS:
Unlike Directives, Secret Actions (also known as Crisis Notes) are private documents through
which each character may use their own resources to carry out actions that benefit their position
within the committee.

These documents are handwritten during the session and submitted to the Crisis Room, which
will decide whether the action is:

a. Fully approved

b. Partially approved

c. Requires more information

d. Rejected

In this committee, each country may develop plans and actions aligned with their historical role.
For example: if you are a country from a specific side, your resources and references should come
from that side and be consistent with your pre-established background.

As directors, we ask that Secret Actions be written as private letters, addressed to a specific
individual. They should also be clear and concise, so the Crisis Room can process and respond to
them quickly.

Example of a Secret Action (Crisis Note):

To my beloved MG,
These are difficult times. I’ve been unjustly imprisoned, and life in this place is worse than I
ever imagined. I wish I were at home with you and the family, like in the old days. But this will
be the last letter I send you — I have a plan to escape from this inhumane place.

Remember when we got married, and you promised you’d support me no matter what? That
moment has arrived.

Do you remember Bob? The father of that chubby little boy Gonzalito you used to teach back at
Nueva Esperanza School in Bogotá? Well, turns out Bob is the judge presiding over my case.
Try to talk to him — if that doesn’t work, go to my brother Peter, give him Bob’s address, and
he’ll take care of the dirty work.

In this country, those who aren’t sharp end up locked away unjustly. I won’t let them win. Please
destroy this letter after reading — our son Osler’s life may depend on it.

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Until we meet again, my love,
Jean-Paul
(Include your character's position in the Crisis Committee)

The Crisis Room has the authority to approve or reject these requests. If your action lacks
sufficient detail or logic, it may be rejected or delayed, which could weaken your position in the
committee’s progression.

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12. QARMAs (Questions a Resolution Must
Answer)

1. What role can the Security Council play in mediating a ceasefire in Gaza without
violating the national sovereignty of the parties involved? Should the Security Council
impose a ceasefire without the consent of the parties involved, and under what
conditions?

2. What specific mechanisms can be implemented to ensure that the ceasefire is sustainable
and not merely temporary? How can we avoid the ceasefire being merely a pause in
violence, rather than a step towards a lasting resolution?

3. How can economic or political sanctions be effectively used to pressure for a ceasefire
agreement without exacerbating the conflict further?

4. Should sanctions be imposed on one of the parties based on their human rights violations,
or should the focus remain on fostering dialogue and reconciliation?

5. How can the Security Council address human rights violations that occur during the
conflict without delegitimizing either side? Is it possible to ensure justice for the victims
without political exacerbations that contribute to further polarization in the international
community?

6. How can a fair distribution of humanitarian aid be guaranteed while maintaining

neutrality in such a polarized conflict? What monitoring mechanisms are needed to ensure
that humanitarian aid is not diverted for military or partisan purposes?

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 13. GUÍA PARA EL DOCUMENTO DE POSTURA
A position paper is a document that outlines a nation’s position regarding the topic, as well as
possible solutions that address the concerns of the committee. The position paper is divided into
3 main parts which correspond to its paragraphs:

1. Your first paragraph should include a brief introduction to the topic, always connecting
the issue to your country. Try to include statistics, data, and phrases that may apply.
Always bear in mind that you should be focusing on answering the question “Why is the
issue relevant to my country?” and explain your country’s situation and policy about the
issue.

2. Your second paragraph should include a summary of past actions taken by the
international community related to the topic. Explain your country’s involvement,
comment on the effectiveness of the measures, and state how they can be improved.

3. Your third paragraph should focus on proposing solutions, always according to your
country’s policy. Try to be creative and propose original ideas that will help other
delegates (and your dais) remember your contribution to the debate. End with a strong
closing sentence.

Furthermore, this document has a specific format. We strongly request delegates to follow the
guidelines as listed below, any documents that fail to do so will not be accepted.

➔ Font: Times New Roman 12 pts.

➔ Line Spacing: 12

➔ Margins: Standard

➔ Pages: 1 page max. (excluding bibliography)

➔ Bibliography format: APA 7

Lastly, all position papers are to be delivered by Monday July 14th at 11:59 p.m. in PDF format
to the following email address: carlojaymez0911@gmail.com.For ease and to ensure no position
papers are lost in spam, please send all of them with the subject POSITION PAPER - YOUR
COUNTRY. It is important to mention that delegates who do not present the position paper would
NOT be eligible for awards.

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 14. Final recommendations
Dear delegates,

We hope that this Study Guide has served as a small starting point for what promises to be an
outstanding Security Council. Please do not limit yourselves to only what we have included in
this Guide — we encourage you to surprise us with your creativity and content in the Crisis Notes.

Keep in mind that any action that goes against proper conduct, or is discriminatory or
inappropriate in nature, will not be tolerated by this Dais and will result in disqualification from
the competition.

I hope the material provided has been helpful, and please feel free to reach out to us with any
questions.

Little note: If you have the chance to read the book “Veto Players” by the Master of International
Politics, George Tsebelis, that would be amazing.

See you soon!

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 15. Bibliography
1. Iriqat, D., Alousi, R., Aldahdouh, T.Z., AlDahdouh, A., Dankar, I., Alburai, D., Buheji,
M. and Hassoun, A. (2025), "Educide amid conflict: the struggle of the Palestinian
education system", Quality Education for All, Vol. 2 No. 1, pp. 81-
99. https://doi.org/10.1108/QEA-10-2024-0120
2. IMEU. (2023). Legal Status of the Gaza Strip. https://imeu.org/article/reference-sheet-
israel-gaza-international-law1

3. OCHA. (2025). Gaza Humanitarian Response Update.

https://www.ochaopt.org/content/gaza-humanitarian-response-update-11-24-may-2025

4. UN. (1967). Resolution 242. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/90717

5. UN. (1973). Resolution 338. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/93466

6. UNCTAD. (2024). Preliminary Assessment of Economic Impact in Gaza.

https://unctad.org/publication/preliminary-assessment-economic-impact-destruction-gaza-
and-prospects-economic-recovery

7. UNEP. (2024). Environmental Impact of the Conflict in Gaza.

https://www.unep.org/resources/report/environmental-impact-conflict-gaza-preliminary-
assessment-environmental-impacts

8. UNRWA. (2025). Situation Reports. https://www.unrwa.org/resources/reports

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