––––

Contents
Chapter 1...........................................................................................................................1
1.1A DEFINITION OF PHYSIOTHERAPY & PHYSIOTHERAPY PROFESSIONAL ..............1
1.2 The aims of the recommended curriculum are to produce Physiotherapists who
are .................................................................................................................................2
1.3 Learning Objectives: At the completion of this course, the student should be.......2
1.4 Expectations from the future graduate in the providing patient care. ....................2
Chapter 2...........................................................................................................................4
2.1 Selection procedure: ...............................................................................................4
2.2 PROFESSIONAL DRESS CODE STANDARDS .....................................................5
2.3 DURATION OF THE COURSE- ..................................................................................5
2.4 MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION- ....................................................................................5
2.5 COMMENCEMENT OF THE COURSE -......................................................................5
2.6 ATTENDANCE .........................................................................................................5
2.7 COURSE OF STUDY - SUBJECTS AND HOUR DISTRIBUTION ..................................6
2.8 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT ........................................................................................6
2.9 SCHEDULE OF EXAMINATION .................................................................................7
2.10 CRITERIA FOR PASS .............................................................................................7
2.11 SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS ........................................................................................7
2.12 SCHEME OF EXAMINATION - Subjects and Distribution of Marks ( table 1) .........8
2.13 QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR BPT EXAMINATION .........................................8
2.14 DECLARATION OF CLASS..................................................................................9
2.15 PROMOTION CRITERIA ...................................................................................10
2.16 MAXIMUM DURATION OF THE PROGRAM......................................................10
2.17 DISCHARGE FROM THE PROGRAM .................................................................10
2.18 VACATION......................................................................................................11
2.19 INTERNSHIP .................................................................................................11
2.20 Research Project:................................................................................................11
2.21 ABBREVIATION ...................................................................................................12
Chapter 3 Main Subjects: For University Examination ....................................................13
3.1 ANATOMY .............................................................................................................13
3.2 PHYSIOLOGY.........................................................................................................29
3.3 BIOCHEMISTRY .....................................................................................................40
3.4 BIOMECHANICS ....................................................................................................47
3.5 PSYCHOLOGY .......................................................................................................51
3.6 Sociology ..............................................................................................................54
3.7 ENGLISH................................................................................................................56
3.8 KANNADA .............................................................................................................58
3.9 Communication & Soft Skills (10 Hours) ..............................................................60
3.10 BASIC NURSING & FIRST AID..............................................................................61
3.11 Clinical Education and Orientation to Physiotherapy ..........................................62
Chapter 1
1.1A DEFINITION OF PHYSIOTHERAPY & PHYSIOTHERAPY PROFESSIONAL
“Physiotherapy means a system which includes comprehensive examination,
treatment, advice and instructions to any persons preparatory to or for the
purpose of or in connection with movement/ functional dysfunctional, bodily
malfunction, physical disorder, disability, healing and pain from trauma and
disease, physical and mental conditions using physical agents, activities and
devices including exercise, mobilization, manipulations, electrical and thermal
agents and other electrotherapeutics for prevention, screening, diagnosis,
treatment, health promotion and fitness”. (Ministry of Health & Family Welfare -
Allied Health Section - 2017) This includes treatment preparation, planning,
treatment delivery, clinical and rehabilitative care of the patient on a daily basis
during treatment and immediate post treatment review. However, the role of the
Physiotherapist always encompasses the safe and accurate delivery of the
physiotherapy treatment. As the physiotherapy professional in daily contact with
the patient it also includes monitoring of daily improvement of the patient
according to his/her condition. Furthermore the PTs liaise with all the other
associated professionals in ensuring that the needs of the patient are met.

Physiotherapy Professional:

Physiotherapy professional is a person who practices physiotherapy by

undertaking comprehensive examination and appropriate investigation, provides
treatment and advice to any persons preparatory to or for the purpose of or in
connection with movement or functional dysfunction, malfunction, disorder,
disability, healing and pain from trauma and disease, using physical modalities
including exercise, mobilisation, manipulations, electrical and thermal agents and
other electro therapeutics for prevention, screening, diagnosis, treatment, health
promotion and fitness. The physiotherapist can practice independently or as a
part of a multi- disciplinary team and has a minimum qualification of a
baccalaureate degree.

(The Allied And Healthcare Professions Bill, 2018)

1
1.2 The aims of the recommended curriculum are to produce Physiotherapists
who are
 Technically and clinically competent for independent decision making.
 Enable to assess a patient.
 Aware of patient conditions and treatment along with the importance of
quality assurance.
 Understand the theoretical basis for evidence based practice.
 Effective members of the multidisciplinary team.
 Prepared to participate in or initiate research into practice.

1.3 Learning Objectives: At the completion of this course, the student should be
1. Able to delineate the cognitive, affective and psychomotor skills deemed
essential for completion of this program and to perform as a competent
physiotherapist who will be able to evaluate, diagnose, plan & execute
physiotherapy treatment independently or along with the interdisciplinary
team.
2. Able to Evaluate patients for impairments and functional limitations and
able to execute all routine physiotherapeutic procedures as per the
treatment protocol.
3. Able to operate and maintain physiotherapy equipment used in treatment
of patient, physiotherapy treatment planning (both electrotherapy and
exercise therapy) & procedures independently or along with the
interdisciplinary team.
4. Able to provide adequate education about the movement science and
exercise therapy techniques to the patient and its benefits.

1.4 Expectations from the future graduate in the providing patient care.
1. Coursework entitles independent physiotherapy assessment and
treatment in hospital setup, private clinic and primary health centers by the
graduates.
2. The coursework is designed to train students to work as independent
physiotherapists or in conjunction with medical, surgical, sports,
community rehabilitation management teams including medical doctor
(MD Physical Medicine, Orthopaedician, Neurologist and Cardiologist etc.),
Nurses, Dietician, Orthotist and Prosthetist, Physiotherapy Assistant,
General Duty Assistant and other members in the application of
2
 physiotherapy treatment protocol. Students/graduates will be autonomous
practitioners who are able to diagnose and treat movement disorders as
per red and yellow flags.
3. Course work includes anatomy, physiology, electrotherapy, exercise
therapy, biomechanics, pharmacology etc. The student will be skilled in
physical/ functional diagnosis, treatment planning, management,
administration of physiotherapy treatment and provision of patient
support.
4. Employment opportunities can be found in hospitals/nursing
homes/sports teams/fitness centers/Community Rehabilitation /Health
planning boards/health promotions services in both private and public
sectors as well as in independent physiotherapy clinics.
5. Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) graduate is encouraged to pursue further
qualification to attain senior position in the professional field, also to keep
abreast with the recent advances and new technology. The professional
should opt for continuous professional education credits offered by
national and international institutes.
6. The graduate will be a component and reflective physiotherapy
practitioner who can function safely and effectively while adhering to
legal, ethical and professional standards of practice in a multitude of
physiotherapy settings for patients and clients across their lifespan and
along the continuum of care from wellness and prevention to rehabilitation
of dysfunction.
7. The graduate will utilize critical thinking, critical inquiry and evidence
based practice to make clinical decisions essential for autonomous
practice.
8. The graduate will function as an active member of professional and
community organizations. The graduate will be a service- oriented
advocate dedicated to the promotion and improvement of community
health.
9. The graduate will demonstrate lifelong commitment to learning and
professional development.

3
 Chapter 2
2.1 Selection procedure:
1. Candidate should have passed the Higher Secondary (10+2) or equivalent
examination recognized by any Indian University or a duly constituted Board
with English as one of the subjects and should have scored minimum of 45 %
marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany & Zoology). In respect of
candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes & Scheduled Tribes, the marks
obtained in Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany & Zoology) together in
qualifying examination is not less than 40 %.
2. Candidates who have studied abroad and have passed the equivalent
qualification with English as one of the languages and 45% marks in Physics,
Chemistry, Biology (Botany & Zoology) will be evaluated by Shri Dharmasthala
Manjunatheshwara University for the eligibility of admission.
3. Candidates who have passed the Senior Secondary school Examination of
National Open School with a minimum of 5 subjects with any of the following
group subjects.
a) English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology (Botany & Zoology)
b) English, Physics, Chemistry, Biology and any other language
4. Candidate should have attained the age of 17 years as on 31st December of
the year of admission (current year).
5. Candidate has to furnish at the time of submission of application form, a
certificate of Physical fitness from a registered medical practitioner and two
references from persons other than relatives testifying to satisfactory general
character.
6. Admission to Bachelor of Physiotherapy course shall be made on the basis of
eligibility (point 1 of selection procedure) and an entrance test to be
conducted for the purpose.
a) Entrance test, to be conducted by the university as per the syllabus under
10+2, subject-wise distribution of questions will be as 30% in Physics, 35% in
Biology,15% in Chemistry,10% in English (Language & Comprehension) and
10% in general awareness about health related methods.
b) Successful candidates on the basis of written Test will be called for the
interview. Marks obtained in PCB of 10+2 will be added to the entrance exam
and interview marks. Then list will be displayed according to their rankings
(40% of PCB marks + 30% entrance marks + 30% marks in interview).
c) During subsequent counselling (s) the seat will be allotted as per the merit of
the candidate depending on the availability of seats.

4
d) Candidate who fails to attend the Entrance Test on the notified date(s) will
forfeit the claim for admission and placement in the waiting list except
permitted by the competent authority under special circumstances.

2.2 PROFESSIONAL DRESS CODE STANDARDS

It is important to portray a professional image. A physiotherapist with
inappropriate dress, grooming, or conduct can damage the patients confidence in
the quality of their care, sometimes even resulting in delay in the restoration of
health. Haircuts, hairstyling and personal grooming need to be neat, conservative
and inconspicuous.

Modest formal wear is appropriate on campus and in class.

Clinical / Lab Dress: Aprons and Identity card for all clinical assignments, any
class that is held in a clinical facility and in any class where patients are present
is mandatory.

2.3 DURATION OF THE COURSE-

The duration of the BPT Regular Course shall be four and half years including
internship of six months (4 years & 6 Months).

2.4 MEDIUM OF INSTRUCTION-

English shall be the medium of instruction for all the subjects of study and for the
examinations of the BPT Course.

2.5 COMMENCEMENT OF THE COURSE -

The course shall commence as per the calendar of events of the University.

2.6 ATTENDANCE
A candidate is required to attend at least 75 percent of the total classes
conducted in a year in all subjects prescribed for that year, separately, in theory
and practical / clinical to become eligible to appear for the university
examination.

5
2.7 COURSE OF STUDY - SUBJECTS AND HOUR DISTRIBUTION

First year BPT [Duration 0 -12 months]

Sl No Subject Teaching hours
Weekly
Total Theory Practical
Class hours

1 Anatomy 9 265 160 105

2 Physiology 7 210 150 60
3 Biochemistry 3 80 80
4 Biomechanics 6 225 125 100
5 Psychology 2 60 60
6 Sociology 2 60 60
Subsidiary subjects: Not for University Examination
7 English, Kannada,
2 120 120
Communication, Soft skills
8 Clinical Education &
2 90 90
Orientation to Physiotherapy
9 Basic Nursing & First Aid 1 30 20 10
10 Integrated seminar & Problem
3 80 80
Based learning sessions
Total 37 1220 855 365

2.8 INTERNAL ASSESSMENT

There should be a minimum of two sessional examinations and one preliminary
examination in each academic year. An average of all three examinations will be
considered for the University examination. Proper record which forms the basis of
the Internal Assessment should be maintained for all students and should be
available for scrutiny. The marks of periodical tests should be displayed on the
student notice board.

A Candidate must obtain a 35 % marks in theory and practical separately in

internal assessment to be eligible to write the university examination.

6
2.9 SCHEDULE OF EXAMINATION
There will be two examinations in a year (Main and Supplementary/Re-sit), to be
conducted as per notification issued by the University from time to time.

Annual exam will be conducted at the end of each academic year. The particulars of
subjects for examinations and distribution of marks are shown in Table 1.

The examination for main subjects shall be conducted by the University and for
subsidiary subjects by the college.

2.10 CRITERIA FOR PASS

Main subjects

A candidate is declared to have passed university examination in a subject, if the

candidate secures 50% of the marks in theory and 50% in practicals separately.
For computation of 50% marks in theory the marks scored in the internal
assessment and viva voce, shall be added to the university conducted written
examination and for a pass in practical, the marks scored in university conducted
practical examination and internal assessment (practical) shall be added
together. Candidate failing in theory and/or practical should re-appear for both the
exams of the same subject.

2.11 SUBSIDIARY SUBJECTS

For a pass in Subsidiary subjects, a candidate shall secure 35% of the total marks
prescribed for the subject. The marks obtained should be sent to the University
15 days prior to the commencement of University examination

7
2.12 SCHEME OF EXAMINATION - Subjects and Distribution of Marks ( table 1)
Theory Practical

Written Internal Practical Viva

Internal
Grand
Assessment Voce
Assessment
Total
Subject Time Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum Maximum
Marks Marks Marks Marks Marks

1 Human 3 Hours 100 20 40 30 10 200

Anatomy
2 Physiology 3 Hours 100 20 40 30 10 200
3 Biochemistry 3 Hours 80 20 - - - 100
4 Biomechanics 3 Hours 100 20 40 30 10 200
Section A- 3 Hours 40 10 - - -
Psychology
5 Section B- 40 10 - - - 100
Sociology

2.13 QUESTION PAPER PATTERN FOR BPT EXAMINATION

SUBJECTS HAVING MARKS OF 100

MARKS FOR
TYPE OF QUESTION NUMBER OF QUESTIONS
EACH QUESTION
Multiple Choice
20 1
Questions
long essay 2 (any two out of three) 10
short essay 8 5
short answers 10 2
SUBJECTS HAVING MARKS OF 80

MARKS FOR
TYPE OF QUESTION NUMBER OF QUESTIONS
EACH QUESTION
Multiple Choice
20 1
Questions
long essay 2 (any two out of three) 10
short essay 4 5
short answers 10 2

8
 SUBJECTS HAVING SECTION A & SECTION B [40 MARKS + 40 MARKS = 80
MARKS]
SECTION A
NUMBER OF MARKS FOR EACH
TYPE OF QUESTION
QUESTIONS QUESTION
Multiple Choice
10 1
Questions
1 (any one out of
long essay 10
two)
short essay 2 5
short answers 5 2

SUBJECTS HAVING SECTION A & SECTION B [40 MARKS + 40 MARKS = 80 MARKS]

SECTION B
NUMBER OF MARKS FOR EACH
TYPE OF QUESTION
QUESTIONS QUESTION
Multiple Choice Questions 10 1
1 (any one out of
long essay 10
two)
short essay 2 5
short answers 5 2

PRACTICAL
MAXIMUM MARKS = 40
MARKS FOR EACH
TYPE OF QUESTION NUMBER OF QUESTIONS
QUESTION
LONG CASE 1 20
SHORT CASE 2 10

VIVA-VOCE MAXIMUM MARKS = 30

2.14 DECLARATION OF CLASS

a. A candidate having appeared in all the subjects in the same examination
and passed that examination in the first attempt and secures 75% of marks
or more of grand total marks prescribed will be declared to have passed the
examination with Distinction.
9
 b. A candidate having appeared in all subjects in the same examination and
passed that examination in the first attempt and secures 65% of marks or
more but less than 75% of grand total marks prescribed will be declared to
have passed the examination in First Class.
c. A candidate having appeared in all the subjects in the same examination
and passed that examination in the first attempt and secures 50% of marks
or more but less than 65% of grand total marks prescribed will be declared
to have passed the examination in Second Class.
d. A candidate passing the university examination in more than one attempt
shall be placed in Pass class irrespective of the percentage of marks
secured by him/her in the examination.
e. The marks obtained by a candidate in the subsidiary subjects shall not be
considered for award of Class or Rank.

2.15 PROMOTION CRITERIA

Candidate is eligible to attend to the next academic year provided the candidate
has passed all the subjects in the previous year. The supplementary examination
shall be conducted after the declaration of the results. If the candidate fails (even
in one subject) in the supplementary exam, the students are allowed to take the
next year classes and carry over on a maximum of 2 subjects.

2.16 MAXIMUM DURATION OF THE PROGRAM

Candidates should complete the Bachelor of Physiotherapy degree course within
a period of eight years from the date of joining in the course.

2.17 DISCHARGE FROM THE PROGRAM

1. “If a student admitted to a course, and for any reason not able to complete
the course or qualify for the degree by passing the examinations
prescribed within a period comprising twice the duration prescribed in the
Regulations for the concerned course, the candidate will be discharged
from the said course, their name will be taken off the rolls of the University
and the candidate will not be permitted to attend classes or appear for any
examination conducted by the University thereafter.”
2. “In respect to internship if a student is for any reason not able to complete
the internship within a period comprising twice the duration prescribed in
the Regulations for the concerned course, such cases will be placed
before a Committee to be constituted by the Vice-Chancellor for making
appropriate decision on a case to case basis, based on individual merits.
10
2.18 VACATION
The period(s) of vacation will be decided by the Head of the Institution.

2.19 INTERNSHIP
All students of Bachelor of Physiotherapy must undergo a compulsory rotatory
internship for a period of 6 months after being declared to have passed all
examinations in all subjects. The internship will be carried out in the mother
University (SDMU) itself.

No candidate shall be awarded degree certificate without successfully completing

six months of Internship.

The Internship should be rotatory and cover clinical branches concerned with
Physiotherapy such as Orthopaedics, Cardio Respiratory including ICU, Neurology,
Neurosurgery, Paediatrics, General Medicine, General Surgery, Obstetrics and
Gynaecology and community services both inpatient and outpatient departments.

The 6 months of rotational posting must be covered in the following pattern. 1

month Physiotherapy OPD (including Pediatrics and OBG wards), 1 month
Orthopedic wards, 1 month General Medicine wards (including MICU and CCU), 1
month General Surgery wards (including CVTS wards, CVTS-ICU and Burns), 1
month Neurology and Neurosurgery wards (including Neuro ICU) and 1 month
Community Posting.

During this period the candidate should take up one project which is mandatory in
their successful completion of internship.

The student must maintain a logbook. On completion of each posting, the same
will have to be certified by the faculty in charge of the posting for both attendance
as well as work done. On completion of all six postings, the duly completed
logbook will be submitted to the Principal/Head of program to be considered as
having successfully completed the internship program.

2.20 Research Project:

A research project under the guide allotted by the principal will be given in 2nd
half of the 3rd year BPT and the project will end in internship, This project should
be submitted to the college before seeking no dues after completion of
internship.

11
2.21 ABBREVIATION
• TIA: Transient ischemic attack
• RIA: Reversible ischaemic attacks
• IVD: intervertebral disc prolapse
• AIDS: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
• CTEV: Congenital Talipes Equino Varus
• CDH: Congenital dislocation of hip.
• PNF-Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)
• NDT-Neurodevelopmental treatment/Technique
• UMN: upper motor neuron
• LMN: Lower motor neuron
• UL: Upper limb
• LL: Lower limb
• GBS :Guillain-Barre syndrome
• CIMT:Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy
• TIMP: Test of infant motor performance
• MAI: Movement assessment of infants
• NBA: neonatal behavioural assessment scale
• AIMS: Alberta infant motor scale.
• ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactive disorder
• CBR: Community based rehabilitation,
• IBR: Institutional based rehabilitation
• ASHA Worker’s: Accredited social health activist
• WHO: World health organization
• UNICEF: United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund.
• UNDP: United Nations Development Programme
• ILO: International Labour Organisation.
• UVR: Ultra violet radiation
• PT: Physiotherapy
• PHC : Primary Health centre
ADL: Activities of daily living

12
 Chapter 3 Main Subjects: For University Examination
3.1 ANATOMY
Course Description

Students are trained to have knowledge of structure of human body essential

during their clinical studies, with particular reference to musculoskeletal, nervous,
cardio-respiratory systems along with a brief account of functional &
topographical anatomy of abdomen & pelvis.

Teaching Hours
Subject Title Anatomy
Duration 0-12 Months
Total Hours 265
Lecture 160 hours
Demonstration 105 hours
Total Hours / week 9 Hrs hours
Lecture 3 Hours/week
Practical 5 Hours/week
Seminal / Tutorials 1 Hour/week
Method of Assessment Written, Oral, Practical

GENERAL ANATOMY

Theory- Practicals/
S
Topic Teaching Demonstration
No
hours Teaching hours
1 Introduction 1 hour 1 hour
-Basic Anatomical
-Nomenclature, Planes, Positions
-common anatomical terminologies-
tuberosity/ tubercle, trochanter, groove,
sulcus, ridge etc.
2 Skin & Superficial fascia 1 hour
-Structure & Function
-Appendages
3 Deep Fascia 1 hour
-Structure, Modifications &
-Functions of Deep fascia
4 Connective tissue- classification, 1 hour 1 hour
composition, functions
5 Muscles 1 hour 1 hour
-Classifications with examples
13
 -Nomenclature of Muscles
-Origin, insertion, nerve supply and actions
6 Blood Vessels 1 hour 1 hour
-Structural & Functional classifications
with examples
-Types of Anastomosis
-Vascular Diseases
7 Neurology 1 hour 1 hour
-Parts of Nervous system-central nervous
system, peripheral nervous system and
autonomic nervous system
-Structure & functions of different cells of
nervous System
-Typical Spinal Nerve
-Synapses
-Neurotransmitters
-Neuromuscular junction
-Reflex arc
-Diseases of Nervous System
8 Bones 1 hour 1 hour
- Classification and types according to
morphology and development
- Composition, and functions
-Gross Anatomy of long bone
-Development & centers of ossification
-Applied Anatomy
9 Joints 1 hour 1 hour
-Classification with examples
-Structure and types of fibrous joints
-Structure and types of cartilaginous joints
-Structure of Typical Synovial joint
-Hilton’s Law
- Factors influencing movements
-Body levers
-Anatomical Correlation with diseases of
joints
-Bio mechanics
10 Lymphatic System 1 hour 1 hour
-Formation & components of Lymphatic
System in detail
-Functions of Lymphatic system
Total 10 hours 8 hours

14
UPPER LIMB

Practicals/
Theory-
S Demonstration
Topic Teaching
No -Teaching
hours
hours
1 Pectoral Region 1 hour 1 hour
- Mammary Gland
- Clavi-pectoral fascia
- Muscles
2 Axilla 2 hours 2 hours
- Boundaries & contents in detail
- Brachial plexus
- Axillary vessels
- Axillary Group of Lymph Nodes
3 Back & Scapular Region 1 hour 1 hour
- Muscles, Neuro vascular structures
- Intermuscular spaces
- Deltoid muscle & structures under it
4 Shoulder Joint 1 hour 1 hour
Detailed description of joint - Type,
articular surfaces, ligaments, movements
and muscles producing movements,
applied anatomy
5 Arm 1 hour 1 hour
- Anterior compartment & its contents
- Posterior compartment & its content
6 Elbow Region 1 hour 2 hours
- Cubital Fossa – Boundaries & content
- Anastomsis around elbow joint
- Elbow joint in detail
7 Forearm 2 hours
-Anterior compartment contents in detail
- Posterior compartment contents in detail
- Radio - ulnar joints
8 Wrist & Hand 3 hours 2 hours
- (Palmar & Dorsal Aspect)
- Retinacula
- Muscles & Neuro-vascular structures of
hand
- Wrist joint
-Ist Carpometacarpal joint
-Carpometacarpal joints
15
 -Interphalangeal joints
-Surgical Spaces of Hand
9 Joints of Upper limb -shoulder, elbow, 2 hours 1 hour
radioulnar, wrist, and joints of hand
10 Blood vessels & lymphatic drainage of 1 hour 1 hour
upper limb
11 Nerves of Upper limb 2 hours 1 hour
12 Muscles of Upper limb 2 hours 1 hour
Total 19 hours 14 hours

LOWER LIMB

Practicals/
Theory
S Demonstration
Topic Teaching
No Teaching
hours
hours
1 Introduction of Lower Limb 3 hours 1 hour
-Venous drainage of Lower Limb
-Cutaneous nerves of Lower Limb
-Arterial supply of Lower Limb
-Lymphatic drainage of Lower Limb
2 Thigh Region 3 hours 2 hours
-Anterior compartment & its contents
-Lateral side of thigh
-Adductor compartment & its contents
-Posterior compartment & its contents
3 Gluteal Region 1 hour 1 hour
Structures in detail-bones, joints, muscles,
bold vessels and nerves
4 Hip Joint 1 hour 1 hour
Detail description of joint- Type, articular
surfaces, ligaments, movements and
muscles producing movements, applied
anatomy
5 Knee Region 2 hours 1 hour
-Popliteal fossa
-Knee joint in detail - Type, articular
surfaces, ligaments, movements and
muscles producing movements, applied
anatomy

16
6 Leg Region 2 hours 2 hours
- Anterior compartment in detail
- Lateral compartment in detail
- Posterior compartment in detail
7 Foot 2 hours 1 hour
-Skin, nerve supply
-Detail description of ankle joint - Type,
articular surfaces, ligaments, movements
and muscles producing movements,
applied anatomy
-Retinaculae
-Arrangement of Structures in sole of foot
-Arches of foot in detail
-Talo-calcaneo navicular joint
-Subtalar joints
-Dorsum of foot
8 Joints of Lower limb -hip, knee, 2 hours 1 hour
tibiofibular, ankle, subtalar,
tarsometatarsal, metatarsophalangeal and
interphalangeal joints with applied
anatomy
9 Blood vessels of lower limb- arterial 2 hours 1 hour
supply and venous drainage with applied
anatomy
10 Nerves of lower limb with applied anatomy 2 hours 1 hour
Total 20 hours 12 hours

17
 REGIONAL ANATOMY

THORAX

Practicals/
Theory-
S Demonstration
Topic Teaching
No Teaching
hours
hours
1 Introduction to Thorax 1 hour 1 hour
-Intercostal spaces – boundaries, inter
costals muscles, blood vessels, nerves,
origin, insertion, nerve supply, actions of
intercostals muscles, movements of ribs
typical spinal nerve- course and branches,
intercostal drainage tube
2 Thoracic Cage 2 hours 1 hour
- Superior Aperture
- Inferior Aperture
Thoraco-Abdominal diaphragm- parts,
origin, insertion, nerve supply,openings,
actions, applied anatomy
- Respiratory movements
3 Outline of respiratory passages- Trachea 3hours 2 hours
Pleura – postion, parts, relations, blood
supply and nerve supply, pleural effusion
Lungs- right lung, left lung- borders, apex,
base, surfaces, relations, structures in
hilum, bronchopulmonary segments, blood
supply, nerve supply, postural drainage,
common diseases of lungs and pleura
4 Cardiovascular system 3 hours 3 hours
- Pericardium- fibrous pericardium, serous
pericardium- nerve supply, blood supply,
pericardial tamponade
Heart- position, shape,chambers of heart,
valves, interatrial and interventri-
cularseptum, openings in different
chambers, conducting system of heart- SA
18
 node (pace maker) , AV node, bundle of His,
Purkinje fibres,
Blood supply and nerve supply of heart,
diseases of heart- angina pectoris,
myocardial infarction, angiography,
angioplasty, coronary artery bypass
grafting, aorta – parts, branches, superior
venacava, inferior venacava, pulmonary
trunk, pulmonary veins- applied anatomy
5 Mediastinum- divisions and contents 1 hours 1 hour
- Oesophagus
- Thoracic duct
- Azygous system of veins
- Descending thoracic aorta
-Sympathetic chain
- Thymus
Total 10 hours 8 hours

ABDOMEN & PELVIS

Practicals/
Theory-
S Demonstration
Topic Teaching
No Teaching
hours
hours
1 Anterior Abdominal wall 2 hours 1 hour
- Layers in detail
- Dermatomes
- Rectus sheath
- Inguinal canal
2 Peritoneum 1 hour 1 hour
Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum,
folds of peritoneum, functions of
peritoneum, peritonitis, peritoneal dialysis,
paracentesis.
3 Stomach Location, size, shape, features, 1 hour 1 hour
blood supply, lymphatic drainage, nerve
supply, diseases of stomach
4 Small Intestine 1 hour 1 hour
- Duodenum

19
 - Jejunum & Ileum – location, size, shape,
features, blood supply , lymphatic drainage,
nerve supply and diseases of small
intestine
5 Large Intestine 1 hour 1 hour
Caecum & Appendix, Colon - location, size,
shape, features, blood supply , lymphatic
drainage, nerve supply and diseases of
large intestine
6 Liver, Gall bldder, Pancreas, Spleen- 2 hours 1 hour
location, size, shape, features, blood supply
, lymphatic drainage, nerve supply and
common diseases of these organs
7 Post Abdominal Wall 2 hours 1 hour
-Kidney, Suprarenal Gland
-Ureters - location, size, shape, features,
blood supply , lymphatic drainage, nerve
supply and common diseases of these
organs
8 Post Abdominal Wall 2 hours 1 hour
Thoraco – Abdominal Diaphagam
-Abdominal Aorta & its branches
-Inferior Vena Cava & its tributaries
-Muscles , psoas major, quadrates
lumborum
- nerves, lumbar sympathetic chain
9 Pelvis 6 hours 2 hours
-Urinary Bladder, male reproductive
system- testis, epididymis, , ductus
deferens, seminal vesicles, Prostate,
ejaculatory ducts, Urethra
Female reproductive system--Uterus,
Vagina, Fallopian Tubes, Ovary
-Rectum, Anal Canal, Ischio-Rectal Fossa -
location, size, shape, features, blood supply
, lymphatic drainage, nerve supply and
common diseases of these organs
-Pelvic Diaphragm, Urogenital diaphragm ,
perineum-perineal pouches, perineal body–
functions and applied anatomy
Total 18 10

20
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM-

Theory- Practicals/
S
Topic Teaching Demonstration
No
hours Teaching hours
1 Pituitary gland, hypothalamus, pineal 1 hour 1 hour
gland –position, shape, size blood supply
and functions
2 Thyroid parathyroid glands -position, 1 hour 1 hour
shape, size blood supply and functions
3 Adrenal glands, endocrine pancreas- 1 hour 1 hour
position, shape, size blood supply and
functions
4 Testis, ovary -position, shape, size blood 1 hour 1 hour
supply and functions
Total 4 hours 4 hours

HEAD & NECK

Theory- Practicals/
S
Topic Teaching Demonstration
No
hours Teaching hours
1 Head 2 hours 2 hours
-Scalp , face
-Lacrimal Apparatus
2 Parotid Region 1 hour 1 hour
Parotid Gland & Structures related to it
3 Neck 4 hours 3 hours
- Deep Cervical Fascia - All layers & its
reflection
-Posterior triangle
-Suboccipital triangle
-Anterior Median Region of neck
-Anterior triangle- Submental triangle
-Digastric triangle
-Carotid triangle & Submandibular region
-Thyroid gland
-Deep structures of neck
-Subclavian artery, cervical part of
sympathetic chain & its branches in
detail
21
4 Cranial Cavity 3 hours 2 hours
-Meninges
-Dural venous sinuses , Cavernous sinus
in detail
-Cranial Nerves
-Pituitary Gland
5 Orbit – extraocular muscles, lacrimal 1 hour 1 hour
gland, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve,
trochlear nerve, ophthalmic nerve,
ophthalmic artery , ophthalmic veins,
ciliary ganglion
6 Infra-temporal Fossa 3 hours 2 hours
-Muscles of Mastication
-Maxillary Artery
-Mandibular Nerve & Otic Ganglion
-Temporo-Mandibular Joint
7 Nose 1 hour 1 hour
- nasal septum & lateral walls of Nasal
cavity
-Para-nasal Air sinuses
8 Oral Cavity 1 hour 1 hour
-Palate
-Tongue
9 Pharynx 1 hour 1 hour
-Nasopharynx – Eustachian tube
-Oropharynx- Palatine Tonsil
-Laryngopharynx – Piriform Fossa
-Walls of Pharynx
10 Larynx 1 hour 1 hour
-Skeleton & Muscles of Larynx
-Interior of larynx
-Glottis
11 Ear 2 hours 1 hour
-External Ear
-Middle Ear
-Inner ear
Total 20 hours 16 hours

22
 HISTOLOGY

Theory- Practicals/
S
Topic Teaching Demonstration-
No
hours Teaching hours
1 Microscope & common objects under 2 hours 1 hour
microscope
-Different types of microscopes
-Compound microscope
Parts & Functions of working principal of
different types of microscopes
-H & E staining
2 Basic tissues of the body- 1 hour -
classification-epithelial tissue,
connective tissue, muscular tissue,
nervous tissue
3 Epithelium 1 hour 1 hour
-Types & Funciton of each Epithelium
-Glands
4 Connective Tissue 1 hour 1 hour
Components, classification & -Functions
of connective tissue
5 Cartilage 1 hour 1 hour
-Components of cartilage
-Types, Structure in detail
6 Integumentary system 1 hour 1 hour
-Types, Structure, Functions-Skin
- Skin Appendages
7 Exocrine glands- salivary glands 3 hours 2 hours
and endocrine glands- pituitary, thyroid,
parathyroid, pancreas, suprarenal
glands
8 Bone 1 hour 1 hour
-Types
-Structural composition of -bone

23
9 Muscular Tissue 1 hour 1 hour
-Types – skeletal muscle, cardiac
muscle, smooth muscle
Structural organization
10 Nervous Tissue 1 hour 1 hour
-Classification of neurons, structure of a
multipolar neuron, neuroglial cells
-Classification of Nerve Fibres with
examples
-Myelinaiton of nerve fibres
-Structure of different types of ganglia
11 Blood – Vascular System 1 hour 1 hour
Structural classification of blood vessels
in detail – arteries, veins, capillaries
12 Lymphatic System 2 hours 1 hour
Sturcture of Primary & Secondary
lymphatic organs- lymph node, thymus,
spleen, palataine tonsils
Total 16 hours 12 hours

NEURO ANATOMY

Theory – Practicals/
S
Topic Teaching Demonstration –
No
hours Teaching hours
1 Organization of nervous system- central 2 hours 1 hour
nervous system, peripheral nervous
system, autonomic nervous system-
spinal nerves and autonomic nervous
system mainly pertaining to
cardiovascular, respiratory and
urogenital system
2 Cranial nerves 2 hours 1 hour
3 a) Peripheral nerves b) Neuromuscular 2 hours 1 hour
junction c) Sensory end organs
4 CNS – a) Spinal segments and areas 1 hour 1 hour
5 CNS- b) Brain stem 1 hour 1 hour
6 CNS- c) Cerebellum 1 hour 1 hour

24
7 CNS- d) Midbrain – Superior colliculi, 1 hour 1 hour
Inferior colliculi
8 CNS e) Thalamus & Hypothalamus 1 hour 1 hour
Features, Relations & Functions
9 CNS- f) Corpus striatum 1 hour 1 hour
10 CNS- g) Cerebral hemispheres 2 hours 1 hour
11 CNS- h) ventricles of brain- lateral 1 hour 1 hour
ventricles, third ventricle, fourth
ventricle- CSF formation & circulation
12 CNS- i) Blood supply of brain 1 hour 1 hour
13 CNS- j) Basal ganglia 1 hour 1 hour
14 CNS- k) pyramidal system 1 hour 1 hour
15 CNS- l) Pons, Medulla oblongata & 1 hour 1 hour
extrapyramidal system
16 CNS- m) anatomical integration of 1 hour -
nervous system
Total 20 hours 15 hours

EMBRYOLOGY

S Topic Theory – Models

No Teaching hours demonstration
1 Ovum, spermatozoa, 2 3 hours
fertilization and formation of
the germ layers and their
derivatives
2 Development of skin, fascia, 2
blood vessels, lymphatics
3 Development of bones, axial 1
and appendicular skeleton and
muscles
4 Neural tube, brain vessels and 1
spinal cord
5 Development of brain and brain 2
stem structures
Total 8 hours 3 hours

25
RADIOLOGICAL ANATOMY

S Topic Teaching hours

No
1 Normal X-rays
Normal Skiagrams of
1. Upper limb Demonstration – 3 hours
2. Lower limb
3. Thorax
4. Abdomen & Pelvis
5. Head & Neck

SURFACE ANATOMY

S Topic Teaching
No hours
1 Surface anatomy of blood vessels and nerves in upper limb 1 hour

2 Surface anatomy of blood vessels and nerves of lower limb 1 hour

3 Surface anatomy of thorax- pleural reflections, lungs 1 hour

markings, heart marking, arch of aorta, valves of heart, apex
beat
4 Surface anatomy of abdomen- transpyloric plane, 1 hour
transtubercular plane, 9 regions of abdomen, markings of
stomach, liver spleen, Mc Burney’s point, base of appendix,
kidneys
5 Surface anatomy of Head , Neck and Brain- common carotid 1hours
artery, internal jugular vein, thyroid gland, parotid gland,
submandibular gland, vagus nerve, spinal accesoory nerve,
facial nerve in face, facial artery, pterion, maxillary sinus,
superior saggittal sinus, pterion, suprameatal triangle, bony
prominences
Total 5 hours

26
OSTEOLOGY

S Topic Teaching
No hours
1 Upper Limb
-Clavicle, Scapula, Humerus, -Radius, Ulna Articulated
Hand (Features & Attachments & Relation of each bone)
2 Lower Limb
-Hip bone, Femur, Patella, -Tibia, Fibula, Articulated Foot
3 Thorax
-Sternum, Ribs, Thoracic -Vertebrae
4 Lumbar vertebra, Sacrum, Articulated Pelvis Lecture +
-Sex differentiation of pelvis Demonstration
-Features & Attachments & -Relation of each bone – 25 hours
5 Skull
- All Normas All cranial fossae, Individual bones of -skull
-Mandible
-Cervical vertebrae
-Hyoid bone
-Fetal Skull

PRACTICALS

List of practicals / Demonstration

Topics

1. Upper extremity including surface anatomy (20 hours)

2. Lower extremity including surface anatomy (20 hours)
3. Head, neck, brain and spinal cord including surface anatomy (20 hours)
4. Thorax and abdomen- organs , including surface anatomy, abdominal wall
muscles, joints (10 hours)
5. Histology- elementary tissues including surface anatomy (10 hours)
6. Embryology models, charts and X rays (10 hours)

27
Demonstration of the muscles of the whole body and organs in thorax and
abdomen in a cadaver.

Demonstration of movements of joints.

Surface marking of the lung, pleura, fissures and lobes of lungs, heart, liver,
spleen, Kidneys, cranial nerves, spinal ne4rves, and important blood vessels.

Identification of body prominences on inspection and palpation especially of

extremities.

Points of palpation of nerves and arteries

Recommended text books

1. Krishna Garg. B. D. Chaurasia’s Anatomy, Regional and applied Volume I,

II, III, IV edition 8th CBS Publishers and Distributors, New Delhi 2018.
2. B. D. Chaurasia , Hand book of Anatomy
3. Datta A. K. essentials Anatomy, volume 1, 2, 3, 4 , 2013
4. Singh Inderbir, Text book of Histology
5. Vishram Singh, Neuro anatomy
6. Richard Snell, Clinical Anatomy

Practical manuals
1. G J. Rromane , Manual of practical Anatomy volume 1, 2, 3, 14th edition

28
 3.2 PHYSIOLOGY
Course Description

The course in Physiology over the first year is designed to give the student an in-
depth knowledge of fundamental reactions of living organisms, particularly in the
human body.

The major topics covered include the following: the cell; primary tissue;
connective tissue; skin; muscle; nervous tissue; blood; lymphoid tissues;
respiration; blood vessels; circulation; cardiac cycle; systemic circulation; sensory
receptors; special senses; motor unit; spinal cord; control of movement;
hypothalamic functions; gastrointestinal tract; kidneys; uterus; urinary tract;
pregnancy; endocrine system.

Practical classes include hematology experiments, clinical examinations,

amphibian chart, and recommended demonstrations.

Subject Title Duration Total Hours : PHYSIOLOGY

Theory Practical : 0 – 12 Months
: 210
: 150 Hrs
: 60 Hrs

Total Hours / Week Lecture : 7 Hrs

Practicals : 4 Hours / Week
Seminars / Tutorials : 2 Hours / Week
: 1 Hour / Week
Method of Assessment: Written, Oral, Practical

29
 TEACHING
Sl No TOPIC
HOURS
1 General Physiology
Cell: Morphology. Organelles: their structure and
functions Transport Mechanisms across the cell
2 Hours
membrane
Body fluids: Distribution, composition. Tissue
fluid – formation.
2 Blood
Introduction: Composition and functions of blood.
Plasma: Composition, formation, functions. Plasma
proteins. RBC: count and its variations.
Erythropoiesis- stages, factors regulating. Reticulo-
endothelial system (in brief) Haemoglobin -
Anemia (in detail), types of Jaundice. Blood indices,
PCV, ESR.
WBC: Classification, Morphology, functions,
count,its variation of each. Immunity 10 Hours
Platelets: Morphology, functions, count, its variations
Hemostatic mechanisms: Blood coagulation–
factors, mechanism, related disorders.
Anticoagulants.
Blood Groups: Landsteiner’s law. Types,
significance, determination, Erythroblastosis foetalis.
Blood Transfusion: Cross matching. Indications and
complications. Lymph: Composition, formation,
circulation and functions.
3 Nerve Muscle Physiology
Introduction: Resting membrane potential. Action
potential – ionic basis and properties.
Nerve: Structure and functions of neurons.
Classification, Properties and impulse transmission
of nerve fibres. Nerve injury – degeneration and
regeneration.
Neuroglia: Types and functions.
15 Hours
Muscle: Classification. Skeletal muscle: Structure.
Neuromuscular junction : Structure. Neuromuscular
transmission, myasthenia gravis. Excitation-
Contraction coupling. Rigor mortis. Motor unit.
Properties of skeletal muscles, Strength- Duration
curve, Length-tension relationship, fatigue, load.
Smooth muscle: Structure, types, mechanism of
contraction. Plasticity.
30
4 Cardiovascular System
Introduction: Physiological anatomy and nerve
supply of the heart and blood vessels.
Organisation of CVS. Cardiac muscles: Structure.
Ionic basis of action potential and pacemaker
potential. Properties.
Conducting system: Components. Impulse
conduction Cardiac Cycle: Definition. Phases of 20 Hours
cardiac cycle. Pressure and volume curves. Heart
sounds – causes, character. ECG: Definition.
Different types of leads. Waves and their causes. P-R
interval. Heart block.
Cardiac Output: Definition. Normal value.
Determinants. Stroke volume and its regulation. Heart
rate and its regulation. Their variations
Arterial Blood Pressure: Definition. Normal values and
its variations. Determinants. Peripheral resistance.
Regulation of BP.
Arterial pulse.
Shock – Definition. Classification–causes and
features Regional Circulation: Coronary, Cerebral and
Cutaneous circulation. Cardiovascular changes
during exercise.
5 Respiratory System
Introduction: Physiological anatomy – Pleura,
tracheo- bronchial tree, alveolus, respiratory
membrane and their nerve supply. Functions of
respiratory system. Respiratory muscles. Mechanics
of breathing: Intrapleural and Intrapulmonary
pressure changes during respiration. Chest
expansion. Lung compliance: Normal value, pressure-
15 Hours
volume curve, factors affecting compliance and its
variations. Surfactant – Composition, production,
functions. RDS Spirometry: Lung volumes and
capacities. Timed vital capacity and its clinical
significance. Maximum ventilation volume.
Respiratory minute volume.
Dead Space: Types and their definition.
Pulmonary Circulation. Ventilation-perfusion ratio and

31
 its importance.
Transport of respiratory gases: Diffusion across the
respiratory membrane. Oxygen transport – Different
forms, oxygen- haemoglobin dissociation curve.
Factors affecting it. P50, Haldane and Bohr effect.
Carbon dioxide transport: Different forms, chloride
shift.
Regulation of Respirtation: Neural Regulation. Hering-
breuer’s reflex. Voluntary control. Chemical
Regulation.
Hypoxia: Effects of hypoxia. Types of hypoxia.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Acclimatization
Hypercapnoea. Asphyxia. Cyanosis – types and
features. Dysbarism
Disorders of Respiration: Dyspnoea. Orthopnoea.
Hyperpnoea, hyperventilation, apnoea, tachypnoea.
periodic breathing – types
Artificial respiration
Respiratory changes during exercise.
6 Digestive System
Introduction: Physiological anatomy and nerve supply
of alimentary canal. Enteric nervous system
Salivary Secretion: Saliva: Composition. Functions.
Regulation. Mastication (in brief) Swallowing:
5 Hours
Definition. Different stages. Functions.
Stomach: Functions. Gastric juice: Gland,
composition, function, regulation. Gastrin:
Production, function and regulation. Peptic ulcer.
Gastric motility. Gastric emptying. Vomiting.
Pancreatic Secretion: Composition, production,
function. Regulation.
Liver: Functions of liver. Bile secretion: Composition,
functions and regulation. Gall bladder: Functions.
Intestine: Succus entericus: Composition, function
and regulation of secretion. Intestinal motility and its
function and regulation.
Mechanism of Defaecation.

32
7 Renal System 3
Introduction: Physiological anatomy. Nephrons –
cortical and juxtamedullary. Juxta- glomerular
apparatus. Glomerular membrane. Renal blood flow
and its regulation. Functions of kidneys.
Mechanism of Urine Formation:Glomerular Filtration:
Mechanism of glomerular filtration. GFR – normal
value and factors affecting. Renal clearance. Inulin
clearance. Creatinine clearance.
Tubular Reabsorption: Reabsorption of Na+, glucose,
HCO -, urea and water. Filtered load. Renal tubular
8 Hours
transport maximum. Glucose clearance: TmG. Renal
threshold for glucose. Tubular Secretion: Secretion of
H+ and K+. PAH clearance.
Mechanism of concentrating and diluting the Urine:
Counter- current mechanism. Regulation of water
excretion. Diuresis. Diuretics.
Micturition: Mechanism of micturition.
Cystometrogram. Atonic bladder, automatic bladder.
Acid-Base balance (very brief)
Artificial Kidney: Principle of haemodialysis. Skin and
temperature regulation.
8 Endocrine System
Introduction: Major endocrine glands.
Hormone: classification, mechanism of action.
Functions of hormones Pituitary Gland: Anterior
Pituitary and Posterior Pituitary hormones: Secretory
cells, action on target cells, regulation of secretion
of each hormone. Disorders: Gigantism,
Acromegaly, Dwarfism, Diabetes insipidus. 10 Hours
Physiology of growth and development: hormonal and
other influences.
Pituitary-Hypothalamic Relationship.
Thyroid Gland:Thyroid hormone and calcitonin:
secretory cells, synthesis, storage, action and
regulation of secretion. Disorders: Myxoedema,
Cretinism, Grave’s disease.

33
 Parathyroid hormnes: secretory cell, action,
regulation of secretion. Disorders:
Hypoparathyroidism. Hyperthyroidism.Calcium
metabolism and its regulation.
Adrenal Gland: Adrenal Cortex: Secretory cells,
synthesis, action, regulation of secretion of
Aldosterone, Cortisol, Androgens. Disorders:
Addison’s disease, Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s
syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome. Adrenal Medulla:
Secretory cells, action, regulation of secretion of
adrenaline and noradrenaline. Disorders:
Phoechromocytoma.
Endocrine Pancreas:Secretory cells, action, regulation
of secretion of insulin and glucagon. Glucose
metabolism and its regulation. Disorder: Diabetes
mellitus.
Calcitrol, Thymus and Pineal gland (very brief). Local
Hormones.(briefly)
9 Reproductive System
Introduction: Physiological anatomy reproductive
organs. Sex determination. Sex differentiation.
Disorder
Male Reproductive System: Functions of testes.
Pubertal changes in males. Spermatogenesis.
Testosterone: action. Regulation of secretion. Semen.
Female Reproductive System: Functions of ovaries 5 Hours
and uterus. Pubertal changes in females. Oogenesis.
Hormones:oestrogen and progesterone-action.
regulation of secretion. Mentrual Cycle: Phases.
Ovarian cycle. Uterine cycle. Hormonal basis.
Menarche. Menopause. Pregnancy: Pregnancy tests.
Physiological changes during pregnancy. Functions
of placenta. Lactation. Contraception methods
11 Special Senses
Vision: Introduction: Functional anatomy of eye ball.
10 Hours
Functions of cornea, iris, pupil, aqueous humor –
glaucoma, lens – cataract, vitreous humor, rods and

34
 cones. Photopic vision. Scotopic vision.
Visual Pathway and the effects of lesions.
Refractive Errors: myopia, hypermetropia, presbyopia
and astigmatism.
Visual Reflexes: Accommodation, Pupillary and Light.
Visual acuity and Visual field. Light adaptation. Dark
adaptation.Color vision – color blindness. Nyctalopia.
Audition: Physiological anatomy of the ear. Functions
of external ear, middle ear and inner ear. Structure of
Cochlea and organ of corti. Auditory pathway. Types
of Deafness. Tests for hearing. Audiometry.
Taste: Taste buds. Primary tastes. Gustatory
pathway. Smell: Olfactory membrane. Olfactory
pathway.
Vestibular Apparatus: Crista ampullaris and macula.
Funcions. Disorders
12 Nervous System
Introduction: Organisation of CNS – central and
peripheral nervous system. Functions of nervous
system. Synapse: Functional anatomy, classification,
Synaptic transmission. Properties. Sensory
Mechanism: Sensory receptors: function,
classification and properties. Sensory pathway: The
20 Hours
ascending tracts – Posterior column tracts, lateral
spinothalamic tract and the anterior spinothalamic
tract – their origin, course, termination and
functions. The trigeminal pathway. Sensory
cortex. Somatic sensations: crude touch, fine touch,
tactile localization, tactile discrimination,
stereognosis, vibration
sense, kinesthetic sensations. Pain sensation:
mechanism of pain. Cutaneous pain –slow and fast
pain, hyperalgesia. Deep pain. Visceral pain –
referred pain. Gate control theory of pain. tabes
dorsalis, sensory ataxia.

Motor Mechanism: Motor Cortex. Motor pathway: The

descending tracts – pyramidal tracts, extrapyramidal
tracts – origin, course, termination and functions.
Upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron.
Paralysis, monoplegia, paraplegia, hemiplegia and
35
 quadriplegia.

Reflex Action: components, Bell-Magendie law,

classification and Properties. Monosynaptic and
polysynaptic reflexes, superficial reflexes, deep
reflexes.Stretch reflex– structure of muscle spindle,
pathway, higher control and functions. Inverse stretch
reflex. Muscle tone – definition, and properties
hypotonia, atonia and hypertonia. UMNL and LMNL

Spinal cord Lesions: Complete transection and

Hemisection of the spinal cord. Cerebellum:
Functions. Cerebellar ataxia.

Posture and Equilibrium: Postural reflexes –

spinal, medullary, midbrain and cerebral reflexes.
Thalamus and Hypothalamus: Nuclei. Functions.
Thalamic syndrome Reticular Formation and Limbic
System: Components and Functions. Basal Ganglia:
Structures included and functions. Parkinson’s
disease.

Cerebral Cortex: Lobes. Brodmann’s areas and their

functions. Higher functions of cerebral cortex –
learning, memory and speech.

EEG : Waves and features. Sleep: REM and NREM

sleep. CSF: Formation, composition, circulation and
functions. Lumbar puncture and its significance. Blood
brain barrier. Hydrocephalus.

ANS: Features and actions of

parasymapathetic and sympathetic nervous
system.

13 Physiology of Exercise

A. Effects of acute and chronic exercise on

O2 transport 15 Hours
2) Muscle strength/power/endurance 3) B.M.R./R.Q.
Hormonal and metabolic effect
Cardiovascular system
Respiratory system
Body fluids and electrolyte

36
 B. Effect of gravity / altitude /acceleration /
pressure on physical parameters
Physiology of Age
14 Applied Physiology

More detailed study of the physiology and practical

applications of the following selected topics with
emphasis on aspects, which should help in
understanding the nature and treatment of common
clinical situations of interest in Physiotherapy.

a. Pulmonary Functions
1.Properties of gases, Mechanics of
respiration, of pulmonary circulation and their
application.
2.Respiratory adjustments in exercises.
3.Artificial respiration
4.Breath sounds.
a.Cardio vascular Functions
1.Blood flow through arteries, arterioles, capillaries,
veins and venuoles.
2.Circulation of Lymph, Oedema
3.Factors affecting cardiac output. 15 Hours
4.Circulatory adjustment in exercise and in postural
and gravitational changes,
5.Pathophysiology of fainting and heart failure.
b. Muscles and Nervous System Functions
1.Peripheral nervous system, Neuromuscular
transmission, Types of nerve fibres.
2.Action potential, Strength-duration curve, ECG, EMG,
VEP, NCV
3.Degeneration and regeneration of nerve, Reactions
of denervations.
4.Synaptic transmission, Stretch reflex- Mechanism
and factors affecting it.
5.Posture, Balance and Equilibrium/Coordination of
voluntary movement
6.Voluntary motor action, clonus, Rigidity,
Discordination,
7.Special senses- Vision, taste, hearing, vestibular,
Olfaction

8.Sympathetic and Parasympathetic regulation,

37
 Thermoregulation,
c. Blood functions
1.Thalassemia Syndrome, Hemophilia, VWF
2.Anemia, Leucocytosis
3.Bone marrow transplant
d. Metabolic Functions
Diabetes Mellitus, Physiological basis of Peptic Ulcer,
Jaundice, GIT disorders and Dietary fiber, Thyroid
functions, Vitamins deficiency,

PRACTICALS (60 Hours)

Sl No TOPIC HOURS
1 Haematology
1. Study of Microscope and its uses
2. Determination of RBC count
3. Determination of WBC count
4. Differential leukocyte count
5. Estimation of hemoglobin
6. Calculation of blood indices 20 Hours
7. Determination of blood groups
8. Determination of bleeding time
9. Determination of clotting time
Demonstrations only
1. Determination of ESR
2. Determination of PCV
2 Clinical Examination
1. Examination of Radial pulse.
2. Recording of blood pressure
3. Examination of CVS
4. Examination of Respiratory system 20 Hours
5. Examination of Sensory system
6. Examination of Motor System
7. Examination of reflexes
8. Examination of cranial nerves
3 Amphibian Experiments – Demonstration and Dry
charts Explanation
Instruments used for frog experiments. Kymograph,
15 Hours
heart liver, Muscle trough, stimulator.
Simple muscle curve.
Effect of increasing the strength of the stimuli

38
 Effect of temperature on muscle contraction.
Effect of two successive stimuli.
Effect of Fatigue.
Effect of load on muscle contraction
Genesis of tetanus and clonus.
Velocity of impulse transmission.
Normal cardiogram of amphibian heart.
Properties of Cardiac muscle
Effect of temperature on cardiogram.
4 Recommended Demonstrations
1. Spirometry
2. Artificial Respiration
5 Hours
3. ECG
4. Perimetry
5. Mosso’s Ergometry

Recommended text books:

1. Text book of medical physiology – Guyton Arthur

2. Concise medical physiology – Chaudhuri Sujit K.
3. Human Physiology – Chatterjee C.C.
4. Text book of practical Physiology – Ranade.
5. Text of Physiology – A.K.Jain.
6. Basics of Medical physiology- Venkatesh D & Sudhakar H H
7. Manipal Manual of Physiology – Prof. C N Chandrashekar

Reference:

8. Review of Medical Physiology – Ganong William F.

9. Physiological basis of Medical practice – Best & Taylor

*****

39
 3.3 BIOCHEMISTRY
Course description:
The Physiotherapy graduates should acquire adequate knowledge, necessary
skills and such attitudes which are required for carrying out all the activities
appropriate to general physiotherapy practice involving the prevention, diagnosis
and treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal and associated tissues. At the
end of the course, the student should be able to: Make use of biochemical
analysis relevant to clinical diagnosis, analyze and interpret investigative data,
demonstrate the skills of solving scientific and clinical problems.

Subject Title Duration Total Hours Theory : BIOCHEMISTRY

Lecture : 0 – 12 Months
: 80
: 80 Hrs
: 3 Hours / Week

Method of Assessment : Written

THEORY

Sl No TOPIC TEACHIN
G HOURS
1 Introduction to
1
Biochemistry and Scope of biochemistry in physiotherapy
2 Cell and Transport across cell membranes Cell Membrane
- Fluid mosaic model, composition, Fluidity of membrane
Cell orgenelles
Transport across cell membranes with examples –
3
Passive transport – Diffusion and facilitated transport (ion
channels)
Active transport – Primary & Secondary Endocytosis and
Exocytosis
3 Chemistry of Carbohydrate Definition, Biomedical
importance
Classification with examples Monosaccharides–
classification with examples
Disaccharides, oligosaccharides -composition, importance
3
Polysaccharides – classification, Homopolysaccharides –
Composition and Structure of starch and glycogen
Heteropolysaccharides – mucopolysaccharides
(Composition, structure and function)
Glycosides
4 Chemistry of lipids 3
40
 Definition, Modified Bloor’s classification with examples.
Biomedical importance of lipids
Fatty acids – nomenclature and different types of
classification
Essential Fatty acids - Definition, examples and
importance, Mono and Polyunsaturated fatty acids, n3 and
n6 fatty acids, Trans-fatty acids.
Triglycerides – composition and importance
Phospholipids- types, functions with clinical importance
Glycolipids – Types and importance
Amphipathic lipids - Definition, examples and importance
Sources of dietary lipids
5 Chemistry of amino acids and Proteins
Biologically important peptides
Proteins – Definition, Classification based on - (a)
3
Chemical nature & solubility
(b) Functions of proteins
(c) Nutritional value
Structural organisation of proteins (primary, secondary,
domains, tertiary and quaternary structures)
Denaturation - definition, causes, properties of a denatured
protein, significance
Amino acids – Classification based
on side chain properties, nutritional requirement and
metabolic fate
Structure function relationship of Proteins – Hemoglobin,
Collagen
6 Plasma proteins
Definition, types & functions of plasma proteins
Albumin – functions & clinical significance Globulins of
clinical importance
2
Acute phase proteins - Positive & Negative (functions &
clinical significance)
Reference range of important plasma proteins
Electrophoretic patterns
7 Connective tissue
Collagen, elastin - Structure and associated disorders
Composition and function of Extracellular matrix –
Proteins (structure and functions of Collagen, elastin etc) 3
and Proteoglycans.
Involvement of ECM components in musculoskeletal
health and disease.
8 Immunology 1
41
 Immunoglobulins – Structure, types & functions
9 Chemistry of Nucleic acids Nitrogenous bases,
Nucleosides and Nucleotides - examples, Importance
Structure and function of DNA (B-DNA) 2
Types of RNA (hnRNA, mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, SnRNA) with
structure and functions
10 Enzymes
Enzymes- Definition, IUBMB Classification. Coenzymes
and Cofactors
Mechanism of Enzyme action - Concept of activation
energy, active site;
Substrate binding to active site - Koshlands Induced fit
theory.
Enzyme inhibition - Competitive and Non- competitive
inhibition with examples of clinical importance
Isoenzymes – Definition, Diagnostic 6
Importance of isoenzymes of LDH,CK,ALP Diagnostic
Importance of enzymes – LDH, CK,
AST, ALT, ALP, GGT, Amylase, Lipase
Factors affecting enzyme activity
Outline of Enzyme regulation by- Short term (Covalent
modification, Zymogen activation, Allosteric regulation,
Feedback regulation) and long term regulation (Induction
and repression)
Enzyme specificity
Vitamins
Definition, difference between water and fat soluble
vitamins
Fat soluble vitamins (A,D,E,K), Vitamin C, Folic acid,
Vitamin B12 – RDA, Sources,
11 6
Metabolism, Biochemical functions, Deficiency
manifestations
Water soluble vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B6) - Biochemical
functions, Deficiency manifestations.
Hypervitaminosis Antivitamins

42
 Minerals
Sources, RDA, Digestion and absorption,
Homeostasis, Functions, Normal levels, Causes and
12 features of hypo and hyper conditions of – Calcium, 4
phosphorus, Iron
Functions and disorders associated
with - Copper, Zinc, Fluoride, Iodine, Magnesium and
selenium.
Biological Oxidation
High energy compounds
Electron Transport Chain – Organization, components,
13 flow of electrons. 2
Oxidative Phosphorylation – Sites, mechanism
(Chemiosmotic hypothesis).
Inhibitors of Electron Transport Chain, oxidative
phoshorylation, Uncouplers
Carbohydrate metabolism
Digestion and absorption and associated disorders
Glucose transporters
PATHWAYS – Site, reactions, key steps, significance,
energetics and regulation of -
Glycolysis TCA cycle Gluconeogenesis
14 Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis 7
Amphibolic role of Citric acid cycle Cori’s cycle
Regulation of blood glucose levels in well fed condition
and fasting.
Metabolic changes during well fed condition and
starvation Glycogen storage disorders, Diabetes Mellitus-
metabolic alterations,diagnostic criteria.
Significance of HMP shunt pathway, uronic acid pathway

43
 Lipid metabolism Digestion and Absorption and
associated disorders.
Pathways – Site, reactions, key steps, significance,
energetics and regulation of
Beta oxidation of fatty acids Ketogenesis, ketolysis,
ketoacidosis Lipogenesis,TG synthesis and breakdown.
Fat metabolism in adipose tissue
15 Cholesterol – structure and functions, outline of 5
synthesis.
Lipoprotein metabolism -Structure, Composition, Types,
Functions
Fatty liver and lipotropic factors Atherosclerosis, coronary
heart disease(CHD), dyslipidemia
Role of LDL in atherosclerosis
Prostaglandins – types and biomedical importance
Protein and amino acid metabolism
Digestion and absorption and associated disorders
General reactions – Transamination, Deamination –
Oxidative & non oxidative and their significance.
16 Ammonia metabolism Urea cycle and its disorders 4
Aminoacid metabolism
Specialised products formed from Glycine, phenyl alanine,
tyrosine, tryptophan, methionine, arginine and their
importance
Molecular Biology
Genetic Code and its characteristics
17 2
Mutations - causes, types, Consequences with examples
Outline of DNA replication, Transcription, Translation.

44
 Nutrition and dietics
BMR – Definition, Normal values, Factors
affecting and biomedical importance
SDA – Definition and its significance Nitrogen balance
Calculation of energy requirement of a person
Physical activities –energy expenditure for various
activities
Balanced diet – definition, composition
Nutritional importance of Carbohydrates,
18 Lipids ,Proteins, Nutritional indices 6
Recommended dietary allowance(RDA)
Dietary fibres – definition, examples, functions
Biochemical and clinical features of PEM-Kwashiorkor and
Marasmus
Obesity – Definition, BMI, types, causes, role of GI
peptides and adipokines in obesity
Nutritional indices
Glycemic index – definition, calculation, importance
Tissue Biochemistry
Heme metabolism –
Types of Hemoglobins
Bilirubin metabolism and jaundice
Muscle tissue–
19 Muscle proteins, role of calcium and ATP in muscle 4
contraction, sliding filament theory, cross bridge cycle.
Bone tissue–
Concept of Bone turnover, factors affecting bone turnover,
Peak bone mass, List of markers of bone formation and
bone resorption
Water and electrolyte balance
Distribution of water and electrolytes in ICF and ECF
20 Osmolality of ECF 2
Regulation of water and electrolyte balance – RAS
mechanism Electrolyte imbalance
Acid base balance
Concept of Acids, Bases and buffers
Regulation of pH of blood by buffers, respiratory and renal
21 mechanisms 2
Acidosis and alkalosis (metabolic and respiratory) –
causes, compensatory mechanisms and lab findings
HH Equation and its application

45
 Hormone action Definition, Classification
Second messengers
22 2
Mechanism of action of Group I and Group II hormones,
Receptors, signal transduction, second messengers
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Free radicals and Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Damaging effects of ROS on biomolecules, lipid
23 peroxidation 2
Anti-oxidant defence systems in our body
Oxidative stress – role in cancer, complications of
diabetes, atherosclerosis.
Detoxification
Definition-Xenobiotics, Biotransformation
Phase –I reactions Oxidation
24 ,Hydroxylation (Cytochrome P450) 1
Phase-II reactions
Conjugation reactions-Glucuronic acid, Glutathione,
Glycine
Clinical Biochemistry
Normal levels of blood and urine constituents, Relevance
of blood and urine levels of Glucose, glycated
25 haemoglobin, Urea, Uric acid, Creatinine, Calcium, 4
Phosphates, electrolytes, lipid profile, pH and Bicarbonate
Liver function tests
Renal function tests

RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS (recent editions)

1. Rafi MD (3rd edition). Textbook of Biochemistry

2. DM Vasudevan. Textbook of Biochemistry
3. U Satyanarayana. Biochemistry
4. S.K.Gupta. Biochemistry

REFERENCE BOOKS: (Recent editions)

1. Lippincotts’ Illustrated reviews – Biochemistry
2. Harpers’ Illustrated Biochemistry
3. Tietz. Clinical Chemistry
4. Stryer. Biochemistry

*****

46
 3.4 BIOMECHANICS

Course Description

Biomechanics involves the study of basic concepts of human movement, and

application of various biomechanical principles in the evaluation and treatment of
disorders of Musculoskeletal system. Students are taught to understand the
various quantitative methods of movement. Mechanical principles of various
treatment methods are studied. Study of posture and gait are also included.

Subject Title Duration Total Hours : BIOMECHANICS

Theory Practical : 0 – 12 Months
: 225
: 125 Hours
: 100 Hours

Total Hours / Week Lecture : 6 Hrs

Practicals : 3 Hours / Week
Seminars / Tutorials : 2 Hours / Week
: 1 Hour / Week
Method of Assessment : Written, Oral, Practical

TEACHING
Sl No TOPIC
HOURS
1 Basic Concepts in Biomechanics: Kinematics and
Kinetics
a) Types of Motion b) Location of Motion c) Direction of
Motion d) Magnitude of Motion e) Definition of Forces
f) Force of Gravity g) Reaction forces h) Equilibrium i)
7 Hours
Objects in Motion j) Force of friction k) Concurrent force
systems l) Parallel force systems m) Levers n) Pulleys o)
Work p) Moment arm of force q) Force components r)
Equilibrium of levers

2 Joint structure and Function

a) Joint design b) Materials used in human joints c)
General properties of connective tissues d) Joint
7 Hours
function
e) Joint motion

47
3 Muscle structure and function 7 Hours
a) Mobility and stability functions of muscles b)
Elements of muscle structure c) Muscle function
4 Biomechanics of the Thorax and Chest wall
a) Mobility and stability functions of muscles b) 5 Hours
Elements of muscle structure c) Muscle function
5 The Tempero-mandibular Joint
2 Hours
a) General features, structure and function
6 Biomechanics of the vertebral column
a) General structure and function b) Regional structure
and function – Cervical region, thoracic region, lumbar
8 Hours
region, sacral region c) Muscles of the vertebral
column
d) Ligaments of Vertebral Column
7 Biomechanics of the peripheral joints (to include
kinetics and kinematics)
a) The shoulder complex: Structure and components of
the shoulder complex and their integrated function b)
The elbow complex: Structure and function of the
elbow joint
– humeroulnar and humeroradial articulations, superior
and inferior radioulnar joints; mobility and stability of
the elbow complex. c) The wrist and hand complex:
Structural components and functions of the wrist
complex; structure of the hand complex; prehension; 72 Hours
functional position of the the wrist and hand. d) The hip
complex: structure and function of the hip joint. e) The
knee complex: structure and function of the knee joint
– tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint. f) The
ankle and foot complex.: structure and function of the
ankle joint, subtalar joint, talocalcaneonavicular joint,
transverse tarsal joint, tarsometatarsal joints,
metatarsophalangeal joints, interphalangeal joints,
structure and function of the plantar arches, muscles
of the ankle and foot.
8 Analysis of Posture and Gait
a) Static and dynamic posture, postural control,
kinetics and kinematics of posture, ideal posture
10 Hours
analysis of posture, b) General features of gait, gait
initiation, kinematics and kinetics of gait, energy
requirements, kinematics and kinetics of the trunk and

48
 upper extremities in relation to gait, stair case climbing
and running.
9 Movement Analysis
ADL activities like sitting – to standing, lifting, various 3 Hours
grips , pinches.
10 Goniometry
Parts, types, principles and uses of a goniometry.
2 Hours
Techniques for measurement of ROM of all peripheral
joints.
11 Therapeutic Gymnasium
a. Equipments and tools with their
uses and therapeutic application
Springs: properties, springs in series and parallel
Pulleys: properties, types, mechanical advantage
Resistance devices: types, weights, different tools used
to apply resistance
Elastic tools: elasticity, recoil, extensibility
Explanation and mechanical principles of various
equipments in an ideal gymnasium: parallel bars, wall
bars, springs, pulleys, suspension unit, CPM unit,
cervical and lumbar traction, shoulder wheel, overhead
pulley systems, quadriceps table, DeLormes‟ shoe,
weights, therabands, shoulder ladder, tilt table,
equilibrium board, wobble board, treadmill, bicycle
2 Hours
ergometer, medicine balls, gym ball, plinth, staircase,
re-education board, bolster, wedges
Walking aids and crutches: types and uses
Hydrotherapy unit (in brief)

b. Walking Aids: Parallel bars, crutches, canes, walkers

– types, parts and uses. The following topics are part
of applied Biomechanics and are required to be taught
but not for examination.
General effects of disease, injury and immobilization.
) Effects of immobilization, injury and aging
Changes in normal structure and function I relation to
pregnancy, scoliosis and COPD
) Effects of posture on age, pregnancy, occupation and
recreation;

49
PRACTICAL: [100 Hours] shall be conducted for various joint movements and
analysis of the same. Demonstration may also be given as how to analyze posture
and gait. The demonstrations may be done on models or skeleton.

The student shall be taught and demonstrated to analysis for activities of daily
living – ADL – (like sitting to standing, throwing, lifting etc.) The student should
be able to explain and demonstrate the movements occurring at the joints, the
muscles involved, the movements or muscle action produced, and mention the
axis and planes through which the movements occur.

• Measurement of Joint ROM using goniometer.

• Identification of walking aids with their uses
• Identification of the various tools and equipments in therapeutic
gymnasium with their uses

Recommended Text books:

1. Levangie PK, Norkins CC: Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive

Analysis. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers, New Delhi
2. Smith, Weiss, Lehmkuhl: Brunnstrom‘s Clinical Kinesiology.,Jaypee
Brothers, New Delhi,
3. Hollis M, Cook PF: Practical Exercise Therapy., Blackwell, Oxford
4. Gardiner DM: Principles of Exercise Therapy. CBS Publishers, New Delhi
5. Lippert LS: Clinical Kinesiology for Physical Therapy Assistants. Jaypee
Brothers, New Delhi
6. Jones and Barker: Human Movement Explained. Butterworth- Heine,
London
7. Norkin C, White JD: Measurement of Joint Motion: A Guide to Goniometry.
Jaypee Brothers, Daryaganj.
8. Kisner C, Kolby LA: Therapeutic Exercise Foundation and Technique.
Jaypee Brothers, New Delhi,
9. Campion MR: Hydrotherapy: Principles and Practice, Butterworth, Oxford.
10. Palastanga N, Field D, Soames R: Anatomy and Human movement –
Structure & Function. Elsevier LTd, Philadelphia, USA.

*****

50
3.5 PSYCHOLOGY & SOCIOLOGY

Course description

Human Psychology involves the study of various behavioral patterns of

individuals, theories of development, normal and abnormal aspects of motor,
social, emotional and language development, communication and interaction
skills appropriate to various age groups.

The study of these subjects will help the student to understand their clients while
assessment and while planning appropriate treatment methods.

PSYCHOLOGY

Subject Title Duration Total Hours : PSYCHOLOGY

Theory Lecture : 0 – 12 Months
: 60
: 60 Hrs
: 2 Hours / Week

Method of Assessment : Written

Sl No TOPIC TEACHING
HOURS
1 Introduction to Psychology
Schools: Structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism,
Psychoanalysis.
Methods: Introspection, observation, inventory and 6 Hours
experimental method.
Branches: pure psychology and applied psychology
Psychology and physiotherapy
2 Growth and Development
a) Life span: different stages of development (Infancy,
childhood, adolescence, adulthood, middle age, old
age). 6 hours

b) Heredity and environment: role of heredity and

environment in physical and psychological

51
 development, ―Nature v/s Nurture controversy‖
3 Motivation
a) Motivation cycle (need, drive, incentive, reward).
4 Hours
b) Classification of motives.
c) Abraham Maslow’s theory of need hierarchy
4 Sensation, attention and perception
a. Sensation: Vision, Hearing, Olfactory, Gustatory and
Cutaneous sensation, movement, equilibrium and
visceral sense
b. Attention: Types of attention, Determinants of attention
(subjective determinants and objective determinants) 6 Hours
c. Perception: Gestalt principles of organization of
perception (principle of figure ground and principles of
grouping), factors influencing perception (past
experience and context)
d. Illusion and hallucination: different types
5 Emotions
a) Three levels of analysis of emotion (physiological 6 Hours
level, subjective state, and overt behavior).
b. Theories of emotion
c. Stress and management of stress.
6 Frustration and conflict
a. Frustration: sources of frustration.
2 Hours
b. Conflict: types of conflict.
c. Management of frustration and conflict
7 Thinking
a. Reasoning : deductive and inductive reasoning
b. Problem solving: rules in problem solving (algorithm
4 Hours
and heuristic)
c. Creative thinking: steps in creative thinking, traits of
creative people
8 Intelligence
a. Theories of intelligence.
6 Hours
b. Distribution of intelligence.
c. Assessment of intelligence
9 Learning
8 Hours
a. Factors effecting learning.
52
 b. Theories of learning: trial and error learning,
classical conditioning, Operant conditioning, insight
learning, social learning theory
c. The effective ways to learn: Massed/Spaced,
Whole/Part, Recitation/Reading, Serial/Free recall,
Incidental/Intentional learning, Knowledge of
results, association, organization, and mnemonic
methods.
10 Personality
a. Approaches to personality: type & trait,
behavioristic, psychoanalytic and humanistic
approach.
b. Personality assessment: observation, situational
test, questionnaire, rating scale, interview, and 8 Hours
projective techniques.
c. Defense Mechanisms: denial of reality,
rationalization, projection, reaction formation,
identification, repression, regression,
intellectualization, undoing, introjection, acting out.
11 Social psychology
a. Leadership: Different types of leaders. Different
theoretical approaches to leadership. 4 Hours
b. Attitude: development of attitude. Change of
attitude

Recommended text books:

1. Feldman.R.H(1996). Understanding Psychology.
New Delhi: Tata McGraw hill.
2. Morgan et al(2003). Introduction to Psychology.
New Delhi: Tata McGraw hill.
3. Lefton( ). Psychology. Boston: Alwin & Bacot Company.
4. Mangal, S.K (2002). Advanced Educational Psychology.
New Delhi: prentice hall.
5. Atkinson(1996). Dictionary of Psychology.

53
3.6 SOCIOLOGY
Sociology will introduce student to the basic sociology concepts, principles and
social process, social institutions [in relation to the individual, family and
community] and the various social factors affecting the family in rural and urban
communities in India will be studied.

The study of these subjects will help the student to understand their clients while
assessment and while planning appropriate treatment methods.

SOCIOLOGY

Subject Title Duration Total Hours : SOCIOLOGY

Theory Lecture : 0 – 12 Months
: 60
: 60 Hrs
: 2 Hours / Week
Method of Assessment : Written

Sl No TEACHING
TOPIC HOURS
1 Introduction
1) Meaning – Definition and Scope of Sociology.
History of Sociology as a Social Science.
2) Its relation to Anthropology, Psychology and
other Social Sciences.
3) Methods of Sociological investigations – 4 Hours
Case Study Method, Social Survey Method,
Questionnaire Method, Interview Method,
Opinion Poll Method etc.
4) Importance of its study with special reference
to Healthcare Professionals.
2 Social Factors in Health Disease Situations
1) Meaning of Social Factors. 4 Hours
2) Role of Social Factors in Health and Illness.
3 Socialization
1) Meaning and Nature of Socialisation
2) Primary, Secondary and Anticipatory 4 Hours
Socialisation.
3) Agencies of Socialisation.

54
4 Social Groups
Concepts of Social groups, influence of formal and
informal groups on health and sickness. The role of 5 Hours
primary groups and secondary groups in Hospital and
Rehabilitation Setup.
5 Family
1) The Family, meaning and definitions.
2) Functions of types of family.
3) Changing family patterns.
6 Hours
4) Influence of Family on the individual’s health,
family and nutrition, the effects of sickness in
the family and psychosomatic disorders and
their importance to physiotherapy.
6 Community
1) Rural Community: Meaning, definitions and
features. Health hazards of ruralites, health
hazards of tribals. 4 Hours
2) Urban Community: Meaning, definitions and
features. Health hazards of urbanites.

7 Culture and Health

1) Concept of Health
2) Concept of Culture 6 Hours
3) Culture and Health
Culture and Health disorders
8 Social Change
1) Meaning of Social Change
2) Factors of Social Change
3) Human Adaptation and Social Change
4) Social Change and Stress 8 Hours
5) Social Change and Deviance
6) Social Change and Health Programmes.
7) The role of Social Planning in the improvement of
Health and Rehabilitation.
9 Social Problems of the Disabled
The consequences of the following social problems in
relation to sickness and disability. Preventive methods
and remedies to these social problems.
1) Population Explosion 10 Hours
2) Poverty and Unemployment
3) Beggary
4) Juvenile Delinquency
5) Prostitution
55
 6) Alcoholism
7) Problems of women in employment
8) Geriatric Problems
9) Problems of Underprivileged
10 Social Security
Social Security and Social Legislation in relation to the 5 Hours
disabled.
11 Social Worker
1) Social Work: Meaning, definitions, scope, features
4 Hours
2) The Role of a Social Worker
The Role of a Medical Social Worker

Recommended Text Books:-

1. Sachdeva and Vidyabushan, Introduction to the study of sociology

2. INDRANI T K, Text Books of Sociology for Graduates Nurses and
Physiotherapy Students, JP Brothers, New Delhi,10

Subsidiary subjects: Not for University Examination

3.7 ENGLISH

(60 Hours)
TEACHING
Sl No TOPIC
HOURS
1 Behavioural Objectives:
The student at the end of training is able to
1. Read and comprehend English language
8 Hours
2. Speak and write grammatically correct English
3. Appreciates the value of English literature in personal
and professional life,
2 Unit –I : Introduction:
Study Techniques
Organisation of effective note taking and logical
processes of analysis and synthesis 8 Hours
The use of the dictionary Enlargement of vocabulary
Effective diction

3 Unit - II:
Applied Grammer: Correct usage
9 Hours
The structure of sentences. The structure of paragraphs
Enlargements of Vocabulary

56
 4 Unit - III:
Written Composition:
9 Hours
Precise writing and summarising Writing of bibliography
Enlargement of Vocabulary
5 Unit - IV
Reading and comprehension
8 Hours
Review of selected materials and express oneself in one's
words. Enlargement of Vocabulary.
6 Unit - V
The Study of Various Forms of Composition Paragraph, 9 Hours
Essay, Letter, Summary, Practice in writing

7 Unit - VI
Verbal Communication:
9 Hours
Discussions and Summarization, Debates, Oral reports,
use in teaching

Reference
1. English Grammar Collins, Birmingham University, International Language
Data Base, Rupa & Co. 1993
2. Wren and Martin - Grammar and Composition, 1989, Chanda.& Co, Delhi
3. 3.Letters for all Occassions A S Myers. Pub - Harper Perennial
4. 4.Spoken English V Shasikumar and P V Dhanija_ Pub. By: Tata Mcgraw
Hill, New Delhi
5. 5.Journalism Made Simple , D Wainwright
6. 6.Writers Basic Bookshelf Series, Writers Digest series
7. 7.Interviewing by Joan Clayton Platkon
8. 8.Penguin Book of Interviews.

*****

57
3.8 KANNADA
(50 HOURS)

58
59
3.9 Communication & Soft Skills (10 Hours)
1. Basic concepts & principles of good communication
2. Special characteristics of health communication
3. Types & process of communication – verbal, non-verbal and written
communication. Upward, downward and lateral communication.
4. Therapeutic communication: empathy versus sympathy.
5. Communication methods for teaching and learning.
6. Communication methods for patient education.
7. Barriers of communication & how to overcome.

Recommended books:
1. Personality Development & Soft skill- Barun K. Mitra
2. Essentials of Patient Education- Susan B. Bastable

******

60
 3.10 BASIC NURSING & FIRST AID

THEORY
1 Hour per week
30 hours (Theory-20 & Practical- 10)

1. What is Nursing? Nursing principles. Inter-Personnel relationships.

Bandaging : Basic turns; Bandaging extremities; Triangular Bandages and
their application.
2. Nursing Position: Environment safety; Bed making, prone, lateral, dorsal,
dorsal recumbent, Flower's positions, comfort measures, Aids and rest
and sleep.
3. Lifting and Transporting Patients: Lifting Patients up in the bed.
Transferring from bed to wheel chair. "Transferring from bed to stretcher".
4. Bed side Management: Giving and taking Bed pan, Urinal : Observation of
stools, urine. Observation of sputum, understand use and care of
catheters, enema giving.
5. Methods of Giving Nourishment: Feeding, Tube feeding, drips, transfusion
6. Care of Rubber Goods: Obervation, Reporting and Recording Temperature,
Respiration and Pulse, Simple aseptic Technique, Sterlisation and
Disinfection.
7. Surgical Dressing : Observation of dressing procedures

References:

1. Fundamentals of Nursing – A procedure manual -The trained Nurses

Association
2. Fundamentals of Nursing- Patricia A Potter
3. First Aid & emergency- Ajay Singh
4. First Aid & Personal Hygiene- S S Randhawa
5. Fundamentals of Nursing- B T Basavantappa

************

61
 3.11 Clinical Education and Orientation to Physiotherapy

THEORY
2 Hours per week 90 Hours

I. Patterns of Health Care Delivery:

a) National Trends and resources
b) Local trends and resources
c) Overview of Health Science Professions
II. Components of Physiotherapy Profession:
a) History of Medical Therapeutics
b) History of Physiotherapy
c) Overview of Health Science Professions
III. Role of Physiotherapy in meeting Health Care Needs in India.
a) Needs versus Demands
b) Physiotherapist as 'Educator' c. Typical Job settings
c) Common problems and solutions

Integrated seminar & Problem Based learning sessions

3 Hours per week 80 Hours

******

62