TITLE: ELETRICAL VEHICLE AND CHARGING STATION

Mansi V Ugale Sakshi Y Borade

Department of Electrical Engineering, Student of Department of Electrical Engineering, Student of
Electrical Engineering, Guru Gobind Singh Electrical Engineering, Guru Gobind Singh
Polytechnic Polytechnic
Nashik, India Nashik, India
ashwiniugale1980@gmail.com sakshiborade855@gmail.com

Prof. P.K.Chowdhary Prof. S. A. Shastri

Lecturer, Department of Electrical Engineering, , HOD, Department of Electrical Engineering,
Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic Guru Gobind Singh Polytechnic
Nashik, India Nashik, India

Abstract: The global automotive landscape

Economy. Electrified transportation is
is undergoing a paradigm shift with the
considered a desirable solution to reduce fossil
increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs)
as a sustainable and eco-friendly alternative to fuel dependance and environmental impacts
traditional internal combustion engine such as reducing greenhouse gas
vehicles. This paper provides a comprehensive (GHG)emissions, climate change and improving
review of the recent advancement in electric air quality. Electric vehicles (EVs) offer zero-
vehicle technology and the evolving landscape emission, highly reliable, efficient and low-
of charging infrastructure. In this context, we maintenance vehicles compared to conventional
seek the optimal routing plans together with internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles.
the optimal locations of recharging stations for Moreover, EVs will open the possibility of using
electric vehicles fleets through the Electric alternative energy system such as renewable
Vehicle Location Routing problem with energy sources (RESs) and energy storage
Intermediate Nodes (ELRP-IN) we propose. system (ESSs) to secure mobility and make road
Additionally, the abstract touches upon the transport more independent from fossil fuel. The
environment impact of EVs and their charging deployment of EVs will depend on driving
stations. By assessing factors like energy range, model, performance, costa of batteries,
sources and life cycle assessments, it aims to the convenience of re-charging, safety
provide insights into overall sustainability of perception and possible implied driving habits.
electric transportation. The architecture of charging station rapidly
improves as the ranges of BEVs increases.
Keywords- global automotive, ecofriendly, Charging methods can be classified as
infrastructure, electric vehicle, ELRP-IN, conductive, inductive or wireless and battery
electric transportation. swapping. Onboard and offboard chargers have
developed with conductive charging either used
1. INTRODUCTION AC or DC power. The cost, size, performance
Electrification has become a major factor in and efficiency of the charging system depend
social development. Economic growth, and upon the corresponding convertor topology.
environmental contribution. Accordingly, Therefore , a comprehensive review of EV
electrification is projected to increase further into charging technologies, standards, architectures
the transport sector focusing on the energy and convertor configurations is important to
transition towards a zero-carbon emission identify prevailing challenges and propose
remedial solutions in various Electric vehicles .
 2. ELECTRIC VEHICLE CHARGING the electric motor functions as a generator and
TECHNOLOGIES: provides power to charge the battery using a
bidirectional DC-AC converter during the braking and
deceleration of the vehicle. Conversely, the converter
enables power to flow from the battery to the motor
during driving mode . The battery pack is recharged
from electric energy through a charging system. Based
on the current phase of development, EVs are
categorized into two types: hybrid vehicles and all-
electric vehicles (AEVs) by considering the degree of
use of electricity as shown in Fig. 2.

C.CHARGING LEVELS AND MODES

Fig.1.electric passenger car stock,2012-2021

In 2021, global EV sales In 2021, global EV sales Fig.3. electrical vehicle charging method
doubled from the previous year to a record of 6.6
million. The global electric car sales were 2 million in EVs are designed with various charging
the first quarter of 2022, up 75% from the same technologies, capacities, and charging and
duration in 2021 . The projections indicate that the discharging strategies to fulfil their unique
global EV fleet will reach 230 million vehicles in requirements. Therefore, standardized charging
2030 and 58% of vehicles are expected to be EVs in levels and models are established to drive EV
2040 . The global EV stock is significantly increased adoption forward in the industry. The electric
in 2021 when compared to previous years and the total powertrain of modern plug-in EV is similar and is
number of battery electric cars on road to over 16.5 designed with a high-power battery pack (to
million. As shown in Fig. 1, the largest EV market maintain voltage and current), a battery
belongs to China where cumulative EV Currently, management system, various converters to supply
electrified transportation has attracted much attention appropriate voltage levels, controllers and drive
from governments and private stakeholders to move inverters . EV chargers can be classified as
towards carbon neutrality in 2040 through consistent onboard and offboard chargers as well as
policy support, incentives, and subsidies from the unidirectional and bidirectional chargers.
governments. Charging methods can be classified as conductive
charging, battery swapping, wireless charging or
B.TYPES OF ELECTRIC VEHILCES: inductive charging as shown in Fig. 3. The
majority of commercial EVs use a conductive
charging technique where the battery is connected
to the power grid via a cable. Conductive chargers
can be categorized . Time-varying magnetic fields
are used in wireless charging methods to transmit
power from the grid to electric vehicle battery
used in various places.

Fig.2.types of electric vehicles

The EV comprises one or more electric motors and a

high-voltage battery pack with a charging system. The
electric motor either assists completely via electric
power or ICE depending on the EV type. Additionally,
D.ELECTRCIAL VEHICLE CHARGING 1000 cycles), and weak performance in cold
CONNECTORS temperatures . Nickel-based batteries have
been widely used in EV batteries such as nickel
metal hydride (NiMH), nickel-cadmium
(NiCd) and nickel Zinc (NiZn), nickel ion
(NiFe). NiMH battery is commonly employed
in HEV and EV due to their longer life cycle
(2000 cycles) than lead acid batteries, abuse
tolerant and safe . The maximum energy
density of the NiMH battery is 120 Wh/kg, the
power density (1000 W/kg) and highest
charge/discharge efficiency is 92% . The main
challenges in Ni-based batteries are high self-
Fig.4.specification of different AC charging discharging, cost, heat generation at high
connectors temperatures, and required additional control
systems to control losses.
Type 1 connectors are widely used in Japan and
USA for AC single-phase charging and follow
SAE J1772 standards. They have low power
charging capability (maximum capacity of 19.2 4. STANDARDS OF ELECTRIC VEHICLE
kW) with a voltage of 120 V or 240 V with a CHARGING AND GRID INTEGRATION:
maximum current of 80 A . The charging cable
of Type 1 connector is permanently installed to F
the station. Type 2 connectors are considered as i
standard type in all countries which support g
.
single-phase and three-phase charging by 6
following IEC 61851–1 standards . Type 2 - .
Mennekes connectors are utilized in Europe
and Type 2 - GB/T are used in China. This i
n
connector supports mode 2 and 3 charging with t
higher power (22 kW) than Type 1. The e
detachable charging cable of the Type 2 station r
allows to charger of Type 1 vehicles with the n
a
correct cable. Type 3 connectors are used in
t
France and Italy that includes Type 3A and 3C i
depending on the physical formats. Type 3 o
connectors or SCAME plugs allow both single- n
phase and three-phase charging with shutters to a
l
prevent and follow IEC 62196–2 standards. EV charging standards with grid integration .

3. ELCTRCAL VEHICLE BATTERY The EVSEs are used to communicate with the
TECHNOLOGY: EV to ensure a safe and appropriate power
supply other than delivering energy between the
EV battery and energy source. Therefore, some
of the standards are developed for signaling and
communication with multiple devices. The
primary objective of communication standards
is to regulate the amount of current provided
and manage the current flow of different
Fig.5. various EV batteries
devices. Moreover, the SoC of the battery also
monitors and allows the use of EVSEs.
Lead-acid batteries are inexpensive (cell cost is Communication specifications of the DC off-
50–600 $ /kWh), reliable, efficient, safe, and board fast charger are designed with SAE
employed for high-power applications , J2847/2 standards and PLC communication
However, they have low specific energy requirements can be observed in SAE J2931/4.
density (30 - 40 Wh/kg), a short lifetime (< International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) is also developed many safety-related BMS to address dynamic, complex, and non-
standards and technical regulations for lithium- linear attributes of EV batteries . Moreover,
ion battery packs (ISO 64691-3) and EVs in they can predict future states based on previous
high voltage systems (ISO/DIS 21498). information and improve the performance of the
charging system.

5. FUTURE TRNDS AND CHALLENGS : 6. CONCLUSION:

The exponential growth of EVs over the past

decade has created an advanced electrified The large-scale adoption of EVs necessitates
transportation system as well as new challenges investigation and development of charging
on the distribution grid. Manufacturers are technologies and power converters to achieve
attempting to overcome driving range highly efficient, low-cost, and reliable charging
limitations, higher upfront costs, longer solutions for an EV. Standardization of
recharge time, EV battery-related constraints, charging requirements, infrastructure designs,
and limited charging facilities . Therefore, smart control strategies and enhanced battery
Evaluation of the emerging technologies, technologies are essential to successful EV
control strategies, and future trends in EV adoption. The performance of the battery not
charging systems is important for exploring the only depends on design and type but also on
value of finding novel solutions and characteristics of the charger, charging and
improvements. EVs will reach a power density discharging infrastructure, and the SoC
of 33 kW/L, 480000 km/ 15-year lifetime, and estimation method. This paper has reviewed EV
100 kW electric drive capacity in 2025 charging technologies, standards, architectures
according to the Department of Energy of charging stations and power converter
roadmap . Automated EVs are one of the configurations. The status of charging
trending topics in the BEV industry due to technologies and requirements are evaluated by
design freedom in the same structure. considering different types of EVs, charging
Therefore, predictions indicate that levels, modes, connectors, and EV batteries.
performance and customer satisfaction will Comparative analysis has been conducted for
further increase while reducing the operational the charging station architecture in terms of
and charging costs of EVs. Ultra-fast charging AC/DC power flow, control strategy,
technologies are also increasingly developing to advantages, and disadvantages. Most multiport
make sure the same experience as ICE vehicles EV charging stations are integrated with solar
at gas stations. Wireless charging will acquire PV and energy storage to reduce stress on the
market acceptance due to many advantages utility grid while providing ancillary services.
including extremely fast charging capabilities, Conductive charging topologies can be divided
low maintenance, reduced components (ports, into onboard and offboard chargers,
connectors, and cables), and automated unidirectional and bidirectional as well as AC
charging capabilities. Wireless charging and DC chargers according to the emerging
systems are considered safe, cost-effective, technology. Onboard and offboard charging are
flexible, and reliable charging methods. The discussed comprehensively with examples to
resonant wireless power transfer technique is understand the powertrain of different chargers.
most preferred and future challenges and Integrated chargers are gaining more attention
opportunities of wireless charging systems are due to their advantages over dedicated onboard
reviewed in . V2G and V2X (V2H, V2B) chargers. Integrated solutions can overcome the
technologies are developed to enable feeding cost, weight, volume, and power limitations of
EV battery energy back according to the user conventional onboard chargers and can control
requirements . V2G operation has smart charging voltage via drive inverter and motor
charging control which can balance variations inductance without employing separate stages.
in energy consumption and production. V2G The modularity concept plays the main success
solutions are ready to reach the market and of ultra-fast and fast charging and enables
enhance grid support. The versatility in different power electronic
intelligent algorithm designed is another solutions. Power converter configurations of
accepted revolution of future EV technology to EV charging systems are presented based on
further improve electrical infrastructure. AC-DC and DC-DC converters with circuit
Intelligent methods are commonly employed in topologies and explained. Finally, future trends
and challenges of EV charging systems are
evaluated in terms of the technical limitations,
charging/discharging capabilities, smart
charging, battery performance, and grid
integration. EV charging technologies,
standards and grid codes, the architecture of EV
charging systems and power converter
configurations are comprehensively evaluated
by highlighting the advancements to motivate
the development of novel designs.

7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

We express our deep sense of gratitude and

sincere regards to our project guide Prof.
P.K.Chowdhary for his valuable supervision,
cooperation and devotion of time that has given
to our project We are also grateful to Head of
Department Prof. S.A. Shastri for her facilities
extended during project work and for her
personal interest and inspiration. We wish to
express our profound thanks to Prof. S. R.
Upasani, Principal Guru Gobind Singh
Polytechnic, Nashik for providing necessary
facilities to make this project success. Finally,
we should like to thank all those who directly or
indirectly helped us during the work. We also
owe our sincere thanks to all faculty members
of Electrical Department.

8. REFERENCE:

• IOT platform for the brief of electrical

vehicles and charging station.
• IEEE Xplore https://ieeexplore.ieee.org
• Journal of emerging technologies
• Sciencedirect.com
• Research gate
• Various case study in previous years