RELATIVOS (DEFINING - NON DEFINING)
DEFINING NON DEFINING
No comas Entre comas
Información necesaria Información extra
Se puede usar that No se puede usar that
Se puede omitir por who, which o that No se puede omitir
➜ WHO : personas (quién)
➜ WHICH : animales, objetos (cuál)
➜ WHOSE : objetos, personas, animales…. (posesión/cuyo)
➜ WHERE : dónde
➜ WHEN : cuando
➜ WHY : porqué
➜ WHOM : es igual que el who se pone con ( HIM, HER, US…)
GERUNDIOS E INFINITIVOS
➜ INFINITIVOS CON “TO”
➔ Para expresar una intención
➔ Después de adjetivos
➔ Después de question words (what, why, when…)
➔ Después de los siguientes verbos: Advise AffordAgree Appear Arrange Be
allowed Choose Come Dare Decide Disagree Expect Have to Help Hope
Manage Need Offer Ought to Pretend Promise Refuse Seem Want Warn
Wish Would like.
➜ INFINITIVOS SIN “TO”
➔ Después de make, let y help + objeto indirecto
➔ Después de modales (must, can, should, may..)
➜ CON -ING
➔ Para hacer un sustantivo
➔ Al principio de una frase
➔ Después de verbos que expresan sentimientos: can’t help can’t stand
Dislike enjoy feel like hate like love prefer
➔ Después de los siguientes verbos: Admit Avoid Can’t afford !! Consider Deny
Fancy=like Finish Forgive Go on Imagine Keep on Mind Miss No use No
worth Resist Risk Suggest
➔ Después de preposiciones (by, after…)
➜ EXCEPCIONES
● Forget
○ + TO INFINITIVE : no acordarse en el presente
○ - ING : olvidar un evento pasado
● Remember
○ + TO INFINITIVE : acordarse de algo en el presente
○ - ING : acordarse de algo en el pasado
● Try
○ + TO INFINITIVE : hacer un esfuerzo
○ - ING : hacer algo como un experimento
● Stop
○ + TO INFINITIVE : pausa temporalmente
○ - ING : acabar de hacer algo
● Regret
○ INFINITIVE : pedir perdón en el presente
○ - ING : pedir perdón sobre algo del pasado
● Mean
○ INFINITIVO : tener una intención
○ - ING : significar
PASIVAS
TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE
Present simple They repair cars Cars are repaired
Present continuous She is sending him a postcard A postcard is being sent to him
Past simple Bell invented the telephone The telephone was invented by
Bell
Past continuous They were building the bridge The bridge was being built
Present perfect The police have arrested the Kidnappers have been arrested by
kidnappers the police
Past perfect He had done his homework His homework had been done
Future simple They will paint a family A family portrait will be painted
portrait
Be going to They are going to publish a A new novel is going to be
new novel published
Future perfect They will have bought the The drinks will have been bought
drinks
Present infinitive They will have to write an An essay will have to be written
essay
Perfect infinitive To have written To have been written
Modals They can pay the bill The bill can be paid
Perfect modals You should have paid it i It should have been paid in
advance advance
CONDICIONALES
Zero conditional Present simple + present Una verdad universal o un
simple hecho científico
First conditional Present simple + will/will Posible
not verb situación/predicción en el
futuro
Second conditional Past simple + would/would Situación hipotética o
not + verb situación improbable
Third conditional Past perfect + would have Imaginar un pasado
past participle diferente o una situación
que no ha pasado
MODALES
➜ OBLIGATION :
1. MUST (INTERNO, ALGO TUYO)
2. HAVE/HAS TO (EXTERNO : NORMAS)
3. NEED/NEEDS TO = MUST
➜ LACK OF OBLIGATION : ( NO HACE FALTA; NO ES NECESARIO )
1. DON´T/DOESN’T HAVE TO
2. DON´T/DOESN’T NEED TO
3. NEEDN’T + INFINITIVE (WITHOUT TO)
➜ ADVICE
1. SHOULD/SHOULDN´T + INFINITIVE
2. OUGHT TO + INFINITIVE
➜ PROHIBITION : (MISMO SIGNIFICADO)
1. MUSTN´T
2. CAN´T
➜ABILITY
1. CAN/CAN´T (SABER O NO SABER HACER ALGO) (PRESENTE)
2. COULD/COULDN´T (SABÍA O NO SABÍA HACER ALGO) (PASADO)
3. WILL BE ABLE TO + INFINITIVO (SABRÉ) (FUTURO)
➜ POSSIBILITY
1. COULD/MAY/MIGHT (PUEDE QUE) (ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS)
2. MAY NOT/MIGHT NOT (PUEDE QUE NO) (ORACIONES NEGATIVAS)
3. COULD/MAY/MIGHT + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (MODAL PERFECTO)
➜ DEDUCTION
1. MUST (SEGURO QUE SI)
2. CAN'T (SEGURO QUE NO)
3. MAY/COULD/MIGHT (50% ; NO ESTÁS MUY SEGURO)
4. MUST + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (MODAL PERFECTO)
➜ IMPOSSIBILITY
1. COULDN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (MODAL PERFECTO)
➜ REGRET : (ARREPENTIMIENTO)
1. SHOULD/SHOULDN'T + HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE (MODAL PERFECTO)
