PRESENT SIMPLE PRESENT CONTINUOUS PRESENT PERFECT

Form: Form: Form:

+: he,she,it -S/-ES +: am/is/are + ING +: have/has + -ed/ 3ªcol.

-: don´t/ doesn´t -: I´m not/isn't/ aren´t+ ING -: haven´t/ hasn´t+ -ed/3ªcol.

¿: Do/ Does ¿: Am I../ It is…/Are you+ ING ¿: Have/Has + -ed/ 3ªcol.

Uses: Uses: Uses:

Rutinas y horarios. En el momento o en un -Acciones que no expresan

futuro cercano. cuando sucedieron en el
pasado.

-Experiencias.

-Acciones que empiezan en

el pasado y aún no han
acabado.

-Acciones recientes del

pasado.

Palabras clave: Palabras clave: Palabras clave:

Usually, never, sometimes, At the moment, right now, Already, yet, just, ever,
often, everyday, on this week, tomorrow, next never,for, since, how long.
Mondays, rarely, on a week. month, later.

PAST SIMPLE PAST CONTINUOUS PAST PERFECT

Form: Form: Form:

+: -ED/2ª columna +: Was/were + ING +: Had + -ED/3ªcol

-: didn´t -: Wasn't/t/weren´t + ING -: hadn´t + -ED/3ªcol

?: did ¿: Was/were + ING ¿Had + -ED/3ªcol

Uses: Uses: Uses:

Acciones acabadas en el Acción prolongada del Acción pasada que ocurre

pasado en un momento pasado.
anteriormente a otra.
determinado, interrumpe la (Acción larga) Siempre nos va a aparecer
acción larga. con un pasado simple.

Palabras clave: Palabras clave: Palabras clave:

 Yesterday, last week/year , Yesterday at…,during, As, After, as soon as, by the
in x year, a few years ago, meanwhile, WHILE time, until, when, already,
when I was a child. WHEN yet, because, before, until.

Be going to: Sbj + am/is/are + going to + vb 3ªcol — Palabra clave: soon

FUTURE SIMPLE FUTURE CONTINUOUS FUTURE PERFECT

Form: Form: Form:

+: Will+ Vb +: Will be + ING +: Will + have+ 3ªcol
-: Won´t + Vb -: Won´t be + ING -: Won't + have+ 3ªcol
?: Will+ Sbj/ Wh word + will ?: Will be + ING ?: Will + sbj + have + 3ªcol

Uses: Uses: Uses:

-Hablar de predicciones -Acción en progreso en un Acciones futuras que en ese
-Decisiones espontáneas momento determinado del momento habrán terminado.
-Describir eventos futuro.
-Para preguntar sobre un
plan del futuro.
- Hacer una propuesta.

Palabras clave: Palabras clave: Palabras clave:

This, next, in… This time, next week, By.
tomorrow at 10 o'clock…

THE PASSIVE

VERBAL TENSES ACTIVE PASSIVE

Present simple Subj + Vb (present simple) + C Subj + am/is/are + past participle + C

Present continuous Subj + am/is/are + gerund + C Subj + am/is/are + being + past participle + C

Past simple Subj + past simple + C Subj + was/were + past participle + C

Past continuous Subj + was/were + gerund + C Subj + was/were + being + past participle + C

Present perfect Subj + have/has + past part + C Subj + have/has + been + past participle + C

Be going to Subj + am/is/are + going to + vb + Subj + am/is/are + going to + be + past part + C

C
Future will Subj + will + main vb (base) + C Subj + will be + past participle + C

Modal verbs Subj + modal + main vb (base) + C Subj + modal + be + past participle + C

HAVE/ GET CAUSATIVE

It is used to describe something that someone does for the subject.

Ex: I had my hair cut last week

Form:

Subj P + have/get (conjugated) + object (CD) + past participle + C

MODAL VERBS
Simple:

CAN (poder)

- Ability
- Possibility
- Request

BE ABLE TO (ser capaz de)

- Ability
- Possibility

CAN´T (no poder)

- Inability
- Prohibition
- Disbelief

COULD (podía, pasado)

- Polite request (registro formal)

- Polite suggestion (sugerencia educada)
- Past ability
- Possibility

MAY (podía, formal)

- Request
- Possibility

MIGHT – Possibility (podría)

SHOULD – Advices (consejo coloquial)

OUGHT TO – Advices (consejo formal)

HAVE TO – Strong obligation (tener que)

MUST – Strong obligation (obligación, normas)

MUSTN´T – Prohibition (no debes)

NEED TO – Necessity (necesitar)

Perfect:

Could have + past participle

- Ability or possibility to have something done but in fact did not. (posibilidad de hacer
algo pero que no se hizo)

Couldn't have + past participle

- Certain that something didn't happen. (seguro de que algo no pasó)

May/Might have + past participle

- A guess about a past action (predicción de una acción pasada)

Must have + past participle

- Certain or logical conclusions about a past action. (conclusiones ciertas o lógicas sobre
una acción pasada)

Should/ Ought to have + past participle

- Criticism or regret about a past action (crítica o arrepentimiento por una acción
pasada)

Would have + past participle

- Willingness to have something done but in fact did not. (posibilidad de que se haga
algo pero al final no se hizo)

DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES NON DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

Def: they give essential information, about Def: they give extra information about the
the antecedent. antecedent.
 who: people Common features:
which: things/animals 1) No change by that.
when: time 2) Commas.
whose: possession 3) No omission.
where: place

Common features:
1) We can substitute who/which by
THAT.
2) No commas between the sentences.
3) We have to omit the relative
who/which/that if they are not the
subject of the clause.

Directed speech Indirect speech

Present simple Past simple

Present continuous; She said: I'm talking the Past continuous; She said that she was
E. notes now talking the E. notes then

Present perfect; John said to his mother: My Past perfect; John said to his mother: his
friend has put bought a new mobile friend had put bought a new mobile

Past simple; She told her: I wrote to you Past perfect; She told her that had written to
yesterday her the previous yesterday

Future will; The teacher encouraged us: You Would; The teacher encouraged us that we
will pas the exam would pass the exam

Be going to; He said: I'm going study maths Was/were going to; He said that he was
this afternoon going to study maths that afternoon

Can; They said: we con play the piano Could; They said that they could play the
piano

Have to/ Must; The teach told her students Had to; The teacher, told her student that
you have to study hard his maths they had to hard that month

QUESTIONS

Convierto la pregunta en enunciativa

Yes/No questions

Sbj + reporting verb + object pronomb + IF/ WHETHER + sbj + verbal tense change + C

Ex: He asked them : Are you going to come to the cinema tonight?

He asked them if they were going to com to the that night

Wh questions

Sbj + reporting verb + object pronoun + Wh word + sbj + verbal tense changed + C

Ex: the asked them : What time is it? — He asked them what time it was

COMMANDS

Sbj + reporting verb + object pronoun + to/not to + main vb + C

Ex: My mother said to me: Please, study hard!

My mother said to me to study hard

SUGGESTIONS

Sbj + reporting verb + object pronoun: 1) that + sbj + base form + C 2) main vb gerund + C

Ex: My friend suggested: let's have a drink!

My friend suggested that I have a drink!

My friend suggested having drink

OTHER CHANGES

Direct speech Indirect speech

Now Then

Next The next

Tonight That night

This That

Today That day

These Those

Tomorrow The next day or following day

Here There

Yesterday The day before

VOCABULARY

Scoring goals: marcar gol

Endurance: resistencia

Strength: fuerza

Beat an opponent: ganar a un contrincante

Improve: mejorar

Performance: actuación

Benefit: beneficios

Successful: exitoso

Achievement: logro, éxito

Checked for drugs: hacer un análisis

Championship: campeonato

Self-esteem: autoestima

Coach: entrenador

Train: entrenarse

Risk their lives: arriesgar la vida

Give up: rendirse

Challenge: desafío

Strengthen: fortalecer

Keep fit: mantenerse en forma

Put on weight: engordar

Take up: empezar a hacer

Out of shape: en mala forma

Set goals: establecerse objetivos

Achieve your goals: lograr objetivos

Take part: participar

Well-balanced diet: dieta equilibrada

Work out: hacer ejercicio

Healthy lifestyle: estilo de vida saludable

Relax: relajarse

Snacks: tentempié