USE OF ENGLISH.

· Passive voice.
TENSE ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

Present simple take is/are taken

Present continuous is/ are taking is/are being taken

Present perfect has taken has/have been taken

Past perfect had taven had been taken

Past continuous was taking was/were being taken

Future simple will take will be taken

Future (going to) is going to are/ is going to be taken

Future perfect will have taken will have been taken

modal should take should be taken

Modal perfect should have taken should have been taken

Pasiva causativa; Una persona hace algo por otra persona, se forma con el verbo have o get +
objeto + verbo en V.3.

Present simple have + V.3.

Past simple had + V.3.

 Present perfect simple have had + V.3.

Past perf. had had + V.3.

Present cont. are/is/am having + V.3.

Past cont. was/ were having +V.3.

Modal inf should have + V.3.

Modal perfect should have had + V.3.

Impersonales: Para expresar de forma informal las emociones de las personas.

noun + is/are said to + infinitive/perfect infinitive.

Present simple is thought to be

It is thought that he is a great ..

Past simple is believed to have been..

Past perfect simple is said to have had…

Past continuous is thought to have been making..

Futuro infinitivo

Present perfect simple infinitivo

Two object: Verbos seguidos por nombres directos o indirectos.

Past simple Past cont. + V.3.

Didn`t + inf. wasn't / weren't + V.3.

Present perfect simple Present perfect continuous

Future will be + inf.

Present cont. are/is/am being + V.3.

Voz activa.
Su estructura es la siguiente;

sujeto + verbo transitivo + objeto directo

Un verbo transitivo es aquel que tiene un objeto directo como recipiente de la acción expresada

por el verbo

Relativos.
1. DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES con: whose, where, when, why/that, whom

WHOSE (=cuyo /a, cuyos / as, de quien, de quienes, del cual, de la cual, de los cuales, de las cuales)
Usamos este pronombre relativo para indicar posesión, en lugar de los adjetivos posesivos (my, his, her...).
Nunca se puede omitir.

Ejemplo 1
I’ve got a friend. His brother is an actor (tengo un amigo. Su hermano es actor)
I’ve got a friend whose brother is an actor (tengo un amigo cuyo hermano es actor)
I’ve got a friend brother is an actor X

Ejemplo 2
I saw the man. His dog had died (ví al hombre. Su perro había muerto)
I saw the man whose dog had died (ví al hombre cuyo perro había muerto)
I saw the man dog had died X

WHERE (=donde, en el que, en la que, en los que, en las que)

Usamos where para hacer referencia a lugares. Sólo se puede omitir si va acompañado de preposición.

Ejemplo 1
I stayed at a hotel. It was very small (me alojé en un hotel. Era muy pequeño)
The hotel where we stayed was very small (el hotel donde me alojé era muy pequeño)
The hotel we stayed AT was very small ✔
The hotel we stayed was very small X

Ejemplo 2
The house was very big. We lived there (la casa era muy grande. Nosotros vivíamos allí)
The house where we lived was very big (la casa donde vivíamos era muy grande)
The house we lived IN was very big ✔
The house we lived was very big X

WHEN (=cuando)
Usamos when para referirnos a nociones temporales. Se puede omitir.

Ejemplo
That was just the moment when we arrived (ese fue justo el momento cuando llegamos)
That was just the moment we arrived ✔

WHY / THAT (=por la que, por la cual, por el que, por el cual)
Why y that se usan a continuación de la palabra "reason" (razón, motivo). Se pueden omitir.
Ejemplo
Is there a reason why / that you don’t want to come to the party? (hay alguna razón por la que no
quieras venir a la fiesta?)
Is there a reason you don’t want to come to the party? ✔

WHOM
Se puede usar en sustitución al relativo who SÓLO cuando éste hace función de objeto. Whom no
es muy común en el inglés hablado, se usa más en un registro formal.

2. NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES con: whose, where, when, whom

En las non-defining relative clauses, los relativos nunca se pueden omitir. Aquí os dejamos
algunos ejemplos:

Tine Harries, whose brother is the actor Paul Harris, is a good friend of mine
(Tine Harries, cuyo hermano es el actor Paul Harris, es un buen amigo mío)

We visited a town called Maintown, where we had lunch in an Italian restaurant

(Visitamos un pueblo llamado Christchurch, donde comimos en un restaurante italiano)

We’re going on holiday in September, when the weather isn’t so hot

(vamos a irnos de vacaciones en Septiembre, cuando no haga tanto calor)

Sarah Robbins, whom you met last week, will be at the party
(Sarah Robbins, a quien conociste la semana pasada, estará en la fiesta)

Direct speech and reported speech

REPORTING QUESTIONS

PREGUNTAS DEL TIPO YES / NO

1. La pregunta se convierte en una frase y por tanto ya no hay inversión de sujeto y verbo.

- “Did you speak to John last night?” she asked.

- She asked if / whether I had spoken to John the night before.

PREGUNTAS CON PARTÍCULA INTERROGATIVA (WH-QUESTIONS)

Al poner en estilo indirecto este tipo de preguntas mantenemos la partícula interrogativa: what, who,
where, when, how, why, etc, en lugar de poner if o whether.
- “Who did you speak to last night?” He asked who I had spoken to the night before.
- “Where are you working these days?” He asked where she was working those days.
Si la particular interrogativa es el sujeto de la pregunta, el orden de las palabras de la oración se
mantiene igual.
- “Who told you this story?” He asked who had told us that story.