MÓDULO 3: ASPECTOS DE LA LENGUA INGLESA EN LA COMPRENSIÓN Y EXPRESIÓN

INFORMACIÓN ESPECÍFICA.
En los informes y artículos de investigación, se suele nominalizar a los verbos, de modo tal que se pueda brindar mas información en menos espacio. Ej:

The investigation / The relation /The interaction / The correlation/The deviation/The accommodation/ The transition/The regression

Verbos: assume/assumed -argue/argued-deem/deemed-infer/inferred -conclude/concluded claim/claimed- calculate/calculated-concede/conceded-

consider/considered-describe/describe-elaborate/elaborated-state/stated-emphasise/emphasised- establish/established-estimate/estimated

Formas impersonales
IT (vacío)

Aseveraciones

it can/could/should be
argued/suggested/claime However, Schechner describes the actions of Agave, who, it can be argued , adopts the role of tragic hero in her brief but essential
d … that
it should be noted/
remembered/ pointed group vulnerable to unemployment are ethnic minorities, however it should be noted that this category needs to be disaggregated, as unemployment
out that
It can be
he line passes through the origin and therefore it can be assumed that this is the correct lattice type.
assumed/concluded that

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 this brief description of the CAD model plan the modelling of the geometry construction so
it is advantageous to
geometry,

quantum amounts by which energy can be

Physics,Me... it is also critical to the argument for the wave particle duality of light
transferred, and

‘It’ en oraciones que Food Scien...

however, each attribute was scored using a line
it is also important to
note that the scoring of attributes was done in
expresan posibilidad, scale ( duplicate
probabilidad, spectral evidence of sulphur associated to the one ligand is nitrogen associated and the other
importancia, etc. Chemistry,... it is also possible that
metal; thiocyanate

Second Speed Setting (3000 RPM)Table.

Engineerin... it is apparent that some values are missing for the discharge, efficiency
2 <p> In table 1,

being mixed together. </p> Results <p> From

Biological... it is clear that the bacteria could grow earlier on some plates than
the results

Conclusiones

it can/could be
assumed/inferred/conclu that The Daily Telegraph targets business professionals
on what the journalists have chosen in these extracts alone, it could be inferred
and
ded ...
It can be
he line passes through the origin and therefore it can be assumed that this is the correct lattice type.
assumed/concluded that

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VOZ PASIVA

Uso: Indica objetividad, autor desconocido o autor irrelevante. Enfatiza lo que se hizo por sobre quién hace la acción.

“The thieves were caught” (Los ladrones fueron atrapados)

Forma: Sujeto + To Be + Participio pasado

“This car was made in 1963”

Tiempo Forma Ejemplo

PRESENT SIMPLE am/are/is + pp Spanish is spoken here.
PRESENT CONTINOUS am/are/is being + pp Your questions are being answered.
FUTURO (WILL) will be + pp It’ll be painted by next week.
FUTURE (GOING TO) am/are/is going to be + pp The house is going to be painted next year.
PASADO SIMPLE was/were + pp We were invited to the party, but we didn’t go.
PAST CONTINUOUS was/were being + pp The hotel room was being cleaned.
PRESENTE PERFECTO have/has been + pp The President of America has been shot.
PASADO PERFECTO had been + pp He found that all of his money had been stolen.

Para decir quién/qué realiza la acción, se usa 'by'.

Ej: This house was built by my mother. (Esta casa fue construida por mi madre).

La Voz Pasiva con ‘SE’, es más común en español

Ej: When was this house built? (¿Cuándo se construyó esta casa? en vez de ¿Cuándo fue construida esta casa?)

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EJEMPLOS

Para explicar la metodología

X will be analysed / assessed / calculated / carried / checked/ compared / counted / determined / explored / evaluated / measured / tested / treated

become involved in the research, a full risk

will be carried out in order to identify any potential harm to either
assessment

Para explicar las decisiones tomadas u opciones realizadas

children were given daily letter knowledge training in order to assess it's impact on the childrens' phoneme awareness

Para explicar resultados /referencias/efectos

is/are/was/were/ha
s been used to Proteins are indicated by an M on the diagram and were used to accurately determine the molecular weights of the

can be seen
The effect on the climate can again be seen to increase more rapidly as Y becomes smaller.

shown in
table/figure The efficiencies are shown in table 6.

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 can be / is / are / The third nest, Formica
was found on grid reference A6, which was
was / has been pratensis,
found to have their strengths and
The four approaches studied have all been found
weaknesses,

was calculated to be
The maximum load that the bridge could support was calculated to be 3 N.

REPORTED SPEECH

El lenguaje indirecto se emplea para expresar lo dicho por otros, pensado, sostenido, etc. Es común su uso cuando se cita o referencia un concepto, idea,
etc., en los trabajos de otros autores, investigadores, etc. Este se puede hacer de dos formas:

“This document is vague”

Reported Speech: He says that the document is vague.

He told me that the document is vague.

He said that the document was vague.

“The witness was vague”

The lawyer said that the witness had been vague.

Cambios en tiempos verbales cuando se hace “backshifting”

Presente Simple /Presente continuo  Pasado Simple/Pasado Continuo

Pasado Simple Pasado Perfecto

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 Presente Perfecto - Pasado perfecto

Futuro con WILL- WOULD

Formas usuales para relatar lo que se conoce o cree

One of the most (eg. One of the most important/common/complex/ significant…)

Is /was thought /considered to be (Peritodite is thought to be common in in the Earth’s mantle, but rare in the crust)

Verbos usuales: admit, assert, say, state, concede, argue, confirm, suggest, claim, refuse, etc.

DISCOURSE MARKERS

-OPINION

We consider….., We are convinced that …. , It appears /seems that…. In our view….., Actually/ in fact / Certainly /Obviously

There is no doubt that ….

-OPINIÓN SIMILAR O COINCIDENCIA

Again, also, like, too, equally, identically, as well as, together with, in the light of, not to mention, equally important.

-PURPOSE

In order to …., so as to…, to…, so that…., in order that

-RESUMEN -CONCLUSIÓN

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Summing up…../ In summary…., thus…, in short…, in conclusion…, to conclude…, for these reasons…., therefore….., then…., consequently…., finally, as it has
been stated/pointed out ……

-CAUSE AND EFFECT

XX is caused by…, in consequence…, therefore…., hence…., accordingly…

IF (verbos en presente) ….. , THEN …..(verbos en presente/futuro o would condicional)

Otras oraciones con IF

"if" (usos hipotéticos)

-Se usan verbos en pasado para referirse al presente y al futuro

-Se usa el pasado para referirse al presente cuando algo no ocurrió aún o no está realizándose en el presente:

He could get a new job if he really tried = He cannot get a job because he has not tried.

If Jack was playing they would probably win = Jack is not playing so they will probably not win.

If I had his address I could write to him = I do not have his address so I cannot write to him.

Se usa el pasado para referirse al futuro cuando creemos o sabemos que algo no ocurrirá

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 We would go by train if it wasn’t so expensive = We won’t go by train because it is too expensive.

I would look after the children for you at the weekend if I was at home = I can’t look after the children because I will not be at home.

• Para hacer sugerencias sobre lo que podría ocurrir:

If he came tomorrow we could borrow his car.

If we invited John, Mary would bring Angela.

IF (evaluativo)

Pasado perfecto + verbo modal: para referirse a algo que no ocurrió en el pasado

If you had seen him you could have spoken to him = You did not see him so you could not speak to him

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You could have stayed with us if you had come to London = You couldn’t stay with us because you didn’t come to London.