Introducing Tamil
Introducing Tamil
Map of India
   India, officially the The Republic of India, is in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest
   country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the largest liberal
   democracy in the world. India has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres, and
   borders Pakistan to the west, Nepal, the People's Republic of China and Bhutan to the
   north-east, and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east. Off the coast, in the Indian Ocean,
   it is adjacent to the island nations of Sri Lanka, Maldives and Indonesia.
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India was home to the Indus Valley Civilization, a centre of important trade routes and
vast empires. Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism and Jainism all have their origins in India,
while Islam and Christianity enjoy a strong cultural heritage having arrived through trade
even before foreign invasions. Colonised as part of the British Empire in the 19th century,
India gained independence in 1947 as a unified nation after an intense struggle for
independence. The country's population, wildlife, geographical terrain and climate
system are among the most diverse in the world.
CAPITAL                                         CHENNAI
CO-ORDINATES                                    13.09▫N 80.27▫E
LARGEST CITY                                    CHENNAI
POPULATION (2001)                               62,110,839
DENSITY                                         291 PER SQ MILE
AREA                                            130,058 PER SQ KM
TIME ZONE                                       INDIAN        STANDARD    TIME
                                                (UNIVERSAL STANDARD TIME +5:30)
GOVERNMENT                                      DMK POLITICAL PARTY
                                                CHIEF MINISTER: MR KARUNANITHI
OFFICIAL LANGUAGE                               TAMIL
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SEAL OF TAMIL NADU
Geography
Tamil Nadu (தமிழ் நா ) "Land of the Tamils," is a state at the southern tip of India.
The bordering states and territories are Pondicherry, Kerala, Karnataka and Andhra
Pradesh. The island nation of Sri Lanka, which has a significant Tamil minority, lies off
the southeast coast.
Tamil Nadu has the largest urban agglomeration nationwide and is the second most
industrialized state in India. Chennai, which was known until 1996 as Madras, is the
fourth largest city of India and the state capital. Also known as the auto capital of India,
Chennai is the home of Marina Beach, one of longest beaches in the world. Kolvam
beach and Silver Beach in Cuddalore are important beaches for tourism. Madurai,
Coimbatore, Tiruchirapalli, Salem, and Thirunelveli are other large cities (Corporations)
of Tamil Nadu.
Climate
Tamil Nadu lies on the thermal equator, and because of this, sees little variation in
seasonal temperature. The highest temperatures are experienced in late May and early
June and usually vary between 38 °C (100.4 °F) and 42 °C (107.6 °F) though it
sometimes nearly touches 45 °C (113 °F) for a few days. The temperature rarely falls
below 18 °C (64 °F). The lowest temperature recorded is 15.8 °C (60.4 °F) and highest
44.1 °C (111.4 °F).
Unlike most other parts of the country, Tamil Nadu gets its rainfall largely from the
"North-East monsoon" in the months of October-December. The average annual rainfall
is about 1,300 mm (47.2 inches). The state gets most of its seasonal rainfall from the
north-east monsoon winds, from Mid October to Mid December. Cyclones in the Bay of
Bengal sometimes hit the state.
Terrain
South India is a socio-political region of India that comprises the four Indian states of
Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu and the Union Territory of
Pondicherry, whose inhabitants are collectively referred to as South Indians.
This region includes the entire Indian Peninsula, south of the Vindhya Range. The
Narmada and Mahanadi rivers form the northern boundaries of the region, while the
Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean and the Bay of Bengal surround the peninsula in the west,
south and east respectively.
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                                                Kaveri River
The southernmost point of the region (and of mainland India), is Kanyakumari. The
geography of South India is diverse, encompassing two mountain ranges — the Western
Ghats, the Eastern Ghats and a plateau heartland. The Tungabhadra, Kaveri, Krishna and
Godavari rivers are important non-perennial sources of water.
Views of the Southernmost tip of India, Kanya kumari, known for its beautiful sunrises
Population
Tamil Nadu's population stood at 62,110,839 as of March 1, 2001. It is the sixth most
populous state of India. The State accounts for 6.05% of the country's population. Its
population density at 291 persons per square mile, makes it the eleventh most densely
populated state. Approximately 47% of Tamil Nadu's population live in urban areas, one
of the highest percentages in India.
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Students in school uniform
Tamil Nadu has also performed reasonably well in terms of literacy growth during from
1991-2001. The State's literacy rate increased from 62.66% in 1991 to 73.47% in 2001.
Government
M. Karunanidhi, is the present Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu (13 May 2006-current). He
has been chief minister on and off. His political party is Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(DMK), a regional political party in the Tamil Nadu state of India. Madras State was
renamed as Tamil Nadu (Tamil for Tamil country) on January 14th, 1969. The state
legislature is a legislative assembly consisting of 235 members including one nominated
member. The Chief Minister commands most of the executive powers while the
Governor has a largely ceremonial role. The Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, like other
Chief Ministers of India, is elected by legislators of the political party or the coalition
which commands a simple majority in the legislative assembly. The tenure of the Chief
Minister extends as long as he or she enjoys the confidence of the assembly. The
President of India, acting under the recommendations of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Government of India, can dismiss an elected government using certain provisions of
Article 356 of the Constitution of India. If a vacancy occurs in the office of the Chief
Minister due to death, demitting, or dismissal, the Governor can invite another person to
form the government and request him or her to move a confidence-seeking motion in the
Assembly. In the event of no one enjoying a majority support, the Assembly is either
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dissolved or put in suspended animation and the state comes under President's rule or a
caretaker government until fresh elections are held for the assembly.
Early History
Tamil Nadu's history dates back pre-historic times and archeological evidence points to
this area being one of the longest continuous habitations in India. From early pre-history
Tamil Nadu was the home of the three famous kingdoms of the Chera, the Chola and the
Pandya. The ancient Tamil literature points to an ancient civilisation lasting since the
dawn of time.
The early Cholas reigned between the 1st and 4th centuries CE. The first and the most
famous king of this period was Karikala Chola, who expanded the Chola territories up to
Kanchipuram. The Cholas occupied the present Thanjavur and Tiruchirappali districts
and excelled in military exploits. In the height of their glory, the Chola kings had spread
their influence as far as Ceylon (Sri Lanka) in the south and hundreds of kilometers
across the northern region. The early Cholas went into decline around the third century
CE, when the Tamil country was invaded by Kalabhras who defeated the Tamil
kingdoms and ruled for almost three centuries. They were defeated and expelled in the
sixth century CE by the Pallavas in the north and the Pandyas in the south.
Modern History
European Settlements
Around 1609, the Dutch established a settlement in Pulicat. In 1639, the British, under
the British East India Company, established a settlement further south, in present day
Chennai. The British used petty quarrels among the provincial rulers (divide and conquer)
to expand their sphere of influence. The British fought and reduced the French dominions
in India to Pondicherry. They consolidated southern India into the Madras Presidency.
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 Battle scene from Sepoy        Sepoy Mutineers          Jhansi Lakshmi Bhai- A
 Mutiny against the British          1857               fierce warrior queen who
          in 1857                                      dies in one of the battles of
                                                       the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857
One of the most notable chieftains or Poligars who fought the British East India
Company as it was expanding was Veerapandya Kattabomman. The fight he launched in
Panchalankurichi has been hailed as the inspiration behind the first battle of
independence of 1857, which the British called the Sepoy Mutiny.
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The British Raj (known from 1911 as the Indian Empire) was the period during which
most of the Indian subcontinent, or present-day India, Bangladesh, Pakistan, and
Myanmar, were under the colonial authority of the British Empire (Undivided India).
When India became independent in 1947, Madras Presidency became Madras State,
comprising of present day Tamil Nadu, coastal Andhra Pradesh, northern Karnataka, and
parts of Kerala. The state was subsequently split up along linguistic lines. In 1968,
Madras State was renamed Tamil Nadu (which means Tamil Country).
Economy
Tamil Nadu’s economy expanded due to proactive reformist governments. Possessing
the fifth largest economy (2004-2005) among states in India, Tamil Nadu is also the
second most industrialised state. It ranks second in per capita income (2004-2005) among
large states. It ranks very high in foreign direct investment approvals. The State's
investment constitutes 9.12% of the total FDI in the country. Unlike many other states,
the economic resources are quite spread out, rather than concentrated in a small
industrialised area.
According to the 2001 Census, Tamil Nadu has the highest level of urbanization (43.86%)
in India, accounting for 6% of India’s total population and 9.6% of the urban population.
Tamil Nadu has a network of about 110 industrial parks and estates offering developed
plots with supporting infrastructure. Tamil Nadu is leading producer of Cement in India,
it is the home for leading cement brands in the country.
Agriculture
Tamil Nadu has historically been an agricultural state, while its advances in other fields
launched the state into competition with other areas. Even so, Tamil Nadu is a leading
producer of agricultural products in India. Tamil Nadu agriculture is heavily dependent
on the river water and Monsoon rains. At present Tamil Nadu is India's second biggest
producer of rice. The town of Namakkal is also known as the Poultry hub of India.
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Industry and Manufacturing
Many heavy engineering and manufacturing-based companies are centered in and around
the suburbs of Chennai (nicknamed, "The Detroit of Asia"). Chennai boasts the presence
of global vehicle manufacturing giants like Ford, Caterpillar, BMW and many more as
well as domestic heavyweights like MRF, TI cycles of India, Ashok Leyland, Royal
Enfield and many more. Everything from automobiles, railway coaches, battle-tanks,
tractors, motorbikes and heavy vehicles are manufactured in Tamil Nadu
Power Production
The Kalpakkam Nuclear Power Plant, Ennore Thermal Plant, Neyveli Lignite Power
Plant,Vriddachalam Ceramics and the Narimanam Natural Gas Plants are major sources
of Tamil Nadu's electricity. Tamil Nadu sources a significant proportion of its power
needs from renewable sources with Wind Power contributing over 2000 MW or over
20% of the needs. As of 2005, Tamil Nadu is one of the few Indian states with surplus
power electricity, enabling the electrical authority to sell it to neighbouring states. Tamil
Nadu ranks first nationwide in diesel-based thermal electricity generation with national
market share of over 34%.
Textile Industry
The textile industry plays a significant role in the Indian economy by providing direct
employment to an estimated 35 million people, and thereby contributing 4% of GDP and
35% of Gross Export Earnings. The textile sector contributes to 14% of the
manufacturing sector. The city of Tirupur (Coimbatore district), in Tamil Nadu is the
largest garment exporter in India and sometimes referred to as Textile valley of India.
Electronics Manufacturing
Electronics manufacturing is a growing industry in Tamil Nadu. Companies like Nokia,
Flextronics, Motorola and Foxconn have chosen Chennai as their South Asian
manufacturing hub. Products manufactured include circuit boards and cellular phone
handsets. Ericsson also has an R&D facility in Chennai.
Software Export
Chennai is the second leading software exporter in India, after Bangalore. India's largest
IT park is housed at Chennai. Chennai is a hub for e-publishing. International
corporations such as Infosys, Ford Information Technology, Verizon, Electronic Data
Systems, and many others have offices in Chennai.
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Religion
Most Tamils are Hindus, but Islam and Christianity also have a long history in Tamil
Nadu. Native Tamil Christianity was entirely replaced by European Christianity during
the 16th century, and most Tamil Christians today are either Catholic or Protestant.
Jainism was at one time a major religious force in Tamil Nadu, but it declined
substantially during the Pallava period, and there are now only a few thousand Tamil
Jains.
Ethnic Groups
In the 19th century, Western scholars proposed that Dravidian speakers were earlier
inhabitants of India than the speakers of the Indo-Aryan languages in the north of the
country. It was supposed that the generally darker-skinned Dravidians constituted a
distinct race. This notion corresponded to racial hierarchies of the time according to
which darker skinned peoples were more primitive than light-skinned whites.
Accordingly, Dravidians were envisaged as primitive early inhabitants of India who had
been partially displaced and subordinated by more advanced Aryans. However, in
modern day, Tamil Nadu, this notion of disparity is not largely prevalent. Beleievers of
countless faiths and different communities co-exist in a rich and vibrant community.
Culture
Respect and greetings are very important in Tamil society. Pressing palms together, you
say “Vanakkam”, which means “hello”. Addressing one as Sir and Ma’am, especially if
they are older, is considered the respectful. Accepting a drink and a little offering by the
host of a home, one must politely accept, even if one cannot finish the, It is considered a
host’s duty to make a guest feel very much their home. Respecting one another’s religion
is also a very important aspect of Tamilian society as this is what makes the State a
kaleidoscope of believers of different religions to live peacefully together in one
community.
Family
There are Tamils who live all around the world. Whether they live in Tamil Nadu or
South Africa, the family unit is extremely important to them. It is not uncommon to see
extended families living under one roof. Grandparents, parents and children all live
together. It is largely a patriarchal familial system. However, please do not mistake a
woman to not have any rights. Traditionally, the woman is in charge of ensuring the
efficient running of the household while the man makes a living for the family. In the
rural areas of Tamil Nadu, woman do work out on the fields and in the urban areas in
India and the rest of the world, women excel in education and workforce while being
mothers and wives, not unlike the women in the US.
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Food- The Tamil Experience
People of Tamil Nadu are more or less totally vegetarian. The reason for this is that
invaders from Persia and their meat-oriented diets never Thosais (crispy pancakes) and
idlis (steamed rice dumplings) have become enormously popular all over the country.
Mounds of rice accompany every meal, sweets are a favorite, and coffee is more popular
than tea. Alcohol is more likely to be available in non-vegetarian restaurants. Chennai
boasts of a large collection of restaurants in different flavors, price ranges and ambience.
From McDonald’s with a local spicy burger to a traditional South Indian meals with the
different condiments can be found in Tamil Nadu. There is a range of five-star
restaurants to street vendors selling savories.
Arts
Tamil civilization is one of the oldest in the world. Unique cultural features, like Tanjore,
Bharatanatyam and Tamil architecture, give Tamil Nadu a heritage to be proud of. Chola
kings conquered lands as far north as the Himalayas, and as far east as Thailand,
Cambodia, Malaysia and Indonesia. The world's oldest dam was built across the Kaveri
river in Tamil Nadu by King Karikala Chola.
Temple builders
Around 580 CE, the Pallavas, great temple builders, emerged into prominence and
dominated the south for another 150 years. The future kingdoms of the Cholas revelled in
building magnificent temples too. Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur is a classical
example of the magnificent architecture of the Chola kingdom. The power of the Cholas
declined around the 13th century and the Pandyas rose to prominence in the early 14th
century. These kingdoms produced some of the most beautiful and awe-inspiring temple
structures with the most intricate of carving and sculptures still standing today.
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Brihadisvara Temple   One of the many intricate stone carvings
                      in the temple
                      12
Literature
Tamil is a vibrant language with a long and rich literary tradition. Most of the older
works are in verse form, and prose gained popularity later. All through history, Tamil
literature has sought to inform and inspire, educate and entertain. Tamil poetry has
universal appeal as evinced by many examples. Tirukural which was written nearly two
millennia ago portrays a universal outlook. This is evident by the author, Thiruvalluvar
who had not mentioned his religion, land, and the auidence of his work. He is portrayed
as holy saint of Tamil nadu today and even for the generations to come. There is an
evidential history that the kings of olden days rolled out Tamil Sangam (Tamil
organization) to develop literature works in tamil. The Sangam headquartered in Madurai
generated lot a notable literary works. In 20th century during the freedom struggle, many
tamil poets and writers provoked national spirit, social equity, secularistic thoughts
among the common man. Some of the notable persons are Subramanya Bharathy ,
Periyar Ramasami, C. N. Annadurai, etc. Even today, Tamil nadu host potential writers
like M. Karunanidhi,Vairamuthu,Vaali, etc.
Music
The Kings of the olden days created sangams for Iyal Isai Nadagam (Dance, Music and
Drama) to express the spiritual feels and to quench the entertainment. Music plays a
major role in sangams. Music in tamil nadu had different forms across the people. In
villages where farming was a major work, the ladies who work in the feilds used to sing
kulavai songs. Even today, southern Tamil nadu has this tradition. Odhuvars, Sthanikars,
or Kattalaiyars offer short musical programmes in the temples by singing the devotional
Thevaram songs. Musicians had total reliance on divine grace. They lead the chorus in
the temple congregational prayers to the accompaniment of the Sarangi. Sarangi was in
use in the temples of Tamil Nadu till the end of the nineteenth century. Carnatic music is
the classical music of Southern India. Today, Tamil nadu is proud to have hundreds of
notable carnatic singers who spreads this music all over the world.
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Dance
The temples of India are where most of Indian art and dance forms originated. The
temple dancers or devadasis in the southern state of Tamil Nadu used to perform
Bharatha Natyam as part of the religious rituals. This dance form, which is one of the
most popular dance forms, is danced to the accompaniment of Carnatic music.
Film Industry
Tamil Nadu is also home to the large Tamil film industry, producing a huge number of
Tamil films each year. Next to Bollywood movies, Tamil movies are big budget movies.
Chennai has often been referred to as Kollywood, a conflation of Hollywood and
Kodambakkam, the section of Chennai that houses the cinema related facilities.
Kollywood is the biggest film industry in India next to Bollywood.
Martial arts
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                                 The Tamil Language
Tamil (தமிழ்) is a classical language and one of the major languages of the Dravidian
language family. Spoken predominantly by Tamils in India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, and
Singapore, it has smaller communities of speakers in many other countries, with over 74
million speakers worldwide. It is one of the official languages of India, Singapore and Sri
Lanka.
Tamil is one of the few living classical languages and has an unbroken literary tradition
of over two thousand years. The written language has changed little during this period,
with the result that classical literature is as much a part of everyday Tamil as modern
literature. Tamil school-children, for example, are still taught the alphabet using the aa-
thi-choodi, an alphabet rhyme attributed to the poet Auvaiyar who lived during the
thirteenth century CE. The name 'Tamil' is an anglicised form of the native name தமிழ்.
History of Tamil
A set of palm leaf manuscripts from the 15th century or the 16th century, containing Christian
prayers in Tamil
The Tamil alphabet is descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India. The earliest
known Tamil inscriptions date back to at least 500 BC. The oldest literary text in Tamil,
Tol-kaapiyam, was composed around 200 BC.
The alphabet is well suited to writing literary Tamil, Sentamil. However it is ill-suited to
writing colloquial Tamil, Koduntamil. During the 19th century, attempts were made to
create a written version of the colloquial spoken language. Nowadays the colloquial
written language appears mainly in school books and in passages of dialogue in fiction.
Type of writing system: syllabic alphabet
Direction of writing: left to right in horizontal lines
When they appear the the beginning of a syllable, vowels are written as independent
letters. Some of the non-standard consonant-vowel combinations are not used in official
documents. The alphabet was originally written on palm leaves. As a result, the letters are
made up mainly of curved strokes which didn't rip the leaves.
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Introducing the Tamil alphabet
Vowels and vowel diacritics
Consonants
The final column of five consonants are known as grantha letters and are used to write
consonants borrowed from Sanskrit, and also some words of English origin.
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Numerals
The numerals rarely appear in modern Tamil texts. Instead, 'Arabic' numerals (1, 2, 3,
etc.) are used.
Other symbols
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                                             Lesson 1
                                       People & Geography
                                      மக்கள் & புவியியல்
                                       Makkal & Puvi-yi-yal
     1. Listen to these simple greetings and phrases in Tamil / தமி     and repeat them after the
speaker.
Points to remember:
2. Exchange greetings with your teacher and your partner. What would you say at 7am, at 10am, at
2pm, at 5pm, and at 10pm?
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        3. Familiarize yourself with personal pronouns. Listen to the audio and repeat after the speaker.
I                                                Naan        நா
You (Formal)                                     Neengal     நங்கள்
You (Informal)                                   Nee         ந
You (plural)                                     Neengal     நங்கள்
They                                             Avargal     அவர்கள்
He (Informal)                                    Avan        அவ
She (Informal)                                   Aval        அவள்;
He or She (Formal)                               Avar        அவர்
We                                               Naangal     நாங்கள்
It (only for animals & non-living things)        Athu        அது
Notes to Remember:
The pronoun “Neengal” can be used                The pronoun “Avar” is used                 When in doubt,
in 2 ways:                                       for “he” or “she” in formal                     be
1. When addressing many people,                  situations. “Avan” (he) and                 FORMAL!
“You” (plural), “Neengal” should be              “Aval” (she) may only be used
used.                                            in informal settings with
2. When addressing a person                      regards to very familiar
formally, “Neengal” should be used.              friends.
Otherwise in informal situations with
friends, “Nee” may be used.
4. Listen to the following dialogues and repeat after the speaker. Read the dialogues in pairs.
    In the morning
    Saamy: Hello!                       Vanakkam!                      வணக்கம்!
    Ravi: Hello!                        Vanakkam.                      வணக்கம்.
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 Saamy: I am fine. And you?         Naan nalla irruk-ki-raen.       நா       நல்லா இருக்கிேற          .
                                    Neengal?
                                                                    நங்கள்?
 Ravi: Very well.                   Naan nalla irruk-ki-raen.       நல்லா இருக்கிேற             .
 Formal Visiting
 Ravi: Welcome, Saamy!              Vaanga! Vaanga! Samy!           வாங்க! வாங்க! சாமி!
 Saamy: Hi, Ravi!                   Vanakkam Ravi!                  வணக்கம் ரவி!
 Ravi: How are you, Saamy?          Eppadi irukk-rir-gal Samy?      எப்ப      இருக்கிறர்கள் சாமி?
 Saamy: Fine, thank you.         Naan nalla irruk-ki-raen.          நா       நல்லா இருக்கிேற          . நங்கள்?
           And you?                 Neengal?
 Ravi: Fine, Saamy.              Nalla irruk-ki-raen, Samy          நல்லா இருக்கிேற             சாமி.
       Please eat before you go. Saapittu poh-nga.
                                                                    சாப்பி டு ேபாங்க.
 (After the meal)
 Saamy: Thank you, Ravi.            Nandri, Ravi.                   ந       றி ரவி. ேபா     டு வேர         .
         Good night!                Poittu Var-aen!
 Ravi: Good night!                  Poittu vaanga!                  ேபா        டு வாங்க!
Points to remember:
 “Vanga, vanga” directly                    One says “Poittu Varaen-               One says “Poittu Vaanga”
 translates to “Come, come”                 inga” when leaving a home              in response to someone who
 That serves as “welcome” in                or business, which directly            initiates the farewell. It
 the Tamil sense. It is a literal           translates to “I’ll leave and          directly translates to “Go
 way of ushering a visitor                  return.” Even though there             and return.” Even if you
 pleasantly into one’s home or              may be no intention of                 know the person leaving
 business.                                  returning, it is a respectful          may not be returning, it is a
                                            way of saying ‘goodbye” in             respectful way of saying
                                            the Tamil society.                     “goodbye” to a person who
                                                                                   is leaving.
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5. Using the dialogues above as a model, compose your own similar dialogues. Work in pairs or in
   small groups.
Points to Remember:
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Name of Major Cities (clockwise)         Nagara-thin Pae-yar                    நகரத்தி          ெபயர்
Madras or Chennai                        Chennai                                ெச      ைன (மாநகரம்)
(CAPITAL CITY)                           (Maa-Nagaram)
Tanjavur                                 Tanjaa-voor                            த      சா   ர்
Kanyakumari                              Kanni-ya-ku-mari                       க      ன யா      ம
Madhurai                                 Madhu-rae                              மதுைர
Tiruchirapalli                           Thiru-chira-palli                      திரு சிராப்பள்ள
Coimbatore                               Koh-yum-bat-oor                        ேகாயம்பத்            ர்
Ooty                                     Oo-tee                                 ஊ
Dharmapuri                               Dharr-ma-puri                          தர்மபு
Tamil pronouns will determine the suffix needed to end the sentence. This suffix is attached to the verb. Each pronoun
has its own suffix. Take note of the pronoun and its corresponding suffix in Chart 1. We shall use the verb “Ohdu” which
means “Run”
     English                                                           Example
                         Tamil Pronoun           Suffix                                           “Ohdu” = “Run”
     Pronoun                                                          Verb- Run
I                      Naan                  RAEN              I am running.             Naan ohdu-gi-RAEN.
You (formal)           Neengal               IRGAL             You are running.          Neengal ohdu-gir-IRGAL
You (Informal)         Nee                   IRAI              You are running.          Nee ohdug-IRAI.
You (Plural)           Neengal               IRGAL             You are running.          Neengal ohdu-gir-IRGAL
They                   Avargal               IRAARGAL          They are running.         Avargal ohdu-girAARGAL.
She (Informal)         Aval                  RAAL              She is running.           Aval ohdu-gi-RAAL
He (Informal)          Avan                  RAAN              He is running.            Avan ohdu-gi-RAAN
He or She(Formal)      Avar                  RAAR              He or she is running.     Avar ohdu-gi-RAAR
We                     Naangal               ROHM              We are running.           Naangal ohdu-gi-ROHM
It                     Athu                  ATHU              It is running.            Athu ohdu-gir-ATHU.
Points to remember:
   In Tamil when you want to say “from,” the suffix of “il-irunthu” (யிலிருந்து) is attached to the place’s name.
   For example, “I am from India” is translated into Tamil as “Naan India-vil-irunthu varugiraen.”
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The following sentences indicate where one is from in India. Please read the following and take note of
the pronouns and the corresponding suffix. Also take note of “il-irunthu” attached to the name of the
place where the person is from.
                                                     23
2. He is an Indian. (Informal)       Avan oru Indh-iyan.                    அவ        ஒரு இந்திய          .
He is from India.                    Avan Indhi-ya-vil-irunthu              அவ        இந்தியாவிலிருந்து
                                     varu-gi-raan.
                                                                            வருகிறா         .
3. She is Indian.(Informal)          Aval oru Indhi-yan.                    அவள் ஒரு இந்திய               .
She is from Chennai.                 Aval Chennai-yil-irunthu               அவள் ெச             ைனயிலிருந்து
                                     varu-gi-raal.
                                                                            வருகிறாள்.
4. We are Indians.                   Naangal Indh-iyar-gal.                 நாங்கள் இந்தியர்கள்.
We are from India.                   Naangal Indhi-ya-vil-irunthu           நாங்கள் இந்தியாவிலிருந்து
                                     varu-gi-rohm.
                                                                            வருகிேறாம்.
5. You are an Indian. (Formal)       Neengal oru Indhi-yan.                 நங்கள் ஒரு இந்திய                 .
You are from Chennai.                Neengal Chennai-yil-irunthu            நங்கள் ெச           ைனயிலிருந்து
                                     varu-gir-ir-gal.
                                                                            வருகிறர்கள்.
6. They are Tamils.                  Avargal Thamizh-ar-gal.                அவர்கள் தமிழர்கள்.
They are from Chennai.               Avargal Chennai-yil-irunthu            அவர்கள் ெச            ைனயிலிருந்து
                                     varu-gir-aar-gal.
                                                                            வருகிறார்கள்.
7. Pretend you and your classmates are from Tamil Nadu, India. Introduce yourself and your classmates
to your friend in Tamil (தமி ). Use the model below and the map.
MODEL
                                                          24
Where are you from?              Neengal engey-irunthu              நங்கள் எங்ேக இருந்து
                                 varu-girir-gal?                    வருகிறர்கள்?
Where is he (Formal) from?       Avar engey irunthu                 அவர் எங்ேக இருந்து வருகிறார்?
                                 varu-gi-raar?
Where are they from?             Avargal engey-irunthu              அவர்கள் எங்ேக இருந்து
                                 varu-gi-rar-gal?                   வருகிறார்கள்?
     8. Listen to the following dialogues in Tamil / தமி . and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in
your workbook.
                                                    25
 4. A: Ravi is from Madhurai.              Ravi Madhu-rai-yil-irunthu       ரவி மதுைரயிலிருந்து
                                           varu-gi-raar.
                                                                            வருகிறார்.
      Where are Raani and Devi from?       Raani-yum Devi-yum engey-        ராணி     ம் ேதவி       ம் எங்ேக
                                           irunthu varu-gi-raar-gal?
                                                                            இருந்து வருகிறார்கள்?
   B: They are from Chennai.               Avargal Chennai-yil-irunthu அவர்கள்
                                           varu-gi-raar-gal.
                                                                       ெச ைனயிலிருந்து
                                                                            வருகிறார்கள்.
Points to remember:
The following questions about where one comes from can be answered with a “Yes” or “No.”
“Aa-maam” is “Yes” and “Ill-ai” is “No.” Also, note the suffix “a,” pronounced as “ah,” is added to the verb in
a question.
                                                      26
4. Is she from Chennai? (Formal) Yes.            No.
4. Avar Chennai-yil-irunthu      Aa-maam.        Ill-ai.
varu-gi-raara?
4. அவர்                          ஆமாம்.          இல்ைல.
ெச    ைனயிலிருந்து
வருகிறாரா?
                                            27
10. Read the following dialogues and role-play them.
                                                   28
                        INTRODUCTIONS / ARI-MUGAM / அறிமுகம்
                   FORMAL                                                  INFORMAL
“Ungal-udaiya Pae-yar Enna”? literally translates into   “Un-udaiya Pae-yar Enna”? literally translates into
“Your name what?”                                        “Your name what?”
“Ungal-udaiya”denotes being formal and respectful.       “Un-udaiya” is only used among very, very familiar
Please use “Ungal” in all situations to avoid            friends.
offending.                                               Please use “Ungal” in all situations to avoid
                                                         offending.
                                                       29
                 A. What is your name?                                    A. What is your name?
        உங்க ைடய ெபயர் எ ன?                                      உங்க ைடய ெபயர் எ ன?
           Ungal-udaiya pae-yar enna?                               Ungal-udaiya pae-yar enna?
Possessive Pronouns
Possessive nouns should denote respect for the person you are speaking to.
Remember to use the formal versions of “Your,” “His,” “Her,” and “Their,” in the formal way as shown in the
chart below. NOTE: “En-udaiya” is “my” in Tamil. The suffix “udaiya” is added to the possessive pronoun.
It (only for animals & non-     Athu      அது             Its             Athu-vudaiya     அது    ைடய
living things)
                                                     30
         What is her name? (Informal)                          What is his name? (Formal)
          Aval-udaiya pae-yar enna?                             Avar-udaiya pae-yar enna?
     அவ         ைடய ெபயர் எ              ன?                   அவருைடய ெபயர் எ ன?
11. Listen to the following dialogue and repeat after the speaker.
                                                     31
12. Work in pairs or in small groups. Look at the pictures and make up similar dialogues.
The following sentences indicate where one lives in India. Please read the following and take note of the
pronouns and the corresponding suffix to the verb. Also take note of “il” attached to the name of the
place where the person lives.
2. Do you (Formal) live in Chennai?         Yes. You live in Chennai.             No. You do not live in Chennai.
2. Neengal Chennai-yil vasi-kirir-          Aa-maam. Neengal Chennai-             Ill-ai. Neengal Chennai-yil vasika-
gala?                                       yil vasi-kirir-gal.                   villai.
2. நங்கள் ெச ைனயில்                         ஆமாம்.; நங்கள்                        இல்ைல. நங்கள்
வசிக்கிறர்களா?                              ெச      ைனயில்                        ெச     ைனயில்
                                            வசிக்கிறர்கள்.                        வசிக்கவில்ைல.
3. Does she (Formal) live in Chennai? Yes. She lives in Chennai.                  No. She does not live in Chennai.
3.Avar Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raara?     Aa-maam. Avar Chennai-yil                   Ill-ai. Avar Chennai-yil vasika-villai.
                                      vasi-ki-raar.
3. அவர் ெச ைனயில்                     ஆமாம். அவர்                                 இல்ைல. அவர்
வசிக்கிறாரா?                                ெச      ைனயில்                        ெச     ைனயில்
                                            வசிக்கிறார்.                          வசிக்கவில்ைல.
4. Does he (Formal) live in Chennai?        Yes. He lives in Chennai.             No. He does not live in Chennai.
4. Avar Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raara?          Aa-maam. Avar Chennai-yil             Ill-ai. Avar Chennai-yil vasika-villai.
                                            vasi-ki-raar.
                                                            33
4. அவர் ெச        ைனயில்             ஆமாம். அவர்                     இல்ைல. அவர்
வசிக்கிறாரா?                         ெச     ைனயில்                   ெச     ைனயில்
                                     வசிக்கிறார்.                    வசிக்கவில்ைல.
5. Does it live in Chennai?          Yes. It lives in Chennai.       No. It does not live in Chennai.
5. Athu Chennai-yil vasi-ki-ratha?   Aa-maam. Athu Chennai-yil       Ill-ai. Athu Chennai-yil vasika-villai.
                                     vasi-ki-rathu.
5.அது ெச       ைனயில்                ஆமாம். அது                      இல்ைல. அது
வசிக்கிறதா?                          ெச     ைனயில்                   ெச     ைனயில்
                                     வசிக்கிறது.                     வசிக்கவில்ைல.
6. Do we live in Chennai?            Yes. We live in Chennai.        No. We do not live in Chennai.
6. Naangal Chennai-yil vasi-ki-      Aa-maam. Naangal Chennai-       Ill-ai. Naangal Chennai-yil vasika-
rohma?                               yil vasi-ki-rohm.               villai.
                                                    34
      13. Listen to the following statements and repeat after the speaker.
                                                    35
     14. Read the following sentences. Translate them into English. Check your work with the answer
         key.
      15. Listen to the following dialogue and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in your workbook.
Make up a similar dialogue. Work in pairs or in small groups. Check the answer key for an English
translation.
A     Vanakkam!                                வணக்கம்!
B.    Vaanga! Vaanga!                          வாங்க! வாங்க!
A. En-udaiya pae-yar Saamy.                    எ     ைடய ெபயர் சாமி.
B. En-udaiya pae-yar Raani.                    எ     ைடய ெபயர் ராணி.
A. Naan Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raen.              நா   ெச        ைனயில் வசிக்கிேற        . நங்கள் எங்ேக
   Neengal engey vasi-ki-rir-gal?
                                               வசிக்கிறர்கள்?
B.    Naan Tanja-voor-il vasi-ki-raen.         நா   த        சா    ல் வசிக்கிேற   .
16. Imagine that you are new to the class. Ask your partner about the rest of the students (their names
and where they live). Use the model below. Work in pairs or in small groups. Check the answer key for
an English translation of the model.
                                                        36
 அவருைடய ெபயர் எ               ன?                Avar-udaiya pae-yar enna?
 அவருைடய ெபயர் K.ரவி.                            Avar-udaiya pae-yar K.Ravi.
 அவர் எங்ேக வசிக்கிறார்?                         Avar engey vasi-ki-raar?
 அவர் ெச       ைனயில் வசிக்கிறார்.               Avar Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raar.
17. What is the question? Read the answers below and reproduce the questions in Tamil.
Q1.                                                   Q1.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A1. Illai. Naan Chennai-yil-irunthu varu-gi-raen.     இல்ைல. நா        ெச ைனயிலிருந்து
                                                      வருகிேற .
Q2.                                                   Q2.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A2. Aa-maam. Naan Chennai-yil vasiki-raen.            ஆமாம். நா       ெச ைனயில்
                                                      வசிக்கிேற          .
Q3.
_________________________________________?
A3. Aa-mam. Avar Chennai-yil-irunthu varu-gi-raar.    ஆமாம். அவர் ெச              ைனயிலிருந்து
                                                      வருகிறார்.
Q4.                                                   Q4.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A4. Aa-mam. Avar Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raar.            ஆமாம். அவர் ெச ைனயில்
                                                      வசிக்கிறார்.
Q5.                                                   Q5.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A5. Illai. Avar Tanja-vooril-irunthu varu-gi-raar.    இல்ைல. அவர் த சா             லிருந்து
                                                      வருகிறார்.
Q6.                                                   Q6.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A6. Aa-mam, en-udaiya pae-yar Ravi.                   ஆமாம். எ       ைடய ெபயர் ரவி.
Q7.                                                   Q7.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A7. Illai. Avar-udaiya pae-yar Thiru Ravi.            இல்ைல. அவருைடய ெபயர் ரவி.
Q8.                                                   Q8.
_________________________________________?            _________________________________________?
A8. Aa-maam. Naan Chennai-yil-irunthu varu-gi-        ஆமாம். நா       ெச ைனயிலிருந்து
raen.
                                                      வருகிேற        .
                                                     37
              End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Read the following sentences and translate them from English into Tamil.
2. Pretend that you are at a party. Introduce yourself to other people and ask them their names, where
they are from, and where they live. Work in pairs or in small groups. Use the model below.
 Model:
 A. வணக்கம்! எ             ைடய ெபயர் ரவி.                      A.Vanakkam, En-udaiya paeyar Ravi. Ungal-
                                                               udaiya paeyar enna?
 உங்க         ைடய ெபயர் எ         ன?
 B. . வணக்கம். எ            ைடய ெபயர் ராணி.                    B.Vanakkam En-udaiya pae-yar Raani.
 A. நா         இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வருகிேற               .       A.Naan India-vil-irunthu varu-gi-raen. Neengal
                                                               engey irunthu varu-girir-gal?
 நங்கள் எங்ேக இருந்து வருகிறர்கள்?
 B. நா        தமி    நா      லிருந்து வருகிேற              .   B.Naan Tamil Naatil-irunthu varu-gi-raen.
 A. .    நா     மதுைரயில் வசிக்கிேற                .           A. Naan Madhurai-yil vasi-ki-raen. Neengal
                                                               engey vasiki-rir-gal?
 நங்கள் எங்ேக வசிக்கிறர்கள் ?
 B. நா        ெச    ைனயில் வசிக்கிேற               .           B. Naan Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raen.
                                                       38
3. Introduce your friend to your classmates. Use the model below.
Model:
அவருைடய ெபயர் ராமு.                                    Avar-udaiya paeyar Raamu.
 அவர் இந்தியாவிலிருந்து வருகிறார்.                     Avar India-vil-irunthu varu-gi-raar.
 அவர் ஒரு       இந்திய      .                          Avar oru Indian.
 அவர் ெச      ைனயில் வசிக்கிறார்.                      Avar Chennai-yil vasi-ki-raar.
                                                  39
Vocabulary List
Hello/ Hi                     Vanakkam                                 வணக்கம்
Good morning/afternoon        Vanakkam                                 வணக்கம்
Good evening/night            Vanakkam                                 வணக்கம்
Welcome                       Vaanga Vaanga                            வாங்க வாங்க
How are you?                  Eppadi irukki-rir-gal?                   எப்ப       இருக்கிறர்கள்?
Fine/ very well. You?         Naan nalla irruk-ki-raen. Neengal?       நா        நல்லா இருக்கிேற   .
                                                                       நங்கள்?
Thank you                     Nandri                                   ந    றி
My name is …                  En-udaiya paeyar........                 எ         ைடய ெபயர்
I                             Naan                                     நா
You (Formal)                  Neengal                                  நங்கள்
You (Informal)                Nee                                      ந
You (plural)                  Neengal                                  நங்கள்
They                          Avargal                                  அவர்கள்
He (Informal)                 Avan                                     அவ
She (Informal)                Aval                                     அவள்;
He or She (Formal)            Avar                                     அவர்
We                            Naangal                                  நாங்கள்
It (only for animals & non-   Athu                                     அது
living things)
Where are you from?           Neengal engey irunthu varu-gi-rir-gal?   நங்கள் எங்ேக இருந்து
                                                                       வருகிறர்கள்?
What is your name?            Ungal-udaiya pae-yar enna?               உங்க       ைடய ெபயர் எ      ன?
                                                     40
ANSWER KEY
14.
15.
                                                       41
 16.
17.
6. Is your name Ravi?          Ungal-udaiya pae-yar Ravi-ya?           உங்க    ைடய ெபயர் ரவியா?
   Yes, my name is Ravi.       Aa-mam, en-udaiya pae-yar Ravi.         ஆமாம். எ             ைடய ெபயர் ரவி.
                                                      42
7. Is his name Mr Ramu?         Avar-udaiya Pae-yar Thiru Ramu-va?       அவருைடய ெபயர் திரு ராமுவா?
    No. His name is Mr          Illai. Avar-udaiya pae-yar Thiru Ravi.   இல்ைல. அவருைடய ெபயர் திரு
Ravi.                                                                    ரவி.
End of Lesson
1.
 A. My name is Ravi. I am from           En-udaiya pae-yar Ravi. Naan           எ         ைடய ெபயர் ரவி.
 Chennai.                                Chennai-yil-irunthu
                                         varu-gi-raen.                          நா
                                                                                ெச    ைனயிலிருந்து
                                                                                வருகிேற         .
 B. Do you live in Chennai? Yes.         Neengal Chennai-yil                    நங்கள் ெச           ைனயில்
                                         vasi-kirir-gala? Aamam.
                                                                                வசிக்கிறர்களா?
                                                                                ஆமாம்.
 C. His name is Saamy. He lives in       Avar-udaiya pae-yar Saamy. Avar        அவருைடய ெபயர் சாமி.
 Madhurai.                               Madhurai-yil vasi-ki-raar.
                                                                                அவர் மதுைரயில்
                                                                                வசிக்கிறார்.
                                                        43
G. Her name is Kavitha. She lives in   Avar-udaiya paeyar Kavitha. Avar   அவருைடய ெபயர்
Madhurai.                              Madhurai-yil vasi-ki-raar.
                                                                          கவிதா. அவர்
                                                                          மதுைரயில் வசிக்கிறார்.
H. What is your name? My name is       Ungal-udaiya paeyar enna?          உங்க   ைடய ெபயர்
Ravi.
                                       En-udaiya paeyar Ravi.             எ   ன? எ      ைடய
                                                                          ெபயர் ரவி.
                                                   44
                                                 Lesson 2
                                            Living & Working
                                       வாழ்க்ைகயும் ெதாழிலும்
                                        Vaazhkai-yum Thozhil-um
House / வடு
         ீ / Veedu
Tamil Nadu is home to about 60 million people, according to a 2001 census. Its diverse economy ranges from
traditional village farming to modern agriculture, a wide range of modern industries, and a multitude of
services. Despite impressive gains in economic investment and output, there are still problems of massive
overpopulation, environmental degradation and extensive poverty. Over half the population lives in rural areas.
Some smaller cities and villages are equipped with modern amenities such as running water and electricity. A
large population live in huts (Kudisai / டிைச) while countless live in overcrowded housing environments in
the cities.
                                                          45
      1. Look at the pictures below and listen to the words. Repeat the words after the speaker.
2. Match the தமிழ் words on the left with their English equivalents on the right. Replay the audio from
the previous section if necessary.
                                                   46
3. Read the following sentences and translate them into English. Check your work with the answer key.
     4. Listen to the following dialogues and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in your workbook.
Then, make up similar dialogues. Work in pairs or in small groups.
 1. A. I live in a big house. Where do you live?               B. I live in a tent in a military camp.
 Naan oru periya veetil vasi-ki-raen. Neengal engey vasi-ki-   Naan raanuva mugaam-il oru koodaarath-il
 rir-gal?                                                      vasi-ki-raen.
 நா ஒரு ெப ய வட்டில்       ீ       வசிக்கிேற . நீஙகள்          நா இராணுவ                காமில் ஒரு
 எ    ேக வசிக்கிறீர்கள்?                                       ௬டாரத்தில் வசிக்கிேற            .
 2. A Ravi lives in the hotel. Where does Rani live?           B. Rani lives in an apartment.
 Ravi oru hott-al-il vasi-ki-raar. Rani engey vasi-ki-raar?    Rani oru Adakku-maadi veet-il vasi-ki-raar.
 ரவி ஒரு ேஹாட்டலில் வசிக்கிறார். ராணி                          ராணி ஒரு அடுக் மாடி வட்டில்      ீ
 எ    ேக வசிக்கிறார்?                                          வசிக்கிறார்.
                                                        47
 3. A. We live in the barracks.                                  B.   They live in the military camp.
 Where do Saamy and Devi live?
 Naangal raanuva veerar vasikkum ida–thil vasi-ki-rohm.          Avargal raanu-va mu-gaam-il vasi-ki-raar-gal.
 Saamy-yum Davi-yum engey vasi-ki-raar-gal?
 நா கள் இராணுவ வரர்         ீ வசிக் ம் இடத்தில்                  அவர்கள் இராணுவ                  காமில்
 வசிக்கிேறாம். சாமியும் ேதவியும் எ                ேக             வசிக்கிறார்கள்.
 வசிக்கிறார்கள்?
Do you live in the barracks?        Neengal raanuva veerar vasikkum          நீ   கள் இராணுவ வரர்
                                                                                              ீ
                                    ida–thil vasi-ki-rir-gala?
                                                                             வசிக்     ம் இடத்தில்
                                                                             வசிக்கிறீர்களா?
Do you live in the military camp?   Neengal raanu-va mu-gaam-il vasi-        நீ   கள் இராணுவ
                                    ki-rir-gala?
                                                                                  காமில் வசிக்கிறீர்களா?
These 2 questions can be joined into the one below using: “Or” = “அல்லது” (“Allathu”)
Do you live in the barracks or in   Neengal raanuva veerar vasikkum          நீ   கள் இராணுவ வரர்
                                                                                              ீ
the military camp?                  ida–thil allathu raanu-va mu-gaam-
                                    il vasi-ki-rir-gala ?                    வசிக்     ம் இடத்தில் அல்லது
                                                                             இராணுவ              காமில்
                                                                             வசிக்கிறீர்களா?
    5. Read the following dialogues and translate them into English. Check your translations with the
       answer key. Make up similar dialogues using the words below. Work in pairs or in small groups.
2. A. அவர்கள் ஒரு ேஹாட்டலில் அல்லது                         2. A. Avargal oru Ho-ttal-il allathu oru adukku-
                                                            maadi katta-dath-il vasi-ki-raar-gala?
அடுக்      -மாடி கட்டடத்தில்
வசிக்கிறார்களா?
                                                       48
     B. அவர்கள் ஒரு அடுக்           -மாடி                      B. Avargal oru adukku-maadi katta-dath-il vasi-
                                                            ki-raar-gal.
கட்டடத்தில் வசிக்கிறார்கள்.
6. Compose choice questions in தமிழ் using the model and the words below. Check your work with the
answer key. The first one is done for you as the model.
(Don’t forget to add “il” for “in” as instructed in chapter 1. For example: in tent = koodaaram+il =
koodaarathil)
Model:
நீ கள் ௬டாரத்தில் அல்லது இராணுவ வரர்
                                 ீ வசிக்                    ம் இடத்தில் வசிக்கிறீர்களா?
Neengal koodarathil allathu raanuva veerar vasikkum ida–thil vasi-ki-rir-gala ?
7. Listen to the speaker and circle the words you hear. Check your work with the answer key.
 1.   barracks             tent
 2.   house                apartment building
 3.   military camp        room
 4.   apartment            hotel
To say:
1. “I have,” you say “En-ukku irukirathu” which literally translates to “For me, there is.”
2. “You have,” you say “ungal-ukku irukirathu” which literally translates to “For you, there is.”
3. “Ravi has,” you say “Ravi-ku iruki-rathu” which literally translates to “For Ravi, there is.”
4. “Ravi and Rani have,” you say “Ravi-kum Rani-kum iruki-rathu” which literally translates to “For Ravi and
Devi, there is.”
“ukku” added to the corresponding possessive pronoun such as “En” (My) and “Ungal” (your).
“Irrukirathu” literally translates to “There is” and stays in the same form to end the sentence.
Therefore to say,
“I have a house,” we say “En-ukku oru veedu irukkirathu.” This literally translates to “For me a house there is.”
                                                       49
           Please take note of the following possessive pronouns with the suffix “ukku.”
8. Listen to the following sentences and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in your workbook.
                                                        50
9. Make up sentences using the correct form of the verb “to have.”
Model:
எனக்      ஒரு அடுக்        -மாடி வடு
                                  ீ இருக்கிறது. En-ukku oru adukku-maadi veedu irukirathu.
எனக்         / En-ukku
உ    க       க்      / Ungal-ukku                                          ஒரு வடு
                                                                                ீ / oru veedu
அவருக்              / Avar-ukku
எ   க     க்         / Engal-ukku               இருக்கிறது                 ஒரு அடுக் மாடி வடு     ீ /
                                                 irukirathu                oru adukku-maadi veedu
உ    க       க்      / Ungal-ukku
அவர்க          க்     / Avargal-ukku                                       ஒரு அைற / oru arai
அதுக்        / Athu-ku
Occupation(work) / ேவைல / Velai
According to the 2001 Census, Tamil Nadu has the highest level of urbanization (43.86%) in India, accounting
for 6% of India’s total population and 9.6% of the urban population. Tamil Nadu has a network of about 110
industrial parks and estates offering developed plots with supporting infrastructure. It has historically been an
agricultural state, but its advances in other fields has launched the state into competition with other Indian states
and the rest of the world. Tamil Nadu is a leading producer of agricultural products in India. Therefore, there
are a variety of occupations from the world’s leading physicians and IT professionals, to farmers carrying on the
ancient tradition of agriculture and fishing, and anything in between. This represents the co-existence of the
ancient and the modern and the kaleidoscope of occupations is endless.
     10. Listen to the new vocabulary related to some professions in Tamil Nadu and repeat after the
speaker.
                                                         51
Farmer              Vivasaayi               விவசாயி
Policeman           Kaavalkaarar            காவல்காரர்
Weaver              Nesavaalar              ெநசவாளர்
Interpreter         Mozhi paeyar-paalar     ெமாழி ெபயர் பாளர்
Fisherman           Meenavar                மனவர்
11. Circle the more likely profession of the two choices under the photo.
                                                   52
12. Match the தமிழ் words on the right with their English equivalents on the left. Check your work with
the answer key.
Grammar Notes
People who have a specific profession can be called by their profession. Some words are like compound words,
with the name of the profession included.
                                                      53
     13. Listen to the plural form of nouns related to the names of professions, and repeat after the
speaker.
 Singular                        Plural
 Profession                      Professions
 Tho-zhil                        Tho-zhilgal
 ெதாழில்                         ெதாழில்கள்
 Doctor                          Doctors
 Maruthu-var                     Maruthu-vargal
 மருத்துவர்                      மருத்துவர்கள்
 Nurse                           Nurses
 Thaathi                         Thaathiyaargal
 தாதி                            தாதியார்கள்
 Laborer                         Laborers
 Tho-zhil-aarar                  Tho-zhil-aarargal
 ெதாழிலாளர்                      ெதாழிலாளர்கள்
 Teacher                         Teachers
 Aasiriyar                       Aasiriyargal
 ஆசி யர்                         ஆசி யர்கள்
 Student                         Students
 Maanavar                        Maanavargal
 மாணவர்                          மாணவர்கள்
 Soldier                         Soldiers
 Raanuva Veerar                  Raanuva Veerargal
 இராணுவ வரர்
         ீ                       இராணுவ வரர்கள்
                                         ீ
 Tailor / seamstress             Tailors / seamstresses
 Thaiyar-kaarar                  Thaiyar-kaarargal
 ைதயற்காரர்                      ைதயற்காரர்கள்
 Farmer                          Farmers
 Vivasaayi                       Vivasaayigal
 விவசாயி                         விவசாயிகள்
 Police officer                  Police officers
 Kaavalkaarar                    Kaavalkaarargal
 காவல்காரர்                      காவல்காரர்கள்
 Weaver                          Weavers
 Nesavaalar                      Nesavaalargal
 ெநசவாளர்                        ெநசவாளர்கள்
 Interpreter                     Interpreters
 Mozhi paeyar-paalar             Mozhi paeyar-paalargal
 ெமாழி ெபயர் பாளர்               ெமாழி ெபயர் பாளர்கள்
                                                     54
 Fisherman                            Fishermen
 Meenavar                             Meenavargal
 மனவர்                                மனவர்கள்
     14. Listen to the speaker and put a circle around each word you hear. Replay the audio as many
times as you need. Check your answers with the answer key.
A. He is a mechanic / farmer.
                                                    55
            End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Give a brief introduction of yourself, listing your name, where you are from, where you live, and what
your occupation is in தமிழ்..
Model:
எ        ைடய ெபயர் ரவி.        நா     ஒரு இ திய          .   நா   இ தியாவிலிரு து வருகிேற           .
En-udaiya pae-yar Ravi. Naan oru Indiyan. Naan Indiyavil-irunthu varugiraen.
     2. Listen to the recording and circle all the professions you hear. Check your work with the
answer key.
 A.      1. waitress
         2. police officer
         3. interpreter
 B.      1. nurse
         2. teacher
         3. farmer
 C.      1. doctor
         2. nurse
         3. student
1.Q                                           1.Q
____________________________________________? ____________________________________________?
எ      ைடய ெபயர் ரவி.                         En-udaiya pae-yar Ravi.
2.Q                                           2.Q
____________________________________________? ____________________________________________?
நா    இ தியாவிலிரு து வருகிேற .               Naan Indiyavil-irunthu varugiraen.
                                                    56
3Q                                            3Q
____________________________________________? ____________________________________________?
 ஆமாம், நா      ெச ைனயில்                     Amaam, naan Chennai-yil vasikiraen.
வசிக்கிேற     .
4Q                                            4Q
____________________________________________? ____________________________________________?
 நா    ஒரு வட்டில்
               ீ      வசிக்கவில்ைல.           Naan oru veetil vasikka-villai. En-uku oru adukku-
                                              maadi veedu irukirathu.
எனக்     ஒரு அடுக் மாடி வடு    ீ
இருக்கிறது.
5Q                                            5Q
____________________________________________? ____________________________________________?
   ஆமாம், நா      ஒரு மருத்துவர் .            Amaam, naan oru maruthuvar.
                                              57
Vocabulary List
 Apartment             Adakku-maadi veedu                அடுக்    -மாடி வடு
                                                                         ீ
 Apartment building    Adakku-Maadi katta-dam            அடுக்    -மாடி கட்டடம்
 Barracks              Raanuva veer-rar vasikkum idam.   இராணுவ வரர்
                                                                 ீ   வசிக்               ம் இடம்
 Military camp         Raanu-va mu-gaam                  இராணுவ              காம்
 House                 Veedu                             வடு
                                                          ீ
 Tent                  Koodaaram                         ௬டாரம்
 Room                  Arai                              அைற
 Big                   Periya                            ெப ய
 Small                 Chinna                            சி   ன
 Profession            Tho-zhil                          ெதாழில்
 Doctor                Maruthu-var                       மருத்துவர்
 Nurse                 Thaathi                           தாதி
 Laborer (Odd job)     Tho-zhil-aarar                    ெதாழிலாளர்
 Teacher               Aasiriyar                         ஆசி யர்
 Student               Maanavar                          மாணவர்
 Soldier               Raanuva veerar                    இராணுவ வரர்
                                                                 ீ
 Tailor / seamstress   Thaiyar-kaarar                    ைதயற்காரர்
 Farmer                Vivasaayi                         விவசாயி
 Policeman             Kaavalkaarar                      காவல்காரர்
 Weaver                Nesavaalar                        ெநசவாளர்
 Interpreter           Mozhi paeyar-paalar               ெமாழி ெபயர் பாளர்
 Fisherman             Meenavar                          மனவர்
 I have                En-ukku irukirathu                எனக்      இருக்கிறது
 You have              Ungal-ukku irukirathu             உ    க   க்        இருக்கிறது
 He/she has            Avar-ukku irukirathu              அவருக்         இருக்கிறது
 We have               Engal-ukku irukirathu             எ    க   க்        இருக்கிறது
 You (plural) have     Ungal-ukku irukirathu             உ    க   க்        இருக்கிறது
 They have             Avargal-ukku irukirathu           அவர்க         க்    இருக்கிறது
 It has                Athu-ku irukirathu                அதுக்     இருக்கிறது
                                                 58
ANSWER KEY
 3
                                                        59
Do they live in a hotel or a house?
அவர்கள் ேஹாட்டலில் அல்லது வட்டில்                  ீ    வசிக்கிறார்களா?
Avargal hottal-il allathu veet-il vasi-ki-raar-gala ?
Does he live in an apartment building or a military camp?
அவர் அடுக் -மாடி கட்டடத்தில் அல்லது இராணுவ                           காமில் வசிக்கிறாரா?
Avar adukku-maadi kattadathil allathu raanuva mugamil vasi-ki-raara?
Does she live in a room or a house?
அவர் அைறயில் அல்லது வட்டில்               ீ       வசிக்கிறாரா?
Avar arai-yil allathu veetil vasi-ki-raara?
Do we live in an apartment or a hotel?
நா கள் அடுக் -மாடி வட்டில்          ீ        அல்லது ேஹாட்டலில் வசிக்கிேறாமா?
Naangal adukku-maadi veetil allathu Hottal-il vasi-ki-rohma?
1. tent
௬டாரம் Koodaaram
2. house
வடு ீ   Veedu
3. military camp
இராணுவ           காம் Raanu-va Mu-gaam
4. hotel
ேஹாட்டல் Ho-ttal
12
                                              60
14
                                                61
                                     Lesson 3
                         Days of the Week, Numbers & Age
                           கிழைம, எண் & வயது
                            Kizhamai, Enn & Vayathu
                                      NAMES OF DAYS
Day is known as “நா ” (Naal) and the plural form, “days” is known as “நாட்க ” (Naatkal).
Each day of the week has a name and this is what appears on calendars. However, when
referring to a particular day in a sentence (Ex: "On Sunday, we..."), the suffix கிழைம
(Kizhamai) is added to the day's name. This form of the day is more often used in conversations
and dialogues than the names of the day itself. Below are the names of the days followed by the
names with the suffix of “கிழைம”.
                                              62
                1. Listen to the days of the week and repeat them after the speaker.
        Read the days of the week several times, practicing pronunciation. Replay the audio if
        necessary.
              2. Listen to the following dialogues and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in the
        workbook. Role-play the dialogues using the names of the other days of the week. Work in
        pairs or in small groups.
                                                          63
      Number / எண் / Enn
      In Tamil, there are specific names for numbers when one speaks. One writes the numbers
      in the common Arabic form, which is “1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.........” The numbers, as spoken in
      Tamil, are shown in the table below.
  0        1          2           3          4         5         6      7         8         9           10
  ஜ்யம் ஒன்று இரண்டு    ன்று நான்கு ஐந்து ஆறு                          ஏழு      எட்டு ஒன்பது பத்து
Poojiyum Ondru Irandu Moondru Naangu Ainthu Aaru                      Eh-zhu     Ettu  Ohn-  Pathu
                                                                                       badhu
      4. Practice using the numbers. Work with a partner and tell them in தமிழ் your home
      and work telephone numbers, address numbers, etc.
      6. Role-play the dialogue with a partner using exercise 5 as a model. Pretend one of you is
      a receptionist who wants to know your name, your telephone number, and your house
      number. Ask each other questions and use as many numbers in your answers as you can.
                                                  64
           7. Listen to the sentences and write down the missing numbers you hear. Check
      your work with the answer key.
      Model:
      என்னுைடய ெதாைலேபசி எண் ஐந்து -ஆறு –ஏழு – எட்டு - நான்கு.
      En-udaiya thulai-pesi enn ainthu- aaru- ehzhu- ettu- naangu.
Numbers 11 to 19
      Between the numbers of 11-19, with the exception of 12 and 19, just add “pathi” (பதி) to
      the numbers. Note the different way of saying “12” and “19.”
8. Listen as the speaker says the numbers 11 to 19. Repeat after the speaker.
                                                  65
9. Read the following numbers in the தமிழ்:
Numbers 20 to 29
20 is “Irubathu” (இருபது).
To say “Twenty-.....,” you add: “Irubathi-...” (இருபத்தி- ...) to the single digit.
1. என்னுைடய ெபய            ரவி.       நான் ெசன்ைனயி            வசி கிேறன். நான் ஒரு மருத்துவ .
என கு ஒரு வடு
           ீ இரு கிறது. என்னுைடய வட்டு
                                   ீ   எண் இருபத்தி-ஒன்று.
En-udaiya paeyar Ravi. Naan Chennaiyil vasikiraen. Naan oru maruthuvaar. Enuku oru veedu
irukirathu. En-udaiya veetu enn Irubathi- Ondru.
2.   ராமு   ஒரு    இரா     வ    வரீ .       அவ        ஒரு    அடு குமா    கட்டடத்தி    வசி கிறா .
அவருைடய வட்டு
          ீ   எண் இருபத்தி- ஐந்து.
Raamu oru raanuva veerar. Avar oru adukku-maadi kattadathil vasikiraar. Avar-udaiya veetu enn
Irubathi- Ainthu.
3. அவருைடய ெபய             கவிதா. அவ         ஒரு ஆசி ய .          அவ    ஒரு வட்
                                                                              ீ       வசி கிறா .
அவருைடய வட்டு
          ீ   எண் பதினாறு.
Avarudaiya paeyar Kavitha. Avar oru aasiriyar. Avar oru veetil vasikiraar. Avarudaiya veetu enn
Pathi-naaru.
4. ேதவி கும் சாமி கும் த          சா        ஒரு வடு
                                                 ீ இரு கிறது.           அவ க   ைடய வட்டு
                                                                                     ீ   எண்
பதினான்கு.
Devi-kum Saamy-kum Tanjavooril oru veedu irukirathu. Avargaludaiya veetu enn pathi-naangu.
                                                 66
                11. Listen to the speaker and circle the number you hear in each row.
           A.     1   -     10   -   21
           B.     2   -     12   -   22
           C.     3   -     13   -   23
           D.     4   -     14   -   24
           E.     5   -     15   -   25
           F.     6   -     16   -   26
           G.     7   -     17   -   27
           H.     8   -     18   -   28
           I.     9   -     19   -   29
Numbers 30-100
           Below are the names of the numbers in tens from 30 – 100. The form changes when you
           want to say, for example, 35. 30 is “Muppathu” and 35 is “Muppathi-Ainthu.” 30 or
           “Muppathu” changes form to “Muppathi-ainthu” when one wants to say 35. The ways the
           forms change are also illustrated in the chart below using the examples of 35, 45, 55, etc.
12. Listen to the next set of numbers. Repeat after the speaker.
    TENS                                                TENS +
                                                       (5/Ainthu/
                                                        ஐந்து )
30 thirty          Mup-pathu         மு பது         35 thirty-five    muppathi-ainthu     மு பத்தி-ஐந்து
40 forty           Naap-pathu        நா பது         45 forty-five     naapathi-ainthu     நா பத்தி-ஐந்து
50 fifty           Aim-pathu         ஐம்பது         55 fifty-five     aimbathi-ainthu     ஐம்பத்தி-ஐந்து
60 sixty           Arru-pa-thu       ஆறுபது         65 sixty-five     aruvathi-ainthu     அறுவத்தி-ஐந்து
70 seventy         Ehzhu-pa-thu      எழுபது         75 seventy-five   ehzhuvathi-ainthu   எழுவத்தி-ஐந்து
80 eighty          En-pa-thu         எண்பது         85 eighty-five    enbathi-ainthu      எண்பத்தி-ஐந்து
90 ninety                            ெதாண்          95 ninety-five    thonootri-ainthu    ெதாண்           றி-
                   Thon-noo-ru
                                     று                                                   ஐந்து
100 one
                   Noo-ru                 று
                                                    105 one hundred nootri-ainthu              றி-ஐந்து
hundred                                             five
                                                       67
13. Read the following numbers in the தமிழ் Language.
30, 31, 40, 42, 50, 53, 60, 64, 70, 75, 80, 86, 90, 97, 100.
In Tamil we say, “Ungal-udaiya vayathu enna?” which literally translates to “Your age
what?”
It is not considered a real taboo to ask someone their age. It depends on whether the
person is particular about it or not. If the need arises to know one’s age, please be formal
as illustrated in the sample conversations below.
14. Listen to several short exchanges asking about ages. Repeat after the speaker.
                                             68
   B. Yes, I am 21.          Aamaam, En-udaiya vayathu       அமாம், என்னுைடய
                             irubathi-ondru.
                                                             வயது இருபத்தி-
                                                             ஒன்று.
 6. A. What is your age?     Ungal-udaiya vayathu enna?      உ    க    ைடய வயது
                                                             என்ன?
   B. I am 47.               En-udaiya vayathu naapathi-     என்னுைடய வயது
                             ehzhu.
                                                             நா பத்தி-ஏழு.
15. Tell your classmates in தமிழ் how old you are and ask them about their age.
16. Listen and match the age with the name. Check your work with the answer key.
கவிதா/ Kavitha                    11
முத்து/ Muthu                     52
சாமி/ Saamy                       43
நவன்/
  ீ Navin                         29
ராமு/ Ramu                        72
                                           69
        End-of-Lesson Tasks
      1. Listen to the following statements in தமிழ். Answer the questions for each
statement. Pause or replay the audio as necessary until you understand the relevant
information.
Statement 1
Statement 2
Statement 3
                                            70
Vocabulary List
Day                     Naal                                 நா
Today                   Indru                                இன்று
Yesterday               Neh-tru                              ேந று
Tomorrow                Naalai                               நாைள
Year                    Varusham / varudam                   வருஷம் / வருடம்
Sunday                  Nyaayitru-kizhamai                   ஞாயி று கிழைம
Monday                  Thingat-kizhamai                     தி    கட்கிழைம
Tuesday                 Sevvaai-kizhamai                     ெச     வா       கிழைம
Wednesday               Budhan-kizhamai                       தன்கிழைம
Thursday                Vyaazha-kizhamai                     வியாழ கிழைம
Friday                  Velli-kizhamai                       ெவ        ள   கிழைம
Saturday                Sani-kizhamai                        சன        கிழைம
Telephone               Tholai-paesi                         ெதாைலேபசி
Number                  Enn                                  எண்
Age                     Vayathu                              வயது
How old are you?        Ungal-udaiya vayathu enna?           உ     க       ைடய வயது
                                                             என்ன?
What day is it today?   Indru naal enna?                     இன்று நா          என்ன?
Today is Monday.        Indru Thingat-kizhamai.              இன்று தி       கட்கிழைம.
I am 25 years old.      En-udaiya vayathu irubathi-ainthu.   என்னுைடய வயது
                                                             இருபத்தி-ஐந்து.
0     zero              Poojiyum                              ஜ்யம்
1     one               Ondru                                ஒன்று
2     two               Irandu                               இரண்டு
3     three             Moondru                                   ன்று
4     four              Naangu                               நான்கு
5     five              Ainthu                               ஐந்து
6     six               Aaru                                 ஆறு
7     seven             Eh-zhu                               ஏழு
                                           71
8   eight            Ettu                     எட்டு
9   nine             Ohn-badhu                ஒன்பது
10 ten               Pathu                    பத்து
11 eleven            Pa-thi-nondru            பதிெனான்று
12 twelve            Pan-nan-du               பன ரண்டு
13 thirteen          Pa-thi-moondru           பதி     ன்று
14 fourteen          Pa-thi-naangu            பதினான்கு
15 fifteen           Pa-thi-nainthu           பதிைனந்து
16 sixteen           Pa-thi-naa-ru            பதினாறு
17 seventeen         Pa-thi-nehzhu            பதிேனழு
18 eighteen          Pa-thi-nettu             பதிெனட்டு
19 nineteen          Path-onbadhu             பத்ெதான்பது
20 twenty            Irubathu                 இருபது
21 twenty-one        Irubathi- ondru          இருபத்தி- ஒன்று
22 twenty-two        Irubathi- irandu         இருபத்தி- இரண்டு
23 twenty-three      Irubathi- moondru        இருபத்தி-        ன்று
24 twenty-four       Irubathi- naangu         இருபத்தி- நான்கு
25 twenty-five       Irubathi- ainthu         இருபத்தி- ஐந்து
26 twenty-six        Irubathi- aaru           இருபத்தி- ஆறு
27 twenty-seven      Irubathi- Eh-zhu         இருபத்தி- ஏழு
28 twenty-eight      Irubathi- ettu           இருபத்தி- எட்டு
29 twenty-nine       Irubathi- Ohn-badhu      இருபத்தி- ஒன்பது
30 thirty            Mup-pathu                மு பது
40 forty             Naap-pathu               நா பது
50 fifty             Aim-pathu                ஐம்பது
60 sixty             Arru-pa-thu              ஆறுபது
70 seventy           Ehzhu-pa-thu             எழுபது
80 eighty            En-pa-thu                எண்பது
90 ninety            Thon-noo-ru              ெதாண்       று
100 one hundred      Noo-ru                     று
TENS +
(5/Ainthu/ ஐந்து )
35 thirty-five       Muppathi-ainthu          மு பத்தி-ஐந்து
                                         72
45 forty-five          Naapathi-ainthu          நா பத்தி-ஐந்து
55 fifty-five          Aimbathi-ainthu          ஐம்பத்தி-ஐந்து
65 sixty-five          Aruvathi-ainthu          அறுபத்தி-ஐந்து
75 seventy-five        Ehzhuvathi-ainthu        எழுவத்தி-ஐந்து
85 eighty-five         Enpathi-ainthu           எண்பத்தி-ஐந்து
95 ninety-five         Thonootri-ainthu         ெதாண்      றி-ஐந்து
105 one-hundred five   Nootri-ainthu               றி-ஐந்து
                                           73
    ANSWER KEY
     7
    1. 4 / நான்கு / naangu
    2. 5 / ஐந்து / ainthu
    3. 0 /    ஜ்யம் / poojiyum
    4. 3 /    ன்று / moondru
    5. 2 / இரண்டு / irandu
10
    1. My name is Ravi. I live in Chennai. I am a doctor. I have a house. My house number is 21.
    2. Raamu is a soldier. He lives in an apartment building. His apartment number is 25.
    3. Her name is Kavitha. She is a teacher. She lives in a house. Her house number is 16.
    4. Devi and Saamy have a house in Tanjavur. Their house number is 14.
11
    A.   10
    B.   12
    C.   3
    D.   24
    E.   5
    F.   16
    G.   27
    H.   18
    I.   29
16
                                                   74
Navin is 72 years old.        Naveen-udaiya vayathu            நவனுைடய
                                                                 ீ     வயது
                              ehzhuvathi-irandu.
                                                               எழுபத்தி-இரண்டு.
How old is Ramu?              Raamu-udaiya vayathu enna?       ராமு    ைடய வயது
He is 43.                     Avar-udaiya vayathu naapathi-
                                                               என்ன?
                              moondru.
                                                               அவருைடய வயது
                                                               நா பத்தி-      ன்று.
    End of Lesson
    1
                                               75
                                          Lesson 4
                                       Daily Activities
                                    தினச       ெசயல்கள்
The word for "o'clock" is “மணி” or “Mani.” You add the corresponding number before or
after “mani” to say the time. For example, “2:00” is said as "இரண்டு மணி" or “Irandu
Mani.” It is also common to say “mani Irandu,” that is, we say “Mani” before the number to
indicate time.
There is no change in the way you say the numbers. The only exception is when saying "1:00,"
when the word ஒரு (oru) is used instead of ஒன்று (Ondru).
The word for "minute" is நிமிடம். To give the exact time, follow the hour with மணி and the minute
by நிமிடம். For example: 12.40 is “Panni-randu mani Naapathu nimidam” / “பனிரண்டு மணி
நாற்பது நிமிடம்.” However, it is acceptable to do away with “nimidam” and only say: “mani Pan-
nan-du Naapathu.”
Also, for the times between 1:01 to 1:59, we use Ondru / ஒன்று NOT ஒரு (oru). For example,
1:15 is “Ondru pathi-nainthu” NOT “Oru pathinainthu.”
                                                76
      1. Listen as the speaker tells time in தமிழ். Repeat after the speaker.
Please note the suffix of “Inga” which denotes respect.
   What time is it? It is four o’clock.              What time is it? It is four fifteen.
    Mani ennanga? Naangu Mani.                      Mani ennanga? Naangu pathi-nainthu.
  மணி என்னங்க? நான்கு மணி.                        மணி என்னங்க? நான்கு பதிைனந்து.
     What time is it? It is four thirty.         What time is it? It is four forty-five.
    Mani ennanga? Naangu muppathu.             Mani ennanga? Naangu naapathi-ainthu.
    மணி என்னங்க? நான்கு                     மணி என்னங்க? நான்கு நாப்பத்தி-ஐந்து.
                முப்பது.
    What time is it? It is three twenty.              What time is it? It is three forty.
    Mani ennanga? Moondru irubathu.                  Mani ennanga? Moondru naapathu.
    மணி என்னங்க?                  ன்று             மணி என்னங்க?              ன்று நாற்பது.
                இருபது.
                                             77
TELLING THE TIME OF THE DAY: AM & PM
2. What time is it? Fill in the clock faces with the correct times according to how they are
listed in தமிழ் below. Check your work with the answer key.
                                             78
      A.                    B.                   C.                  D.
E. F. G. H.
     3. Listen to the following exchanges and identify the clock time mentioned in each.
Check your work with the answer key.
A. 8:15 - 9:00
B. 9:50 - 9:15
C. 5:10 - 8:50
D. 4:13 - 4:30
E. 7: 50 - 7:10
4. Compose dialogues according to the model below. Work in pairs or in small groups.
Use the times listed below.
8:00 am, 7:15 am, 10:30 am, 2:10 pm, 4:45 pm, 6:50 pm, 12:00, 11:05
                                            79
PRESENT TENSE
Tamil pronouns will determine the suffix needed to be attached to a verb like “run.” It is this suffix
that indicates whether it is present or past tense. Don’t forget that each pronoun has its own suffix.
Take note of the pronoun and its corresponding present tense suffix in Chart 1. We shall use the
verb “Ohdu” which means “Run.”
                                                           Example
    English                             Present
                    Tamil Pronoun                        Present Tense         “Ohdu” = “Run”
    Pronoun                           Tense Suffix
                                                       using Verb- Run
I                  Naan               RAEN            I run.              Naan ohdu-gi-RAEN.
You (formal)       Neengal            IRGAL           You run.            Neengal ohdu-gir-IRGAL
You (Plural)       Neengal            IRGAL           You run.            Neengal ohdu-gir-IRGAL
They               Avargal            IRAARGAL        They run.           Avargal ohdu-girAARGAL.
He or she
                   Avar               RAAR            He or she runs.     Avar ohdu-gi-RAAR
(Formal)
We                 Naangal            ROHM            We run.             Naangal ohdu-gi-ROHM
It                 Athu               ATHU            It runs.            Athu ohdu-gir-ATHU.
                                                 80
                                        ேபா           study or        padi                 படி
       go           poh
                                                        read
             Naan poh-gi-        நான்             I study or     Naan padi-ki-      நான்
I go
             RAEN.               ேபாகிேறன்.       read           RAEN.              படிக்கிேறன்.
             Neengal poh-gir-    நீங்கள்          You study Neengal padi-           நீங்கள்
You go
             IRGAL               ேபாகிறீர்கள்.    or read   kir-IRGAL               படிக்கிறீர்கள்.
                                                 81
play       vilaiyaadu           விைளயாடு                  eat        saapidu              சாப்பிடு
       Naan                நான்                                   Naan saapidu -    நான்
I play vilaiyaadu-gi-                                    I eat
       RAEN.               விைளயாடுகிேறன்.                        gi-RAEN.          சாப்பிடுகிேறன்.
You
       Neengal             நீங்கள்                       You      Neengal saapidu   நீங்கள்
       vilaiyaadu-gir-
play
       IRGAL               விைளயாடுகிறீர்கள்.            eat      -gir-IRGAL        சாப்பிடுகிறீர்கள்.
They
       Avargal             அவர்கள்            They                Avargal saapidu   அவர்கள்
       vilaiyaadu-
play
       girAARGAL.          விைளயாடுகிறார்கள். eat                 -girAARGAL.       சாப்பிடுகிறார்கள்.
He or
       Avar vilaiyaadu-    அவர்                          He or
                                                                  Avar saapidu -gi- அவர்
she                                                      she
plays
       gi-RAAR             விைளயாடுகிறார்.               eats
                                                                  RAAR              சாப்பிடுகிறார்.
We
       Naangal             நாங்கள்                       We       Naangal saapidu   நாங்கள்
       vilaiyaadu-gi-
play
       ROHM                விைளயாடுகிேறாம்.              eat      -gi-ROHM          சாப்பிடுகிேறாம்.
It
       Athu                அது                           It       Athu saapidu -    அது
       vilaiyaadu-gir-
plays
       ATHU.               விைளயாடுகிறது.                eats     gir-ATHU.         சாப்பிடுகிறது.
            5. Listen to the short statements that describe each activity in the pictures below.
       Repeat after the speaker. Pay attention to new verbs and other new vocabulary.
                                                    82
        They study at school.                        She works in the hospital.
    Avargal palli-yil padiki-raar-gal         Avar maruthuva-manai-yil velai seigi-raar.
அவர்கள் பள்ளியில் படிக்கிறார்கள்.            அவர் மருத்துவமைனயில் ேவைல
                                                           ெசய்கிறார்.
                                        83
INTRODUCING THE PREPOSITION: “to”
In Tamil when you want to go somewhere, you add the suffix “ku / கு” to the name of the place.
For example, “school / palli / பள்ளி” changes to “palli-ku/ பள்ளிக்கு” to signify “to school.”
      6. Listen to the following statements in தமிழ் and repeat after the speaker. Follow
along in the workbook. Replay the audio if necessary.
A. The boy goes to school         Antha pai-yan eh-zhu-             அந்த ைபயன் ஏ              முப்பதுக்கு
at 7:30.                          muppathukku palli-ku poh-
                                  giraar.                           பள்ளிக்கு ேபாகிறார்.
B. He eats breakfast at           Avar ehzhu manikku                அவர் ஏ         மணிக்கு காைல
seven o’clock.                    kaalai-unavai saapidu-
                                  giraar.                           உணைவ சாப்பிடுகிறார்.
C. She watches television         Avar maalai- yil tholai-          அவர் மாைலயில்
in the evening.
                                  kaatchi paar-ki-raar.             ெதாைலக்காட்சி பார்க்கிறார்.
D. The girl studies at home       Antha penn pirpagalil veetil அந்த ெபண் பிற்பகலில் வட்டில்
                                                                                      ீ
in the afternoon.                 padiki-raar.
                                                               படிக்கிறார்.
E. Rani goes to the market        Rani kaalai-yil santhai-ku        ராணி காைலயில் சந்ைதக்கு
in the morning.                   poh-giraar.
                                                                    ேபாகிறார்.
F. Ravi plays soccer on           Ravi veli-kizhamai-yil kar-       ரவி ெவள்ளிக்கிழைமயில்
Friday.                           panthu vilayaadu-giraar.
                                                                    காற்பந்து விைளயாடுகிறார்.
G. I work at 7:00.                Naan ehzhu manikku velai          நான் ஏ        மணிக்கு ேவைல
                                  sei-giraen.
                                                                    ெசய்கிேறன்.
                                                    84
7. Match the following sentences with the pictures below. Check your answers with the
answer key.
A #______________ B #_______________
C #____________ D #_________________
                                           85
8. Read the following text and answer the questions below in complete sentences in தமிழ்.
If you have any difficulty you may go to the answer key to check the text or the questions in
English. Check your answers to the questions with the answer key.
Saamy oru maanavar. Avar palli-yil padi-kiraar. Avar kaalai unavai ehzhu muppathu-ku
saapidu-giraar. Avar ettu mani-ku palliku poh-giraar. Palli mudinthu avar koodai-panthu
vilaiyadu-giraar. Avar maalaiyil tholaikaatchi paar-kiraar. Saamy sani-kizhamai-yil-um
nyaayitru-kizhamaiyil-um padikkavillai.
9. Rearrange the following statements into a logical order for a daily schedule. Check your
work with the answer key.
                                             86
 3. நான் பள்ளிக்கு ேபாகிேறன்.
 Naan palli-ku poh-giraen.
 4.நான் என் நண்பர்களுடன் மாைல உணவு சாப்பிடுகிேறன்.
 Naan en nanbargaludan maalai unavu saapidu-giraen.
 5.நான் கூைடப்பந்து விைளயாடுகிேறன்.
 Naan koodai-panthu vilayaadu-giraen.
 6.நான் காைல உணவு சாப்பிடுகிேறன்.
 Naan kaalai unavu saapidu-giraen.
 7.நான் வட்டில்
              ீ       படிக்கிேறன்.
 Naan veet-il padi-kiraen.
 10. Tell your partner about your daily schedule. Use the words and word combinations
 given below.
      11. Listen to these five short statements. Circle the English statement that is the
 equivalent of each தமிழ் statement you hear. Replay the audio as many times as you need.
 Check the answer key.
                                                  87
4. A. I study at home on Saturday.
   B. I play soccer at home on Saturday.
   C. I eat breakfast at home on Saturday.
PAST TENSE
Tamil pronouns will determine the suffix needed to be attached to a verb like “run.” It is this suffix
that indicates whether it is present or past tense. Don’t forget that each pronoun has its own suffix.
Take note of the pronoun and its corresponding present tense suffix in the Chart 1. We shall use
the verb “Ohdu” which means “Run.”
                                                           Example
    English                             Present
                    Tamil Pronoun                        Present Tense         “Ohdu” = “Run”
    Pronoun                           Tense Suffix
                                                       using Verb- Run
I                  Naan               NAEN            I run.              Naan ohdi-NAEN .
You (formal)       Neengal            NIRGAL          You run.            Neengal ohdi-NIRGAL
You (Plural)       Neengal            NIRGAL          You run.            Neengal ohdi-NIRGAL
They               Avargal            NAARGAL         They run.           Avargal ohdi-NAARGAL.
He or she
                   Avar               NAAR            He or she runs.     Avar ohdi-NAAR
(Formal)
We                 Naangal            NOHM            We run.             Naangal ohdi- NOHM
It                 Athu               YATHU           It runs.            Athu ohdi-YATHU.
                                                 88
                                      ேபா         study or            padi                 படி
   go            poh
                                                    read
  I         Naan poh-          நான்              I studied or    Naan padi-th-      நான்
  went      NAEN.              ேபாேனன்.          read            AEN.               படித்ேதன்.
  You       Neengal poh-       நீங்கள்           You studied     Neengal padi-th-   நீங்கள்
  went      NIRGAL             ேபான ீர்கள்.      or read         IRGAL              படித்தீர்கள்.
  They      Avargal poh-       அவர்கள்           They studied Avargal padi-         அவர்கள்
  went      NAARGAL.           ேபானார்கள்.       or read      thAARGAL.             படித்தார்கள்.
  He or                        அவர்              He or she
                                                                 Avar padi-         அவர்
  she       Avar poh-NAAR                        studied or
                               ேபானார்.                          thAAR              படித்தார்.
  went                                           read
  We        Naangal poh-       நாங்கள்           We studied      Naangal padi-      நாங்கள்
  went      NOHM               ேபாேனாம்.         or read         thOHM              படித்ேதாம்.
  It        Athu poh-          அது ேபானது.       It studied or   Athu padi-         அது படித்தது.
  went      NATHU.                               read            thATHU.
                                                  89
  play          vilaiyaadu              விைளயாடு               eat         saapidu              சாப்பிடு
              Naan vilaiyaadi- நான்                                     Naan             நான்
I played                                                    I ate
              NAEN.            விைளயாடிேனன்.                            saapitt-AEN.     சாப்பிட்ேடன்.
You
              Neengal             நீங்கள்                               Neengal          நீங்கள்
              vilaiyaadi-                                   You ate
played                            விைளயாடின ீர்கள்.                     saapitt-IRGAL    சாப்பிட் ர்கள்.
              NIRRGAL
They
              Avargal             அவர்கள்                               Avargal          அவர்கள்
              vilaiyaadi-                                   They ate
played                            விைளயாடினார்கள்.                      saapitt-ARGAL.   சாப்பிட்டார்கள்.
              NAARGAL.
He or she Avar vilaiyaadi-        அவர்                      He or she   Avar             அவர் சாப்பிட்டார்.
played    NAAR.                   விைளயாடினார்.             ate         saapitt-AAR
We
              Naangal             நாங்கள்                               Naangal          நாங்கள்
              vilaiyaadi-                                   We ate
played                            விைளயாடிேனாம்.                        saapitt-OHM      சாப்பிட்ேடாம்.
              NOHM
              Athu vilaiyaadi-    அது                                   Athu             அது சாப்பிட்டது.
It played                                                   It ate
              YATHU.              விைளயாடியது.                          saapitt-ATHU.
           12. Read the following sentences and translate them into English. Check your work with
           the answer key.
                                                       90
8. Pohna Nyaayitru-kizhamai naan buthakkam padi-thaen.
ேபான ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழைம நான் புத்தகம் படித்ேதன்.
ADVERBS OF TIME
13. Complete the following sentences using the verbs located in the box below. Check your
answers with the answer key.
                                            91
 5. ேநற்று அவர் ெதாைலக்காட்சி ________________ .
 Netru avar tholaikaatchi ________________.
 6. ேபான வருடம் நான் ேஹாட்டலில் ________________ .
 Pohna varudam naan ho-tal-il ________________ .
      14. Listen to the following dialogue and repeat after the speaker. Make up similar
dialogues using the words and word combinations given below. Work in pairs or in small
groups.
15. Make up similar dialogues using the words and word combinations given below. Work
in pairs or in small groups.
                                              92
Pohna varudam – palli-yil padithaen – ettu   ேபான வருடம் – பள்ளியில்
vaarangal-uku
                                             படித்ேதன் - எட்டு வாரங்களுக்கு
Pohna Nyaayitru-kizhamai – buthakkam         ேபான ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழைம – புத்தகம்
padi-thaen – oru mani nerathirku
                                             படித்ேதன் - ஒரு மணி ேநரத்திற்கு
Oru varudathirku mun – koodai-panthu         ஒரு வருடத்திற்கு முன் –
vilaiyaadi-naen – aaru vaarangaluku
                                             கூைடப்பந்து விைளயாடிேனன் –
                                             ஆறு வாரங்களுக்கு
Oru varudathirku mun – Chennaiyil velai      ஒரு வருடத்திற்கு முன் -
seythaen – irandu vaarangaluku
                                             ெசன்ைனயில் ேவைல ெசய்ேதன் -
                                             இரண்டு வாரங்களுக்கு
                                             93
        End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Listen to the following statements read in தமிழ். Circle the times you hear.
1. 6:30 - 5:30
2. 6:00 - 7:00
3. 9:30 - 8:30
4. 5:30 - 5:45
6. 6:00 - 8:00
      2. Read and listen to the following text in தமிழ். Put T (True) or F (False) next to
the statements that are written below the text. Check your work with the answer key.
PLAY AUDIO
                                              94
          a. _______
          Avar Chennaiyil vasikiraar
          அவர் ெசன்ைனயில் வசிக்கிறார்.
          b. _______
          Avar oru chinna veetil vasikiraar
          அவர் ஒரு சின்ன வட்டில்       ீ     வசிக்கிறார்.
          c. _______
          Avar oru maanavar
          அவர் ஒரு மாணவர்.
          d. _______
          Thinamaum avar kaalai aaru maniku ezhunthu-kolgiraar
          தினமும் அவர் காைல ஆறு மணிக்கு எ ந்து ெகாள்கிறார்
          e. _______
          Avar kaalai unavu saapidavillai
          அவர் காைல உணவு சாப்பிடவில்ைல
          f. _______
          Avar etuu maniku palliku pohgiraar
          அவர் காைல எட்டு மணிக்கு பள்ளிக்கு ேபாகிறார்.
          g. _______
          Ravi Sani-kizhamai-yum Thingal-kizhamai-yum irandu mani nerathiku kaarpanthu
          vilayaadugiraar
          சனிக்கிழைமயும் திங்கள்கிழைமயும்                    ன்று மணி ேநரத்திற்கு
          காற்பந்து விைளயாடுகிறார்
          h. _______
          Maalaiyil avar tholaikaatchi paarkiraar
          அவர் மாைலயில் ெதாைலக்காட்சி பார்க்கிறார்.
3. Describe your daily schedule of activities, including the times in தமிழ். For example,
start with what time you get up, then eat breakfast, etc. “I get up at 6:00 and eat breakfast
at 6:30. I go to school at …..”
4. Find out what your partner did yesterday at 7:00 am, 7:30 am, 10:00 am, 1:00 pm, 4:00
pm, and 8:00 pm, and how long each activity lasted. Work in pairs or in small groups.
                                             95
Vocabulary List
  In the morning       Kaalaiyil                  காைலயில்
  In the afternoon     Pirpagalil                 பிற்பகலில்
  In the evening       Maalaiyil                  மாைலயில்
  Everyday             Thinamum                   தினமும்
  Yesterday            Netru                      ேநற்று
  Last week            Pohna vaaram               ேபான வாரம்
  A year ago           Pohna varudam              ேபான வருடம்
  Last Sunday          Pohna Nyaayitru-kizhamai   ேபான ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழைம
  At school            Palliyil                   பள்ளியில்
  Book                 Buthakkam                  புத்தகம்
  Breakfast            Kaalai unavu               காைல உணவு
  Lunch                Pagal unavu                பகல் உணவு
  Dinner               Maalai unavu               மாைல உணவு
  Home                 Veedu                      வடு
                                                   ீ
  At home              Veetil                     வட்டில்
                                                    ீ
  Market               Santhai                    சந்ைத
  On Sunday            Nyaayitru-kizhamai-yil     ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழைமயில்
  go                   Poh                        ேபா
  go home              Veetuku poh                வட்டுக்கு
                                                    ீ       ேபா
  play                 Vilaiyaadu                 விைளயாடு
  watch television     Tholaikaatchi paar         ெதாைலக்காட்சி பார்
  To eat               Saapidu                    சாப்பிடு
  read                 Padi                       படி
  study                Padi                       படி
  work                 Velai sei                  ேவைல ெசய்
  What time is it?     Mani ennanga?              மணி என்னங்க?
  It is four o’clock   Naangu mani.               நான்கு மணி.
  When                 Eppozhuthu                 எப்ெபா     து
  Man                  Aan                        ஆண்
  Woman / Girl         Penn                       ெபண்
  Boy                  Pai-yan                    ைபயன்
                                       96
ANSWER KEY
Saamy is a student. He studies at school. Everyday he gets up at 7:15. He has breakfast at 7:30.
He goes to school at 8:00. After school he plays basketball. He reads books and watches TV in
the evening. Saamy does not study on Saturday and Sunday.
சாமி ஒரு மாணவர்.                   அவர் பள்ளியில் படிக்கிறார். அவர் காைல
உணைவ             ஏ       முப்பதுக்கு        சாப்பிடுகிறார்.        அவர்   எட்டு     மணிக்கு
பள்ளிக்கு         ேபாகிறார்.               பள்ளி        முடிந்து     அவர்      கூைடப்பந்து
                                                   97
விைளயாடுகிறார்.               அவர்    மாைலயில்             ெதாைலக்காட்சி           பார்க்கிறார்.
சாமி சனிக்கிழைமயும் ஞாயிற்றுக்கிழைமயும் படிக்கவில்ைல.
Saamy oru maanavar. Avar palli-yil padi-kiraar. Avar kaalai unavai ehzhu muppathu-ku
saapidu-giraar. Avar ettu mani-ku palliku poh-giraar. Palli mudinthu avar koodai-panthu
vilaiyadu-giraar. Avar maalaiyil tholaikaatchi paar-kiraar. Saamy sani-kizhamai-yum nyaayitru-
kizhamaiyum padikkavillai.
4. Q: What does he do at          Avar ettu mani-ku enna      அவர் எட்டு மணிக்கு என்ன
8:00?                             sei-giraar?
                                                              ெசய்கிறார்?
4. A: He goes to school at        Avar ettu mani-ku palli-    அவர் எட்டு மணிக்கு
8:00.                             ku poh-giraar.
                                                              பள்ளிக்கு ேபாகிறார்.
                                                98
6. A: He watches TV in the   Avar maalaiyil            அவர் மாைலயில்
evening.                     tholaikaatchi paar-
                                                       ெதாைலக்காட்சி பார்க்கிறார்.
                             kiraar.
6. I eat breakfast.
நான் காைல உணவு சாப்பிடுகிேறன்.
Naan kaalai unavu saapidu-giraen.
3. I go to school.
நான் பள்ளிக்கு ேபாகிேறன்.
Naan palli-ku poh-giraen.
1. I eat lunch with my friends.
நான் என் நண்பர்களுடன் பகல் உணவு சாப்பிடுகிேறன்.
 Naan en nanbargaludan pagal unavu saapidu-giraen.
5. I play basketball.
நான் கூைடப்பந்து விைளயாடுகிேறன்.
Naan koodai-panthu vilayaadu-giraen.
4. I eat dinner with my friends.
நான் என் நண்பர்களுடன் மாைல உணவு சாப்பிடுகிேறன்.
Naan en nanbargaludan maalai unavu saapidu-giraen.
7. I study at home.
நான் வட்டில் ீ       படிக்கிேறன்.
Naan veet-il padi-kiraen.
2. I watch television.
நான் ெதாைலக்காட்சி பார்க்கிேறன்.
Naan tholaikaatchi paar-kiraen.
                                           99
11
12
13
                                                100
                                                           ேவைல ெசய்கிறீர்கள்.
4. He plays soccer at    Avar ainthu naapathainthu-ku      அவர் ஐந்து நாற்பத்ைதந்துக்கு
5:45.                    kaar-panthu vilaiyaadugiraar.     காற்பந்து விைளயாடுகிறார்.
5. They went to the      Kaalai-yil avargal santhai-ku     காைலயில் அவர்கள் சந்ைதக்கு
market in the            pohnaargal.                       ேபானார்கள்.
morning.
6. They watched          Avargal ettu mani-ku              அவர்கள் எட்டு மணிக்கு
television at 8:00.      tholaikaatchi paarthargal.        ெதாைலக்காட்சி பார்த்தார்கள்.
    1.   T He lives in Chennai
    1.   T He lives in small house
    2.   F He is a student
    3.   T Everyday he gets up at 6:00am
    4.   F He does not have breakfast
    5.   T He goes to school at 8:00
    6.   F Ravi plays soccer on Saturday and Monday for 3 hours
    7.   T In the evening he works for an hour
Hello. My name is Ravi. I live in Chennai. I have a small house. I am a teacher at this school.
Everyday I get up at 6:00 a.m. I eat breakfast and go to school. I am at school at 8:00am. On
Tuesday and Thursday I play soccer for 2 hours. I go home at 5:00. In the evening I watch TV
for an hour.
                                               101
                                                 Lesson 5
                                           Let’s Meet the Family
                                        குடும்பத்ைத சந்திப்ேபாம்
                                        Kudumba-thai Santhipohm
There are Tamils who live all around the world. Whether they live in Tamil Nadu or South Africa, the family
unit is extremely important to them. It is not uncommon to see extended families living under one roof.
Grandparents, parents and children all live together. It is largely a patriarchal familial system. However, please
do not mistake a woman to not have any rights. Traditionally, the woman is in charge of ensuring the efficient
running of the household while the man makes a living for the family. In the rural areas of Tamil Nadu, woman
do work out on the fields and in the urban areas in India and the rest of the world, women excel in education
and the workforce while being mothers and wives, not unlike the women in the US.
Parents and grandparents are very respected and honored in a Tamil household. Although children get married
and live in their own homes, it is still very common to find households with grandparents, parents and married
children living together. Taking care of one’s parents and grandparents in old age is of utmost importance.
Therefore, even if conflict exists in a family that lives under one roof, differences are settled quickly to ensure
harmony and happiness. Uncles and aunts and other extended family keep in close touch. Therefore, family
gatherings are boisterous and fun, with plenty of spicy food and music.
                                                       102
1. Look at these photos of families. Listen to the kinship terms and repeat after the speaker.
                                             103
             FAMILY MEMBERS / குடும்பத்தினர்கள் / KUDUMBATHINARGAL
1. “WHO”
“Who” is “யார் / yaar.” To say “who is he?” we say “யார் அவர்? / Yaar avar?” which literally translates
to “who he?”
2. “THIS”
To say “this son,” we say “இந்த மகன் / Intha magan” or “this house” is “இந்த வடு
                                                                              ீ / Intha Veedu.”
3. “THESE”
To say “these sons,” we say “இந்த மகன்கள் / Intha magangal” or “these houses” is “இந்த வடுகள்/
                                                                                        ீ
Intha Veedugal.”
** Take note that “this” and “that” is said as “இந்த / Intha.” The singular and plural indicates the difference
and the pronoun retains its form.
4. “THAT”
To say “that son,” we say “அந்த மகன் / Antha magan” or “that house” is “அந்த வடு/
                                                                              ீ   Antha Veedu.”
5. “THOSE”
To say “those sons,” we say “அந்த மகன்கள் / Antha magangal” or “those houses” is “அந்த வடுகள்/
                                                                                        ீ
Antha Veedugal.”
                                                      104
PERSONAL PRONOUNS INDICATING “this,” “these,” “that,” and “those:”
Note the personal pronouns in italics that change forms according to how you refer to them.
When you are talking about a                                 When you are talking about
person who is not present or                                 a person who is present, you
you are talking about a person
                                                             can refer him, her or them in
who is, say walking in the
                                                             the following ways you have
distance, you can refer him,
                                                             learned so far.
her or them in the ways you
have learned so far. As for
“I” and “You,” the form is
unchanged as you would be
present when you are
speaking about yourself.
I                              Naan            நான்          I                               Naan      நான்
You                                Neengal நீங்கள்           You                             Neengal   நீங்கள்
You (plural)                       Neengal நீங்கள்           You (plural)                    Neengal   நீங்கள்
We                                 Naangal நாங்கள் We                                        Naangal   நாங்கள்
They                               Avargal அவர்கள் They                                      Ivargal   இவர்கள்
He or She                          Avar        அவர்          He or She                       Ivar      இவர்
It (only for animals & non-        Athu        அ             It (only for animals & non-     Ithu      இ
living things)                                               living things)
They (only for animals &           Avai        அைவ           They (only for animals &        Ivai      இைவ
non-living things)                                           non-living things)
      2. Listen to the following dialogues and repeat them after the speaker. Role-play the dialogues
using the pictures above.
                                                          105
3. Translate the following sentences into English. Check your work with the answer key.
 1.என் அப்பா க்கும் அம்மா க்கும் ஒரு மகன் இரண்டு மகள்கள் இருக்கிறார்கள்.
 En appa-vukkum amma-vukkum oru magan irandu magalgal irukkiraargal.
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
Answer:
                                                 106
4. Tell about your mother/father/sister/brother/grandfather/grandmother according to the scheme
below:
1. name
2. age
3. occupation
4. where they live (city and type of residence).
Model:
இவர் என் அப்பா. இவர் ெபயர் திரு சாமி.                 இவர் வய          நாப்பத்தி எட்டு.        இவர்
த சா          ல் வசிக்கிறார். இவருக்கு ஒரு ெப ய வடு                  ீ இருக்கிற .
Ivar en appa. Ivar pae-yar Thiru Samy. Ivar vayathu naapathi-ettu. Ivar Tanjavooril vasikiraar. Ivarukku oru
periya veedu irukirathu.
5. Create questions in தமிழ் to the following answers. Check your work with the answer key for some
suggested questions.
       1.__________________________________________________________?
       ஆமாம், அவர் என் தம்பி.
       1.__________________________________________________________?
       Amaam, avar en thambi.
       2.__________________________________________________________?
       அவர் ெபயர் சசி.
       2. __________________________________________________________?
       Avar paeyar Sasi.
       3. __________________________________________________________?
       அவர் ம        ைரயில் வசிக்கிறார்.
       3. __________________________________________________________?
       Avar Madhuraiyil vasikiraar.
       4. __________________________________________________________?
       அவர் ஒரு மருத் வர்.
       4. __________________________________________________________?
       Avar oru maruthuvar.
                                                     107
       5.__________________________________________________________?
       அவர் திங்கள்கிழைம ேவைலக்கு ேபாகிறார்.
       5. __________________________________________________________?
       Avar Thingal-kizhamai velaikku poh-giraar.
       6. __________________________________________________________?
       இல்ைல, அவர் ெச வா க்கிழைமயில்                   ைடப்பந்     விைளயாடுகிறார்.
       6.__________________________________________________________?
       Illai, avar Sevvai-kizhamai-yil koodai-panthu vilaiyaadugiraar.
6. Listen to the audio. Circle the word you hear. Check your work with the answer key.
1. mother - father
2. daughter - son
3. family - parents
4. children - grandparents
5. sister - brother
6. grandmother - grandfather
Marriages can happen by falling in love or getting married to someone through an arranged union. Parents and
extended family source for a list of prospective brides or grooms for their adult children. Largely, it is very
uncommon to see a couple get a divorce. Although couples do divorce, it is commonly considered as
dishonorable to break one’s marriage. To work through differences and make a marriage last to death is the
accepted norm. It is socially and culturally unacceptable to have children outside the sanctity of marriage in
Tamil Nadu. Once again, the family unit is of utmost importance in a Tamil’s life.
                                                      108
        7. Listen and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in the workbook.
* “Kalyaanam” is wedding and “aanavar” is “he/she has done.” Therefore it literally translates to “wedding
done.” This is used to say that someone is married.
** “Kalyaanam aagaathavar” literally translates to “wedding not done.” This is used to refer to someone as
unmarried.
8. Fill in the blanks using the words written in the boxes below. Check your answers with the answer
key.
1)
                                                    109
2)
                                                       110
      10. Listen to several short dialogues as people answer questions about their family members.
Circle the correct answer for each question. Check your work with the answer key.
1. A. யார் அவர்?
Yaar avar?
   B. She is my mother / sister / grandmother.
3. A. யார் அவர்?
Yaar avar?
   B. He/she is my wife / my husband / my father.
5. A. யார் அவர்கள்?
Yaar avargal?
   B. They are my parents / my children / my grandparents.
8. A. யார் அவர்?
Yaar avar?
   B. That is my wife / mother / husband.
                                                     111
11. Read and translate the text. Put T (True) or F (False) next to the statements below. Check your
answers with the answer key.
                                                  112
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Give a brief description in தமிழ் of your immediate family. Include the age, name, and profession of
each person, and tell whether each person is married or single, and where he/she lives. If you want to,
use real pictures of your family members.
2. Ask your classmate in தமிழ் about his/her mother/father/sister/brother/etc. What are their names,
how old are they, where do they live, and what are their professions.
3. Work in small groups. Describe the pictures below. Use new vocabulary.
                                                  113
Vocabulary List
Family                              Kudumbam                  குடும்பம்
Parents                             Peht-tror-gal             ெப ேறார்கள்
Mother                              Amma                      அம்மா
Father                              Appa                      அப்பா
Children                            Pillai-gal                பிள்ைளகள்
Daughter                            Magal                     மகள்
Son                                 Magan                     மகன்
Grandparents                        Thathaa-paatti            தாத்தா-பாட்டி
Grandfather                         Thathaa                   தாத்தா
Grandmother                         Paatti                    பாட்டி
Older Sister                        Akka                      அக்கா
Younger Sister                      Thangai                   தங்ைக
Older Brother                       Annan                     அண்ணண்
Younger Brother                     Thambi                    தம்பி
Husband                             Kanavan                   கணவன்
Wife                                Manaivi                   மைனவி
Married                             Kalyaanam seythuvittaar   கல்யாணம் ெச       விட்டார்
Unmarried/Single                    Kalyaanam seyavillai      கல்யாணம் ெச      யவில்ைல
Who is this?                        Yaar ivar?                யார் இவர்?
Who is that?                        Yaar avar?                யார் அவர்?
Who are these?                      Yaar ivargal?             யார் இவர்கள்?
Who are those?                      Yaar avargal?             யார் அவர்கள்?
What is this? (only for animals &   Enna ithu?                என்ன இ       ?
non-living things)
What is that? (only for animals &   Enna athu?                என்ன அ       ?
non-living things)
What are these? (only for animals   Enna ivai?                என்ன இைவ?
& non-living things)
What are those? (only for           Enna avai?                என்ன அைவ?
animals & non-living things)
                                                 114
ANSWER KEY
3
                                                    115
6
1)
son         5 years       30 years     his             married               her               doctor
            old           old
magan       ainthu        muppathu     avarudaiya      kalyaanam             avarudaiya        maruthuvar
            vayathu       vaythu                       seythuvittaar
மகன்        ஐந்              ப்ப       அவருைடய கல்யாணம்                      அவருைடய மருத்                வர்
           வய          வய                              ெச       விட்டார்
My brother is married. His wife is 30 years old. Her name is Rani. She is a doctor.
என் தமபி கல்யாணம் ஆனவர். அவருைடய மைனவிக்கு                                        ப்ப     வய     .
அவருைடய ெபயர் ராணி.                   அவர் ஒரு மருத்         வர்.
En thambi kalyaanam aanavar. Avarudaiya manaivikku muppathu vaythu. Avarudaiya paeyar Raani. Avar oru
maruthuvar.
2)
married                              his / her                          8 years old       daughters
kalyaanam seythuvittaar              avarudaiya                         ettu              magalgal
                                                                        vayathu
கல்யாணம்                             அவருைடய                            எட்டு             மகள்கள்
ெச       விட்டார்                                                       வய
sister                               10 years old                       soldier           their
akka                                 pathu vayathu                      raanuva veerar    avargaludaiya
                                                     116
அக்கா                              பத்     வய                         இராணவ          அவர்களுைடய
                                                                      வரர்
                                                                       ீ
Ravi has a sister. Her name is Devi. She is married.
ரவிக்கு ஒரு அக்கா. அவருைடய ெபயர் ேதவி.                         அவர் கல்யாணம் ெச                விட்டார்.
Avarudaiya kanavan oru raanuva veerar. Avarudaiya paeyar Ranga. Avargalukku irandu magalgal.
Their names are Kamini and Priya. Kamini is older and is 10 years old. Priya is 8 years old.
அவர்களுைடய            ெபயர்கள்       காமின ,       பி யா.           த்தவள்   காமின     பத்       வய    .
பி யா எட்டு வய .
Avargaludaiya paeyargal Kamini, Priya. Moothaval Kamini pathu vayathu. Priya ettu
vayathu.
10
                                                       117
6. A. Where do they live?                         B. They live in an apartment.
அவர்கள் எங்ேக வசிக்கிறார்கள்?                    அவர்கள் அடுக்குமாடி வட்டில்    ீ
Avargal engey vasikiraargal?          வசிக்கிறார்கள்.
                                      Avargal adukku-maadi veetil vasikiraargal.
7. A. Do you have any brothers?          B. Yes, I have two brothers.
உங்களுக்கு                  அண்ணன்கள் ஆமாம், எனக்கு இரண்டு அண்ணன்கள்
இருக்கிறார்களா?                                  இருக்கிறார்கள்.
Ungaluku annangal irukiraargala?                 Amaam, enakku irandu annangal irukiraargal.
8. A. Who is that?                                 B. That is my wife.
யார் அவர்?                                       அவர் என் மைனவி.
Yaar avar?                                       Avar en manaivi.
9. A. Does she have any children?                  B. Yes, she has two children.
அவருக்கு                        பிள்ைளகள்        ஆமாம், அவருக்கு இரண்டு பிள்ைளகள்
இருக்கிறார்களா?                                  இருக்கிறார்கள்.
Avaruku pillaigal irukiraargala?                 Ammam, avarukku irandu pillaigal irukiraargal.
11
Kumar has a grandfather and a grandmother. They live with Kumar and his family. Kumar has no brothers.
He has two sisters. They are students. Kumar is married. His wife is a doctor. Kumar and his wife have a
daughter and a son.
.
                                                    118
                                               Lesson 6
                                             Around Town
                                            நகரத்ைத சுற்றி
                                            Nagarathai Suttri
                                                   119
          2. Listen to the following sentences and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in
    your workbook.
                                               120
3. Work with a partner. Tell each other where certain cities/locations are in relation to
other cities/locations. Compose sentences according to the exercise above and the model
below.
Some words like “bank” and “bus” are used as they are but pronounced and spelt with the Tamil
alphabet. Traditional Tamil words do exist for some of the words. For example, “bank” can be
“Bank / ேபங்க்” or in the traditional form of “vangi/ வங்கி.” These words can be used
interchangeably.
**A restaurant is known as “hottal,” whereas “hotel” in English means a place to stay or an inn.
                                              121
Church           they-vaalaiyam             ேதவாலயம்
Temple           kovil                      ேகாவில்
Mosque           masoothi / palli vaasal    ம    தி / பள்ளி வாசல்
Movie theater    si-ni-maa                  சினிமா
Hospital         maruthuva manai            மருத்துவ மைன
Market           san-thai                   சந்ைத
Pharmacy         marunthu kadai             மருந்து கைட
Post office      anjal nilaiyam             அஞ்சல் நிைலயம்
Store            kadai                      கைட
Road             saalai                     சாைல
Street           theru                      ெதரு
Auto rickshaw    aato-ricksha               ஆட்ேடா       க்-ஷா
Park             poonga                         ங்கா
Factory          thozhirchaalai             ெதாழிற்சாைல
Bridge           paalam                     பாலம்
Farm             vivasaaya nilam            விவசாய நிலம்
Field            thidal                     திடல்
Forest           kaadu                      காடு
Lake             eh-ri                      ஏ
Mountain         malai                      மைல
River            nathi / aaru               நதி / ஆ
5. Match the English word in the left column with the தமிழ் equivalent in the right
column. Check your work with the answer key.
                                           122
8. Hospital        H. ேபருந்து நிைலயம் / ப                 pehrunthu nilaiyam / bus stand
                        டா    டு
9. Park            I. வங்கி / ேபங்க்                       vangi / bank
10. Pharmacy       J.        டால்                          tea staal
11. Post Office    K. சினிமா                               si-ni-maa
12. Restaurant     L. ேதவாலயம்                             they-vaalaiyam
6. Translate the following sentences from தமிழ் into English. Check your work with the
answer key.
7. Practice composing and pronouncing the vocabulary. Create sentences according to the
model. Use the words below.
Model:
                                            123
3. மருந்து கைட            - ேமற்கு திைசயில் இருக்கிறது           - அஞ்சல் நிைலயம்
marunthu kadai            - merku thisaiyil irukirathu           - Anjal Nilaiyam
     8. Listen to the speaker and circle the term you hear. Check your answers with the
answer key.
                                            124
     9. Listen to the following words and word combinations and repeat after the speaker.
Follow along in your workbook.
WHERE IS.........?
                                              125
      10. Listen and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in your workbook. Then
translate them into English. Check your work with the answer key.
   11. Work with a partner. Compose similar dialogues using the words below. Role-play
       your dialogues.
Model:
A. நன்றி.
Nandri.
A. Thank you.
                                           126
3. காடு            பக்கத்தில்         மைல
kaadu              pakkathil          malai
                                127
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Translate each phrase into English. Check your work with the answer key.
   2. Work with a partner or in small groups. In தமிழ், come up with a list of the
      facilities on your base. Then draw a schematic map of the base. Now describe the
      locations of each facility. Use the following vocabulary: a store, a hospital, a police
      station, a movie theater, a park, a hotel, a church, an airfield, a restaurant, a forest,
      and your language training facility. Use the prepositions:
                                              128
Vocabulary List
Airport           Vimaana nilaiyam                   விமான நிைலயம்
Bank              Vangi / bank                       வங்கி / ேபங்க்
Building          Kattadam                           கட்டடம்
House             Veedu                              வடு
Bus station       Pehrunthu nilaiyam / bus stand     ேபருந்து நிைலயம் /
                                                     ப          டா     டு
Train station     Ra-yil station                     ைரயில்          ேடஷன்
Police station    Kaaval nilaiyam / police station   காவல் நிைலயம் /
                                                     ேபாலி            ேடஷன்
Tea Stall         Tea staal                                  டால்
Restaurant        Hottal                             ேஹாட்டல்
Church            They-vaalaiyam                     ேதவாலயம்
Temple            Kovil                              ேகாவில்
Mosque            Masoothi / palli vaasal            ம    தி / பள்ளி வாசல்
Movie theater     Si-ni-maa                          சினிமா
Hospital          Maruthuva manai                    மருத்துவ மைன
Market            San-thai                           சந்ைத
Pharmacy          Marunthu kadai                     மருந்து கைட
Post office       Anjal nilaiyam                     அஞ்சல் நிைலயம்
Store             Kadai                              கைட
Road              Saalai                             சாைல
Street            Theru                              ெதரு
Auto rickshaw     Aato-ricksha                       ஆட்ேடா          க்-ஷா
Park              Poonga                                 ங்கா
Factory           Thozhirchaalai                     ெதாழிற்சாைல
Bridge            Paalam                             பாலம்
Farm              Vivasaaya nilam                    விவசாய நிலம்
Field             Thidal                             திடல்
Forest            Kaadu                              காடு
Lake              Eh-ri                              ஏ
Mountain          Malai                              மைல
River             Nathi / aaru                       நதி / ஆ
In front of…      Munnal                                 ன்னால்
                                     129
Next to…                 Pakkathil           பக்கத்தில்
In the middle of /       Naduvil             நடுவில்
Between… and…
In that corner           Moolaiyil             ைலயில்
Across from / opposite   Ethir               எதிர்
This way                 Intha vazhi         இந்த வழி
That way                 Antha vazhi         அந்த வழி
Up / above               Maele               ேமேல
Below                    Keezhe              கீ ேழ
Outside                  Velliyeh            ெவளிேய
Inside                   Ullae               உள்ேள
Far / Distance           Thooram             தூரம்
Near                     Arugil              அருகில்
                                       130
ANSWER KEY
5
1. C
2. I
3. H
4. J
5. L
6. K
7. A
8. B
9. F
10. D
11. G
12. E
                                                 131
10
                                               132
                                                 Lesson 7
                                          Let’s Go To Shopping
                                          கைடக்கு ேபாகலாம்
                                           Kadaiku Pohgalaam
India's diverse economy encompasses traditional village farming, modern agriculture, handicrafts, a wide range
of modern industries, and a multitude of services. The economy has posted an average growth rate of more
than seven percent in the decade since 1994, reducing poverty by about ten percentage points. India achieved
7.6% GDP growth in 2005, significantly expanding manufacturing. India is capitalizing on its large numbers of
well-educated people skilled in the English language to become a major exporter of software services and
software workers.     According to the CIA World Factbook, the Gross Domestic Product, or the spending
amount divided by the population, of India is US $3,300.
The local currency in Tamil Nadu, India is the Rupee, abbreviated as Rs.
India's currency is the Rupee, abbreviated as Rs. In Tamil, we say    பாய்/roobai. One Rupee is equal to
hundred paise or in Tamil, ைபசா/paisa. Notes are in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 500.
Denominations less than Rs 10 are rare these days. Coins start at 10, 20, (not used so much these days) 25, and
50 paise. Coins are also available for 1, 2, and 5 rupees.
                                                      133
SOUTH INDIAN CUISINE AT A GLANCE
Southern Indian food is a brilliant blend of flavors, colors, seasoning, nutritional balance, fragrance, taste, and
visual appeal. A typical traditional meal in Southern India is served on a "வாைழயிைல-vazhaillai", a
freshly cut plantain leaf. Southern Indians eat with their right hand. Never use your left hand as it is considered
rude. Rice (சாதம்- Saadam) is the staple food and long white grain is most commonly used. Short grain rice
is used to make sweet dishes. Lentil (பருப்பு-Paruppu) is included in very meal. It may be made as soup,
chutney, spicy powder, sambhar, snacks, and sweets.
There is a large population of Southern Indians who are traditionally vegetarians due to ancient Hindu customs.
However, there is a large variety of meat dishes which are traditionally stewed in aromatic spices from age-old
recipes. Please note that there is virtually no beef on the menu and pork is fairly rare. Beef is traditionally not
eaten due to it being sacred to the Hindus. Lamb, fish, poultry and seafood are eaten very much. Some of the
popular dishes in Chennai are varuval -- a dry dish fried with onions and spices (chicken, fish or vegetables
sautéed), pepper chicken, poriyal -- a curry, and kuzambu which has the ingredients stewed in a gravy of
coconut milk and spices. Southern Indian dals and curries are soupier than Northern Indian dals and curries.
Southern Indian cuisine is also hotter. There is also a variety of traditional breads such as naan, barotta and
pooris.
Meals are followed by coffee. Coconut juice straight from the nut is a common beverage, and sight, in South
India. It is refreshing in the heat of Tamil Nadu. Coffee is very popular in Southern India, and Madras coffee
is popular in Southern Indian restaurants throughout the world.
                                                       134
1. Listen to the following vocabulary and repeat after the speaker.
                                             135
   2. Work in pairs or in small groups. Ask your partner what foods he/she has at home. Use the
      model below.
Model:
     3. Familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the speaker and follow along in the
workbook. Look at the pictures and try to guess the meaning of the new words.
                                                   136
       காமினி          ஆைட             விற்பைன           த்து ஆைட விற்பைன கைடயில்
       கைடயில்         ேவைல           ெசய்கிறார். ேவைல ெசய்கிறார்.                 அவர் ஒரு
       அவர் ஒரு விற்பைனயாளர்.                        காசாளர்.
       Kamini aadai virpanai kadaiyil velai          Muthu aadai virpanai kadaiyil velai
       seygiraar. Avar oru virpanai-yaalar.          seygiraar. Avar oru kaasaalar.
                                                   137
There is an array of stores in Tamil Nadu. From open-air markets, with sellers and their colorful wares from
earthen pots to local fruit and produce arranged in front them, to high-ended boutiques in air-conditioned
shopping complexes.
You will find modern clothing boutiques alongside with traditional clothing stores, which are filled from top to
bottom with traditional garments known as the sari for women. These 6 foot long saris (or sarees) are made
from different types of silk, woven in the same way ancient Indians used to do for centuries. They are found in
every imaginable color and for every color in the kaleidoscope presented, there is a matching set of bangles,
earrings, necklaces and anklets available. Although there is a chain of stores present, it is very different from
the US shopping experience, where big department stores like K-Mart and Target can be found in almost every
city in the US. In India, small and medium business owners like the music store shown in the picture above,
thrive, representing an individualistic flare to stores.
4. Work in pairs or in small groups. Make up dialogues using the model below.
Model:
                                                      138
<<TO BUY >>
In Tamil, we say “vaanga pohgiraen” to mean “to buy.” The verb “pohgiraen” changes forms in the
following ways below according to the personal pronoun used. We shall use “buthakkam” or “book” as
the item to buy.
     5. Familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the speaker and follow along in the
workbook. Look at the pictures and try to guess the meaning of the new words.
                                                  139
Did you understand the new words?
6. Match each தமிழ் sentence in the left column with the English equivalent in the right column. Check
your answers with the answer key.
To say a kilo of sugar, we say “ஒரு கிேலா சீனி – oru kilo seeni.” The measurement unit is followed by
the item in question. Let’s look at the following measurements of food and drink items.
                                                 140
   7. Work with a partner or in small groups. Pretend that you are planning to have a surprise
      birthday party for one of your classmates. You need to buy some food and gifts. Make a shopping
      list and tell your partner in தமிழ் what you want to buy.
PRICES-HOW MUCH?
To ask the price of sugar for example, or how much it is, we say “சீனி என்ன விைல?-Seeni enna vilai?”
We say the item before adding “enna vilai” to the question.
9. Pretend you want to buy the items listed below. One of your classmates is a salesperson. Role-play an
“In the Shop” dialogue using the dialogue above as a model. Work in pairs or in small groups.
                                                  141
5. ஒரு டம்ளர் பால் – நான்கு                பாய் ஐம்பது ைபசா
   oru tumbler paal – naangu roobai aimbathu paisa
6. ஒரு துண்டு ெராட்டி – இரண்டு                    பாய் ஆறுபத்தி-ஐந்து ைபசா
   oru thundu roti – irandu roobai arubathiainthu paisa
7. ஒரு டசன்            ட்ைடகள் - இரண்டு               பாய் நாப்பத்தி எட்டு ைபசா
   oru dozen muttaigal – irandu roobai naapathi ettu paisa
10. Complete the sentences using the words in the box. Check your answers with the answer key.
   ஆைட அணி கைட மளிைக கைட புத்தகக் கைட அன்பளிப்பு கைட கைட
   aadai ani kadai maligai kadai buthakka kadai anballippu kadai kadai
11. Translate the following statements into English. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                 142
3. என் அம்மா சீனிைய வங்கி எதி லிருந்து இருக்கும் மளிைக கைடயில்
வாங்குகிறார்.
En amma seeniyai vangi athiril irukkum maligai kadaiyil vaangugiraar.
To say “I can buy milk,” we say “Naan paal vaanga mudiyum.” This literally translates to “I milk can buy.”
Note how you say “I can” with the different personal pronouns using the verb “buy milk.”
  I can buy milk.              Naan paal vaanga mudiyum.         நான் பால் வாங்க              டியும்.
  You can buy milk.            Neengal paal vaanga mudiyum.      நீங்கள் பால் வாங்க              டியும்.
  He / She can buy milk.       Avar paal vaanga mudiyum.         அவர் பால் வாங்க               டியும்.
  We can buy milk.           Naangal paal vaanga mudiyum. நாங்கள் பால் வாங்க                      டியும்.
  You (plural) can buy milk. Neengal paal vaanga mudiyum. நீங்கள் பால் வாங்க                     டியும்.
  They can buy milk.           Avargal paal vaanga mudiyum.      அவர்கள் பால் வாங்க                 டியும்.
The term “Vaanga / வாங்க” can be used to refer to “take/receive/buy.” “Can take, receive or buy” can be said
in the ways illustrated above.
12. a) Listen to the following dialogue and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in the workbook.
B. It is $2.65.
B.அதன் விைல இரண்டு                 பாய் அறுபத்தி ஐந்து ைபசா.
B. Athan vilai irandu roobai arubathi ainthu paisa.
                                                     143
A. Can I pay with a credit card?
A.கிெரடிட் கார்டுடன் வாங்கலாமா?
A. Credit card-dudan vaangalaama?
b) Role-play the dialogue. Make up similar dialogues using the words below.
   2. a book
      ஒரு புத்தகம்
      oru buthakkam
   3. a tumbler of milk
      ஒரு தம்ளர் பால்
      oru tumbler paal
   4. a pound of butter
      ஒரு பவுன்டு ெவண்ைண
      oru pavun vennai
   5. a dozen eggs
      ஒரு டசன்           ட்ைடகள்
      oru dozen muttaigal
     13. Listen to and read along with the dialogue and then answer the follow-up questions. Check
your work with the answer key.
                                                 144
சசி: நான் மளிைக கைடக்கு ேபாகிேறன்.
Sasi: Naan maligai kadaiku pohgiraen.
சசி: நான் ெராட்டியும், இரண்டு பாட்டில்கள் தண்ண ீரும் ஒரு பவுன்டு ேப க்காய்களும்
வாங்க ேபாகிேறன். நீங்கள் எங்ேக ேபாகிறீர்கள்?
Sasi: Naan rottiyum, irandu botilgal thanneerum oru pavun perikaaigalum vaanga pohgiraen. Neengal engey
pohgirirgal?
Leela: நான் என் தாத்தாவுக்கு ஒரு அன்பளிப்பு வாங்க ேபாகிேறன். நான் ஒரு
புத்தகத்ைதயும் ஒரு கடிகாரத்ைதயும் வாங்க ேபாகிேறன்.
Leela: Naan en thaathavuku oru anbalippu vaanga pohgiraen. Naan oru buthakkathaiyum oru
kadigaarathaiyum vaanga pohgiraen.
Questions:
                                                   145
        End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Translate the following into தமிழ். Check your work with the answer key.
3. What would you ask a salesperson in Tamil Nadu if you wanted to buy a carton of milk/a watch/a
dozen eggs? How would you ask the price of each item? Role-play the dialogue.
                                                           146
Vocabulary List
How much …?             Enna vilai?                        என்ன விைல?
It is …                 Athuvudaiya vilai.........         அதுவுைடய விைல....
I want to buy a book.   Naan buthakkam vaanga              நான் புத்தகம் வாங்க ேபாகிேறன்.
                        pohgoraen.
You want to buy a book. Neengal buthakkam vaanga           நீங்கள் புத்தகம் வாங்க
                        pohgirirgal.
                                                           ேபாகிறீர்கள்.
He/She wants to buy a   Avar buthakkam vaanga              அவர் புத்தகம் வாங்க ேபாகிறார்.
book.                   pohgiraar.
We want to buy a book   Naangal buthakkam vaanga           நாங்கள் புத்தகம் வாங்க
                        pohgirohm.
                                                           ேபாகிேறாம்.
They want to buy a      Avargal buthakkam vaanga           அவர்கள் புத்தகம் வாங்க
book.                   pohgiraargal.
                                                           ேபாகிறார்கள்.
banana                  Vaazhai-pazham                     வாைழப்பழம்
pear                    Pehri-kaai                         ேப க்காய்
tomato                  Thakaali                           தக்காளி
potato                  Urulai kizhangu                    உருைள கிழங்கு
milk                    Paal                               பால்
butter                  Vennai                             ெவண்ெணய்
egg                     Muttai                                ட்ைட
samosa                  Samosa                             சேமாசா
poori                   Poori
bread                   Rotti                              ெராட்டி
sugar                   Seeni                              சீனி
thosai                  Thosai                             ேதாைச
idli vadai              Idli vadai                         இட்லி வைட
fish                    Meen                               மீ ன்
chicken                 Kozhi                              ேகாழி
vegetables              Kaaikari                           காய்கறி
A pound/kilo of pears   Oru pavundu/kilo perikaaigal       ஒரு பவுன்டு/ கிேலா
                                                           ேப க்காய்கள்
A box of fish           Oru petti meen                     ஒரு ெபட்டி மீ ன்
                                                     147
A bag of potatoes   Oru pai urulai kizhangugal     ஒரு ைப உருைள கிழங்குகள்
A slice of bread    Oru thundu roti                ஒரு துண்டு ெராட்டி
A bottle of water   Oru bottle thanneer            ஒரு பாட்டில் தண்ண ீர்
A tumbler of milk   Oru tumbler paal               ஒரு டம்ளர் பால்
A dozen eggs        Oru dozen muttaigal            ஒரு டசன்       ட்ைடகள்
clothing store      Aadai ani kadai                ஆைட அணி கைட
grocery store       Maligai kadai                  மளிைக கைட
bookstore           Buthakka kadai                 புத்தகக் கைட
gift store          Anballippu kadai               அன்பளிப்பு கைட
general store       Kadai                          கைட
Credit card         Credit card                    கிெரடிட் கார்ட்
Cash                Panam                          பணம்
salesperson         Virpanai-yaalar                விற்பைனயாளர்
cashier             Kaasaalar                      காசாளர்
To buy              Vaanga                         வாங்க
To take             Vaanga                         வாங்க
To pay for          Vaanga                         வாங்க
                                             148
ANSWER KEY
6
10
                                                   149
11
3. My mother buys sugar at the grocery store across from the bank.
என் அம்மா சீனிைய வங்கி எதி லிருந்து இருக்கும் மளிைக கைடயில்
வாங்குகிறார்.
En amma seeniyai vangi athiril irukkum maligai kadaiyil vaangugiraar.
13
                                                       150
End of Lesson Exercise 1
                                                151
                                                   Lesson 8
                                                  Eating Out
                                         ெவளிேய சாப்பிடுவது
                                          Veliyae saapiduvathu
People of Tamil Nadu are more or less totally vegetarian. Mounds of rice accompany every meal, sweets are a
favorite, and coffee is more popular than tea. Alcohol is more likely to be available in non-vegetarian
restaurants. Chennai boasts of a large collection of restaurants with different flavors, price ranges and
ambience. A variety of foods can be found in Tamil Nadu, from McDonald’s with a local spicy burger to
traditional Southern Indian meals with the different condiments. Choices range from five-star restaurants to
street vendors selling savories
.
                 Five star restaurants boasting      Café’s selling food both American and
                 world cuisine with an Indian        local treats.
                 twist.
                                                     152
Parimaral- The Southern Indian Tradition of Serving a traditional Meal
A typical traditional meal in South India is served on a "vazhailai," a freshly cut plantain leaf. The sappadu or
food that is served on a banana leaf (even the size of the leaf varies from one community to another) is
displayed like an identity card. One look and a guest will know the community, the status, the exact wealth of
the family, and from where they originate.
The top half of the leaf is reserved for accessories, while the lower half for the rice, and in some communities,
the rice will be served only after the guest has been seated. The lower right portion of the leaf may have a scoop
of warm sweet, milky rice payasam, which should be lapped up quickly. The top left includes a pinch of salt, a
dash of pickle and a thimbleful of salad, or a smidgen of chutney. In the middle of the leaf there may be an odd
number of fried items like small circles of chips, either banana, yam or potato, hard round discs of spiced,
ground dal known as VADAI.
The white fluffy cakes are idlis and the round                   Vazhailai Saapaadu- Banana leaf meal
doughnut-like items are vadais.
The top right hand corner is reserved for the heavy artillery, the curries, hot, sweet, or sour, and the dry items. If
it is a vegetarian meal, the vegetables are carefully chosen, between the country ones—gourds, drumsticks,
brinjals/eggplants—and the ‘English’ ones, which could be carrot, cabbage, and cauliflower. If it is a non-
vegetarian meal, in some cases, a separate leaf is provided for the fried meats, chicken, fish, crab, and so on.
But again, the variations are presented carefully, one dry one next to a gravies one.
After having worked through the preliminaries, the long haul starts with the rice, which is generously doused
with ghee. Sambhar, the highly spiced dal-based dish containing whatever appropriate vegetable there is in
season, follows and this is succeeded by rasam. After a final round of rice and curds, or buttermilk or both, a
traditional meal concludes with a small banana, a few betel leaves and nuts.
                                                         153
     1. Look at the restaurant menu below. Repeat the words after the speaker, and follow along in the
workbook.
2. Imagine that you have Rs50.00. What would you order at the “Small World Restaurant”?
                                                 154
     3. A) Listen to and read along with the following dialogue between a waiter and a patron.
B) Make up similar dialogues using the words and word combinations that are in the box.
      4. Listen to the following dialogue that takes place at a restaurant. Follow along in your
workbook. Pay attention to the new words. Role-play the dialogue. You can substitute some words with
any food from the “Small World Restaurant” menu.
                                                 155
A. Our idli-vadai is very delicious.
A. Engaludiya idli-vadai rusiyaaga irukkum.
A. எங்களுைடய இட்லி-வைட ருசியாக இருக்கும்.
B. A cup of tea.
B. Oru cuppu tea.
B. ஒரு கப்பு டீ.
                                                156
Present tense                                         Past Tense
I drink    நான் குடிக்கிேறன்.        Naan kudikiraen. I drank    நான் குடித்ேதன்.         Naan kudithaen.
You         நீங்கள்                  Neengal          You        நீங்கள்                  Neengal
drink                                kudikirirgal.    drank                               kudithirgal.
            குடிக்கிறீர்கள்.                                     குடித்தீர்கள்.
He/She      அவர் குடிக்கிறார்.       Avar kudikiraar. He/she     அவர் குடித்தார்.         Avar kudithaar.
drinks                                                drank
We drink    நாங்கள்                  Naangal          We         நாங்கள்                  Naangal
                                     kudikirom.       drank                               kudithom.
            குடிக்கிேறாம்.                                       குடித்ேதாம்.
They        அவர்கள்                  Avargal          They       அவர்கள்                  Avargal
drink                                kudikiraargal.   drank                               kudithaargal.
            குடிக்கிறார்கள்.                                     குடித்தார்கள்.
It drinks   அது குடிக்கிறது.         Athu             It drank   அது குடித்தது.           Athu
                                     kudikirathu.                                         kudithathu.
5. Using the restaurant menu above, tell your classmates in தமிழ் what you ate and drank at a
restaurant the last time you were there.
     6. Listen and read along with the dialogue. Fill in the blanks with the missing word in English.
Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                   157
அவர் சாதமுடன் மீ ன் சாப்பிட்டார்.
Avar saathamuden meen saapitaar.
He ate _____ with rice.
என்ன குடித்தார்?
 Enna kudithaar?
What did he ______?
டீ குடித்தார்.
Tea kudithaar.
He drank ____.
நீங்கள் என்ன சாப்பிட்டீர்கள் ?
Neengal enna saapitirgal?
What did you ____?
நான் ேகாழியுடன் கிழங்கு சாப்பிட்ேடன்.
Naan kozhiyuden kizhangu saapitaen.
I ate ______ with potatoes.
என்ன குடித்தீர்கள் ?
Enna kudithirgal?
What did you drink?
காப்பி குடித்ேதன்.
Kaapi kudithaen.
I drank _______.
7. Below are some table service items. Listen and repeat after the speaker.
                                                 158
8. Match the English words in the left column with the தமிழ் equivalents in the right column. Check
your work with the answer key.
      9. Listen to the following model and repeat after the speaker. Compose similar sentences using the
words below.
10. Listen to the speaker and circle the words you hear. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                      159
4. They ate fried potatoes and chicken / fish.
                                                 160
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Say, in தமிழ், what you usually eat and drink for breakfast / lunch / dinner.
2. Say, in தமிழ், what you ate and drank at a restaurant the last time you were there.
3. Pretend that you are at a restaurant now. What would you say, in தமிழ், if you wanted to eat salad
and fried potatoes? You also want a cup of coffee, and you need a fork and a napkin. What would you
say, in தமிழ், if you did not know what to choose? Your classmate is a waiter. Role-play the dialogue.
Work in pairs or in small groups.
4. Read and translate the following text into English. In தமிழ், answer the questions that follow in
complete sentences. Check the answer key to review your translation and check your answers.
Pohna vellikizhamai velai mudinthu, en thambiyum petrorgalum naanum “Small World” hottalukku pohnohm.
Athu vangi ethiril ulla oru siriya hottal. Waiter saathamuden kozhi kuzhambu, meen varuval poori romba
rusiyaaga irukkum endru sonnaar. En thambi pooriyudan kizhangu saapitaar. Tea kudithaar. En amma
saathamuden kozhi kuzhambu saapitaar. Inippu palagaarathirku, paayaasam saapitaar. Avar ilaneer kudithaar.
En appa idli-vadai saapitaar. Inippu palagaarathirku laddu saapitaar. Kaapi kudithaar. Naan kozhi
kuzhambuden thosai saapitten. Romba rusiyaaga irunthathu!
                                                   161
5. What did he drink?
                                        162
Vocabulary List
                                        163
It drank      Athu kudithathu.    அது குடித்தது.
Plate         Thattu              தட்டு
Bowl          Kinnam              கிண்ணம்
Cup           Kuvalai             குவைள
Glass         Gilaas              கிளாஸ்
Knife         Kathi               கத்தி
Fork          Mullu karandi       முள்ளு கரண்டி
Spoon         Karandi             கரண்டி
Banana leaf   Vaazha-ilai         வாைழயிைல
delicious     Rusi                ருசி
bill          Bill                பில்
                            164
ANSWER KEY
6
10
                                                          165
1.எனக்கு ஒரு கிளாஸ் பால் ேவண்டும்.
  Enaku oru gilaas paal vendum.
Last Friday after work, my brother, our parents and I went to the restaurant “Small World.” It’s a small
restaurant across from the bank. A waiter said that the rice with chicken curry, fried fish and poori were very
delicious. My brother ate poori with potatoes; he drank tea. My mother ate rice with chicken curry. She drank
coconut juice. For dessert she had paayaasam. My father ate idli-vadai. He ate a laddu for dessert and drank
coffee. I ate chicken curry and thosais. It was delicious!
                                                      166
Pohna vellikizhamai velai mudinthu, en thambiyum petrorgalum naanum “Small World” hottalukku pohnohm.
Athu vangi ethiril ulla oru siriya hottal. Waiter saathamuden kozhi kuzhambu, meen varuval poori romba
rusiyaaga irukkum endru sonnaar. En thambi pooriyuden kizhangu saapitaar. Tea kudithaar. En amma
saathamuden kozhi kuzhambu saapitaar. Inippu palagaarathirku, paayaasam saapitaar. Avar ilaneer kudithaar.
En appa idli-vadai saapitaar. Inippu palagaarathirku laddu saapitaar. Kaapi kudithaar. Naan kozhi
kuzhambuden thosai saapitten. Romba rusiyaaga irunthathu!
                                                   167
                                               Lesson 9
                                    Holidays and Cultural Traditions
                      விடுமுைறகளும் கலாச்சார பழக்க வழக்கங்களும்
                   Vidumuraigal-um kalaachaara pazhakka vazhakkangalum
Tamilnadu is a melting pot of many different religions. Christmas and Id, the day after the fasting month of
Muslims, are celebrated as a community in Tamilnaadu. However, there are 3 main holidays that are celebrated
by the majority of Tamilians who are Hindus. The holidays vary on the Roman calendar as they follow the
Hindu calendar. The 3 main holidays are:
1. Tamil New Year – தமிழ் வருஷம் பிறப்பு – thamizh varusham pirappu
This is the first day of the Tamil Calendar, much like the Western January 1st New Year. However, according to
the Western Calendar, Tamil New Year starts on April 14, in the spring time. Very few dates of Hindu festivals
happen on the same day every year, especially in relation to the Western Calendar; however Tamil New Year
always falls on April 14.
2. Pongal, Maatu Pongal, Kanni Pongal – ெபாங்கல், மாட்டு ெபாங்கல், கண்ணி ெபாங்கல்
Pongal festivals fall on the same date in the Western calendar every year. These fall in the tenth month of the
Tamil calendar. The three days of Pongal are a grand sight in the villages of Tamil Nadu. On the first day of
Pongal, new dresses are worn and the cows of the village are decorated with kum kum and bells. It is on this
day, that the signature Pongal is prepared in an open mouthed clay pots. When this preparation is done, it is
cooked some more, until it is overcooked, and boils over the edges of the pot. When this happens, all the people
shout and dance “Pongal-o-Pongal.”
On the second day, Maatu Pongal, cows are worshipped. Maatu means cow or bull. Cows remain decorated and
some are grandly decorated. All the people will come and bow down to the cow and put kum kum on its
forehead. Cows and bulls of the villages have a holiday during this time.
On the last day, Kanni Pongal, people leave their homes to visit their families and friends. On this day, one goes
to visit temples. The young give respect to the elderly in the family. All the adults will stand and the youngsters
will bow and do namaskaram to them, which means touching their feet. When the kids touch the adult’s feet,
the adults give some present, usually money to the children. In India, any person younger than the parents and
especially unmarried is considered a child.
                                                       168
3. Deepavali (also known as Diwali) - தீபாவளி
 “Deepavali” means a row of lights and indeed illumination is the theme of this festival. Every home, from the
huts of villagers to the mansions of the rich, is lit with small earthen lamps called vilakku. Hindus do this to
welcome Lakshmi, Goddess of wealth and prosperity. Multi-coloured Rangoli, drawn with rice flour on the
grounds of homes, floral decorations and fireworks makes this a very colorful holiday. This festival is
celebrated on a grand scale in almost all the regions of India, including Tamilnadu.
1. Listen and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in the workbook.
                                                      169
   2. Fill in the blanks to complete the sentences. Use the words located in the box. Check your work
      with the answer key.
                                                  170
ORDINAL NUMBERS 11-19
We add “aavathu - ஆவது” to the numbers to indicate ordinal numbers.
     3. Listen to the ordinal numbers 11 through 19 and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in the
workbook.
                                                          171
ORDINAL NUMBERS 20-29, 30-39, etc to 100
We add “aavathu - ஆவது” to the numbers to indicate ordinal numbers.
5. Listen to the ordinal numbers 20-30 and repeat after the speaker.
                                                   172
 70 seventy            Ehzhu-pa-thu               எழுபது
 seventieth            Ehzhu-pa-thaavathu         எழுபதாவது
 80 eighty             En-pa-thu                  எண்பது
 eightieth             En-pa-thaavathu            எண்பதாவது
 90 ninety             Thon-noo-ru                ெதாண்ணூறு
 ninetieth             Thon-noo-traavathu         ெதாண்ணூற்றாவது
 100 one hundred       Noo-ru                        று
 one hundredth         Noo-raavathu                  றாவது
6. Listen to the names of the months and repeat after the speaker.
7. Look at the picture and say the dates and days of the week in தமிழ். Practice the different dates,
days, and months through the year.
                                                     173
      8. Listen as the speaker reads the following years. Repeat after the speaker.
To say the year in Tamil, the year is read as a number. For example, in English, “1925” is said as “Nineteen-
twenty-five” but in Tamil we say, “one thousand nine hundred and twenty-five,” that is “aayirathi tholayirathi
erubathi-ainthu.” One thousand is “aayiram.”
The year “2000” is referred to as “irubathu-nootraam aandu.” This literally means “twenty-hundred.” However
2001 is referred to as “irandaa-yirathi ondram” aandu.
                                                      174
   2000 இருபது         ற்றாம் ஆண்டு                               irubathu nootraam aandu
      10. Listen to the names of தமிழ் holidays and repeat after the speaker. Follow along in the
workbook. The dates below are estimates as they vary every year due to the difference between the
traditional Indian calendar and the western calendar.
                                                 175
      11. Listen to the speakers talk about their dates of birth. Follow along in the workbook.
    1. When were you born?                2. When were you born?                 3. When were you born?
    நீங்கள் எப்ெபாழுது                    நீங்கள் எப்ெபாழுது                     நீங்கள் எப்ெபாழுது
        பிறந்தீர்கள்?                         பிறந்தீர்கள்?                          பிறந்தீர்கள்?
Neengal eppozhuthu piratheergal?      Neengal eppozhuthu piratheergal?       Neengal eppozhuthu piratheergal?
12. Work in pairs or in small groups. Ask your partner when he was born. Use the model below.
Model:
A. I was born on the 23rd of January, 1987. When were you born?
A. நான் ஆயிரத்து ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி என்பத்தி ஏழு ஜனவ                              இருபத்தி-            ன்றாம்
ேததி பிறந்ேதன். நீங்கள் எப்ெபாழுது பிறந்தீர்கள்?
A. Naan aayirathu tholayirathi enbathi ehzhu Janavari irubathimoondram thaethi piranthaen.
                                                     176
13. Look at the picture below and imagine that this is your family. Describe each member. Use the
model below. You can use real pictures of your family.
Model:
This is my brother. His name is Siva. He is 20 years old. He was born on the 23rd of January 1987.
இவர் என் தம்பி. இவர் ெபயர் சிவா. இவருக்கு இருபது வயது. இவர் ஆயிரத்து
ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி என்பத்தி ஏழு ஜனவ இருபத்தி- ன்றாம் ேததி பிறந்தார்.
Ivar en thambi. Ivar paeyar Siva. Ivarukku irubathu vayathu. Ivar aayirathu tholayirathi enbathi ehzhu
Janavari irubathimoondraam thaethi piranthaar.
14. Read and translate the following text into English. Answer the questions below in English. Check
your work with the answer key.
என் ெபயர் சிவா. நான் தமிழ் நாட் லிருந்து வருகிேறன். நான் ெசன்ைனயில்
வசிக்கிேறன்.       எனக்கு       ஒரு     ெப ய        குடும்பம்     இருக்கிறது:       மைனவி,          இரண்டு
பிள்ைளகளும் என் ெபற்ேறார்களும்.                    நாங்கள் ஒரு ெப ய வட்
                                                                      ீ ல் வசிக்கிேறாம்.
என் மைனவிக்கு முப்பது வயது.                       அவர் ஆயிரத்தி ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி                       எழுபது
நவம்பர் இருபத்தி-             ன்றாம் ேததி பிறந்தார். அவர் ஒரு மருத்துவர், மருத்துவ
மைனயில் ேவைல ெசய்கிறார்.
En Paeyar Siva. Naan Thamizh naatilirunthu varugiraen. Naan Chennaiyil vasikiraen. Enaku oru periya
kudumbam irukirathu : manaivi, irandu pillaigalum en petrorgalum. Naangal oru periya veetil vasikiraohm. En
manaivi muppathu vayathu. Avar aayirathi tholayirathi ezhubathu Navambar irubathi-moondraam thaethi
piranthaar. Avar oru maruthuvar, maruthuva manaiyil velai seygiraar.
                                                     177
என்    பிள்ைளகள்          மாணவர்கள்.          அவர்கள்        பள்ளியில்       ப க்கிறார்கள்.         என்     மகள்
ஆயிரத்தி ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி ெதாண்ணூற்றி இரண்டு ஏப்ரல் இருபத்தி-ஆறாம் ேததி
பிறந்தார்.      என்      மகனுக்கு        எட்டு      வயது.        அவர்       ஆயிரத்தி        ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி
ெதாண்ணூற்றி ஆறு ேமய் ஒன்றாம் ேததி பிறந்தார்.
En pillaigal maanavargal. Avargal palliyil padikiraargal. En magal aayirathi tholayirathi thonootri irandu Apral
irubathi aaraam thaethi piranthaar. En maganukku ettu vayathu. Avar aayirathi tholayirathi thonootri aaru May
ondraam thaethi pranthaar.
என் அம்மா க்கு வயதாகிவிட்டது. அவருக்கு எழுபத்தி எட்டு வயது. அவர்
ஆயிரத்தி ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி                     இருபத்தி-ஆறு நவம்பர் இருபத்தி-இரண்டாம் ேததி
பிறந்தார்.       என்      அப்பா      க்கு     எழுபத்தி        ஒன்பது         வயது.        அவர்        ஆயிரத்தி
ெதாள்ளாயிரத்தி             இருபத்தி-ஐந்து ஆகஸ்ட்டு இருபத்தி-ஐந்தாம் ேததி பிறந்தார்.
அவர்கள் ேவைல ெசய்யவில்ைல.
One is treated with respect and humility whenever one visits a Tamilian’s home. From arrival to departure, a
Tamilian will ensure the guest is entertained with at least a drink, if not a meal. It is considered rude to not
accept even a cup of tea. The following are a few examples of what to expect and what is expected at the
following occasions.
                                                       178
1. Birthday parties/ பிறந்த நாள் விழா/ pirantha naal vizha: A gift is not a must as in American
society but guests usually turn up with gifts or flower bouquets or little envelopes of cash gifts. Food and
drinks are served and are for all to eat. It is good manners to greet when entering and bid farewell to the host
when leaving.
2. Weddings/ கல்யாணம் / Kalyaanam: Weddings are loud colorful affairs with many people.
Weddings in America may be a more intimate affairs consisting of the bridal couple’s guest list. However, a
Tamil wedding may well be a community affair, as it is often arranged and executed by the bridal couple’s
parents. Gifts are not expected, but it is good etiquette to offer gifts to the couple and their families. Food is
also catered for everyone who arrives. Usually there is music entertainment for all to enjoy.
3. Funerals/ ஈமச் சடங்கு/ Eemuch sadangu: Funerals may also be loud, as the body of a loved one may
be laid to rest in their home for everyone to pay their last respects. Crying aloud and lamenting is also common
to vent one’s grief at a funeral. It is considered rude to wear colorful clothes and be in merriment at a funeral.
The dead loved one will be transported to a site where he or she will be cremated and their ashes poured into the
sea. This is a Hindu custom. Women are not allowed to traditionally to go to these sites.
      15. Listen to the following conversation between two people. Repeat after the speakers. Follow
along in the workbook. Answer the questions that follow. Check your work with the answer key.
                                                        179
   வலது பக்கத்தில்         ன்றாவது வடு    ீ என் வடு.
                                                 ீ
Valathu pakkathil moondraavathu veedu en veedu.
B. என்ன ெகாண்டு வர ேவண்டும்?
Enna kondu vara vendum?
A. ஒன்றும் ெகாண்ட வர ேவண்டாம்.
Ondrum konda vara vendaam.
B. அைழப்புக்கு நன்றி.
Azhaippuku nandri.
16. Work with a partner. Invite him/her to your house to celebrate a holiday. Give him or her directions
how to get to your house. Use the dialogue above as a model.
                                                  180
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
2. Give the names of Tamilnadu holidays and say when they are celebrated (in தமிழ்).
3. Invite your roommate to a Christmas party and give him or her directions how to get there.
                                                  181
Vocabulary List
                                            182
Sixtieth                 Arru-pa-thaavathu             அறுபதாவது
Seventieth               Ehzhu-pa-thaavathu            எழுபதாவது
Eightieth                En-pa-thaavathu               எண்பதாவது
Ninetieth                Thon-noo-traavathu            ெதாண்ணூற்றாவது
One hundredth            Noo-raavathu                    றாவது
January                  Janavari                      ஜனவ
February                 Pipara-vari                   பிப்ரவ
March                    March                         மார்ச்
April                    Aapr-il                       ஏப்ரல்
May                      May                           ேமய்
June                     June                          ஜூன்
July                     July                          ஜூைல
August                   Aagustu                       ஆகஸ்ட்டு
September                Sup-tumber                    ெசப்டம்பர்
October                  Aaktober                      அக்ேடாபர்
November                 Navambar                      நவம்பர்
December                 De-sumbar                      சம்பர்
I was born               Piranthaen                    பிறந்ேதன்
To invite                Azhaikka                      அைழக்க
Invitation               Azhaippu                      அைழப்பு
Address                  Mugavari                      முகவ
Drive                    Ohttu                         ஓட்டு
Turn right               Valathu pakkamaaga thirumba   வலது பக்கமாக திரும்ப
Turn left                Idathu pakkamaaga thirumba    இடது பக்கமாக திரும்ப
Come over                Vaanga                        வாங்க
Birthday                 Pirantha naal                 பிறந்த நாள்
Birthday party           Pirantha naal vizha           பிறந்த நாள் விழா
Wedding                  Kalyaanam                     கல்யாணம்
Funeral                  Eemuch sadangu                ஈமச் சடங்கு
To bring                 Konda vara                    ெகாண்டு வர
I want to invite you …   Ungalai azhaikiraen.          உங்கைள அைழக்கிேறன்.
Tamil new year           Varusha pirappu               வருஷப் பிறப்பு
                                                 183
Pongal, maatu pongal,   Pongal, maatu pongal, kanni    ெபாங்கல், மாட்டு
kanni pongal            pongal
                                                       ெபாங்கல், கண்ணி
                                                       ெபாங்கல்
Deepavali (also known Theebaavali                      தீபாவளி
as     Diwali)      -
தீபாவளி
                                                 184
ANSWER KEY
2
14
My name is Siva. I am from Tamil Nadu. I live in Chenni. I have a big family: a wife, two children, and my
parents. We live in a big house. My wife is 30. She was born on November 23, 1970. She is a doctor and
works at the hospital. My children are students. They study at school. My daughter was born on the April 26,
1992. My son is 8 years old. He was born on the 1st of May, 1996. My mother is old. She is 78. She
was born on the 22nd of November, 1926. My father is 79. He was born on the 25th of August, 1925. They do
not work.
15
                                                        185
      Drive north on the main road to Palani Street and turn left. Drive along Palani Street two blocks and turn
      right. My house is the third house on the right.
6. What should he bring? Nothing.
                                                       186
                                         Lesson 10
                                      Around the House
                                        வட்ைட
                                         ீ    சுற்றி
                                         Veetai Suttri
There are a range of different types of homes. There are the traditional homes in the villages
where the average farmer may or may not have electricity and there are sparse furnishings. The
floor of the dwelling may be barren and often times may be plain concrete. There may or may
not be a kitchen and meals are often cooked on a basic stove powered by wood and fire. In the
urban areas, the average Tamilian will have different rooms and amenities similar to an
American home. There will be a fusion of Indian and western decor in an urbanite’s home.
However, in all Indian homes, despite religion, there is a room, or at least a wall, that is devoted
to prayer. Tamilians believe that the home is a gift from God and this area is very central to a
Tamilian’s home life.
                                                187
        1. Listen to the vocabulary below and repeat after the speaker.
2. Match the தமிழ் words in the left column with their English equivalents in the right
column. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                     188
7.வ    ெகாட்டைக vandi kottagai                   G. Bedroom
8. டம்          koodam                           H. Door
9.அ வலகம்       alu-valagam                      I. Dining room
10.நிலவைற                      nilavarai         J. Floor
11.   ற்றம்                    muttram           K. Office
12.சைமயலைற                     samaiyal-arai     L. Window
3. Complete the following sentences by filling in the blanks from the list of words written
in the box below. Check your work with the answer key.
                                                189
4. Draw a plan of your house and tell your partner in தமிழ் the types of rooms you have
and where they are located. Work in pairs or in small groups.
5. Match the following questions with the correct answers. Check your work with the
answer key.
                                           190
“HOW MANY?”
To ask “how many houses are there?” we say, “Ethannai veedugal irukindrana?” This literally
translates into “how many houses there is?” “Ethannai” is the Tamil equivalent to “how many”
in English and it begins the question.
   6. Pretend that you want to buy a house and your classmate is a real estate agent.
      Make up a dialogue using the model below. Work in pairs or in small groups.
Model:
                                            191
     7. Familiarize yourself with these terms for furniture and furnishings. Listen and
repeat after the speaker.
                                           192
8. Below is a chart with rooms you would find in a typical home. Under each room, list in
தமிழ் the furniture and furnishings (from the list above) that you would expect to find
there. Some items will be used more than once.
   9. Use the chart above and ask each other questions in தமிழ் about the furniture in
      your rooms.
Model:
                                           193
      10. Listen and read along as a speaker talks about his home and then answer the
questions about the passage. Check your work with the answer key.
PLAY AUDIO
C.வடு
    ீ ஒ       மா யா அல்ல              இர                   டு மா யா?
Veedu oru maadiya allathu irandu maadiya?
                                                          194
D.எ தைன படுக்ைக அைறக                        இ       க்கி    றன?
Ethanai padukai araigal irukindrana?
                                                195
          End-of-Lesson Tasks
        1. Listen to the speaker and circle the terms that you hear. Check your work with
  the answer key.
  2. You have a guest in your home. Give him or her answers to the following questions, in
  Tamil.
                                              196
Vocabulary List
Room              Arai                  அைற
Prayer room       Saami-yarai           சாமியைற
Toilet            Kazhivu-arai          கழி       அைற
Bathroom          Kuliyal-arai              ளியல் அைற
Bedroom           Padukai-arai          படுக்ைக அைற
Dining room       Saapaatu-arai         சாப்பாட்டு அைற
Door              Kathavu               கத
Floor             Tharai                தைற
Window            Sannal                ச     னல்
Garage            Vandi kottagai        வ          ெகாட்டைக
Roof              Koorai                    ைர
Antenna           Antenna               அ     ெடனா
Office            Alu-valagam           அ     வலகம்
Basement          Nilavarai             நிலவைற
Yard              Muttram                   ற்றம்
Kitchen           Samaiyal-arai         சைமயலைற
Living room       Koodam                    டம்
One-story         Oru maadi             ஒ         மா
Two-story         Irandu maadi          இர        டு மா
First floor       Muthalaavathu maadi       தலாவ          மா
Second floor      Irandaavathu maadi    இர        டாவ     மா
Bathtub           Kuliyal thotti            ளியல் ெதாட்
Bed               Kattil                கட் ல்
Bookcase          Buthakka alamaari         தக அலமா
Chair             Naat-kaali            நாற்காலி
Closet            Alamaari              அலமா
Table             Mai-sai               ேமைச
Refrigerator      Ice petti             ஐ         ெபட்
Dresser           Diraa-yer                 ராய     அலமா
Lamp              Vilakku               வ ளக்
Microwave oven Mai-kro-waive avan       ைமக்ேராேவ              அவ
                                            197
Radio        Vaanoli          வாெனாலி
Carpet       Kambalam         கம்பளம்
Sink         Ang-ganam        அ   கனம்
Sofa         Sofa             ேஸாஃபா
Stove        Aduppu           அடுப்
Telephone    Tholai-pesi      ெதாைலப்ேபசி
Television   Tholai-kaatchi   ெதாைலக்காட்சி
Toaster      Toaster          ேடா     ட
Toilet       Kazhippidam      கழிப்ப டம்
                               198
ANSWER KEY
2
                                                 199
3. There is a yard in front of the house.
3. ற்றம் வட்டு   ீ             னால் இ       க்கிற   .
3.muttram veettu munaal irukirathu.
4. There is a kitchen between the living room and the dining room.
4.சைமயலைற                டதிற் ம் சாப்பாட்டு அைறக் ம் இைடய ல்
இ க்கிற .
4.Samaiyalarai koodathirkum saapaattu araikum naduvil irukirathu.
10
My name is Raamu. I live with my wife and two children in Madhurai. We have a small two-
story house. My father lives with us. The house has two bedrooms on the second floor; one for
our two sons and one for my father. My wife and I sleep in the bedroom on the first floor. We
have two bathrooms. There is a large kitchen with a stove, sink and refrigerator. In the kitchen
there is a large table. We do not have a dining room. Our living room has a sofa, a table, two
chairs, and a small television. In the evening after dinner, my family and I watch television.
                                              200
G.                              samaiyalaraiyil       Where do they eat their meals?
சைமயலைறய ல்
H. ெதாைலக்காட்சி                tholaikaatchi         What does the family do in the evening after
                                paarkiraargal         dinner?
பா க்கிறா க
                                                     201
                                              Lesson 11
                                          Weather and Seasons
                                      வானிைலயும் பருவமும்
                                      Vaanilai-yum Paruvam-um
1. Listen to the weather terms as they are read aloud. Repeat the weather terms after the speaker.
                                                     202
2. Match the pictures with the correct weather term. Check your answers with the answer key.
          காற்று
           kaatru
         ெவய ல்
           veyil
          மைழ
           mazhai
        உைறப்பனி
         urai-pani
3. What do you hear? Circle the terms you hear spoken by the native speaker.
    4. Familiarize yourself with the following terms related to the weather. Pause the recording as
many times as you need. Repeat after the speaker.
                                                   203
 Overcast            maega mootta-maaga        ேமக மூட்டமாக
 Windy               kaatru veesuvathaga       காற்று வ வதாக
 Cold                kuliraaga                 குளிராக
 Low temperature     kuraintha veppa-nilai     குைற த ெவப்பநிைல
 Freezing            kadumaiyaana kuliraaga கடுைமயான குளிராக
 Below freezing      kadumaiyaana kuliraaga கடுைமயான குளிராக
 Warm                veppamaaga                ெவப்பமாக
 High temperature ooyarntha veppa-nilai        உய       த ெவப்பநிைல
 Hot                 kadumaiyaana veppam       கடுைமயான ெவப்பம்
 Dry                 eeram-mattra              ஈரமற்ற
 Sunny               veyilaaga                 ெவய லாக
 Rainy               mazhaiyaaga               மைழயாக
Celsius is used in India, rather than Fahrenheit. Here are some useful tips in converting temperature from one
measurement to another.
To convert Fahrenheit temperatures into Celsius             To convert Celsius temperatures into Fahrenheit
   • Begin by subtracting 32 from the Fahrenheit               • Begin by multiplying the Celsius temperature
      number.                                                     by 9.
   • Divide the answer by 9.                                   • Divide the answer by 5.
   • Then multiply that answer by 5.                           • Now add 32.
Grammar Notes
To say “rain,” we say “mazhai.” Instead of “rainy,” we say “mazhai-yaaga.” In the same way, we say “fog” as
“moodu-pani” and “foggy” as “moodu-pani-yaaga.” We add “-aaga” to the end of the noun to indicate an
adjective.
Furthermore, when we want to say “rainy and foggy,” we say “mazhai-yaaga-vum moodu-pani-yaaga-vum.”
We add “aaga-vum to the end of both adjectives.
                                                      204
      5. Listen to the typical questions and responses about the weather. Repeat them after the speaker.
6. Read the following short dialogues on weather and match each one to a picture below. Check your
work with the answer key.
                                                   205
2. ெவப்பநிைல என்ன?
Veppanilai enna?
இருப தி-எட்டு ெசல்சிய              ! ெவப்பமாக ம் வானம் ெதளிவாக          ம் இரு கிற   .
Irubathi ettu celsius! Veppamaagavum vaanam thelivaagavum irukirathu.
A #____________ B #_______________
C #_____________ D #_____________
                                            206
7. Work with a partner. Complete the dialogues according to the models in Exercise 5 and Exercise 6.
Use the vocabulary given below.
                                                 207
          8. Translate the following sentences into English. Check your work with the answer key.
     9. Listen to the speaker and mark the statement that you hear. Then translate it into English.
Check your work with the answer key.
                                                   208
          4. A.நாைள வானிைல முன்னறிவ ப்                     என்ன? ேமக மூட்டமாக               ம்
          குளிராக ம் இரு கும.
          Naalai vaanilai munnarivipu enna? Maega mootamaagavum kuliraagavum irukkum.
           B. நாைள வானிைல முன்னறிவ ப் என்ன? ேமக மூட்டமாக ம்
          குளிராக ம் இரு கும.
          Naalai vaanilai munnarivipu enna? Maega mootamaagavum kuliraagavum irukkum.
           C. நாைள வானிைல முன்னறிவ ப் என்ன? ெவய லாக ம் குளிராக                                        ம்
          இரு கும.
          Naalai vaanilai munnarivipu enna? Veyilaagavum kuliraagavum irukkum.
      10. Familiarize yourself with the following terms related to weather and natural disasters. Pause
the recording as many times as you need. Repeat after the speaker.
                                                   209
                        Hurricane                                  Flood
                         றாவளி                                    ெவள்ளம்
                        Sooravahli                                 Vellam
     11. What do you hear? Circle the three terms you hear spoken by the native speaker. Check your
answers with the answer key.
Play Audio
                                                 210
         End-of-Lesson Tasks
      1. Listen to the following weather report for four different cities in Tamilnadu, South India. In
English, fill in the chart below with the weather and temperature for each city. Pause or replay the audio
if needed. Check your work with the answer key.
PLAY AUDIO 1
PLAY AUDIO 2
PLAY AUDIO 3
PLAY AUDIO 4
                                                   211
      2. Listen to the following weather report and answer the questions below. Check your work with
the answer key.
PLAY AUDIO
3. Working in pairs or small groups, describe the pictures. Use the vocabulary you’ve learned in this
lesson to compose a story to match the pictures. Include the season of the year, the name of the month,
the type of weather it seems to be, etc).
                                                       212
Vocabulary List
Temperature        Veppa-nilai                    ெவப்பநிைல
Fahrenheit         Parenheit veppamaani           பாரன்ைஹட் ெவப்பமானி
Celsius            Celsius veppamaani             ெசல்சிய      ெவப்பமானி
Weather            Vaanilai                       வானிைல
Weather forecast   Vaanilai munn-arivippu         வானிைல முன்னறிவ ப்
Weather report     Vaanilai arivippu              வானிைல அறிவ ப்
Winter             Kulir kaalam                   குளி     காலம்
Spring             Vasantha kaalam                வச த காலம்
Summer             Koh-dai kaalam                 ேகாைட       காலம்
Fall               Ilaiyuthir kaalam              இைலயுதி      காலம்
Clear skies        Vaanam thelivu                 வானம் ெதளி
Cloudy             Maega mootta-maaga             ேமக மூட்டமாக
Overcast           Maega mootta-maaga             ேமக மூட்டமாக
Windy              Kaatru veesuvathaga            காற்று வ வதாக
Cold               Kuliraaga                      குளிராக
Low temperature    Kuraintha veppa-nilai          குைற த ெவப்பநிைல
Freezing           Kadumaiyaana kuliraaga         கடுைமயான குளிராக
Below freezing     Kadumaiyaana kuliraaga         கடுைமயான குளிராக
Warm               Veppamaaga                     ெவப்பமாக
High temperature Vuyarntha veppa-nilai            உய     த ெவப்பநிைல
Hot                Kadumaiyaana veppam            கடுைமயான ெவப்பம்
Dry                Eeram-muttra                   ஈரமற்ற
Sunny              Veyilaaga                      ெவய லாக
Rainy              Mazhaiyaaga                    மைழயாக
Rain               Mazhai                         மைழ
Sun                Veyil                          ெவய ல்
Wind               Kaatru                         காற்று
Snow               Urai-pani                      உைறப்பனி
Fog                Moodu-pani                     மூடுபனி
                                            213
Lightning          Minnal                மின்னல்
Thunderstorm       Idi mazhai            இடி மைழ
Tornado            Suzhar-kaatru          ழற்காற்று
Hurricane clouds   Sooravuhli             றாவளி
Flood              Vellam                ெவள்ளம்
                                   214
ANSWER KEY
2
11
                                                        215
End of Lesson Exercise 1
Chennai Weather Report
Cloudy with thunderstorms. High temperatures of 32 degrees Celsius and low of 29 degrees Celsius.
ெசன்ைன வானிைல அறிவ ப் . ேமக மூட்டமாக ம் இடி மைழயாக ம்
இரு கும்.      உய      த ெவப்பநிைல முப்ப தி இர                   டு ெசல்சிய          ெவப்பமானி
ஆகும். குைற த ெவப்பநிைல இருப தி ஒன்ப                            ெசல்சிய         ெவப்பமானி ஆகும்.
Chennai vaanilai arivippu. Maega mootamaagavum idi mazhaiyaagavum irukkum. Uyarntha veppanilai
muppathi irandu celsius veppamaani aagum. Kuraintha veppanilai irubathi onbathu celsius veppamaani aagum.
Tiruchirapalli Weather Report. Hot and Rainy. High temperatures of 33 degrees Celsius and low of 27
degrees Celsius.
திரு சிராப்பள்ளி வானிைல அறிவ ப் . கடுைமயான ெவப்பமாக ம்
மைழயாக         ம் இரு கும்.        உய      த ெவப்பநிைல முப்ப தி மூன்று ெசல்சிய
ெவப்பமானி ஆகும். குைற த ெவப்பநிைல இருப தி ஏ                                 ெசல்சிய         ெவப்பமானி
ஆகும்.
Thiruchirapalli vaanilai arivippu. Kadumaiyaana veppamaagavum mazhaiyaagavum irukkum. Uyarntha
veppanilai muppathi moondru celsius veppamaani aagum. Kuraintha veppanilai irubathi ehzhu celsius
veppamaani aagum.
Kanyakumari Weather Report Warm and Windy. High temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius and low of 28
degrees Celsius.
கன்னியா கும வானிைல அறிவ ப் . ெவப்பமாக ம் காற்று வ வதாக ம்
இரு கும்.      உய      த ெவப்பநிைல முப்ப               ெசல்சிய         ெவப்பமானி ஆகும்.
குைற த ெவப்பநிைல இருப தி எட்டு ெசல்சிய                             ெவப்பமானி ஆகும்.
Madurai Weather Report Clear skies and sunny. High temperatures of 31 degrees Celsius and low of 29
degrees Celsius.
ம ைர வானிைல அறிவ ப் . வானம் ெதளிவாக ம் ெவய லாக ம் இரு கும்.
உய      த ெவப்பநிைல முப்ப தி ஒன்று ெசல்சிய                         ெவப்பமானி ஆகும். குைற த
ெவப்பநிைல இருப தி ஒன்ப                   ெசல்சிய          ெவப்பமானி ஆகும்.
Madhurai vaanilai arivippu. Vaanam thelivaagavum veyilaagavum irukkum. Uyarntha veppanilai muppathi
ondru celsius veppamaani aagum. Kuraintha veppanilai irubathi onbathu celsius veppamaani aagum.
                                                    216
   City           Weather                      Temperature
1. Chennai        Cloudy with                  High temperatures of 32 degrees Celsius and low of 29 degrees
                  thunderstorms                Celsius.
2. Tiruchirapalli Hot and Rainy                High temperatures of 33 degrees Celsius and low of 27 degrees
                                               Celsius.
3. Kanyakumari Warm and Windy                  High temperatures of 30 degrees Celsius and low of 28 degrees
                                               Celsius.
4. Madurai          Clear skies and sunny      High temperatures of 31 degrees Celsius and low of 29 degrees
                                               Celsius.
Ithu Chennaiyin vaanilai arivippu, velli-kizhamai apral irubathi ondrukku. Indru kaalai vaanilai
mazhaiyaagavum, maalaiyil idi mazhaiyaagavum irukkum. Naalai kaalai vaanilai Maega mootamaagavum,
pirpagalil veyilaagavum irukkum.
Indru kuraintha veppanilai irubathi ettu celsius veppamaaniyuden, uyarntha veppanilai muppathi irandu celsius
veppamaaniyaaga irukkum. Naalai pirpagal moondru manikku uyarntha veppanilai muppathi moondru celsius
veppamaani. Kuraintha veppanilai irubathi ettu celsius veppamaaniyaaga irukkum.
                                                     217
This is the weather report for Chennai for Friday the 21st of April. Today’s weather will be rainy with a chance
of a thunderstorm this evening. Tomorrow’s weather will be cloudy in the morning but sunny in the afternoon.
It will also be windy. The low temperature for today will be 28 degrees Celsius with a high temperature of 32.
Tomorrow’s high temperature will be 33 at 3:00 in the afternoon. The low temperature will be 28 degrees
Celsius.
                                                      218
                                                Lesson 12
                                           Personal Appearance
                                         தனது ெவளித்ேதாற்றம்
                                          Thanathu veli-thohtram
      1. Look at the pictures below and familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the
descriptions of people’s appearances.
Please note that word “uyaram” for tall is also used for the measurement term of “height.” Therefore, in Tamil to
say someone is “tall,” indicates that he is of a considerable “height,” that is “uyaram.” The same rule applies for
the word “ganam.” To indicate someone is heavyset, we say that they are of a considerable “weight,” that is
“ganam.”
                                                       219
  Short hair         Long hair           Blond                  Red             White
குட்ைட        டி     நீள     டி     ெபான்னிற       டி      சிவப்பு    டி    ெவள்ைள        டி
  kuttai mudi        neela mudi       ponnira mudi          sivappu mudi      vellai mudi
2. Look at the pictures below and listen to the descriptions of people’s appearances.
                                              220
More words of description indicating age:
Grammar Notes
To say the root word “short,” we say “Kullam,” as opposed to the adjective “short,” we say “Kullam-aaga.” In
the same way, we say the root word “thin” as “olli” and the adjective “thin” as “olli-yaaga.” We add “-aaga” to
the ends of the noun to indicate adjectives.
Therefore, to say “the girl is short,” we say “Intha penn Kullam-aaga irukiraal.
To further develop this, when we want to say “short and thin,” we say “Kullam-aaga-vum olli-yaaga-vum.” We
add “aaga-vum” to the ends of both adjectives.
Grammar Notes
      3. Look at the pictures below and familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the
speaker and repeat as you follow along in the workbook.
 Hair                  mudi                       டி
 Color                 niram                  நிறம்
 Blond Hair            ponnira mudi           ெபான்னிற                டி
 Brown Hair            pazhupu nira mudi      பழுப்பு நிற            டி
 Red Hair              sivappu mudi           சிவப்பு          டி
 Gray Hair             vellai mudi            ெவள்ைள                 டி
 Black Hair            karuppu mudi           கருப்பு          டி
 Curly Hair            suruttai mudi              ருட்ைட             டி
 Straight Hair         neraana mudi           ேநரான             டி
 Short Hair            kuttai mudi            குட்ைட            டி
 Long Hair             neela mudi             நீள        டி
 Blue                  neelam                 நீலம்
                                                         221
Green                 pachai             பச்ைச
Average / Regular     saathaaranam       சாதாரணம்
     This young woman has short brown hair.                      This young man has short black hair.
 Intha ilamaiyaana pennukku kuttaiyaana pazhuppu         Intha ilamaiyaana aanukku kuttaiyaana karuppu mudi
               nira-mudi irukirathu.                                          irukirathu.
 இ த ெபண்           க்கு குட்ைடயான பழுப்பு               இ தஆ           க்கு குட்ைடயான கருப்பு           டி
            நிற      டி இருக்கிறது.                                       இருக்கிறது.
         The young girl has long blond hair.                       The old man has gray hair.
Intha ilamaiyaana pennukku neelamaana ponnira mudi          Intha muthiyavarukku vellai mudi irukirathu.
                     irukirathu.
  இ த ெபண்          க்கு நீளமான ெபான்னிற                    இ த       தியவருக்கு ெவள்ைள               டி
                    டி இருக்கிறது.                                        இருக்கிறது.
                                                   222
4. Work with a partner. Look at the pictures and describe each person. See if your partner can correctly
identify the body type and their color and style of hair from your description.
      5. Look at the pictures below and familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the
speaker and repeat as you follow along in the workbook.
Unlike in the West, where the more tanned the skin tone is, the more fashionable and attractive it is, in South
India, it is quite the opposite. Instead of tanning salons, there are stores with beauty products for skin-
lightening. It is considered that the lighter the skin, the more attractive it makes one. This is, of course a
stereotype, and in more educated circles, it may not be so prevalent but it is important to note not to comment on
another’s skin tone as being dark as it is considered rude and offensive.
                                                       223
   6. From the lists above, choose the characteristics and adjectives used to describe each feature. Fill
      in the chart below in தமி . Check your answers with the answer key.
   7. In each line of text below, cross out the term that does not logically belong. Check your work with
      the answer key.
      8. Listen to the descriptions of different people’s appearances while reading the following
dialogues. Answer the questions. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                    224
 A-ேநரான         டி.
   neraana mudi.
Questions:
                                         225
     9. Familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary on clothing and colors. Listen and repeat after the
speaker.
                                                    226
                      Blue Salwar              Green Salwar
    Red Saree            Kurtaaz                  Kameez             White Veshti
  sivapu pudavai   neela salwar kurtaaz     pachai salwar kameez     vellai veshti
சிவப்பு புடைவ        நீல சல்வார்             பச்ைச சல்வார்           ெவள்ைள
                      குர்த்தா                      கம                 ேவ     டி
                                          227
10. Match each description with the corresponding picture. Fill in the blank with the correct letter. Note
that there could be more than one match. Check your work with the answer key.
A B C D E
                                                        228
11. Translate the following descriptions into English. Check your work with the answer key.
B. நவன்
     ீ  உயரமாகவும் கனமாகவும் இருக்கிறார்.                      அவர் வயது நாப்பத்தி-ஐ து.
அவருக்கு குட்ைடயான ெவள்ைள                       டி    ம், நீல கண்க       ம், ெவள்ைள ேதா              ம்
இருக்கின்றன.
Navin uyaramaagavum ganamaagavum irukiraar. Avar vayathu naapathi-ainthu. Avaruku kuttaiyaana vellai
mudiyum, neela kangalum, vellai tholum irukindrana.
C. இரா      வ வரருக்கு
               ீ       குட்ைடயான கருப்பு                   டி இருக்கிறது.       அவர்
குள்ளமாகவும் ஒல்லியாகவும் இருக்கிறார்.
Raanuva veeraruku kuttaiyaana karuppu mudi irukkirathu. Avar kullamaagavum olliyaagavum irukiraar.
                                                     229
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
 1. Describe the people you see in the pictures. For each person, include the approximate age, skin tone,
color and length of hair, and what he/she is wearing. Use the model:
1 2 3
4 5 6
2. Make up a simple description for each of the people listed below. (You may substitute any individual
you wish for those listed.) Be sure to include hair color and length, approximate height and age, eye
color, and skin tone.
Example:
My mother is 63 years old. She is tall and has a medium frame. She has short, gray hair and brown eyes. She
has light skin. She wears glasses.
A. Mother
B. Father
C. Co-worker
D. President of the United States
E. Your next door neighbor
                                                     230
  3. Work in pairs. Pretend that you and your partner are roommates. When you went to the store,
someone came to visit you. Now you are back. Ask your roommate questions about that person’s
appearance. Your partner will describe the visitor. In Tamil, say how he looks, is she tall or short? Is he
heavy or thin? What kind of hair does she have? What was he wearing? What colors were the clothes?)
                                                    231
Vocabulary List
                                               232
Eye                   Kann                    கண்
Mouth                 Vay-i                   வா
Glasses               Kannaadi                கண்ணாடி
Beard                 Thaadi                  தாடி
Light Skin            Vellai thol             ெவள்ைள ேதால்
Medium Skin           Maa nira thol           மா நிற ேதால்
Dark Skin             Karuppu nira thol       கருப்பு நிற ேதால்
Black                 Karuppu                 கருப்பு
Gray                  Saambal                 சாம்பல்
Green                 Pachai                  பச்ைச
Red                   Sivappu                 சிவப்பு
Blue                  Neelam                  நீலம்
Yellow                Manjal                  ம     சள்
White                 Vellai                  ெவள்ைள
Red Coat              Sivappu koh-ttu         சிவப்பு ேகாட்டு
Gray Suit             Saambal soo-ttu         சாம்பல்       ட்டு
Green Pants           Pachai trouser          பச்ைச டிெரௗசர்
Blue Jeans            Neela jeans             நீல ஜீன்
Green Jacket          Pachai jacketu          பச்ைச ஜாக்ெகட்
Brown Sweater         Pazhuppu suvetter       பழுப்பு     ெவட்டர்
Orange Shirt          Aaranju sattai          ஆர          சட்ைட
Blue T-Shirt          Neela t-shirtu          நீல       -ஷர்ட்
Red saree             Sivapu pudavai          சிவப்பு புடைவ
Blue Salwar Kurtaaz   Neela salwar kurtaaz    நீல சல்வார் குர்த்தா
Green Salwar Kameez   Pachai salwar kameez பச்ைச சல்வார் கம
White Veshti          Vellai veshti        ெவள்ைள ேவ டி
Black Socks
                      Karuppu kaalurai        கருப்பு கா     ைற
White Socks           Vellai kaalurai         ெவள்ைள கா            ைற
                                             233
ANSWER KEY
                                                     234
1. - What color is Rani’s hair?
   - Her hair is brown.
   - Is Rani’s hair long or short?
   - It’s short.
   - Is Rani’s hair curly or straight?
   - It’s straight.
3. - Is Saamy tall?
   - He is of average height.
   - Is he heavy?
   - No, he is thin.
10
1. D is an old woman.
2. E has blond hair.
3. B has long brown hair.
4. A is wearing a gray suit
5. E is wearing blue pants.
6. C is a young mother.
7. C is tall and thin.
8. C is wearing a yellow dress.
9. B is wearing a blue t-shirt.
10. A is heavy.
11
1. Devi is tall and thin. She is 30 years old. She has blond curly hair, green eyes, and fair skin.
2. Navin is tall and heavy. He is 45 years old. He has short gray hair, blue eyes, and light skin.
3. The soldier has dark short hair. He is short and thin.
4. The young girl is 10 years old. She is tall and thin. She has long brown hair, brown eyes, and dark
skin.
                                                      235
                                          Lesson 13
                                        Transportation
                                        ேபாக்குவரத்து
                                        Pohku-varathu
Chennai has a well developed transport infrastructure. Transportation in the city and its suburbs
is through a large metropolitan area road and rail network. Chennai's economic development has
been closely tied to its port and transportation infrastructure. The city and metropolitan area are
served by major arterial roads that run either in an east-west or north-south direction. Anna Salai,
or Mount Road as it is more popularly called, is the city's most famous road. Most of Chennai's
intra-city transport requirements are met by an extensive public transport system that include
buses, taxis, auto rickshaws, railways and airports.
                                                236
Consider the following verbs:
   • to walk – nadakki - நடந்து
     •   to drive – ohttu – ஓட்டு
     •   to ride – sel – ெசல்
To indicate going to a particular place, the ending of “ku” is added to the name of the place. For
example, we say “to the concert” as “kalai-nigazh-chikku”.
In the following charts, note the change in the endings of the verbs according to the personal
pronoun attached to it.
                                               237
3. Situation: ride – petrol station
      2. Listen to the different forms about using transportation. Repeat after the speaker
as you read along.
Question:
How do you go to work? Neengal eppadi velai-ku poh-gir-rirgal? நீங்கள் எப்படி
ேவைலக்கு ேபாகிறீர்கள் ?
                                               238
2nd Possible Answer
The following indicates modes of transportation in sentences that begins with “I take ......”
“Edu” (take) is the verb and for the pronoun naan (or I) “raen” is added to the verb to end
the sentence.
Model                                     Example
I + ride + cycle + school                 I ride a cycle to school.
Naan + ohttu + syekil + palli             Naan palliku sye-kil ohttu-gi-raen.
நான் + ஓட்டு + ைசக்கிள் +                 நான் பள்ள க்கு ைசக்கிள்
பள்ள                                      ஓட்டுகிேறன்.
                                             239
    3. Read each statement below and match it with the correct picture. Check your work
       with the answer key.
1 2 3
4 5 6
                                          240
4. Practice creating complete sentences out of the words below. Use the following model.
Example:
I ride a bus to school.
நான் பள்ள க்கு ேபருந்து எடுக்கிேறன்.
naan palliku perunthu edukiraen.
Situation: You need to go to the post office, but don’t know how to get there. Ask a
stranger on the street how to get there.
-Thank you.
-nandri.
-நன்றி.
                                            241
      5. Listen to and read along with the following exchanges. Repeat after the speaker.
- Thanks.
- nandri.
நன்றி
- Take a taxi.
vaadagai vandi edunga.
வாடைக வண்டி எடுங்க.
- What number?
-enna number?
-என்ன நம்பர்?
                                           242
- Train number 22.
rye-yil vandi number irubathi-irandu.
ைரயில் வண்டி எண் இருபத்தி இரண்டு.
     6. Work with a partner and make up similar exchanges. Use the words from Exercise
        5 and the pictures below to choose the destination.
     7. Now listen to the dialogues and mark the statement that you hear. Check your
work with the answer key.
2.      A. What bus should I take to the post office? Bus number 18.
        B. What street should I take to the post office? 18th Street.
        C. What exit should I take to the post office? Exit 18.
                                               243
                                          At a service station
       8. Familiarize yourself with the following vocabulary. Listen to the speaker and
follow along in your book.
                                               244
                                Metric measurement of distances :
      9. Listen to the people at a service station and find out what each needs. Circle the
English equivalents of the terms you hear. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                 245
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Tell how you would get to the following places using various modes of transportation.
Try to make your story interesting and include as many details as you can.
      2. Listen and write down the responses to the questions below. Check your work
with the answer key.
                                           246
Vocabulary List
Air               Katru                 காற்று
Airplane          Vimaanam              விமானம்
Bicycle           Sye-kil               ைசக்கிள்
Auto              Aato                  ஆட்ேடா
Bus               Peh-runthu            ேபருந்து
Car               Car                   கார்
Car wash          Car kazhuvuthal       கார் கழுவுதல்
Concert           Kalai nigazhchi       கைல நிகழ்ச்சி
Diesel            Deesel                டீசல்
Freeway           Nedunjaalai           ெநடுஞ்சாைல
Gas               Petrol                ெபற்ேறால்
Helicopter        Heli-copter           ெஹலிக்ெகாப்டர்
Highway           Nedunjaalai           ெநடுஞ்சாைல
Library           Noolagam                லகம்
Liter             Liter                 லிட்டர்
Local road        Ulloor theru          உள்      ர் ெதரு
Motorcycle        Motaar-sye-kil        ேமாட்டார்ைசக்கிள்
Oil               Ennai                 எண்ெணய்
Railroad          Rye-yil paathai       ைரயில் பாைத
Service station   Mechanic kadai        ெமக்கான க் கைட
School            Palli                 பள்ள
Ship              Kappal                கப்பல்
Taxi              Vaadagai car          வாடைக கார்
Tire/tires        Tyer-tergal           ைடயர்-ைடயர்கள்
Train             Rye-yil vandi         ைரயில் வண்டி
Truck             Lorry                 லாறி
Water             Thaneer               தண்ண ீர்
Work              Velai                 ேவைல
                                  247
ANSWER KEY
3
A.     Air      Tires
B.     Gas      Oil
C.     Gas      Car Wash
D.     Diesel   Oil
                                               248
C.     I need a car wash and gas.
C.     எனக்கு ஒரு கார் கழுவுதலும்
ெபற்ேறாலும் ேவண்டும். enuku oru car
kazhavuthalum petrolum vendum
D.    I need diesel for my car and oil.
D.    என் காருக்கு டீசலும் எண்ெணயும்
ேவண்டும். en carku deeselum ennaiyum vendum.
                                             249
                                                  Lesson 14
                                                   Travel
                                                  பயணம்
                                                  Payanam
By Air
Chennai is an international arrival point and an important domestic airport. The Anna International Airport is
well organized and not too heavily used, making Chennai a good entry or exit point. There's rarely more than
one plane on the ground at any given time. Right next door is the relatively new Kamarajar Domestic Airport.
When leaving India, a departure tax of Rs 150 is payable on flights from Chennai to Sri Lanka and the
Maldives, and Rs 300 for other international destinations. The domestic carriers are Indian Airlines and Jet
Airways. There are international airlines that do fly in and out of the airport.
By Rail
The reservation office at Central station is on the second floor of the building adjacent to the station. In this
booking hall, you can also make reservations for trains originating in Ahmedabad, Bombay, Calcutta, Delhi,
Jaipur, Lucknow, Patna, Pune and many other places. Also here is the “Tourist Cell” which deals with Indrail
Pass and tourist-quota bookings. This “cell” is immensely useful for foreign visitors unfamiliar with the Indian
Railways system. The reservation office is open regular office hours 7 days a week. At Egmore station, the
booking office is in the station itself, and is open the same hours as the office at Central station.
                                                        250
     1. Listen to the following dialogue about buying a ticket at a train station, and read along in the
workbook.
                                                             251
Soldier:                 Afternoon.
Raanuva veerar           pirpagal.
                         பிற்பகல்.
இராணுவ வரர்     ீ
Ticket Seller:           Twenty Rupees, please. The next train leaves in one hour from platform number 5.
ticket virpavar          Irubathu roobai-inga. Adutha rye-yil vandi oru mani nerathil pilaat-farum ainthil-
                         irunthu purappadum.
                         இருபது        பாயிங்க. அடுத்த ைரயில் வண்டி ஒரு மணி ேநரத்தில் பிலாட்பாரம் ஐந்திலிருந்து
டிக்கட் விற்பவர்
                         புறப்படும்.
Soldier:                 Thank you. What is the train number?
Raanuva veerar           Nandri. vandi-yudaiya enn enna?
                         நன்றி. வண்டியுைடய எண் என்ன?
இராணுவ வரர்     ீ
Ticket Seller:           76
ticket virpavar          ezhuvathi-aaru.
                         எழுவத்தி ஆறு.
டிக்கட் விற்பவர்
Soldier:                 Is this an express train?
Raanuva veerar           Ithu express train-aa?
                         இது எக்ஸ்பிரஸா?
இராணுவ வர்ர்      ீ
Ticket Seller:           Yes, it is an express train.
ticket virpavar          Aamaam, express thaan.
                         ஆமாம் எக்ஸ்பிெரஸ் தான்.
டிக்கட் விற்பவர்
2. Read the dialogue with a partner. Take turns being the Ticket Seller and Soldier.
3. Role-play the dialogue. You can substitute the name of a city where you need to buy a ticket to, the
time and day of arriving and departing, and the price of the ticket.
I will board the    I will depart.           I will arrive.       I will leave.             I will return.
bus.
Naan pehrunthu      Naan purapadu-           Naan varu-           Naan vidai-peru-          Naan thirumbi
ehru-VAEN.          VAEN.                    VAEN.                VAEN.                     varu-VAEN.
நான் ேபருந்து       நான்                     நான்                 நான்                      நான் திரும்பி
ஏறுேவன்.            புறப்படுேவன்.            வருேவன்.             விைடப்ெபறுேவன் வருேவன்.
                                                        252
      4. Listen to the following statements and read along in the workbook.
Attention, passengers! The next express train to Chennai will depart from platform 10 in 15 minutes.
வணக்கம் பிரயாணிகேள! ெசன்ைனக்கு ேபாகும் அடுத்த எக்ஸ்பிெரஸ் ைரயில் வண்டி பிலாட்பாரம் பத்திலிருந்து
பதிைனந்து நிமிடங்களில் புறப்படும்.
Vanakkam prayaanigalae! Chennaiku poh-gum adutha express rye-yil vandi platpaaram pathilirunthu
pathinainthu nimidangalil purapadum.
Attention, passengers! The next local train will arrive at platform 10 in 5 minutes.
வணக்கம் பிரயாணிகேள! அடுத்த உள்ளூர் ரயில் வண்டி பிலாட்பாரம் பத்தில் ஐந்து நிமிடங்களில் வந்து ேசரும்.
Vanakkam priyaanigalae! Adutha express rye-yil vandi platpaaram pathilirunthu ainthu nimidangalil vanthu
saerum.
Attention, passengers! Flight number 82 from Tanjavur will be one hour late. Please check the schedule for
updates.
வணக்கம் பிரயாணிகேள! பிைளட் என்பத்தி இரண்டு ஒரு மணி ேநரம் தாமதமாக வரும். தய்வுெசய்து ேமல் தகவலுக்கு
அட்டவைணைய பாருங்கள்.
Vanakkam priyaanigalae! Flight embathi irandu oru mani naeram thaama-thamaaga varum. thaivu-seythu mel
thagaval-uku attavanaiyai paarungal.
Attention, passengers! The bus from Madhurai will arrive at station in 10 minutes.
வணக்கம் பிரயாணிகேள! மதுைரயிலிருந்து வரும் பஸ் பத்து நிமிடங்களில் ஸேடஷனுக்கு வந்து ேசரும்.
Vanakkam priyaanigalae! Madhuraiyil-irunthu varum bus pathu nimidangalil stationukku vanthu saerum.
5. Match each picture with the correct Tamil term by writing the term below the correct picture. Check
your work with the answer key.
                                                     253
                              G__________                          H__________
                               prayaanigal           பிரயாணிகள்
                               mootai –mudichu           ட்ைட        டிச்சுகள்
                               pilaat-faarum         பிளாட்பாரம்
                               attavanai             அட்டவனண
                               ticket / seetu        டிக்ெகட் / சீட்டு
                               counter               ெகௗன்ட்டர்
                               gayte                 ேகட்
                               kaathirukkum idam காத்திருக்கும் இடம்
                                                     254
 You have to wait for your luggage at the baggage claim area.
 Neengal mootai mudichugaluku mootai mudichu perum idathil kaathirukka vendum.
 நீங்கள்       ட்ைட    டிச்சுகளுக்கு     ட்ைட     டிச்சு ெபறும் இடத்தில் காத்திருக்க ேவண்டும்.
7. Fill in the blanks with the correct term from the list below. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                  255
       G. வணக்கம் பிரயாணிகேள! பிைளட் எண் ஏழு-இருபத்த்தி-ஐந்து ___________
       பதிேனழிலிருந்து விைடப்ெபறுகிறது.
       Vanakkam priyaanigalae! Flight enn ehzhu irubathi-ainthu ___________ pathinehzhilirunthu
       vidaiperugirathu.
8. For each question below, there is a corresponding answer. Match them by writing the letter of each
question on the blank line in front of the appropriate answer. Check your answers with the answer key.
 Chennaiku sellum adutha bus eppozhuthu       Chennaiku sellum adutha bus irubathu
 pohgum?                                      nimidangalil pohgum.
 C. ெசன்ைனக்கு ெசல்ல பர்ஸ்ட்                  3. ____ பிளாட்பாரம் ஒன்று
 கிளாஸ் டிக்ெகட்டுக்கு என்ன                   பக்கத்தில் இருக்கும் டிக்ெகட்
 விைல ?                                       ெகௗன்ட்ட ல்.
 chennaiku sella first class ticketuku enna   plaat-farum ondru pakkathil irukkum
 vilai.                                       ticket counteril.
 D. உங்களுக்கு ஜன்னல் சீட்டு                  4. ____ அந்த ைரயில் வண்டி
 ேவண்டுமா ?                                   பதினாறு நிமிடங்களில் வரும்.
 Ungaluku jannal seetu vedumaa?               Antha rye-yil vandi pathinaaru
                                              nimidangalil varum.
 E. எந்த பிளாட்பாரத்தில்                      5. ____ அது அறுபத்தி நான்கு
 ெசன்ைனயிலிருந்து வரும்                          பாய்.
 ரயில் வண்டி வருகிறது?
 entha plaat-faarathil-Chennaiyil irunthu     Athu arubathi naangu roo-bai.
 varum rye-yil vandi varugirathu?
9. Role-play the short dialogues from Exercise 8. Change the cities and numbers.
                                                    256
     10. What do you hear? Listen to the speaker and determine which statement is spoken. Check
your work with the answer key.
                                                     257
 Search             thedu                                ேதடு
 Inspect            parisohthanai sei                    ப ேசாதைன ெசய்
 Inspection         parisohthanai                        ப ேசாதைன
 Trunk (of a car)   car dikki                            கார் டிக்கி
 Proceed            poh                                  ேபா
 Rental (car)       vaadagai car                         வாடைக கார்
 Citizen            kudimagan                            குடிமகன்
12. At roadblocks and border crossings, officials usually ask questions about driver identification and
vehicle documents. Try to match up the தமி border crossing requests and questions with their
English equivalents. Check your work with the answer key.
                                                   258
     13. Listen to and read the following dialogue at a border crossing, and then answer the questions
below. Try to guess the meaning of unknown words from the context. Check your work with the answer
key.
                                                 259
Did you understand the words “trunk” and “inspection”?
14. Work with a partner. Take turns role-playing the Customs Official and the Car Driver.
                                                       260
       End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Translate the following sentences into English. Check your work with the answer key.
2. Work with a partner or in a small group. Look at the pictures and make up a story. Do you think
these people are arriving or departing? Do you think they are on time? Is their flight late? Mention
their names, age, profession, what they are wearing, and where and why they need to fly or where they
are arriving from. Also, tell how they got to the airport (by car, by bus, by train).
                                                   261
    Vocabulary List
Arrive             Varu                                   வரு
Attention          Vanakkam                               வணக்கம்
Baggage            Mootai –mudichu                          ட்ைட        டிச்சு
Baggage claim      Mootai mudichu perum idathil             ட்ைட        டிச்சு ெபறும் இடத்தில்
area
Board              Ehru                                   ஏறு
Border             Ellai                                  எல்ைல
Check-in counter Counter                                  ெகௗன்ட்டர்
Checkpoint         Athigaarigal sohthanai seiyum idam     அதிகா கள் ேசாதைன ெசய்யும் இடம்
Citizen            Kudimagan                              குடிமகன்
Customs            Sunga paguthi                          சுங்கப் பகுதி
Depart             Purapadu                               புறப்படு
Documents          Pathirangal                            பத்திரங்கள்
Drivers’ license   Driver license                         டிைரவர் ைலசன்ஸ்
Express            Express                                எக்ஸ்பிெரஸ்
First class        First class                            பர்ஸ்ட் கிளாஸ்
Gate               Gayte                                  ேகட்
Give me            Kodunga                                ெகாடுங்க
ID card            Adaiyaala card                         அைடயாள கார்ட்
Inspect            Parisohthanai sei                      ப ேசாதைன ெசய்
Inspection         Parisohthanai                          ப ேசாதைன
Leave              Vidai-peru                             விைடப்ெபறு
Papers             Pathirangal                            பத்திரங்கள்
Passengers         Priyaanigal                            பிரயாணிகள்
Passport           Paas port                              பாஸ்ேபார்ட்
Platform           Pilaat-faarum                          பிளாட்பாரம்
Proceed            Poh                                    ேபா
Rental (car)       Vaadagai car                           வாடைக கார்
Return             Thirumbi varu                          திரும்பி வரு
Roadblock          Thadai puli                            தைடப்புளி
Schedule           Attavanai                              அட்டவனண
                                                    262
Search             Thaedu                    ேதடு
Second class       Second class              ெசக்கன்ட் கிளாஸ்
Show me            Kaatunga                  காட்டுங்க
Ticket             Ticket / seetu            டிக்ெகட் / சீட்டு
Ticket counter     Ticket counter            டிக்ெகட் ெகௗன்ட்டர்
Trunk (of a car)   Car dikki                 கார் டிக்கி
Waiting area       Kaathirukkum idam         காத்திருக்கும் இடம்
                                       263
ANSWER KEY
5
                                                       264
10
12
1.   D
2.   E
3.   F
4.   C
5.   A
6.   B
13
                                                        265
CO:                  What will you do there?
CD:                  I will visit my family.
CO:                  Please open the trunk. We need to do an inspection.
CD:                  OK.
CO:                  OK, thank you. You may proceed.
                                                      266
                                        Lesson 15
                                   Let’s Go To School
                                பள்ளிக்கு ெசல்ேவாம்
                                    Palliku Sel-vohm
The Indian education system is based upon 12 years of schooling (10+2), which includes primary
and secondary education. Secondary Schools are affiliated with Central or states boards for
conduct of examination. Most of the private schools as well as many government schools with
the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE). All the Indian universities and other
institutions of higher education recognize the various 10+2 qualifications from different states as
well as all India boards.
College Education
The higher education system, comprising of various universities, colleges, professional institutes
etc caters to around 7 million students. Though State governments are responsible for
establishment of State Universities and running them, Government of India is primarily
responsible for framing major policies relating to higher education in the country.
                                               267
         1. Familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the speaker and read the
   following text under each of the pictures.
                                                   268
There is a book, a notebook, and a      Students write with pens        There is a desk and a chair in the
            calculator.                       and pencils.                          classroom.
Oru buthakam, oru notu-buthakam,         Maanavargal peh-naaka-         Vaguparai-yil oru maesai-yum oru
  oru calculator-um irukindrana.       ludanum pensil-galuden-um           naarkaaliyum irukindrana.
                                           ezhuthu-giraargal.
     ஒரு புத்தகம், ஒரு                         மாணவர்கள்                    வகுப்பைறயில் ஒரு
   ேநாட்      புத்தகம், ஒரு             ேபனாக்களுட           ம்                ேமைச       ம் ஒரு
     கால்குேலட்டரும்                   ெபன்சில்களுட             ம்    நா காலி          ம் இருக்கின்றன.
       இருக்கின்றன.                       எ      துகிறார்கள்.
2. Work with a partner. Look around the classroom. Name the items you see.
                                                       269
       3. Working with a partner, name the items you bring with you to class and the items
          found in your classroom.
         4. Listen to the dialogue while you read along in the workbook. Underline the new
    vocabulary.
                                              270
What is your favorite subject?                My favorite subject is biology.
Ungalukku piditha-maana paadam enna?          Enakku pidithamaana paadam uyiriyal.
உங்களுக்கு பிடித்தமான பாடம்                   எனக்கு பிடித்தமான பாடம் உயி யல்.
என்ன?
Are you a good student?                       Yes, I‘m a good student.
Neengal oru nalla maanavaraa?                 Aaamam, naan oru nalla maanavar.
நீங்கள் ஒரு நல்ல மாணவரா?                      ஆமாம் நான் ஒரு நல்ல மாணவர்.
What will you do after school?                I will go to the college; I want to be a doctor.
Uyar nilai pallikku piragu enna seiya         Naan kalooriku sella pohgiraen. Naan oru maruthuvar
pohgireergal?                                 aaga pohgiraen.
உயர் நிைலப்பள்ளிக்கு பிறகு என்ன               நான் கல்லூ க்கு ெசல்ல ேபாகிேறன், நான்
ெசய்ய ேபாகிறீர்கள்?                           ஒரு மருத்துவர் ஆகப் ேபாகிேறன்.
What do you like to do after school?          After school I like to listen to music.
Palli mudinthathum ungaluku enna seiya        Palli mudinthathum enakku isai kaetka pudikkum.
pidikum?
பள்ளி முடிந்ததும் உங்களுக்கு                  பள்ளி முடிந்ததும் எனக்கு இைச ேகட்க
என்ன ெசய்ய பிடிக்கும்?                        பிடிக்கும்.
           5. Listen to and read along with some of the new words you should have underlined
     in Exercise 4.
                                                 271
Grammar Notes: “to like”
To say “I like listening to music after school,” we say “palli-mudinthathum, enakku isai kaetka
pidikum.” This literally translates to “After school, for me music listening like.” “Like” ends the
sentence. The form of “like” remains the same, despite the personal pronoun. The personal
pronoun “I” changes form to represent “For me.” The following chart shows the personal
pronouns representing “for me,” “For you” etc.
6. Work with a partner. Come up with a dialogue similar to the one in Exercise 4. List
your favorite subjects, say how good you think you are at each of them, tell what profession
you are going to choose, and say what you like to do after school.
       7. Familiarize yourself with the new vocabulary. Listen to the speaker as you go
over the dialogue.
                                               272
E. Raise your hand if you have a question.
Kelvi irunthaal kai thookungal..
ேகள்வி இருந்தால் ைக              க்குங்கள்.
F. Write down your homework, please.
thy-vu-seythu ungal veetupaadathai ezhuthungal.
தய் ெசய்து உங்கள் வட்          ீ  ப்பாடத்ைத எ            துங்கள்.
8. Role-play a teacher. Have the students follow your directions. Use the expressions from
Exercise 7.
     9. Listen to the following questions and mark the answers that you hear. Check your
answers with the answer key.
                                              273
10. Work with a partner and make up similar dialogues using expressions from Exercise 9.
11. Work in small groups and describe the following pictures. Come up with ages for the
students and the teacher, their names, the subjects they study/teach, what they’re doing
right now, what they are wearing, if they seem to like their class and their teacher, etc.
      12. Listen to and read the following text about the student’s schedule, and then
answer the questions below. The new word “busy” is introduced in the text. Try to guess
this and other new words from the context.
PLAY AUDIO
                                            274
வியாழக்கிழைமகளில், நான் காைல பத்து மணிக்கு வகுப்புக்கு ேபாகிேறன்.
Viyaazhakizhamaigalil, naan kaalai pathu maniku vagupuku pohgiraen.
கல்லூ முடிந்து, பி பகல் பனிெர                    க்கு, நான்     லகத்துக்கு ேபாகிேறன்.
kaloori mudinthu, pirpagal panirenduku, naan noolagathuku pohgiraen.
    லகத்தில், நான்         ன்று மணி ேநரத்துக்கு பி பகலில் படிக்கிறன். சனி,
Noolagathil, naan moondru mani nerathuku pirpagalil padikiraen. Sani,
ஞாயி றுக்கிழைமகளி ம் காைலகளி ம் நான் வட்                           ீ  ப்பாடம்
Nyaayitru-kizhamaigal-ilum kaalaigalilum naan veetu-paadam
ெசய்கிேறன்.
seygiraen.
                                           275
      End-of-Lesson Tasks
1. Go over the text from Exercise 12 again. Tell the class about your schedule. Use the
questions after the text as an outline for your story.
2. Look at the pictures and tell a story about what you see. Include the grade the students
are in, the subjects they are studying, what the teacher is doing, what the students and
teachers are wearing, etc.
                                            276
3. Read the compare following texts and find the errors in the English translations. Make
corrections so that the translation is accurate. Check your work with the answer key.
                                           277
Vocabulary List
Art                      Kalaithiren                    கைலத்திறன்
biology                  Uyiriyal                       உயி யல்
blackboard               Karum-palagai                  கரும் பலைக
chair                    Naarkaali                      நா காலி
chalk                    Sunnaambu katti                     ணாம்புக் கட்டி
class                    Vaguppu                        வகுப்பு
college                  Kaloori                        கல்லூ
computer                 Kam-pyuter                     கம்ப      ட்டர்
desk                     Mae-sai                        ேமைச
favorite                 Pidithamaana                   பிடித்தமான
globe                    Poo-gohlam                       ேகாளம்
grade                    Vaguppu                        வகுப்பு
history                  Varalaaru                      வரலாறு
keyboard                 Keyboard                       கீ ேபார்ட்
like                     Pidikkum                       பிடிக்கும்
Listen and take notes.   Kaetu kuripu ezhuthungal.      ேகட்      குறிப்பு எ   துங்கள்.
listen to                Kaetka                         ேகட்க
literature               Ilakiyam                       இலக்கியம்
math                     Kanaku                         கணக்கு
monitor                  Screen                            க் ன்
music                    Isai                           இைச
notebook                 Nohtu-buthakam                 ேநாட்     புத்தகம்
Open your textbook.      Ungal paada noolai             உங்கள் பாட        ைல திறங்க.
                         thiranga.
pen                      Peh-naa                        ேபனா
pencil                   Pensil                         ெபன்சில்
printer                  Printer                        ப் ன்டர்
Put your pencils down.   Pensilai keezhae vaikavum.     ெபன்சிைல கீ ேழ ைவக்க              ம்.
Raise your hand if you   Kaelvi irunthaal kai thooki-   ேகள்வி இருந்தால் ைக
have a question.         kollungal.
                                                          க்குங்கள்.
student                  Maanavar                       மாணவர்
                                         278
subject                    Paadam                   பாடம்
teacher                    Aasiriyar                ஆசி யர்
Write down your            Thy-vu-seythu ungal      தய    ெசய்து உங்கள்
homework, please.          veetupaadathai
                           ezhuthungal.             வட்
                                                      ீ    ப்பாடத்ைத எ    துங்கள்.
Write your answer on the   Karum Palagaiyil ungal   கரும் பலைகயில் உங்கள் பதிைல
blackboard.                bathilae ezhuthungal.
                                                    எ    துங்கள்.
                                          279
ANSWER KEY
9
12
                                           280
F. What job does she have and when does she work? She works as a waitress in restaurant
from 4:00 to 10:00pm on Monday, Wednesday and Friday.
G. When does the student do homework? She does homework on weekends and in the
mornings.
H. What does the student want to do after finishing school? She wants to be an interpreter.
My name is Raani Devi. I am a student at the University of Madras. I study English. I want to
be an interpreter. I have a busy schedule. On Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, I go to school at
8:00. After school, at 4:00pm, I go to work. I work at a restaurant as a waitress. After work, at
10 pm, I go home. On Tuesday and Thursday, I go to class at 10am. After school, at 12:00, I go
to the library. I study at the library for three hours in the afternoon. I do my homework on the
weekends and in the mornings.
1 My name is Navin Kumar. I’m from Tanjavur, but now I live in Chennai. I’m in sixth grade.
   I have many friends. I like English, reading, and basketball.
2. My name is Sooriya Ram. I’m from Madhurai, but I live in Chennai. I like math and
science.
3. A. My name is Devi. I was born on April 8, 1989. I’m in 8th grade. I like music, art, and
photography. I want to be an artist, doctor or a photographer.
                                              281
                                     Lesson 16
                               Recreation and Leisure
                           ஓய்வு ேநர ெபாழுது ேபாக்கு
                             Oyivu nera pozhuthu pohku
Cricket:
Cricket is the most popular sport in Chennai. Cricket is a team sport played between two teams
of eleven players each. It is a bat-and-ball game played on a roughly elliptical grass field, in the
centre of which is a flat strip of ground 22 yards long, called a pitch. The M. A. Chidambaram
Stadium (formerly known as Madras Cricket Club ground or Chepauk Stadium) in Chepauk and
popularly called the MAC, is one of the oldest cricket stadiums in India built in 1916. It seats
more than 50,000 and is home to the Tamil Nadu Cricket Association.
Chennai Open - Centre Court at the SDAT Tennis Stadium complex in Nungambakkam
Tennis:
Tennis is another popular game in Chennai. The SDAT Tennis Stadium in Nungambakkam seats
about 6,000 spectators and has five synthetic surface courts. The stadium also hosts an ATP
event, the Chennai Open. The tournament was awarded the title of the best new event in its
second year by the Association of Tennis Professionals. Indian tennis professionals such as Vijay
Amritraj, Ramanathan Krishnan , Ramesh Krishnan and Mahesh Bhupathi hail from Chennai.
                                                282
Hockey:
Mayor Radhakrishnan Stadium is the venue for hockey matches and seats 4,000. The Chennai
Veerans, a Premiere Hockey League team is based in Chennai. The stadium has hosted the
Champions Trophy (featuring the 6 best teams in the world) twice, most recently in 2005.
Soccer:
The Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium seats 40,000 and hosts football (soccer), and athletic
competitions. The complex also houses a multi purpose indoor stadium with a seating capacity of
8,000 which hosts various competitions including volleyball, basket ball, table tennis. The
Velachery Aquatic Complex seats 4,000 and hosts different kinds of water sports. Chennai has
also hosted the South Asian Federation (SAF) Games 1995.
Horse Racing:
The Guindy Race Course for horse racing was set up in 1777. Motor racing events are held at the
Sriperumbudur (Thirupperumbudur) track for cars, and the Sholavaram track for motorcycles.
The Madras Boat Club was set up 1867 at the Basin Bridge and hosts rowing races. The city has
two 18-hole golf courses: the Cosmopolitan Club,& the Gymkhana Club golf course, both of
which were established in the late 19th century.
                                             283
     1. Read the sentences with the new vocabulary and try to guess the meaning of any
     unknown words.
    Aanum pennun nadanam                Ivar oru isai kalai-nyar.     Intha aan padam edukiraar. Ivar
aadugiraargal. Ithu avargaludaiya   Piyaano-vaasipavar isai nigazh-         oru pada-kalai-nyar.
        pozhuthu pohku.                   chiyil vaasikiraar.
Ivar Naveen. Ivarudaiya pozhuthu    Intha aan malaiyil panisarukku      En nanbar Selvi thinamum
       pohku kaar-panthu.            vilaiyadugiraar. Panisarukku       pirpagalil vagupu mudinthu
                                      ivarudaiya pozhuthu pohku.                 ohduvaar.
இவர் நவன்.
       ீ          இவருைடய           இந்த ஆண் மைலயில்                    என் நண்பர் ெசல்வி
ெபாழுது ேபாக்கு காற்பந்து.                  பனிச       க்கு             தினமும் பிற்பகலில்
                                       விைளயாடுகிறார்.                வகுப்    முடிந்து ஓடுவார்.
                                    பனிச     க்கு இவருைடய
                                        ெபாழுது ேபாக்கு.
                                                 284
 En thambiku bowl panna pidikum..       Kodai kaalathil pillaigal        Ilainyar tennis vilaiyaadugiraar.
Ithu avargaludaiya pozhuthu pohku.     thinamum neenthuvaargal.
 En akkavukku padangalai varnam       Raanuva veerargal mugaamil        Kanavar manaivi thinamum maalai
         poosa pidikum.              seetu-kattu vilaiyaadugiraargal.            nadakiraargal.
                                      Avargal seetu-kattu vilaiyaada
                                                 pidikum.
                                                  285
   Irandu raanuva veerargal sathuranga aattaam             Intha aan guitar vaasithu paatu paadugiraar.
vilaiyaadu-giraargal. Ithu avargaludaiya pozhuthu
                      pohku.
         2. Now listen to the speaker. Check to see if your guesses were correct. Repeat the
    new words as many times as you need to feel comfortable with the pronunciation.
                                                    286
          Songs                      Paadalgal               பாடல்கள்
          Chess                      Sathuranga aattam       சதுரங்க ஆட்டம்
          Walk                       Nada                    நட
          Swim                       Neechal                 நீ சல்
          Swimming pool              Neechal kulam           நீ சல் குளம்
          Run                        Ohdu                    ஓடு
          To bowl                    Bowl panna              ேபால் பண்ண
          Soccer                     Kaarpanthu              காற்பந்து
          To paint                   Varnam poosa            வர்ணம் பூச
1. What will they do after school?               A. They will swim after school.
Avagal palli mudinthu enna seyvaargal?           Avagal palli mudinthu neenthuvaargal.
அவர்கள் பள்ளி முடிந்து என்ன                      அவர்கள் பள்ளி முடிந்து
ெசய்வார்கள்?                                     நீந்துவார்கள்.
                                                 B. They will dance after school.
                                                 Avagal palli mudinthu nadanam aaduvaargal.
                                                 அவர்கள் பள்ளி முடிந்து நடனம்
                                                 ஆடுவார்கள்.
                                                 C. They will sing after school.
                                                 Avagal palli mudinthu paaduvaargal.
                                                 அவர்கள் பள்ளி முடிந்து
                                                 பாடுவார்கள்.
2. What sports does he play?                     A. He plays soccer and basketball.
Avar enna villaiyaatugal villaiyaadugiraar?      Avar kaarpanthum koodaipanthum
                                                 villaiyaadugiraar.
அவர் என்ன விைளயாட்டுகள்                          அவர் காற்பந்தும் கூைடப்பந்தும்
விைளயாடுகிறார்?                                  விைளயாடுகிறார்.
                                                 B. He plays tennis and basketball.
                                                 Avar tennis-um koodaipanthum
                                                 villaiyaadugiraar.
                                                 அவர் ெடன்னிஸும் கூைடப்பந்தும்
                                                 விைளயாடுகிறார்.
                                                 C. He plays soccer and tennis.
                                                 Avar kaarpanthum tennis-um villaiyaadugiraar.
                                               287
                                             அவர் காற்பந்தும் ெடன்னிஸும்
                                             விைளயாடுகிறார்.
                                            288
4. Work with a partner and take turns reading the dialogues in Exercise 3.
5. Work with a partner or in a small group. Make up exchanges using the models and
phrases from Exercise 3.
6. Reconstruct the questions in Tamil. Check your work with the answer key.
  A. - …………………….?
- Yes, I play chess.
Aamaam, naan sathurangam villaiyaadu-vaen.
ஆமாம், நான் சதுரங்கம் விைளயாடுேவன்.
B. - …………………….?
- Yes, I play the piano.
Aamaam, naan piyaano vaasikiraen.
ஆமாம், நான் பியாேனா வாசிக்கிேறன்.
C. -……………………?
- My hobbies are running and taking photos.
En pozhuthu pohku ohdavum padam eduppathum..
என் ெபாழுது ேபாக்கு ஓடுவதும் படம் எடுப்பதும்.
D. - ……………………?
- He plays soccer and basketball.
Avar kaarpanthum koodaipanthum villaiyaadugiraar.
அவர் காற்பந்தும் கூைடப்பந்தும் விைளயாடுகிறார்.
E. - ……………………?
- My hobbies are reading and swimming.
En pozhuthu pohku buthakkam padippathum neechal adippathum.
என் ெபாழுது ேபாக்கு த்தகம் படிப்பதும் நீ சல் அடிப்பதும்.
F. - …………………….?
- She likes to walk and play guitar.
Avarukku nadakavum guitar vaasika-vum pidikum.
அவருக்கு நடக்கவும் கிதார் வாசிக்கவும். பிடிக்கும்.
7. Read and translate the following text, noting the new vocabulary. Do you understand
all the words in bold? Check the grammar note for some explanations. Check the answer
key for an English translation.
                                             289
We add “-um” to indicate “too” and “also” to the endings of words. For example, “on weekends
too,” we say “vaara-kadaisiyil-um.” To say, “I like basketball and also soccer,” we say “enakku
koodai-panthum kaarpanthum pidikkum.”
                                              290
8. Now read the text as many times as you want and mark the following statements as
either True or False. Check your work with the answer key.
9. Work with a partner or in a small group and come up with the description of a busy
schedule. Use the statements from Exercise 8 as an outline for your story. The pictures
given below can help you to choose the activities to describe.
                                             291
     10. Listen to the vocabulary as you look at the pictures. Try to match the Tamil
words with the pictures. Check your answers with the answer key.
1 2 3
4 5 6
11. Read the statements below and think about their meanings. Cross out the words or
phrases that do not make sense, and replace them with an appropriate word from the list
below. Check your work with the answer key.
                                            292
 A. மாணவர்கள் ெடன்னிஸ் ேகார்ட்டில் கூைடப்பந்து
 விைளயாடுகிறார்கள்.
 Maanavargal tennis courtil koodaipanthu villaiyaadugiraargal.
12. Listen to the statements and mark the ones that you hear.
                                          293
13. Work with a partner. Look at the pictures and make up dialogues about someone’s
hobbies. Use the models and phrases from Exercise 12.
                                         294
       End-of-Lesson Tasks.
   2. Work with a partner or in a small group. In Tamil, describe the pictures below,
      using the vocabulary you have learned in this lesson.
                                              295
Vocabulary List
Bowling Alley            Bowling arangam        ேபாலிங் அரங்கம்
Cards                    Seetu-kattu            சீட்டு-கட்டு
Chess                    Sathuranga aattam      சதுரங்க ஆட்டம்
Dance                    Nadanam                நடனம்
Gymnasium                Payirchi mandabum      பயிற்சி மண்டபம்
Hobby                    Pozhuthu pohku         ெபாழுது ேபாக்கு
Musician                 Isai kalainyar         இைச கைலஞர்
Photographer             Pugai-pada kalainyar    ைகப்பட கைலஞர்
Play (games/sports)      Vilaiyaadu             விைளயாடு
Play (musical instrument) Vaasi                 வாசி
Play piano               Piyaano vaasi          பியாேனா வாசி
Run                      Ohdu                   ஓடு
Soccer                   Kaarpanthu             காற்பந்து
Soccer field             Kaarpanthu thidal      காற்பந்து திடல்
Songs                    Paadalgal              பாடல்கள்
Stadium                  Villai-yaatarangam     விைளயாட்டரங்கம்
Swim                     Neenthu                நீந்து
Swimming pool            Neechal kulam          நீ சல் குளம்
Tennis                   Tennis                 ெடன்னிஸ்
Tennis Court             Tennis court           ெடன்னிஸ் ேகார்ட்
To bowl                  Bowl panna             ேபால் பண்ண
To paint                 Varnam poosa           வர்ணம் பூச
To play guitar           Guitar vaasi           கிதார்   வாசி
To sing                  Paatu paadu            பாட்டு பாடு
To ski                   Pani sarukka           பனி ச    க்க
To take photos           Padam edu              படம் எடு
Walk                     Nadanthu               நடந்து
                                          296
ANSWER KEY
6
                                              297
10
11
                                            298
12
                                      299
                                      Lesson 17
                             Health and the Human Body
                             உடலும் உடல் நலமும்
                               Udalum udal nalamum
     1. Listen as the speaker recites the vocabulary. Then study the diagram and match
the Tamil terms for each body part with the diagram.
                                              300
                        Hip/hips          iduppu/ iduppu-gal         இடுப் / இடுப் கள்
                        Knee / knees      muzhang-kaal /             முழங்கால்/
                                          muzhang-kaal-gal
                                                                     முழங்கால்கள்
                        Leg/ legs         kaal / kaal-gal            கால்/கால்கள்
                        Mouth             vaay-i                     வாய்
                        Neck              kazhuthu                   கழுத்து
                        Nose              mooku                        க்
                        Pelvis            idupu                      இடுப்
                        Shoulder/         thohl/thohlgal             ேதாள்/ ேதாள்கள்
                        shoulders
                        Stomach           vayiru                     வயிறு
                        Toe/ Toes         kaalviral/ kaal viralgal   கால்விரல்/
                                                                     கால்விரல்கள்
                        Tooth/Teeth       pal / par-kal              பல்/ பற்கள்
                        Throat            thondai                    ெதா     ைட
                                          iduppu                     இடுப்
                        Waist
2. In Tamil, name the body parts that come in pairs. Check your work with the answer
key.
3. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate body part in Tamil. Check your answers with
the answer key.
                                           301
   D. நான் காலணிக               ம் காலுைறக            ம் என் __________-இல்
      ேபாடுேவன்.
   Naan kaalanigalum kaalurai-galum en _______________-il pohduvaen.
   E.   ள ர் காலத்தில், நான் ெதாப்பிைய _________-யிலும்,
       ைக      ைறகைள _________- யிலும், சால்ைவைய _________- யிலும்
       ேபாடுேவன்.
   Kulir kaalathil, naan thoppiyae ___________-ilum, kye-uraigalum ______________-ilum,
   saalvai-yae _______________-ilum pohdu-vaen.
   F. சாப்பிடவும்          டிக்கவும், நான் என் _________ பயன்படுததுகிேறன்.
       Saapidavum kudikkavun, naan en ______ payanpaduthugiraen.
To indicate if one is unwell or does not feel good or feels sick, there is an all encompassing
phrase in Tamil. That is: “Enaku udal nalamillai.”
“Pain” or “ache” in Tamil is “vali.” For example to say, “I have a pain,” we say “Enakku vali
irukirathu.” To indicate specific pain, we add the name of the body part before the word ‘vali.’
Therefore, a head ache would be “thalai-vali.”
Please study the following questions to learn more ways of asking after one’s health and the
responses that follow.
                                                       I feel bad.
                                                       Enakku udambu sariyillai.
                                                       எனக்        உடம் ச யில்ைல.
                                                302
 What symptoms do you have?                         I have a sore throat.
 Ungaluku enna noyi arikurigal irukindrana?         Enaku thondai vali irukirathu.
 உங்க க         என்ன ேநாய்                          எனக்       ெதா      ைடவலி
 அறி    றிகள் இருககின்றன?                           இருக்கிறது.
                                                    I have a fever.
                                                    Enaku kayee-chal irukirathu.
                                                    எனக்       காய் சல் இருக்கிறது.
                                                    I have a headache.
                                                    Enaku thalai vali irukirathu.
                                                    எனக்       தைலவலி இருக்கிறது.
4. Listen to the following questions and answers, and read along in the workbook.
                                              303
C. How do you feel?                          My head hurts.
Udal nalam eppadi irukirathu?                Ennudaiya thalai valikirathu.
உடல் நலம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது?                 என்னுைடய தைல வலிக்கிறது.
G. Are you OK?                               I don’t feel good. I feel nauseous and have a
                                             stomachache.
Neengal nalamaaga irukireergala?             Naan nalamaaga illai. Enaku vaanthi edukka
                                             vendum polavum vayitru valiyum irukirathu.
நீங்கள் நலமாக இருக்கிறீர்களா?                நான் நலமாக இல்ைல. எனக்
                                             வாந்தி எடுக்க ேவ           டும் ேபாலவும்
                                             வயிற்று வலி         ம் இருக்கிறது.
H. Are you taking any medication?            Yes, the ones I bought at the store.
Marunthu saapidugireergala?                  Aamaam, kadaiyil vaangiyavae.
மருந்து சாப்பிடுகிறீர்களா?                   ஆமாம், கைடயில் வாங்கியைவ.
                                           304
6. Match each picture with the corresponding statement. Check your work with the
answer key.
A B C
7. Work with a partner. Role-play the doctor and patient. Use the questions from
Exercise 5 as a model. Use the phrases from Exercise 6 to describe your symptoms.
                                          305
        8. Listen to and read the list of the typical symptoms for each ailment.
Sprain             sullukku             சு    க்
Pain               vali                 வலி
                                               306
9. Look at the chart of symptoms in Exercise 8. Work with a partner or in a small group.
Develop the questions the doctor can ask about one’s symptoms to be able to diagnose the
problem. Use the following model to create a dialogue.
The measurement system in India follows the metric system. The following conversion chart
states the measurements in Tamil:
                                             307
10. Work with a partner. Take turns asking each other about your height and weight. Do
not forget to use the units of measure appropriate for Tamil Nadu, South India.
     11. Listen to the speaker while you read the statements below. Translate each
exchange. You can check the English translation in the answer key.
 A.Udal nalam eppadi irukirathu?
 உடல் நலம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது?
 -Naan nalamaaga illai. Enaku vaanthi edukka vendum pola irukirathu.
 -நான் நலமாக இல்ைல. எனக் வாந்தி எடுக்க ேவ                          டும் ேபால
 இருக்கிறது.
                                             308
     12. What do you hear? Listen to the speaker and mark the statement that you hear.
Check your work with the answer key.
                                              309
        End-of-Lesson Tasks
     1. Ask and answer the following questions in Tamil. Check the answer key for a
        translation of the questions.
2. Tell the class what you do in order to keep a healthy weight? Do you exercise? What
types of exercise do you do? How often and for how long do you exercise? Do you have a
special diet? What kind? What do you eat and not eat? Give an example of your menu.
What do you order when you eat out? How does it affect your diet the next day?
                                            310
Vocabulary List
Abdomen            Vayiru                    வயிறு
Ankle              Kanukaal                  க      க்கால்
Arm / arms         Kyi / kyi-gal             ைக / ைககள்
Back               Muthugu                   முது
Bleeding           Ratham vadi               இரத்தம் வடி
Body aches         Udal-vali                 உடல்வலி
Broken Bone        Udaintha elumbu           உைடந்த எலும்
Bruise             Uraayvu kaayam            உராய்வு காயம்
Chest              Maarbu                    மார்
Chin               Muga vayi-kattai          முக வாய்க்கட்ைட
Congestion         Sana nerisal              சன ெந சல்
Cough              Irumal                    இருமல்
Ear/ ears          Kaathu /kaathugal         காது / காதுகள்
Elbow/ elbows      Muzhang-kyi / muzhang-    முழங்ைக /முழங்ைககள்
                   kyi-gal
Eye/ eyes          Kann / kaangal            க      /க   கள்
Face               Mugam                     முகம்
Fever              Kayichal                  காய் சல்
Finger/Fingers     Viral / viralgal          விரல்/விரல்கள்
Flu                Salikayi-chal             சள க்காய் சல்
Foot/Feet          Paatham adi / paatham     பாதம் அடி/ பாதம் அடிகள்
                   adi-gal
Genitals           Pira-puru-pugal           பிறப் றுப் கள்
Hair               Mudi                      முடி
Hand / hands       Kyi/kyigal                ைக/ ைககள்
Head               Thalai                    தைல
Head cold          Sali-kayichal             சள க்காய் சல்
Heart              Ithayam                   இதயம்
Hip/hips           Iduppu/ iduppu-gal        இடுப் / இடுப் கள்
How do you feel?   Udal nalam eppadi         உடல் நலம் எப்படி
                   irukirathu?
                                             இருக்கிறது?
I feel sick.       I feel sick.              உடல் நலம் ச யில்ைல.
                                       311
Knee / knees           Muzhang-kaal / muzhang-    முழங்கால்/ முழங்கால்கள்
                       kaal-gal
Leg/ legs              Kaal / kaal-gal            கால்/கால்கள்
Medicine               Marunthu                   மருந்து
Mouth                  Vaay-i                     வாய்
Neck                   Kazhuthu                   கழுத்து
Nose                   Mooku                           க்
Pain                   Vali                       வலி
Pelvis                 Iduppu                     இடுப்
Pregnant               Karbam                     கர்பம்
Severe Pain            Kadumai-yaana vali         கடுைமயான வலி
Shoulder/ shoulders    Thohl/thohlgal             ேதாள்/ ேதாள்கள்
Sneezing               Thummuthal                 தும்முதல்
Sore throat            Thondai-vali               ெதா            ைடவலி
Sprain                 Sullukku                   சு        க்
Stomach                Vayiru                     வயிறு
Swelling               Veekkam                    வக்கம்
                                                    ீ
Throat                 Thondai                    ெதா            ைட
Toe/ Toes              Kaalviral/ kaal viralgal   கால்விரல்/ கால்விரல்கள்
Tooth/Teeth            Pal / par-kal              பல்/ பற்கள்
                       Iduppu                     இடுப்
Waist
What symptoms do you   Ungaluku enna noyi         உங்க            க   என்ன ேநாய்
have?                  arikurigal irukindrana?
                                                  அறி            றிகள் இருககின்றன?
Where does it hurt?    Engae valikirathu?         எங்ேக வலிக்கிறது?
                                            312
ANSWER KEY
2
                                                313
6
A. 2. The little girl has a fever, a sore throat, body aches, and she is sneezing and coughing. She
has the flu.
B. 1. The young woman is not sick. She is pregnant.
C. 3. The little boy is nauseous and has a stomachache.
11
12
                                                314
End of Lesson Exercise 1
                                          315
                                       Lesson 18
                            Political and International Events
                       அரசியலும் சர்வ ேதசிய விழாக்களும்
                       Arasiyalum sarva thaesiya vizhaakkalum
India, officially known as the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-
largest country by geographical area, the second most populous country, and the largest
democratic republic in the world. India has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres and
borders Pakistan to the northwest; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh
and Myanmar to the east. India is adjacent to the Indian Ocean island nations of Sri Lanka, the
Maldives and Indonesia.
GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
India is referred to as the largest democracy in the world, by virtue of the fact that it has the
largest electing population among democratic countries. The country has a federal form of
government and a bicameral parliament operating under a Westminster-style parliamentary
system. It has three branches of governance: the Legislature, Executive and Judiciary. The
President is the head of state, though he has a largely ceremonial role to play. He is also the
Supreme Commander of India's armed forces. The President is elected indirectly by an electoral
college for five-year terms. Presidential assent is needed for a Bill or Ordinance passed by the
Parliament to come into force. The Prime Minister is the de facto head of government, and has
the most executive powers. He or she is appointed by the President, with the requirement that he
or she enjoy the support of the party or coalition having more than 50% seats in the lower house.
The Union Council of Ministers headed by the Prime Minister aids and advises the President on
governance matters.
                                               316
        1. Familiarize yourself with the political terms.
                                                  317
     2. Listen to and read the following statements. While reading, note the use of the
new vocabulary.
                                                318
CENSORSHIP IN INDIA
Censorship in India mainly targets religious issues. It is justified by the government as necessary
to maintain communal harmony, peace and tranquillity, given the history of communal tension in
India. The Constitution of India guarantees freedom of speech but places reasonable restrictions
in the interests of the sovereignty and integrity of India or public order or morality.
MEDIA IN CHENNAI
Chennai has six major print media groups that publish about eight major newspapers and
magazines. The major English dailies are The Hindu, The New Indian Express, The Deccan
Chronicle and evening dailies, The Trinity Mirror and The News Today. The major business
dailies published from the city are The Economic Times, The Hindu Business Line, Business
Standard, and The Financial Express.
The major Tamil dailies include the Dina Thanthi, Dinakaran, Dina Mani, Dina Malar, Tamil
Murasu Makkal Kural and Malai Malar. The Telugu daily Eenadu and a Hindi newspaper
Rajasthan Patrika are also published in the city. Besides major newspapers, there are a number
of localised neighbourhood newspapers such as The Annanagar Times and The Adyar Times that
cater to particular localities. Magazines published from Chennai include Ananda Vikatan,
Kumudam, Kalki, Kungumam, Frontline and Sportstar.
Doordarshan runs two terrestrial television channels and two satellite television channels from its
Chennai centre. Private Tamil satellite television networks like Sun TV, Raj TV, Star Vijay, Jaya
TV broadcast out of Chennai. The city has two AM and six commercial FM radio stations,
operated by All India Radio and private broadcasters. The FM radio stations are Suryan FM,
Radio Mirchi,Radio City, Big FM and FM Rainbow.
Vocabulary
                                               319
   maximizing          athigamaakka              அதிகமாக்க
   infrastructure      kattida amai-pu           கட்டிட அைமப்
   Newspaper           seythi pathirikae         ெச     தி பத்தி க்ைக
   Broadcast           pirasaaram seyya patta பிரசாரம் ெச          யப்பட்ட
   Report              arivippu               அறிவிப்
   News                seythigal                 ெச     திகள்
   Crore (million)     koh-di                    ேகாடி
         3. Listen to and read the following news report from Tamilnadu. Then answer the
   questions that follow.
                                                  320
1. What is the government’s vision?
2. Together with an Industrial Task Force, what is the government announcing this year?
3. Since it does not focus only on new initiatives, what else is this Task Force addressing?
4. What is the estimated cost of this project?
5. What is the number of people this project is expected to generate employment for?
4. Work in small groups. Pretend that you are a crew working for a news program.
Come up with a short description of a political event. Use the questions from Exercise 3 as
an outline for your report.
5. Work in a small group or with a partner. Go over the information on the political
system in Tamilnadu, India one more time. Recall the information in Tamil. Report to
your teacher and to the class.
International Geography
                                               321
Questions                                             Answers
6A. How did the National Flag of India adopt its      6A.
present form?
6B.When did India gain independence from the          6B.
British?
6C.Is the National Flag of India the Indian           6C.
Army’s war flag?
                                                                Placing India on
                                                                the World Map
Questions                                                       Answers
6D. Is India in the eastern or the western part of the world?   6D.
Map of India
                                                322
The Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by
geographical area, the second most populous country, and the largest democratic republic in the
world. India has a coastline of over seven thousand kilometres and borders Pakistan to the
northwest; China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the north-east; and Bangladesh and Myanmar to the east.
India is adjacent to the Indian Ocean island nations of Sri Lanka, the Maldives and Indonesia.
Questions                                                               Answers
6E.Which country is the world’s largest democracy?                      6E.
6F.Name all the countries who share borders with India.                 6F.
                                             323
China/Chinese           Seena/ seenar                     சீனா/ சீனர்
Denmark/Danes           Demaark / denmarrk-kaarar         ெடன்மார்க் /
                                                          ெடன்மார்க்காரர்
Egypt/Egyptian          Yee-gypt / Yee-gypt-kaarar        ஈஜிப்ட் / ஈஜிப்ட்காரர்
England/English         Ingeelanthu / Ingeelanthu         இங்கிலாந்து/
                                                          இங்கிலாந்துகாரர்
Finland/Finns           Pin-laanthu / Pin-laanthu-kaara   பின்லாந்து/
                                                          பின்லாந்துகாரர்
France/French           Pirenju/ pirenju-kaarar           பிெர      /
                                                          பிெர      க்காரர்
Germany/German          Jermany / Jerman-kaarar           ெஜர்மனி/ ெஜர்மன்காரர்
Great Britain/British   Girate britain / british          கிேரட் பி ட்டன்/
                                                          பி ட்டி
India/Indian            Inthiya / inthiyar                இந்தியா/ இந்தியர்
Indonesia/Indonesian    Inthonaeseeya / inthonaeseeyar    இந்ேதாேனசியா/
                                                          இந்ேதாேனசியர்
Iran/Iranian            Iraan / Iraaneeyar                ஈரான்/ ஈரானியர்
Iraq/Iraqi              Iraak / iraakeeyar                ஈராக்/ ஈராக்கியர்
Ireland/Irish           Aiyer-laanthu/ Aiyer-laanthu-     ஐயர்லாந்து/
                        kaarar
                                                          ஐயர்லாந்துகாரர்
Israel/Israeli          Israel / Israeliyar               இஸ்ேரல்/ இஸ்ேரலியர்
Italy/Italian           Italy / Italy-ar                  இத்தாலி/ இத்தாலியர்
Japan/Japanese          Japaan / Japaaneeyar              ஜப்பான்/ ஜப்பானியர்
Jordan/Jordanian        Jordan / Jordan kaarar            ேஜார்டன்/ ேஜார்டனியர்
Korea/Korean            Koreya / Koreya-kaarar            ெகா யா/
                                                          ெகா யக்காரர்
Kuwait/Kuwaiti          Koo-vaet / Koo-vaet-kaarar          ைவத்/       ைவத்காரர்
Mexico/Mexican          Mexico / mexico-kaarar            ெமக்ஸிேகா/
                                                          ெமக்ஸிேகாகாரர்
Netherlands/Dutch       Netherlaanthu / Netherlaanthu-    ெநதர்லாந்து/
                        kaarar
                                                          ெநதர்லாந்துகாரர்
                                              324
Norway/Norwegian         Norway / norway-kaarar              நார்ேவ/ நார்ேவக்காரர்
Pakistan/Pakistani       Paakisthan / paakisthaaniyar        பாக்கிஸ்த்தான்/
                                                             பாக்கிஸ்த்தானியர்
Philippines/Filipino     Pilipines / pilipiniyar             பிலிப்ைபன்ஸ்/
                                                             பிலிப்ைபனியர்
Russia/Russian           Rusheeya / rusheeya-ar              ரஷியா/ ரஷியர்
Saudi Arabia/Saudi       Saudi arabia / saudi arabia-ar      ெசௗதி அேரபியா/
                                                             ெசௗதி அேரபியர்
Singapore/ Singaporean   Singapoor / singapoor-iyar          சிங்கப் ர்/ சிங்கப்   யர்
Scotland/Scot            Scotu-laanthu / Scotu-laanthu-      ஸகாட்டுலாந்து/
                         kaarar
                                                             ஸகாட்டுலாந்துக்காரர்
South Africa/South       Then-Aaprika / Then-Aapirika-       ெதன்ஆப்பி க்கா/
African                  kar
                                                             ெதன்ஆப்பி க்கர்
Spain/Spanish            Spain / Spaineeyar                  ஸ்ெபயின்/ ஸேபனியர்
Sweden/Swede             Suveeden/ suveeden-kaarar             வடன்/
                                                                ீ       வடி
                                                                         ீ      காரர்
Syria/Syrian             Seeriya / seeriya-kaarar            சி யா/ சி யாக்காரர்
Sri Lanka                Ilangai / Ilangaiyar                இலங்ைக /
                                                             இலங்ைகயர்
Thailand/Thai            Thai-laanthu/ thai-laanthu-kaarar   தா   லாந்து/
                                                             தா   லாந்துகாரர்
Vietnam/Vietnamese       Vietnaam/ vietnaamiyar              வியட்நாம்/
                                                             வியட்நாமியர்
North America            Vada America                        வட அெம க்கா
Central America          Mathiya America                     மத்திய அெம க்கா
South America            then America                        ெதன் அெம க்கா
Western Europe           Merku ai-ropeeya                    ேம      ஐேராப்யா
Central Europe           Mathiya ai-ropeeya                  மத்திய ஐேராப்யா
Eastern Europe           Then ai-ropeeya                     ெதன் ஐேராப்யா
Middle East              Mathiya kizhaku                     மத்திய கிழக்
Southwest Asia           Then-mer-kaasiya                    ெதன்ேம க்காசியா
Southeast Asia           Then-kizha-kaasiya                  ெதன்கிழக்காசியா
Africa                   Aaprikaa                            ஆப்பி க்கா
                                            325
 Australia                  Aasthu-raeleeya                    ஆஸ்த்திேரலியா
 Eastern Asia               Kizhakaasiya                       கிழக்காசியா
 Arctic                     Arctic                             ஆர்டிக்
 Antarctica                 Antarctica                         அன்டார்டிக்
 World                      Ulagam                             உலகம்
There are various ways of indicating one’s nationality. However, when unsure of the correct
term, attach the word “sernthavar” to the name of the country. For example, “American” can be
termed as “amereeka-sernthavar.” This means “person of America.”
      8. Listen to and read the dialogues about nationality. Note the ways to determine
one’s nationality.
 Are you from Syria?                          No, I’m from Egypt. I’m an Egyptian.
 Neengal sireeyavilirunthu varugireergala?    Illai, naan Yee-gypt-il irunthu varugiraen. Naan
                                              oru yee-gypt kaarar
 நீங்கள் சி யாவிலி          ந்து              இல்ைல, நான் ஈஜிப்ட்டிலி ந்து
 வ    கிறீர்களா?                              வ     கிேறன். நான் ஒ          ஈஜிப்ட்காரர்
                                              326
 Are you Indonesian?                      Yes, I’m Indonesian. I live in Jakarta.
 Neengal inthonaeseeya-ra?                Aamaam, naan oru inthoneeseeya-kaarar. Naan
                                          jakarta-vil vasikiraen.
 நீங்கள் இந்ேதாேநசியரா?                   ஆமாம், நான் ஒ இந்ேதாேநசியர்.
                                          நான் ஜக்கர்த்தாவில் வசிக்கிேறன்.
9. Create questions in Tamil that are appropriate to the answers provided. Check your
work with the answer key.
 1. - …………………………..?
 - Yes, I’m Vietnamese.
 Amaam, naan oru vietnam-iyar.
 ஆமாம், நான் ஒ               வியட்நாமியர்.
 2. - ……………………………?
 - No, I’m not American. I’m Canadian.
 Illai, naan oru amereekar illai. Naan oru Kanada-kaarar.
 இல்ைல, நான் ஒ                 அெம க்கர் இல்ைல. நான் ஒ            ேகனடாக்காரர்.
 3. - …………… or ……………..?
 - I live in Afghanistan, but I’m a Pakistani.
 Naan aafgaanistanil vasikiraen, aanaal naan oru paakisthaaniyar.
 நான் ஆப்கானிஸ்தானில் வசிக்கிேறன், ஆனால் நான் ஒ
 பாக்கிஸ்த்தானியர்.
 4. - ……………………………..?
 - Yes, we are Iraqis.
 Aamaam, naangal iraakiyargal.
 ஆமாம், நாங்கள் இராக்கியர்கள்.
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     10. What do you hear? The speaker will read one word from each line of text. Mark
the word that you hear. Check your answers with the answer key.
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         End-of-Lesson Tasks
   1. Translate the following headlines into English. Check your work with the answer
      key.
                                            329
       2. Listen to and read the following news report from Tamilnadu, India, and then
  answer the questions that follow.
                                                330
Aanaal tharkolai vedigundugal athigamaa-       ஆனால் த ெகாைல ெவடி                      டுகள்
gindrana.
                                               அதிகமாகின்றன.
Aagustil sumaar ainooru mohthalgalum           ஆகஸ்ட்டில்          மார் ஐ    று ேமாதல்களும்
septemberil sumaar naanooru mohthalgalum
irunthana.                                     ெசப்டம்ப ல்         மார் நா      று
                                               ேமாதல்களும் இ            ந்தன.
Antha irandu maathangalil Taliban              அந்த இர         டு மாதங்களில் தலிபான்
padaiyinargalukum mel-naattu
padaiyinargalukum idaiyil athigamaana sun-     பைடயினர்களுக்            ம் ேமல்நாட்டு
dai nadaipettrathu.                            பைடயினர்களுக்            ம் இைடயில்
                                               அதிகமான ச            ைட நைடப்ெப றது.
Kaabulil irandu-aayiram mel-naattu             கா லில் இர           டாயிரம் ேமல்நாட்டு
padaiyinargal irukiraargal.
                                               பைடயினர்கள் இ            க்கிறார்கள்.
Questions
   1. Did the number of clashes between NATO-led forces and insurgents increase or decrease?
   2. Are the number of suicide bombs increasing or decreasing?
   3. Which country are these attacks happening in?
   4. How many clashes were there in August?
   5. How many are there in Kabul?
   3. Work with a partner or in a small group. From the list of the countries above, choose
   one and give a briefing on its location and political system. Pretend that you are giving a
   press conference. Your classmates will role-play the news reporters by asking you
   questions.
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Vocabulary List
                                    332
Militant          Pohril                      ேபா ல்
                                              ஆர்வ        ள்ளவர்
Ministry          Amaichagam                  அைம சகம்
Murder            Kolai                       ெகாைல
NATO              Nato                        ேநட்ேடா
NATO spokesman    NATO pechaallar             ேநட்ேடா ேப சாளர்
News              Seythigal                   ெச     திகள்
News Headlines    Thalaippu seythigal         தைலப் ெச            திகள்
Newspaper         Seythi pathirikai           ெச     தி பத்தி க்ைக
Nuclear weapons   Nuclear aayutham            நி    கிளியர் ஆ      தம்
Officials         Athigaarigal                அதிகா கள்
Parliament        Naadaalumandram             நாடாளுமன்றம்
Peace Talk        Amaithi pechu               அைமதி ேப
Policy            Koll-gai                    ெகாள்ைக
Political Party   Arasiyal katchi             அரசியல் கட்சி
President         Athibar                     அதிபர்
Prime minister    Piratha-mar                 பிரதமர்
problems          Pirachanai                  பிர சைன
Racial            Inam sambathamaana          இனம் சம்பந்தமான
Radical           Arasiyalil theeviravaathi   அரசியலில் தீவரவாதி
Religious         Matham patriya              மதம் ப றிய
Report            Arivippu                    அறிவிப்
Republic          Kudi-arasu                       டியர
Roadside bomb     Saalai-ora vedi-gundu       சாைலேயார
                                              ெவடி           டு
State             Arasu                       அர
Suicide bomb      Tharkolai vedi-gundu        த ெகாைல
                                              ெவடி           டு
Taliban           Taliban                     தலிபான்
Task Force        Thitta padai                திட்ட பைட
Term of office    Pathaviyin kaala kattam     பதவியின் காலகட்டம்
Troops            Raanuva padai               இரா         வ பைட
                                      333
Violence         Vannmurai                  வன்     ைற
vision           Noh-kam                    ேநாக்கம்
Vote             Vaaku                      வாக்
War              Pohr                       ேபார்
Warning          Echarikai                  எ ச க்ைக
weapons          Aayuthangal                ஆ     தங்கள்
Western troops   Mel naattu padaiyinargal   ேமல்நாட்டு
                                            பைடயினர்கள்
World            Ulagam                     உலகம்
                                  334
ANSWER KEY
Chief Minister M. Karunanidhi said today the government has a vision and commitment to
increase economic growth in Tamilnadu.
Karunanidhi said a new Industrial Policy would be announced this year, together with an
Industrial Task Force.
The task force would not only focus on new initiatives, but also address the problems of the
existing industries, he said.
It would be developed at an estimated cost of Rs 900 crore.
This project is expected to generate employment for 50,000 persons in 8 years, he elaborated.
6A. The National Flag of India was adopted in its present form during an
ad hoc meeting of the Constituent Assembly held on the 22 July 1947, a
few days before India's independence from the British
6B. 15 August, 1947
6C.Yes.
6D.Eastern
6E.India
6F.Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Myanmar
                                              335
10
The number of clashes between NATO-led forces and insurgents has dropped, a NATO
spokesman said.
However, suicide bombs are increasing.
There were more than 500 clashes in August and close to 400 in September.
That was the most fighting between Taliban militants and western troops in those 2 months.
There are some 2,000 western troops over in Kabul.
1. Decrease.
2. Increasing
3. Afghanistan
4. 500
5. 2,000
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                                         Lesson 19
                                        The Military
                                         இராணுவம்
                                          Raanuvam
   1. What do soldiers do? What do soldiers use? What do soldiers wear? The pictures
      will help you guess the meaning of unknown terms.
                                               337
                                                   Intha raanuva veerar      Intha raanuva veerar-
 Intha raanuva veerar thupaakiyai sudu-              olikathir-il padai-     idam raacket laancher
                 giraar.                        thalaivar-udan pesugiraar.        irukirathu.
                                                  இந்த இராணுவ
                                                வரர்
                                                 ீ   ஒலிக்கதி ல்              இந்த இராணுவ
                                                         பைட                 வரீ டம் ராக்ெகட்
          இந்த இராணுவ வரர்
                       ீ                           தைலவருடன்                      லாஞ்சர்
        துப்பாக்கிைய       டுகிறார்.                  ேப கிறார்.                இருக்கிறது.
2. Now listen to the new words and repeat them after the speaker.
                                                338
3. Read the statements and match each one with the correct picture. Check your answers
with the answer key.
1. 2. 3.
                                                 339
      4. Listen to the new words and repeat them after the speaker.
             1.                         2.                               3.
             These vehicles are HUMMVEE’s.                     Self-propelled Missile
                                                                     Launcher
                                                             Thaanaaga munnokki ehvu-
             Intha vaaganangal HUMMVEE’s.                      gira aayutha laancher
                                                             தானாக முன்ேனாக்கி
                                                                ெசல்லும் ஏவுகிற
           இந்த வாகனங்கள் ஹம்-வஸ்
                               ீ                                 ஆயுத லாஞ்சர்
             4.                            5.                           6.
            Tank                   Self-propelled Gun             Armored Vehicle
                               Thaanaaga munnokki sellum
       Peerangi vandi                   thupaaki                 Kavasam-ulla vandi
                               தானாக முன்ேனாக்கி
      பீரங்கி வண்டி             ெசல்லும் துப்பாக்கி           கவசமுள்ள வண்டி
5. Now cover the names of the vehicles with a sheet of paper and name them. Repeat
Exercise 4 as many times as you need to feel comfortable with the new terms.
1. ……………………..
2. ……………………..
3. ……………………..
4. ……………………..
5. ……………………..
6. ……………………..
                                          340
            6. Listen to the new words and repeat them after the speaker.
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 8
                                                341
     7. Look at the pictures in Exercise 6. Cover the Tamil translations and the English words
     in Exercise 6. Match each term with the correct picture. Replay the sound as many times
     as you need. Check your work with the answer key.
     8. In the following lists of items, one out of each four does not logically belong. Cross out
     the one that does not belong. Check your answers with the Answer Key.
9. Translate the following sentences into English. Check your work with the answer key.
                                                  342
         10. What do you hear? Listen to the speaker and mark the statement that you hear.
11. Listen and repeat the new words after the speaker.
12. Fill in the blanks with the correct word from the vocabulary list above. Check your
answers with the answer key.
 A.
 Yaar intha _______________________-ku poruppu? Kaaval ulaavin thalaivar.
 யார் இந்த _____________________-க்கு ெபாறுப்பு? The patrol leader. காவல்
 உலாவின் தைலவர்.
 B.
 ________________________ irukirathaa? Amaam, maalai ettu maniyil-irunthu kaalai aaru
 maniku.
 ________________________ இருக்கிறதா? ஆமாம், மாைல எட்டு
 மணியிலிருந்து காைல ஆறு மணி வைர.
                                              343
 C.
 ______________________! Saalaiyil oru _______________ irukirathu!
 ______________________! சாைலயில் ஓரு _______________ இருக்கிறது.
 D.
 Ellorum __________________-il __________________ kaata vendum.
 எல்ேலாரும் __________________-இல் __________________ காட்ட
 ேவண்டும்.
 E.
 ____________ engey? Thalathin adutha pakkamaaga irukirathu.
 ____________ எங்ேக? தள தின் அடு த பக்கமாக இருக்கிறது.
13. Work with a partner and take turns reading and role-playing the dialogues from
Exercise 12.
14. Work in a small group and make up similar dialogues, and then role-play them.
15. Study the list of U.S. Army ranks. Compare them with the South Indian military
equivalents.
                                          344
          End-of-Lesson Tasks
     1. Work with a partner or in a small group. In Tamil, come up with a caption for each
        picture below.
  1. …………………………………………………… .
  2. …………………………………………………… .
  3. …………………………………………………… .
  2. a) Translate the following sentences into English. Check your work with the answer
  key.
                                              345
b) Work with a partner or in a small group. Come up with situations where you can use
sentences C, D, E, and F as a reply. Create the first part of the conversation so that you
have short dialogues. Role-play them.
3. a) Translate the following into Tamil. Compare your translation against the answer key.
A. Please step out of the car. We must search the vehicle for weapons.
b) Work with a partner or in a small group. Come up with situations where you can use
these sentences as a reply. Create the first part of the conversation so that you have short
dialogues. Role-play them.
                                                346
    Vocabulary List
Ammunition            Gundugal                      குண்டுகள்
Army base             Raanuva thalam                இராணுவ         தளம்
Artillery             Periya vedi karuvigal         ெவடி கருவிகள்
Barracks              Raanuva veerar vasikum idam   இராணுவ வரர்
                                                            ீ   வசிக்கும் இடம்
Base                  Thalam                        தளம்
Be careful!           Jaakirathai!                  ஜாக்கிரைத
Boots                 Kaalanigal                    காலணிகள்
Captain               Kap-tain                      ேகப்டன்
Checkpoint            Sothani pulli                 ேசாதைனப் புள்ளி
Colonel               Kernel                        கர்னல்
Commander             Padai-thalaivar               பைட தைலவர்
Corporal              Cor-poral                     கார்ப்பரல்
Curfew                Oor-adangu sattam             ஊரடங்கு சட்டம்
Enlisted              Serbavar                      ேசர்பவர்
Explosives            Vedi karuvigal                ெவடிக் கருவிகள்
General               Jen-ral                       ெஜன்ரல்
Grenade               Kye-gundu                     ைககுண்டு
Helmet                Irumbu thoppi                 இரும்பு ெதாப்பி
Identification        Adaiyaalam                    அைடயாளம்
In charge of …        Poruppu                       ெபாறுப்பு
Lieutenant            Loo-tenante                   லுடினன்ட்
Lt. Colonel           Loo-tenante kernel            லுடினன்ட் கர்னல்
Machine gun           Iyanthira thuppaaki           இயந்திர துப்பாக்கி
Major                 May-jor                       ேமஜர்
Mine                  Kanni vedi                    கண்ணி ெவடி
Minefield             Kanni vedi idam               கண்ணி ெவடி இடம்
Missile               Ehvugira aayutham             ஏவுகிற ஆயுதம்
Mortar                Siru peerangi                 சிறு பீரங்கி
Officer               Athigaari                     அதிகா
Patrol                Kaaval ulaa                   காவல் உலா
Pistol                Kye thuppaaki                 ைக துப்பாக்கி
                                              347
Private           Private                   பிைரேவட்
Radio             Olikathir                 ஒலிக்கதிர்
Rifle             Thupaaki                  துப்பாக்கி
Roadblock         Thadai pulli              தைடப்புள்ளி
Rocket launcher   Raacket laancher          ராக்ெகட் லாஞ்சர்
Sergeant          Sar-gent                  சார்ஜன்ட்
Sergeant Major    Sar-gent may-jor          சார்ஜன்ட் ேமஜர்
Soldier           Raanuva veerar            இராணுவ வரர்
                                                    ீ
To fire           Suttu                      ட்டு
To protect        Paathu-gaapu kodu         பாதுகாப்பு ெகாடு
Uniform           Seerudai                  சீருைட
Weapons           Aayuthangal               ஆயுதங்கள்
Weapons cache     Aayutham kidangu          ஆயுதக் கிடங்கு
                                      348
ANSWER KEY
These soldiers wear uniforms. They wear boots on their feet and helmets on their heads. The
helmets protect their heads from artillery, ammunition, and explosives. The soldiers have
weapons in their hands.
                                              349
5.    Helmet              Artillery            Uniform             Boots
      இரும்பு             ெப யெவடி             சீருைட              காலணி
      ெதாப்பி             கருவிகள்
6.    Officer             Soldier              Civilian            Commander
      அதிகா               இராணுவ வரர்
                                  ீ            இராணுவ ைத           பைட தைலவர்
                                               சாராதவர்
10
12
                                               350
3a
A. Please step out of the car. We must search the vehicle for weapons.
Carilirunthu irangugal. Vandiyae aayuthangalukaga thaeda vendum.
கா லிருந்து இறங்குங்கள். வண்டிைய ஆயுதங்க க்காக ேதட
ேவண்டும்.
B. It is after curfew. You must come with me for questioning.
Oorandangu sattam mudinthu vittathu. Ennuden nengal visaaranaeku vara vendum.
ஊரடங்கு சட்டம் முடிந்து விட்டது. என் டன் நீங்கள் விசாரைணக்கு
வர ேவண்டும்.
C. The weapons cache is on the other side of Checkpoint Delta.
Aayutha kidangu sothanai pulliku aduthu pakkamaaga irukirathu.
ஆயுதக் கிடங்கு ேசாதைனப் புள்ளிக்கு பக்கமாக இருக்கிறது
D. Be careful. There is a minefield east of the railroad.
Jaakirathai! Rayil paathai-in kizhakkil oru kanni vedi idam irukiarthu.
ஜாக்கிறைத. ரயில்பாைதயின் கிழக்கில் ஒரு கண்ணி ெவடி இடம்
இருக்கிறது.
E. Every soldier needs to have a radio and a map.
Ovvoru Raanuva veerarukum olikathirum thaesapadamum irukka vendum.
ஒ ெவாரு இராணுவ வரருக்கும்         ீ           ஒலிக்கதிரும் ேதசப்படமும் இருக்க
ேவண்டும்.
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                                   Lesson 20
                                In the Hospital
                             மருத்துவமைனயில்
                              Maruthuva - manaiyil
Healthcare in India
Despite the improving health status of the Indian population, healthcare infrastructure in
India has a long way to go towards achieving 100 percent quality, technology and
superior healthcare delivery systems. While the Federal government is limited to family
welfare and disease control programs, the state governments are responsible for primary
and secondary medical care, with a limited role in specialty care. Looking at the
healthcare indicators and the growing prevalence of non-communicable lifestyle related
diseases, both the government and private sector, realize the need to meet this basic
demand. Today, the private sector provides 80 percent of the healthcare service and the
government sector makes up the other 20 percent.
                                           352
regulatory body, some private providers practice without minimum standards and quality
treatment varies from one provider to another.
In the major cities, like Chennai of Tamilnadu, there are adequate to excellent medical
care available but it is usually very limited or unavailable in rural areas. In general, if
there is an emergency, it is better to take the public transportation as ambulance services
are sparsely available, as compared to the structure of the emergency services available in
the USA. If ambulance services are provided, charges will be added to the hospital bill.
Medical bills can be fairly high and most institutions accept only cash and very few
accept credit cards. Since the high costs are not affordable to the poorer population, and
especially those who live in rural areas, alternative medical practitioners, otherwise
known as “barefoot doctors,” provide herbal and Ayurvedic (alternative) treatment.
In Lesson 17, you learned the names of human body parts, how to ask questions about a
person’s state of health, and how to describe health conditions and symptoms of sickness.
You also know how to handle a visit to the doctor’s office. In this lesson, you will
familiarize yourself with the vocabulary used for life threatening health conditions, such
as heart attacks, gunshot wounds, severe bleeding, and head injuries.
                                           353
  1. Go over the text with the pictures. Try to guess the meaning of the words in bold
  from the context.
1 2
Intha aan-uku oru kaayapatta kyi irukirathu.         Intha penn-udaiya kyi-yil pun (pronounced “u”
                                                     as in put”) irukirathu.
இந்த ஆண்           க்கு ஒரு காயப்பட்ட                இந்த ெபண்            ைடய ைகயில் ண்
ைக இருக்கிறது.                                       இருக்கிறது
  3                                                  4
  Intha aan-uku oru pun-patta kaal irukirathu.        Intha aan-udaiya kazhu-thil kaayam irukirathu.
  இந்த ஆண்          க்கு ஒரு ண்பட்ட                   இந்த ஆண்          ைடய கழுத்தில்
  கால் இருக்கிறது.                                       காயம் இருக்கிறது.
**Please note the terms above for “wound” and “injury” can be used interchangeably.
                                               354
2. Look at the pictures in Exercise 1 and match the number of the picture with the
correct definition. Check your answers with the answer key.
     4. Listen to and read the dialogue between the doctor and the nurse in the
emergency room of a military hospital. Note the use of new vocabulary.
                                        355
   Doctor: Does he have a fever?
           Avarukku kayichal irukirathaa?
            அவருக்கு காய்ச்சல் இருக்கிறதா?
   Nurse: Yes, he does.
           Aamaam.
           ஆமாம்.
   Doctor: Is he taking any medications?
           Marunthu saapidugiraar-aa?
           மருந்து சாப்பிடுகிறாரா?
   Nurse: Yes, antibiotics and painkillers.
           Aamaam. Anti-biotik-sum vali marunthum.
           ஆமாம். ஆன்டி-ைபயாட்டிக்ஸும் வலி மருந்தும்.
   6. Match each of the pictures with the corresponding statement. Try to guess the
  meanings of unknown words from the context. Check your answers with the answer
  key.
A B C
2. Intha aan thoppi pohdavillai. Indru migavum soodaaga irunthathu. Ippozhuthu avaruku sootinaal
thidir noyi irukirathu.
    இந்த ஆண் ெதாப்பி ேபாடவில்ைல. இன்று மிகவும் சூடாக இருந்தது.
இப்ெபாழுது அவருக்கு சூட்டினால் திடீர் ேநாய் இருக்கிறது.
                                           356
Did you understand the meanings of the words in bold?
      7. Listen to the speaker and read along in your textbook. Use the answer key
to check the meanings of unknown words.
PLAY AUDIO
Ivai pun kattum thuni-pattigal. Ivai punnukum kaayathukkum marunthu poda thavae-
padum. Ivai visha-kirumi illaamal iruka vendum.
                                        357
           8. Familiarize yourself with some new medical terminology. Listen as the
      speaker recites the names of internal organs. Repeat after the speaker.
1 2 3 4 5
      9. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate name of the organ in Tamil. Check your
      answers with the answer key.
                                                   358
        10. Listen to and read the dialogue between the doctor and a patient in a
  military hospital emergency room.
                                           359
Doctor: For how long?
Ethanai naatkalaaga?
எத்தைன நாட்களாக?
Major: For about 2 days… What happened to me, doctor?
Irandu naatkalaaga….. enaku enna nadanthathu?
இரண்டு நாட்களாக........ எனக்கு என்ன நடந்தது?
Doctor: When you got in the hospital, you couldn’t breathe. We had to do treatment. You had
high blood pressure. It was 230 over 180. You had a heart attack. What symptoms do you have
now?
Neengal maruthuvamanaiku varumpohthu, moochu vaanga mudiyaamal irunthergal. Naangal sigichae
seythom. Ungaludaiya rattha azhutham miga adhigamaaga irunthathu. Irunootri muppathukku mel
nootri embathu. Ungaludaiya iruthayam noyee-pattathu. Enna Arikurigal irukindrana?
நீங்கள் மருத்துவமைனக்கு வரும்ேபாது,                  ச்சு வாங்க முடியாமல் இருந்தீர்கள்.
நாங்கள் சிகிச்ைச ெசய்ேதாம். உங்களுைடய இரத்த அழுத்தம் மிக அதிகமாக
இருந்தது. இருநூற்றி முப்பதுக்கு ேமல் நூற்றி எண்பது. உங்களுைடய
இருதயம் ேநாய்ப்பட்டது. என்ன அறிகுறிகள் உங்களுக்கு இருக்கின்றன?
Major: I feel weak.
Balamaaga illai enaku.
பலமாக இல்ைல எனக்கு.
Doctor: Are you allergic to any medications?
Entha marunthugal ungaluku othu varaathu?
எந்த மருந்துகள் உங்களுக்கு ஒத்து வராது?
Major: Yes, I’m allergic to penicillin.
Penicilin marunthu enaku othu varaathu.
ெபனிஸிலின் மருந்து எனக்கு ஒத்து வராது.
Doctor: Do you have any kidney, liver, lung, or brain diseases? Diabetes? Cancer?
Ungaluku siruneeragam, kaleeral, nurai-eeral allathu moolai viyaathigal irukirathaa? Neerizhivu?
Puttrunoyi?
உங்களுக்கு சிறுநீரகம், கல்லீ ரல், ைரயீரல் அல்லது                         ைள வியாதிகள்
இருக்கிறதா? நீ ழிவு ேநாய்? ற்றுேநாய்?
Major: No, I don’t.
Illai.
இல்ைல.
Doctor: Do you smoke?
Pugai pidipeergala?
  ைகப் பிடிப்பீர்களா?
Major: No, I don’t.
Illai.
இல்ைல.
                                            360
   Doctor: Do any members of your family have heart disease?
   Ungaludaiya kudumbathi-nargal-uku iruthayanoyi irukirathaa?
   உங்களுைடய குடும்பத்தினர்களுக்கு இருதய ேநாய் இருக்கிறதா ?
   Major: Yes, my father died three years ago from heart disease.
   Aamaam, en appa moondru varudangaluku mun iruthaya noyaal iranthaar.
   ஆமாம், என் அப்பா           ன்று வருடங்களுக்கு முன் இருதய ேநாயால் இறந்தார்.
   Doctor: You must stay in the hospital and rest for a few days.
   Neengal maruthuva manayil irunthu sila naatkaluku oyivu eduka vendum.
   நீங்கள் மருத்துவமைனயில் இருந்து சில நாட்களுக்கு ஓய்வு எடுக்க ேவண்டும்.
   Major: But I need to get back to my unit!
   Aanaal naan velaiku thurmba vendum!
   ஆனால் நான் ேவைலக்கு திரும்ப ேவண்டும்!
   Doctor: No, you have to stay in the hospital and rest.
   Illai, Neengal maruthuva manaeyil irunthu oyeevu eduka vendum.
   இல்ைல, நீங்கள் மருத்துவமைனயில் இருந்து ஓய்வு எடுக்க ேவண்டும்.
      11. Work with a partner. Pretend to be a doctor and a patient and role-play the
      dialogue from Exercise 10.
      12. Match the questions and answers. When you have finished, check your answers
      in the answer key.
A.Udal nalam eppadi irukirathu?              1. Aamaam, enaku thuppaakiyal kaayam kyi -yil
                                             irukirathu.
உடல் நலம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது?                 ஆமாம், எனக்கு துப்பாக்கியால் சுட்ட
                                             காயம் ைகயில் இருக்கிறது.
B. Ungaludaiya udal nalam sariyillaiyaa?     2. Enakku bala kurai-vuden irunthu, thalai
                                             suttrugirathu.
உங்களுைடய உடல் நலம்                          எனக்கு பலக் குைறவும், தைல சுற்றும்
ச யில்ைலயா?                                  இருக்கிறது.
C.Udal nalam eppadi irukirathu?              3. En kaayathil-irunthu rathham vadigirathu.
உடல் நலம் எப்படி இருக்கிறது?                 என் காயத்திலிருந்து இரத்தம் வடிகிறது.
D.Neengal valiyil irukireergala?             4. Ennudaiya vayiru valikirathu.
நீங்கள் வலியில் இருககிறீர்களா?               என் ைடய வயிறு வலிக்கிறது.
E. Engae valikirathu?                        5. Aamaam, enaku nenju vali irukirathu. Moochu
                                             vaanga mudiyavillai
எங்ேக வலிக்கிறது?                            ஆமாம், எனக்கு ெநஞ்சு வலி
                                             இருக்கிறது.       ச்சு வாங்க
                                             முடியவில்ைல.
                                             361
F.Neengal kaayam pattu irukireergala?            6. Aamaam,vali marunthu.
நீங்கள் காயம்பட்டு                               ஆமாம், வலி மருந்து.
இருக்கிறீரகளா?
G.Marunthu saapidugireergala?                    7. Naan nalamaaga illai.
மருந்து சாப்பிடுகிறீர்களா?                       நான் நலமாக இல்ைல.
           13. What do you hear? Listen to the speaker and mark the statement that
      you hear. Check your answers with the answer key.
                                                 362
      End-of-Lesson Tasks
2. Work with a partner or in a small group. Look at the picture and tell in Tamil
what you think had happened with a patient. You might want to mention the
following things: Is the patient a man or a woman? What is his/her age? Is he/she a
soldier? Is he/she wounded? Is he/she injured? Is he/she in pain? Does he/she have
bleeding? Does he/she have a fever? Will he/she need to stay in the hospital? Does
he/she have high blood pressure? Does he/she have chest pain? Is he/she having a
heart attack? Can he/she breathe? Will he/she need CPR? Is he/she allergic to the
medications? Does he/she take any medications?
                                          363
Vocabulary List
Abnormal          Sariyilaamal              ச யில்லாமல்
Allergic          Otthu varaathu            ஒத்து வராது
Aspirin           Aspirin                   ஆ     பி ன்
Bandage           Kattu thuni               கட்டு துணி
Band-aid          Pun kattum thuni patti     ண் கட்டும் துணி பட்டி
Bleeding          Rathham vadigirathu       இரத்தம் வடிகிறது
Brain             Moolai                        ைள
Breathing         Moochu vaangu                 ச்சு வாங்கு
Cancer            Puttru noyi                ற்றுேநாய்
Cut               Kaayam                    காயம்
Diabetes          Neerizhivu                நீ ழிவு
Dressing          Kattu thuni               கட்டு துணி
Gunshot wound     Thuppaaki sutta kaayam    துப்பாக்கி சுட்ட காயம்
Head injury       Thalaiyil kaayam          தைலயில் காயம்
Heart             Iruthayam                 இருதயம் / இதயம்
Heart disease     Iruthaya noyi             இருதய ேநாய்
Heat stroke       Sootinaal thideer noyee   சூட்டினால் திடீர் ேநாய்
High blood pressure Uyarntha rattha azhutham உயர்ந்த இரத்த அழுத்தம்
Injured             Kaayapatta               காயப்பட்ட
Injury            Kaayam/ pun               காயம் / ண்
Kidney            Siru-neeragam             சிறுநீரகம்
Liver             Kaleeral                  கல்லீ ரல்
Lung              Nurai-eeral                 ைரயீரல்
Organs            Udal uruppu               உடல் உறுப்
Painkillers       Vali marunthu             வலி மருந்து
Penicillin        Penicilin                 ெபன்ஸிலின்
Pulse             Naadithudipu              நாடித்துடிப்
Sterile           Visha-kirumi illaamal     விஷக்கிருமியில்லாமல்
To die            Iranthu                   இறந்து
To stay           Irunthu                   இருந்து
                                      364
treatment       Sigichai               சிகிச்ைச
Wound/Wounded   Pun / punpatta          ண் /   ண்பட்ட
                                 365
ANSWER KEY
2
A. 3 Wounded leg
B. 4 Injured neck
C. 1 and/or 2 Wounded arm
D. 1 Injured arm
These are bandages and band-aids. You need them to make a dressing for a cut or
wound. They have to be sterile.
 A. brain                    moolai                             ைள
 B. liver                    kaleeral                       கல்லீ ரல்
 C. heart                    ithayam                        இதயம்
 D. lung                     nurai-eeral                       ைரயீரல்
 E. kidney                   siru-neeragam                  சிறுநீரகம்
12
                                           366
13
367