DEVELOPMENT PLANNING WORKSHOP – DS 331

IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE

Group Members:
Suhaiba Khalid | Hussain Ahmed | Insia Fatima | Amna Kamran | Hammad Shahid | Sumbul Naveed

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 ABSTRACT

The Kotri Barrage, located on the Indus River between Jamshoro and Hyderabad in
Sindh, Pakistan, plays a critical role in irrigation and water distribution for
agriculture and municipal needs. Covering a command area of approximately 2.9
million acres, it serves key regions such as Hyderabad, Thatta, Badin, and parts of
Karachi. The irrigation network includes perennial and non-perennial canals like the
Kalri Baghar Feeder, Phuleli Canal, and Pinyari Canal, supported by an intricate
system of distributaries and field channels.

Key infrastructure features include gates, spillways, drainage systems, water

reservoirs, and flood control mechanisms. The Kalri Baghar Feeder supplies water
to agricultural areas and Karachi via Keenjhar Lake, while the Phuleli and Pinyari
Canals support extensive seasonal and perennial cropping systems. Advanced
monitoring systems regulate water flow, sediment load, and flow velocity, ensuring
efficient and equitable distribution.

The system is managed by government entities such as the Sindh Irrigation and
Drainage Authority (SIDA) and IRSA, with stakeholders ranging from farmers to
industries. Challenges like waterlogging, salinity, and equitable distribution are
addressed through integrated management. The Kotri Barrage is integral to
sustaining agriculture, providing municipal water, and supporting ecological health
in the region.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………………………………. 04

SMALLER CHANNELS NETWORK………………………………………………….. 05

IRRIGATION INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM ……………………………………….. 06-08

STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS….………………..……………………………………....... 09-13

COMMAND AREA……..………..………………………………………………………... 14-16

GUAGE SYSTEM …………..…………………………………………………………....... 17-18

WATER ACCORD 1991……..……………………………………………………………. 19-20

DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL……..…………………………………………………….. 21-29

SWOT ANALYSIS ………………………......………………………………………….… 30-33

CONCLUSION ………………..……………………………………………………….…... 34

APPENDIX ………..…………………………………………………………………….......... 35-40

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INTRODUCTION
The Kotri Barrage is an important structure on the Indus River, located between
Jamshoro and Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan. It was built between 1947 and 1955 to
manage water for irrigation, flood control, and urban water supply. The barrage
provides water to over 2.9 million acres of agricultural land, supporting crops like
wheat, rice, and sugarcane. It supplies irrigation water through four main canals: the
Kalri Baghar Feeder (which also serves Karachi), the Akram Wah, the Phuleli Canal,
and the Pinyari Canal. These canals ensure water is available for both farming and
municipal needs. The barrage also protects areas downstream, like Hyderabad,
Thatta, Badin, and Karachi, from severe floods by controlling water flow during the
monsoon season. It is a large structure, 915 meters long, with 44 gates, each 60 feet
wide, and a discharge capacity of 875,000 cusecs. Over time, however, the barrage
has faced problems such as aging, corrosion of gates, sediment buildup, and
inefficiencies in operation. These issues threaten its ability to function properly,
making timely repairs and upgrades essential to maintain water supply, support
agriculture, and protect against floods for future generations.

The major canals under Kotri Barrage:

1. Kalri Baghar (KB) Feeder - Divides into upper and lower portions to supply
water to areas and feed Keenjhar Lake, which is a significant water reservoir for
Karachi.

2. Phuleli Canal - An important canal for irrigation in the lower Sindh region.

3. Pinyari Canal - Serves as another primary canal delivering water to

surrounding agricultural land.
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SMALLER CHANNELS NETWORK
The smaller channel network under the Kotri Barrage consists of distributaries and
minor channels branching out from the main canals (Kalri Baghar Feeder, Phuleli
Canal, and Pinyari Canal). These smaller channels are essential for distributing water
to more localized and rural areas, supporting agriculture and providing water to
remote villages.

Here's a general breakdown of how these channels operate:

1. Kalri Baghar (KB) Feeder System:

• Branches out to serve Keenjhar Lake and irrigate lower Sindh areas.
• Composed of several smaller distributaries, such as the Gulshan
distributary, Tando Adam distributary, and various field channels that
supply water to regions near Thatta and Karachi.
2. Phuleli Canal System:
• Supplies water to extensive farmland in areas like Hyderabad, Badin,
and Tando Muhammad Khan.
• Includes distributaries such as Jamrao distributary, New Phuleli
distributary, and minor channels that irrigate the local farms and
orchards.
3. Pinyari Canal System:
• Services agricultural areas in regions like Mirpurkhas and Umerkot.
• Connected to minor distributaries such as Mithrao distributary,
Umerkot distributary, and Sanghar channels to extend the irrigation
network.

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IRRIGATION SYSTEM INFRASTRUCTURE
The irrigation infrastructure of the Kotri Barrage, built on the Indus River near
Hyderabad in Sindh, Pakistan, is designed to manage water distribution for
agricultural and drinking needs across lower Sindh. Its system includes various
structural and operational components to control and divert water through a network
of canals, distributaries, and smaller channels.

Here’s an overview of the primary infrastructure elements involved in the Kotri

Barrage irrigation system:

1. Barrage Structure:
• Gates and Spillways: The Kotri Barrage structure consists of a series of
gates and spillways to control water flow and release excess water
during floods.
• Control Gates: These gates manage water flow into each main canal
and are equipped with mechanisms to adjust flow rates based on water
availability and demand.
2. Main Canals:
• Kalri Baghar (KB) Feeder: This canal has both an upper and lower
feeder that delivers water to agricultural areas and also supplies
Keenjhar Lake, which provides drinking water to Karachi.
• Phuleli Canal: Serving areas in Hyderabad, Tando Muhammad Khan,
and Badin, this canal is critical for irrigating lower Sindh’s farmland.
• Pinyari Canal: This canal delivers water to Mirpurkhas, Umerkot, and
other surrounding areas, supporting extensive farming needs.

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3. Distributaries and Minor Channels:
• Each main canal branches into distributaries, which are smaller
channels that deliver water to specific regions. Distributaries then split
into minors and field channels (watercourses) that provide water to
individual plots. This hierarchical network ensures that water reaches
more remote farmlands.
• Regulators: At junctions where distributaries split from the main canals,
regulators control the water volume to prevent excessive withdrawal
and maintain equitable distribution across regions.
4. Irrigation Outlets:
• Water Outlets (Moghas): These small outlets are built into the canal
embankments and allow water to flow into fields. They are often
adjustable to manage the water rate according to crop requirements.
5. Drainage Network:
• A drainage system runs parallel to the irrigation network to remove
excess water from fields and prevent waterlogging and salinity, which
are prevalent issues in the region due to over-irrigation.
• Surface Drains: These drains capture and carry away excess water from
fields, while subsurface drains help lower the groundwater table and
manage soil salinity.
6. Water Storage Reservoirs:
• Keenjhar Lake: Part of the KB Feeder system, Keenjhar Lake serves as
a reservoir that provides a stable water supply to Karachi and acts as a
buffer during low-flow periods.
• Smaller seasonal reservoirs are sometimes created by farmers or local
communities to retain water during peak seasons.

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 7. Flood Control Mechanisms:
• Silt Excluders and Silt Ejectors: These structures remove silt from the
water before it enters the canals to prevent silting of the canals and
maintain efficient water flow.
• Flood Channels and Diversion Weirs: During the rainy season, flood
channels and weirs redirect excess water back to the river or storage
areas to protect crops and settlements.
8. Management and Monitoring Systems:
• The irrigation system includes monitoring stations for water level and
flow, and there is ongoing canal desilting maintenance.
• Command and Control Centers are established to manage water
distribution, control spillways, and respond to seasonal demands or
emergencies.

Overall, the Kotri Barrage irrigation system infrastructure is an intricate network that
combines modern water control technology with traditional distribution channels.
The system is critical for agricultural productivity in lower Sindh, enabling both
large-scale and smallholder farming while supporting local communities with
drinking water resources.

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STAKEHOLDER ANALYSIS
1. Government Agencies:

• Sindh Irrigation and Drainage Authority (SIDA): Responsible for the

planning, operation, and maintenance of the barrage and canal system.
SIDA manages water distribution policies and oversees equitable water
access across regions.

• Provincial and Local Government: Focuses on supporting rural

development, maintaining water security, and addressing conflicts
related to water allocation and distribution.

• Agricultural Extension Departments: Provide farmers with training and

resources for efficient water use, crop management, and irrigation
practices to maximize agricultural productivity.

Interests: Effective water management, economic development, minimizing water

conflicts, and maintaining infrastructure.

Influence: High, as these agencies make key decisions on water allocation, policy
setting, and infrastructure investments.

2. Farmers and Agricultural Communities:

• Smallholder Farmers: The largest group of end-users who depend on

irrigation for crop production. They face issues like water shortages,
distribution inequity, and challenges related to water quality.

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 • Commercial Farms: Larger farms that may have better access to water
resources and technology for high-yield crops, often affecting water
availability for smaller farms downstream.

Interests: Reliable and timely water supply, equitable water distribution, affordable
irrigation costs, and sustainable farming practices.

Influence: Moderate to high, as they form the primary beneficiaries and users of the
irrigation system. They often influence policies indirectly through collective action
or farmer unions.

3. Water User Associations (WUAs):

• Formed by farmers to manage water allocation within local areas and

minimize conflicts over distribution. WUAs often coordinate with
SIDA to ensure fair access to water and help in maintenance and
monitoring at the grassroots level.

Interests: Ensuring equitable water distribution, reducing conflicts, and supporting

local irrigation needs.

Influence: Moderate, especially at the community level, as they represent the voices
of small farmers and advocate for fair water practices.

4. Local Communities and Rural Households:

• Many rural communities depend on the irrigation system for drinking

water, especially those near distributaries or the Kalri Baghar Feeder
(which supplies water to Karachi via Keenjhar Lake). Any water
shortage or contamination affects their health and livelihood.

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Interests: Clean, reliable water supply for domestic use, fair water allocation that
does not prioritize agriculture over drinking needs.

Influence: Low to moderate, as they often lack direct representation but may voice
concerns during water scarcity.

5. Environmental Groups and NGOs:

• Organizations advocating for sustainable water management,

conservation of the Indus River ecosystem, and mitigation of negative
environmental impacts such as waterlogging, salinity, and reduced river
flow.

Interests: Promoting sustainable water practices, protecting ecosystems, reducing

water pollution, and ensuring the ecological health of the Indus River and its
surrounding habitats.

Influence: Moderate, with the ability to raise awareness, influence policy through
research, and collaborate with government bodies for environmental sustainability.

6. Industries and Businesses (e.g., Karachi Water Supply):

• The KB Feeder provides water to Keenjhar Lake, which supplies water

to Karachi. Industries in Karachi indirectly depend on this irrigation
system, as it secures the water supply needed for production and
commercial activities.

Interests: Consistent and clean water supply to support industrial operations and
meet urban needs.

Influence: Moderate to high, as industries are essential to the economy and have
political and financial leverage to impact water allocation policies.

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 7. Research Institutions and Universities:

• Academic bodies that conduct research on water resource management,

irrigation practices, and sustainable agricultural development. Their
studies can provide data-driven recommendations for improving the
irrigation system's efficiency and sustainability.

Interests: Researching sustainable water management practices, advancing irrigation

technology, and supporting policies that ensure long-term water availability.

Influence: Moderate, as research findings can influence policymaking and lead to

improved practices in water management.

8. Financial Institutions and Donors:

• World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB), and other donors may
fund infrastructure improvements, sustainability initiatives, and
capacity-building programs related to water management.

Interests: Supporting sustainable water management practices, enhancing local

economic development, and ensuring transparency in fund utilization.

Influence: High, as they can provide substantial funding and influence project
implementation based on compliance with sustainable practices and project goals.

9. Media and Civil Society:

• Media outlets and civil society groups play a critical role in bringing
attention to water scarcity issues, conflicts, and the environmental
impacts of irrigation practices. They can also advocate for the rights of
farmers and local communities.

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Interests: Promoting awareness about water issues, advocating for equitable water
distribution, and addressing environmental and social concerns.

Influence: Moderate, with the power to shape public opinion and pressure decision-
makers for fair and transparent policies..

Stakeholder Influence vs. Interest Matrix

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COMMAND AREA
The Kotri Barrage in Sindh, Pakistan, commands an irrigated area of approximately
2.88 million acres (about 1.16 million hectares). This command area covers the
regions downstream of the barrage in lower Sindh, providing essential irrigation for
various districts, including Hyderabad, Thatta, Badin, Tando Muhammad Khan,
Mirpurkhas, and Umerkot.

The irrigation provided by Kotri Barrage supports diverse cropping patterns, with
major crops including rice, wheat, cotton, and sugarcane. This extensive command
area is critical for sustaining agricultural production in lower Sindh and supporting
the livelihoods of thousands of farmers in the region.

Total Area Covered: Approximately 2.9 million acres (around 1.17 million
hectares).

Main Areas in Command:

• Hyderabad District: A major area within the command region,

benefiting from yearround irrigation.
• Thatta District: Receives irrigation for essential crops like rice and
wheat.
• Badin District: Primarily an agricultural area, focusing on rice and
sugarcane.
• Jamshoro and parts of Karachi: The Kalri Baghar Feeder provides
water to Karachi for municipal and limited agricultural use.

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Water Distribution:

• Kalri Baghar Feeder (West): Supplies water to Karachi.

• Akram Wah (Lined Channel): Distributes water throughout southern
Sindh.
• Phuleli Canal and Pinyari Canal: Serve Hyderabad and surrounding
areas.

Controlled By:

• Sindh Irrigation Department: Oversees water distribution, maintenance, and

operation of the Kotri Barrage and its canals.
• Indus River System Authority (IRSA): Regulates water allocation among
provinces, impacting Kotri’s water supply based on seasonal and annual
allocations.

Perennial Canals (Year-Round Water Supply):

1. Kalri Baghar Feeder (West):

• Provides water to both agriculture and municipal areas, including
Karachi. o Main Areas Served: Parts of Karachi and adjoining
agricultural regions.
• Crops Grown: Rice, wheat, sugarcane, and fodder crops.
• Benefits: Ensures a consistent water supply for crops throughout
the year, supporting food security and stabilizing agricultural
productivity in the region.
2. Akram Wah (Lined Channel):
• Supplies year-round irrigation to agricultural zones in southern
Sindh.

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 • Main Areas Served: Regions around Hyderabad and other parts of
southern Sindh.
• Crops Grown: Includes wheat, sugarcane, and vegetables.
• Benefits: Stabilizes local agriculture by providing continuous water
supply, which is crucial for multi-season cropping and high-yield
crop production.

Non-Perennial Canals (Seasonal Water Supply):

1. Phuleli Canal:
• Provides seasonal irrigation, mainly during the crop-growing seasons.
• Main Areas Served: Agricultural lands in Hyderabad and surrounding
districts.
• Crops Grown: Primarily rice in the monsoon season, followed by
wheat in the rabi season.
• Benefits: Supports major seasonal crops, ensuring water availability
during critical growth stages to increase yields and prevent drought-
related losses.
2. Pinyari Canal:
• Another non-perennial canal, supplying water primarily during the
monsoon and crop season.
• Main Areas Served: Hyderabad and nearby districts.
• Crops Grown: Rice and wheat.
• Benefits: Helps balance water distribution during peak seasons,
ensuring that seasonal crop needs are met without overwhelming the
perennial system.

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GUAGE SYSTEM FOR WATER MANAGEMENT
Kotri Barrage's gauge system includes various types of gauges that regulate and
monitor water flow, essential for flood control, sediment management, and
irrigation.

• Water Level Gauges: Installed upstream and downstream of the barrage,

these gauges measure water levels on both sides. They allow operators to
adjust gate openings to control water flow, prevent overflow, and protect
downstream areas during floods.
• Discharge Gauges: Positioned at primary discharge points, these gauges
measure the water volume flowing into major canals like Kalri Baghar,
Phuleli, and Akram Wah. Discharge rates are calculated in cubic meters per
second, helping to optimize water distribution based on seasonal irrigation
demands and monitor fluctuations during monsoon periods.
• Gate Position Gauges: These gauges, located directly on each gate, monitor
the position of the gates controlling canal water flow. By providing accurate
control over water release through each gate, they help reduce water wastage
and ensure the precise delivery of water for agricultural needs.
• Sediment Load Gauges: Placed at canal inlets and downstream points, these
gauges measure the sediment or silt levels in the water. By monitoring silt
accumulation, they support sediment management and dredging, maintaining
effective water flow through the barrage.
• Flow Velocity Gauges: Installed at main discharge points and downstream
sections, these gauges measure the speed of water flow. Monitoring flow

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 velocity helps control water release, particularly during high-flow seasons,
reducing the risk of erosion and managing water pressure within the system.

Purpose and Benefits: The Kotri Barrage's irrigation infrastructure and gauge
system enable the efficient distribution of water across Sindh, providing year-round
irrigation for rice, wheat, sugarcane, and fodder crops. The gauge system supports
safe water management, prevents flooding, and maintains canal performance,
benefiting agriculture and ensuring reliable water supplies for local communities.
Managed by the Sindh Irrigation Department, with oversight from the Indus River
System Authority (IRSA) and Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA),
the Kotri Barrage sustains one of Pakistan's most productive agricultural regions.

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WATER ACCORD 1991

Alocation Among Provinces: The Water Accord distributes water among the four
provinces; Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan, based on a
specified formula.

• Punjab: Receives 55.94 million acre-feet (MAF) annually.

• Sindh: Receives 48.76 MAF annually.
• Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Receives 8.78 MAF annually.
• Balochistan: Receives 3.87 MAF annually.

Environmental and Flood Flow: The remaining flow is reserved for environmental
maintenance and flood control, including flows to the Indus Delta to mitigate salinity
and support ecosystem health.

Seasonal Distribution: The accord accounts for seasonal variations, with higher
allocations during the summer (kharif) season and lower allocations in the winter
(rabi) season to match agricultural needs.

Role of IRSA: The Indus River System Authority (IRSA) was created to oversee the
implementation of the Water Accord. IRSA’s responsibilities include monitoring
river flows, regulating reservoirs, and ensuring that provinces receive their allocated
shares.

Environmental Considerations: The accord mandates that a minimum flow must be

released downstream of the Kotri Barrage to maintain the ecological balance of the

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Indus Delta. This provision is essential for combating seawater intrusion and
preserving biodiversity in the delta region.

Conflict Resolution: The accord provides a framework for resolving inter-provincial

water disputes. IRSA serves as the primary authority to mediate and enforce water
allocations.

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DEVELOPMENT PROPOSAL

Objective: To restore structural integrity by replacing corroded gates with high-

strength, corrosion-resistant materials and strengthening the superstructure to endure
increased hydraulic pressures; enhance flood and sedimentation management
through the construction of sediment traps, periodic dredging, and the modernization
of flood warning and automated gate systems; and achieve economic and
environmental gains by stabilizing water supply to boost agricultural productivity
by 20–30% and reclaiming up to 25% of waterlogged lands to mitigate
environmental degradation..

Current Challenges

However, decades of operation have resulted in severe infrastructure degradation,

including:

1. Corroded Gates: 60% are critically damaged, jeopardizing flood

management.

2. Sedimentation: Reducing irrigation efficiency and increasing waterlogging

risks.

3. Structural Weakness: Imminent failure risks major flooding and economic

loss.

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Proposed Intervention
1. Structural Rehabilitation

This involves restoring and enhancing the structural components of the water
management system to ensure long-term functionality and resilience.

• Gate Replacement: The outdated gates are to be replaced with durable

electro-hydraulic mechanisms. These advanced systems allow precise and
reliable gate operations, reducing manual intervention and ensuring smoother
performance under varying hydraulic conditions. The new gates will resist
corrosion, lowering maintenance costs and prolonging the system's lifespan.

• Superstructure Enhancement: Piers and abutments, critical components

supporting the structure, will be fortified. This includes using high-strength
materials to enhance their load-bearing capacity and prevent failure under
extreme water pressures. Reinforcing these elements ensures the overall
stability and safety of the structure, even in adverse conditions.

2. Sedimentation Control

Efforts in this area focus on managing sediment accumulation, which can hinder
water flow and system efficiency.

• Sediment Traps and Dredging: Sediment traps will be installed to capture

sediment before it enters critical areas, reducing blockages. Regular dredging
activities will be carried out to remove accumulated sediments and maintain

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 optimal water flow. These measures ensure the system's hydraulic
performance is not compromised over time.

• Riverbank Realignment: Stabilizing riverbanks is essential for controlling

sediment-laden flows. By realigning the banks, the risk of erosion is
minimized, reducing the amount of sediment entering the water system. This
also prevents damage to surrounding infrastructure and farmland.

• Measurement Systems: Install sediment load gauges at canal inlets, barrage

gates, and distributaries to measure sediment deposits systematically. Also
develop a sedimentation scale to assess deposition rates over time, enabling
better planning of desilting activities.

3. Flood Risk Mitigation

Measures in this category aim to improve flood prediction and response to safeguard
lives and property.

• Telemetry Systems: Advanced telemetry systems will be deployed for real-

time flood forecasting. These systems use sensors and communication
networks to monitor water levels, flow rates, and rainfall data, providing
accurate and timely information for proactive flood management.

• Automated Gates: The integration of automated gates allows precise flood

regulation, especially during extreme weather events. These gates respond to
telemetry data, enabling rapid adjustments to manage water volumes
efficiently and prevent overflow or breaches.

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 4. Long-term Monitoring and Maintenance

This ensures the sustainability of the system through continuous oversight and
upkeep.

• Preventive Maintenance Framework: A comprehensive framework will be

established for regular inspections, repairs, and replacements. Preventive
maintenance minimizes downtime, prevents minor issues from escalating, and
ensures the structure remains operational and safe.

• Dedicated Operational Team: A specialized team equipped with modern tools

and training will be responsible for rapid response to any issues. This team
will handle routine maintenance, emergency repairs, and system monitoring
to ensure seamless operations.

5. Irrigation Characteristics
• Understanding Cropping Patterns: Incorporate detailed mapping of seasonal
cropping needs (e.g., rice, wheat, sugarcane) to align water delivery schedules
with their growth cycles.
• Farmer Consultation: Establish a system for farmers to communicate directly
with the Sindh Irrigation Department. Farmers will report their irrigation
needs in terms of volume and timing, ensuring water is delivered when
required.
• Demand-Driven Water Allocation: Implement an irrigation demand model
where water is distributed based on crop water needs, prioritizing critical
growth stages to prevent crop failure.

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 6. Water flow According to Cropping Needs:
• Flow Scheduling: Develop seasonal water distribution plans that prioritize
major crop cycles; Kharif Season (Monsoon, rice) and Rabi Season (Winter,
wheat), and align water distribution with field-specific cropping calendars to
prevent over-irrigation and wastage.
• On-Deamnd Water Requests: Establish a hotline or mobile application for
farmers to request additional water during emergencies such as droughts or
heatwaves, and itegrate real-time water demand feedback into the telemetry-
based water management system.

Stakeholders
Government Bodies

1. Sindh Irrigation Department: Responsible for the barrage’s operations and

maintenance.

2. Federal Ministry of Water Resources: Overseeing water management projects

nationwide.

3. Provincial Disaster Management Authority (PDMA): Ensuring flood

preparedness and mitigation.

4. Sindh Agricultural Department: Focusing on irrigation needs and agricultural

impact.

5. Local Government Authorities: Engaged in infrastructure alignment and

public safety.

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International Organizations

6. World Bank: Providing financial and technical support under the Sindh
Barrages Improvement Project.

7. Asian Development Bank (ADB): Potential co-financer for modernization

initiatives.

8. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP): Offering expertise in

climate resilience and sustainable development.

Community Stakeholders

9. Farmers and Agricultural Cooperatives: Direct beneficiaries relying on

irrigation for crops like wheat, rice, and sugarcane.

10. Local Residents: Especially those in flood-prone districts (Hyderabad, Thatta,

Karachi).

11. Civil Society Organizations: Advocating for community involvement and

environmental sustainability.

Technical and Private Sector

12. Engineering Firms: Handling structural assessments and rehabilitation works.

13. Technology Providers: Supplying advanced telemetry and automation

systems.

14. Private Investors/Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Co-funding certain

aspects of the project.

Academic and Research Institutions

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 15. Hydrological Experts: Conducting sedimentation and flow efficiency studies.

16. Local Universities: Providing research support and environmental impact

assessments.

Environmental and Advocacy Groups

17. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Monitoring compliance with

environmental standards.

18. Local NGOs: Ensuring the project benefits marginalized groups and sustains
natural ecosystems

Expected Outcomes
1. Flood Management: Restored handling capacity to 850,000 cusecs

The structural rehabilitation and advanced flood management systems, including

real-time telemetry and automated gates, will enhance the system's capacity to
manage floods. By restoring its ability to handle water flows of up to 850,000 cusecs,
the system will minimize the risk of breaches and flooding in vulnerable areas. This
will protect communities, farmlands, and infrastructure from flood-related damage
and reduce economic losses associated with such events.

2. Irrigation Efficiency: Reliable water supply for sustained

agriculture

The improvements in sedimentation control, such as sediment traps and dredging,

will ensure optimal water flow and minimize blockages. A consistent and reliable
water supply is critical for irrigation, especially in regions dependent on canal-fed

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agriculture. This will enhance the availability of water throughout the year, reduce
seasonal water shortages, and enable farmers to plan their crop cycles effectively,
leading to sustained agricultural productivity.

3. Economic Growth: Enhanced agricultural output, boosting GDP

With reliable irrigation and improved flood management, agricultural productivity

is expected to increase. Farmers will be able to cultivate high-yield crops and expand
the arable land base due to reclaimed waterlogged areas. This boost in agricultural
output will contribute significantly to the local and national economy, as agriculture
is a key sector in GDP contribution. The improvements also create indirect economic
benefits, such as increased employment opportunities in farming and associated
industries.

4. Environmental Resilience: Improved soil quality and reduced salinity

By reclaiming waterlogged lands and managing sedimentation effectively, the soil

quality in affected areas will improve. Reduced salinity will make more land suitable
for cultivation and help restore natural ecosystems. Improved water flow will
prevent stagnation, which often leads to soil degradation. These changes contribute
to better environmental resilience, enabling the land and communities to adapt more
effectively to environmental and climatic challenges.

5. Infrastructure Longevity: Extended lifespan with modern systems

The introduction of durable electro-hydraulic gates, reinforced superstructures, and

a preventive maintenance framework ensures the system's sustainability. These
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modern systems are more resistant to wear, corrosion, and extreme hydraulic
conditions, significantly extending the infrastructure's operational lifespan. Routine
maintenance and a dedicated operational team will ensure consistent performance
and reduce the need for costly, large-scale repairs in the future.

6. Efficient Use Of Limited Water Resources

Precision irrigation practices, such as drip and sprinkler systems, combined with
demand-driven water allocation, ensure efficient water use by tailoring distribution
to crop needs and real-time demand. These methods minimize waste, enhance
productivity per unit of water, and stabilize supplies during lean periods through
strategic water saving. By storing surplus water for redistribution during droughts,
the system improves resilience and supports consistent agricultural output.

7. Empowered Farmers and Communities

Involving farmers in irrigation planning through platforms like Water User

Associations fosters trust, reduces water distribution conflicts, and ensures that
allocation meets on-ground needs. Training programs equip farmers with modern
techniques, such as precision irrigation and sustainable water use practices, enabling
them to enhance productivity while conserving resources. This participatory
approach empowers communities and ensures the long-term success of the irrigation
system.

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SWOT ANALYSIS
Strengths

1. Strategic Importance to Sindh's Agriculture and Economy: The Kotri

Barrage is vital for irrigating Sindh’s agricultural lands, supporting food
security, and fueling the region’s economy. It serves as a crucial water
distribution system, sustaining livelihoods and driving economic activities in
rural and urban areas.

2. Modernization Promises Operational Efficiency and Flood Control: The

proposed upgrades, including automated gates, real-time telemetry systems,
and sediment management, will enhance operational efficiency. This ensures
better water regulation, flood prevention, and long-term infrastructure
stability.

Weaknesses

1. High Rehabilitation Costs: The estimated budget of $150–200 million is a

significant financial commitment. Securing this funding may strain
government resources, particularly in the context of competing developmental
priorities.

2. Long Implementation Timeline: The phased execution, spanning over 5

years, increases the risk of delays and cost overruns. A prolonged timeline
could disrupt water management and stakeholder confidence during the
transition period.

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Opportunities

1. Partnerships with International Agencies for Funding and Expertise:

Collaborating with entities like the World Bank and Asian Development Bank
(ADB) provides access to grants, loans, and technical expertise. These
partnerships also enable knowledge-sharing to ensure the adoption of best
practices.

2. Integration of Cutting-edge Automation Technologies: Leveraging

advancements in automation, such as AI-driven telemetry systems, can
optimize water resource management. These technologies improve accuracy,
reduce operational errors, and enhance system responsiveness to real-time
data.

Threats

1. Delayed Interventions Risk Catastrophic Failures: Postponed action could

lead to infrastructure failure, causing severe flooding, loss of agricultural
productivity, and economic instability in downstream areas.

2. Ongoing Climate Change Impacts: Erratic rainfall patterns, increased

frequency of extreme weather events, and rising temperatures pose challenges
to the barrage's functionality. Climate change exacerbates sedimentation,
water scarcity, and flood risks, necessitating adaptive measures.

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Financial Considerations

Estimated Budget:

The total cost for the project is projected at $150–200 million, factoring in structural
rehabilitation, sediment control measures, automation technology integration, and
long-term maintenance.

Funding Sources:

1. World Bank Grants and Loans: Offers low-interest loans and grants for
infrastructure projects with sustainable development goals.

2. Asian Development Bank (ADB): Provides financial and technical assistance

to promote infrastructure development in Asia.

3. Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs): Engaging private sector stakeholders

can distribute financial risks and accelerate project implementation by
leveraging private capital and innovation.

Return on Investment (ROI)

Direct Benefits:

1. Increased Crop Production: Reliable irrigation improves agricultural output,

increasing yields and incomes for farmers.

2. Command Area Expansion: Reclaimed lands and efficient water distribution

enable the expansion of irrigated farmland.

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Indirect Benefits:

1. Economic Stability: Improved agricultural productivity supports rural

livelihoods and food security, stabilizing the regional economy.

2. Enhanced Urban and Rural Resilience: Downstream areas benefit from

reduced flooding risks, better water availability, and strengthened
infrastructure.

Implementation Timeline

1. Year 1–2: Structural Assessment and Stakeholder Engagement

Comprehensive evaluations of the current infrastructure will identify critical
issues. Collaboration with stakeholders, including local governments,
farmers, and funding agencies, will ensure alignment on project goals.

2. Year 3–4: Initial Structural and Sedimentation Interventions Priority

actions, such as replacing damaged gates, strengthening piers, and installing
sediment traps, will address immediate concerns and lay the foundation for
long-term improvements.

3. Year 5+: Full-scale Implementation and Monitoring Completion of

structural upgrades, integration of automation systems, and ongoing
monitoring to ensure efficiency and reliability.

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CONCLUSION
The Kotri Barrage rehabilitation is more than an infrastructure project, it is a
transformative initiative for Sindh's socio-economic resilience. With strategic
planning, timely execution, and sustainable practices, the project can address
immediate challenges while unlocking long-term opportunities. Collaboration with
global agencies and leveraging innovative technologies will ensure water security,
boost agricultural productivity, and strengthen Sindh’s ability to adapt to climate and
economic challenges. This project promises prosperity and sustainability for future
generations.

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APPENDIX

Irrigation and River Network of Pakistan

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Reserviors and Barrages

36
Canal Water Flow

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 Kotri Barrage

Kalri Bagar Feeder

Pinyari

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 Akram Wah

Fuleli / Phuleli

Source: Status of Discharge Position as per Actual Withdrawals and Allocation as

per Indus Waters Accord 1991

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REFERENCES
• World Bank (2023). Sindh Barrages Improvement Project Report.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https:/
/documents1.worldbank.org/curated/ar/706611516200879551/pdf/SFG3971-EA-
P162117-Box405323B-PUBLIC-Disclosed-1-17-
2018.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwirpeOvuvqJAxWPRvEDHa9VJdQQFnoECAoQAQ&sqi
=2&usg=AOvVaw1_gpXa2oH_qIAygYymrS5p
• Government of Pakistan (2024). Sindh Flood and Water Management
Framework.
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https:/
/pnd.sindh.gov.pk/storage/resourcePage/6HIheXyEgxgsTGiYMYVR2TJ1NZAzS9
eckS5GiIZ1.pdf&ved=2ahUKEwjnsNrBuvqJAxUUVfEDHfFpJoEQFnoECBQQA
Q&usg=AOvVaw1GVY4xM7RKOUb83o5nMALs

• http://pakirsa.gov.pk/IRSAAuthority.aspx

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