Chapter 3

Introduction to computer network

 1- A personal area network (PAN) is a computer network
for interconnecting electronic devices within an individual
person's workspace.
 A PAN provides data transmission among devices such as
computers, smartphones, tablets and personal digital
assistants.
 A PAN may be wireless or carried over wired interfaces
such as USB.
 A wireless personal area network (WPAN) is a PAN carried
over a low-powered, short distance wireless network
technology such as IrDA, Wireless USB, Bluetooth , or
ZigBee.
2- A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices
connected together in one physical
location, such as a building, office, or home.
A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network
with one user to an enterprise network with thousands of
users and devices in an office or school.
There are two types of LANs: client/server LANs and peer-
to-peer LANs.
 In a peer to peer network, there is no specific client or a
server.
 A device can send and receive data directly with each
other.
 Each node can either be a client or a server.

 It can request or provide services accordingly.

 A node is also called a peer.

 In a client server network, there are clients and
servers.
 A client can be a device or a program.
 A server is a device or a program that responds
 to the clients with the services.
 In this network, a client requests services from the
server.
 The server listens to the client requests and
responds to them by providing the required
service.
 The main advantage of a client server network is
that it more secure as the server always manages
the access and security. It is also easier to take
backups.
 Functionality in peer to peer network, each node
can request for services and provide services.
Whereas, in client server network, the client
requests for service and server responds with a
service.
 Network Type
 the peer to peer network is a decentralized
network while client server network is a centralized
network.
 Reliability
 There are multiple service providing nodes in a
peer to peer network.
 So, it is more reliable.
 In client server network, the clients depend on
the server.
 Failure in the server will disrupt the functioning of
all clients.
 Access time for services
 as the service providing nodes are distributed in
the peer to peer network, the service requesting
node does not need to wait long.
 In client server network, multiple clients requests
for services from a server.
 The access time for a service is higher.
Cost
While a client server network is expensive to
implement, a peer to peer does not require
extensive hardware to set up the network.
Security
A client server network is more stable and secure
than a peer to peer network.

 WAN stands for Wide Area Network.

 It covers a large geographical area such as a state
 or a country.
 Chapter 4

MICROSOFT OFFICE
 a document is created by using either the File>New
command or by choosing New Document in the
Programs menu.
 You can start entering text in the blank window
presented.
 If there are, editing (correction of the text in this case)
involves the placement of the cursor at the affected
letter/word through either clicking the mouse at that
location or using the arrow keys to
bring the cursor at the required place.
 After having positioned the cursor, pressing the del key
and retyping (if required) will make the correction.
 By pressing Ctrl+Backspace (left word ) and Ctrl+del
(right word ) complete words would be deleted.
 The text you wish to edit should be selected first.
 Selection normally is indicated by the text being
highlighted by a black background.
 Text can be highlighted (or selected) through various
methods available.
 Horizontal Arrow Keys
 The ← (left arrow) on the keyboard will move your
cursor left one character and the → (right arrow) on the
keyboard will move your cursor right one character.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT key while moving ← or→
 you will select text as you move.
 ‐ If you hold down the CTRL (control) key while moving
← or → you will move word by word.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT and CTRL key while moving
← or → you will select word by word.
 Vertical Arrow Keys
 The ↑ (up arrow) and the ↓ (down arrow) on the
keyboard move your cursor up and down
respectively, line by line.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT key while moving ↑ or
↓ you will select text as you move.
 ‐ If you hold down the CTRL (control) key while
moving ↑ or ↓ you will move line by line.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT and CTRL key while
moving ↑ or ↓ you will select line by line.
 Home Key
 The HOME key takes to you the beginning of the
current line.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT key when you press
the HOME key you will select text from where the
cursor is blinking to the beginning of the line.
 ‐ If you hold down the CTRL (control) key when you
press the HOME key you will move to the beginning
of the document.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT and CTRL key when
you press the HOME key you will select from where
the cursor is blinking to the beginning of the
document.
 End Key
 The END key takes you to the end of the line.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT key when you press
the END key you will select text from where the
cursor is blinking to the end of the line.
 ‐ If you hold down the CTRL key when you press
the END key you will move to the end of the
document.
 ‐ If you hold down the SHIFT and CTRL key when
you press the END key you will select from
where the cursor is blinking to the end of the
document.
 In order to keep a document you have created in
Word, you need to save it. If you have already
saved the file, such that it has a name and a
location, the Save feature will keep any changes
that made since the document was opened.
 To save a file:
 ‐ From the File tab, choose Save
 ‐ Click on the Save button on the Quick Access
Toolbar ( )
 ‐ Use the shortcut key Ctrl‐S.
 Save As
 If you want to save your file with a different name
and/or location, click on the File tab, choose Save
 As… or press the function key F12.
 If you have never saved this document before, any
method you choose to save will activate the Save
As dialog box.
 ‐ Word Document‐Saves as a Word Document
(*.docx)
 ‐ To save the file in a different format, change the
Save As type option
 Remember if the file was previously saved, you will
make a new copy by using "Save As…".
 To close a file, from the File tab Close, or use one
of the shortcut keys (Ctrl‐F4, or Ctrl‐W).
 If you click the X in the top right‐hand corner of
the window it will close the current document.
 If it is the only document open, it will exit Word.
 If there have been no changes to the document,
Word will simply close the file, but if you have
made modifications since the document was
opened, created, or last saved, Word will prompt
you to save.
 Most options to change the format of the text can be
found on the Home tab, in the Font group.

 1. List of Fonts ‐ Changes the shape of the selected text.

 2. List of Font Sizes ‐ Changes the size of the selected
text. You can type in your own custom size, the range is
1pt to 1638pt, including half sizes (e.g. 14.5pt) Use
Ctrl‐[ or Ctrl‐] to increase and decrease by one font
point.
 3. Grow Font ‐ Increases the size of the selected text,
based on the list of font sizes. Use Ctrl‐> to
 increase the font based on the list of sizes.
 4. Shrink Font ‐ Decreases the size of the
selected text, based on the list of font sizes. Use
Ctrl‐< to decrease the font based on the list of
sizes.
 5. Change Case ‐ Changes the capitalization of
your selected text. Choices include: Sentence
case.; lowercase; UPPERCASE; Capitalize Each
Word; and tOGGLE cASE.
 6. Clear Formatting ‐ Change the selected text to
the default settings.
 7. Bold ‐ Changes selected text appear darker,
like writing with a marker instead of a pen. Use
Ctrl‐B to bold.
 8. Italic ‐ Changes selected text to appear
slanted, leaning the letters to the right. Use Ctrl‐I
to Italicize.
 9. Underline ‐ Changes selected text to have a
single line under the text. The dropdown allows
you
 to pick different underlines and underline colors.
Use Ctrl‐U for a basic underline.
 10. Strikethrough ‐ Changes the selected to have
a single line through the middle of the letters.
 11. Subscript ‐ Changes the selected text to be
small and lowered. Example: H2O (“Subway goes
down”).
 Use Ctrl‐= to subscript.
 12. Superscript ‐ Changes the selected text to be
small and raised. Example: x2 (“Superman goes
up”). Use Ctrl‐+ to superscript.
 13. Text Effects ‐ Changes the text to have more
dramatic appearance. This option is only
available in Office 2010.
 14. Text Highlight Color ‐ Changes the mouse to
a highlighter. Turn on this tool and drag over
text to highlight/un‐highlight.
 15. Font Color ‐ Changes the selected text to the
chosen color. When you choose a color it
becomes the default. To see other color options,
click More Colors… to see all the colors available.
 16. More Font – Opens the Font dialog box with
more Font settings
 In Microsoft Word a paragraph is any text which
ends with a (paragraph mark).
 These are created when you press the Enter key on
the keyboard. You can see the hidden charters
such as the paragraph mark by using the
show/hide button in the upper right hand corner of
the Paragraph group (#7).
 1. Bullets – Start a bulleted list or click the drop
down arrow to choose a bullet style
 2. Numbering – Start a numbered list or click the
drop down arrow to choose a number style
 3. Multilevel List – Start a multileveled list or click
the drop down arrow to choose different styles
 4. Decrease Indent – Decrease the indent level of
the current/selected paragraph(s)
 5. Increase Indent – Increase the indent level of
the current/selected paragraph(s)
 6. Sort – Alphabetize the selected text
 7. Show/Hide – Show or hide the non‐printing
characters such as paragraph breaks, spaces and
tabs
 8. Align Text Left – Align the current/selected
paragraph(s) on the left side
 9. Center – Align the current/selected
paragraph(s) in the center
 10. Align Text Right – Align the current/selected
paragraph (s)on the right side
 11. Justify – Align the current/selected
paragraph(s) on both sides
 12. Line Spacing – Change the spacing between
the lines of the current/selected paragraph(s)
 13. Shading – Change the background color
behindthe text
 14. Borders – Change the borders around the
text, click the arrow to choose different styles
 15. More Paragraph – Opens the Paragraph
 Window to find most of the paragraph formatting
 options