Southern Illinois University - Summer 2021
German 113, Chapter 5 Exam
Professor Holloway, Section 7
March 27, 2021
Therefore, a storm with a longer duration will have higher values of ACE. It is only
calculated at six-hour increments in which specific tropical and subtropical systems are
either at or above sustained wind speeds of 39 mph (63 km/h), which is the threshold for
tropical storm intensity. (Smith, 2021)
Class Date: 14/6/2024
Teacher’s Remark: Include additional primary sources in your research.
GENERIC CONTENT:
## Findings (List)
- Thus, tropical depressions are not included here.
- == Systems ==
=== Tropical Storm One ===
Based on the Monthly Weather Review,: 35 a tropical storm was first noted over the east-
central Gulf of Mexico on July 2 about 200 mi (320 km) west-southwest of present-day
Naples, Florida.
- Moving westward, the tropical storm steadily strengthened to reach a peak intensity of 60
mph (95 km/h) on July 3.
- The system later made landfall near Port O'Connor, Texas, on July 5, likely around the
same intensity, and then rapidly dissipated shortly after moving inland that same day.
- In the vicinity of Indianola, Texas, the storm blew down fledgling settlements and sank
ships, seriously hindering coastal trade.
## Background
: 388 Climate researcher Michael Chenoweth proposed the removal of this storm in a 2014
study, noting there was "No evidence in land-based reports or from ships". === Hurricane
Two ===
Although the no observations of this system exist prior to August 5, a 1993 reanalysis by C.
J. Neumann and others began the track of cyclone two days earlier, about 700 mi (1,125 km)
northeast of the Lesser Antilles.
## Analysis (List)
- : 35 Slowly gaining strength, the system reached hurricane status and peaked with
maximum sustained winds of 80 mph (130 km/h) while located just northeast of the island
of Bermuda on August 5, based on a ship recording sustained winds of 81 mph (130 km/h).
- Late on August 6, the storm turned northeastward as it approached Atlantic Canada.
- The system then weakened back to a tropical storm on August 7, and made landfall on
Newfoundland the same day, with sustained winds up to 70 mph (110 km/h).
## Conclusion
It dissipated shortly afterwards. Chenoweth theorized that this system developed as a
subtropical storm offshore the Mid-Atlantic and moved mostly northeastward.
## Discussion
The storm transitioned into a tropical storm but failed to attain hurricane status prior to
becoming extratropical late on August 6, almost 24 hours before reaching Newfoundland.
=== Hurricane Three ===
The bark Colchaqua encountered this storm nearly 900 mi (1,450 km) west of the Capo
Verde Islands on August 29, recording sustained winds of 46 mph (74 km/h).
## Findings
Moving towards the west-northwest, the storm steadily gained strength, and reached
hurricane strength early on September 2. The storm peaked its peak intensity of September
6 with sustained winds of 90 mph (150 km/h) and a minimum atmospheric pressure of 980
mbar (29 inHg), the former recorded by the ship Swallow and the latter by the ship State of
Virginia.
## Background
Moving just to the west of Bermuda, the cyclone began to turn more northerly, and
transitioned into an extratropical cyclone later on September 7. By the following day, the
system made landfall in Newfoundland as an extratropical system. On Bermuda, the
hurricane generated huge swells and strong winds, causing sea spray that defoliated plants
across the territory. : 5 Approximately 1 in (25 mm) of rain fell in Halifax, Nova Scotia,
during a 3.5 hour-period as a result of the storm.
## Analysis
: 37 The 2014 reanalysis study by Chenoweth concludes that this storm formed on
September 2 and intensified more than HURDAT suggests, peaking as a strong Category 2
hurricane. === Tropical Storm Four ===
On September 2, a tropical storm developed in the Bay of Campeche.
## Conclusion (List)
- Moving generally towards the west-northwest, the storm reached a peak intensity of 60
mph (95 km/h) on September 4, while approaching northeastern Mexico.
- Shortly thereafter, the cyclone made landfall in northern Tamaulipas and weakened into a
tropical depression on September 5, several hours after crossing into Texas.
- Moving northward through the state, the storm dissipated on September 7, while located
to the southwest of the Dallas–Fort Worth area.
- Chenoweth argued that this system developed as a tropical depression near the central
Gulf of Mexico on September 1 and became much more intense, reaching Category 3
intensity on September 5.
## Discussion (List)
- The system struck south Texas later that day.
- In Mexico, the storm demolished some homes and all huts along the coast in Bagdad.
## Findings
Telegraph wires in the town were also almost completely destroyed. Farther inland, towns
in Nuevo León reported flooding, with several bridges swept away in the vicinity of
Cerralvo. : 113–115 The system generated rough seas along the coast of Texas, especially in
Corpus Christi. Waves destroyed bathhouses and wharves and beached several schooners,
some of which collided with homes and trees. Abnormally high tides also destroyed salt
lakes on Padre Island, ending a salt boom.
## Background (List)
- The storm was responsible for destroying the Brazos Santiago lighthouse and causing one
fatality.
- : 20 The town of Indianola observed sustained winds of 46 mph (74 km/h).
- === Tropical Storm Five ===
Based on a combination of the tracks created by Ivan Ray Tannehill in 1938 and a reanalysis
led by C. J. Neumann in 1993,: 39 HURDAT begins the path of a tropical storm about 275 mi
(445 km) north of Turks and Caicos Islands on September 8.
References / Works Cited:
1. Wikipedia (n.d.). Retrieved from https://wikipedia.org/
2. Random Book Title (2022). Academic Publishing House.
