INORGANIC SALT ANALYSIS – I
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST:
1.(a) State and Colour Crystalline and Colourless Absence of Cu2+ and
Mn2+
(b) Solubility:
Take a little amount of salt and Soluble in water May be presence of
2- -
dissolve it in distilled water Cl -, SO4 , NO3
2. Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is Salt Sublimes with the evolution NH4+ may be
taken in a dry test tube and of pungent smelling gas. present
heated gently at first and then
strongly.
3. Flame Test:
A small amount of the salt is No characteristic coloured flame Absence of Barium,
made into paste with calcium and copper
concentrated hydrochloric acid in
a watch glass and introduced into
the non- luminous part of the
Bunsen flame.
ANALYSIS OF ANIONS – IDENTIFICATION TESTS
5. Action of dil.HCl:
A small amount of salt is treated Colourless, odourless gas with Presence of CO32-
with dilHCl Briskeffervescence . is identified
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS
(ANIONS)
CARBONATE (CO32 – )
a) A small amount of the salt is Lime water turns milky Presence of carbonate
treated with dilHCl and the gas is confirmed.
evolved is passed through lime
b) water taken in another test tube. A white precipitate is obtained Presence of carbonate
To the salt solution Magnesium is confirmed.
sulphate solution is added
ANALYSIS OFBASIC RADICALS (CATIONS)
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the salt solution sodium Pungent smell is evolved. Presence of zero
hydroxide is added and heated. group
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC
RADICALS
TEST FOR ZERO GROUP (Ammonium)
a) To a few drops of salt solution A brown precipitate is formed. Presence of
Nesseler’s reagent is added. Ammonium is
confirmed.
RESULT Anion -Carbonate (CO32 – )
Cation –Ammonium ( NH4+)
The given unknown salt is identified as Ammonium Carbonate ( NH4)2CO3
INORGANIC SALT ANALYSIS – II
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST:
1.a) State and Colour Crystalline and Colourless Absence of Cu2+ and
Mn2+
(b) Solubility:
Take a little amount of salt and Soluble and Crystalline salt May be presence of
2- -
dissolve it in distilled water Cl -, SO4 , NO3
2. Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is Salt Sublimes with the evolution of NH4+ may be
taken in a dry test tube and pungent smelling gas. present
heated gently at first and then
strongly.
3. Flame Test:
A small amount of the salt is Absence of
made into paste with No characteristic coloured flame Barium, calcium
concentrated hydrochloric acid and copper
in a watch glass and introduced
into the non – luminous part of
the Bunsen flame
ANALYSIS OF ANIONS – IDENTIFICATION TESTS
5. Action of dil.HCl:
A small amount of salt is treated No characteristic natural gas evolves Absence of CO32-&
with dilHCl S2-
6. Action of Dil H2SO4 :
A small amount of salt is Vinegar like smell Presence
rubbed with dil H2SO4 in a of CH3COO-
test tube.
ACETATE ( CH3COO-)
a) To the salt solution 1 or 2 drops A deep red colouration is obtained. A Presence of acetate
of neutral ferric chloride reddish brown precipitate is formed on
is confirmed.
solution is added. boiling the solution.
b) A mixture of salt and ethanol is A pleasant fruity smell is obtained Presence of acetate
heated with Conc. H2SO4 in a is confirmed.
test tube. It is then cooled and
then poured into excess of
water.
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the salt solution sodium Pungent smell is evolved Presence of zero
hydroxide is added and heated. group
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
TEST FOR ZERO GROUP (Ammonium)
a) To a few drops of salt solution A brown precipitate is formed. Presence of
Nesseler’s reagent is added. Ammonium is
confirmed.
RESULT Anion – Acetate (CH3COO– )
Cation –Ammonium (NH4+)
The given unknown salt is identified as Ammonium Aceate (CH3COONH4).
INORGANIC SALT ANALYSIS – III
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST:
1.a) State and Colour Crystalline and Colourless Absence of Cu2+ and
Mn2+
(b) Solubility:
Take a little amount of salt and Soluble and Crystalline salt May be presence of
2- -
dissolve it in distilled water Cl -, SO4 , NO3
2. Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is Reddish Brown gas evolves NO3- may be present
taken in a dry test tube and
heated gently at first and then
strongly.
3. Flame Test:
A small amount of the salt is Absence of
made into paste with No characteristic coloured flame Barium, calcium
concentrated hydrochloric acid and copper
in a watch glass and introduced
into the non – luminous part of
the Bunsen flame.
ANALYSIS OF ANIONS – IDENTIFICATION TESTS
5. Action of dil.HCl:
A small amount of salt is treated No characteristic natural gas evolves Absence of CO32-
with dilHCl & S2-
6. Action of Dil H2SO4 :
A small amount of salt is No characteristic observation Absence of
rubbed with dil H2SO4 in a CH3COO-
test tube
7. Concentrated H2SO4 Test:
A small amount of salt is Reddish brown vapour evolved and Presence of nitrate is
treated with Conc H2SO4 in a solution turns brown identified
test tube
08 Copper Turning Test : Reddish Brown gas. Presence of Nitrate
A small amount of the salt is is identified
heated with copper turning or
paper ball and Con H2SO4
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)
NITRATE (NO3– )
a) Brown Ring Test:
A few drops of the salt A Brown ring is formed at the junction Presence of nitrate is
solution is mixed with an equal of the two layers. confirmed
volume of freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution and
shaken well. To this Con.H2SO4
b) is added in drops along the sides A deep blue colourisation is obtained Presence of nitrate is
of the test tube. confirmed
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the salt solution sodium No characteristic smell Absence of zero group
hydroxide is added and heated.
2. To a few drops of salt solution, White precipitate soluble when boiled Presence of Group I
dilute hydrochloric acid is with water is obtained.
added.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
TEST FOR GROUP I (Lead)
a) To a few drops of the salt Yellow precipitate is obtained Presence of Lead is
solution, potassium chromate confirmed
solution is added.
b) To a few drops of salt solution, Yellow precipitate soluble in hot water Presence of Lead is
2ml of potassium iodide is obtained which reappears as “Golden confirmed
solution is added. Yellow Spangles” on cooling.
RESULT
Anion – Nitrate (NO3– )
Cation –Lead (Pb2+)
The given unknown salt is identified as Lead Nitrate Pb (NO3)2.
INORGANIC SALT ANALYSIS – IV
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST:
1.a) State and Colour Crystalline and Colourless Absence of Cu2+ and
Mn2+
(b) Solubility:
Take a little amount of salt Soluble and Crystalline salt May be presence of
2- -
anddissolve it in distilled Cl -, SO4 , NO3
water
2. Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is No characteristic change Absence of CO32-,
+
taken in a dry test tube and S2- ,NO3- , NH4
heated gently at first and
thenstrongly.
3. Flame Test:
A small amount of the salt is Grassy green flame May be Barium
made into paste with
concentrated hydrochloric acid
in a watch glass and
introducedinto the non –
luminous part ofthe Bunsen
flame.
ANALYSIS OF ANIONS – IDENTIFICATION TESTS
5. Action of dil.HCl:
A small amount of salt is No characteristic natural gas evolves Absence of CO32-&
treatedwith dilHCl S2-
6. Action of Dil H2SO4 :
A small amount of salt is No characteristic observation Absence of
rubbed with dil H2SO4 in CH3COO-
atest tube
7. Concentrated H2SO4 Test: Colourless, Irritating gas giving dense
A small amount of salt is white fumes when glass rod dipped in Presence
treated with Conc H2SO4 in NH 4 OH solution is introduced into the of Chloride
mouth of the test tube. isidentified
atest tu be
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)
CHLORIDE (Cl – )
a) To a few drops of salt solution, A curdy white precipitate is formed Presence of chloride is
a few drops of dilute HNO3 and which is completely soluble in excess confirmed.
silver nitrate solution are of ammonium hydroxide mixture. Presence of chloride is
b) added. A small amount of salt is A Greenish yellow gas with pungent confirmed.
heated with a pinch of MnO2 smell is evolved
and 1 ml of Conc H2SO4.
ANALYSIS OF CATIONS
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the salt solution sodium No characteristic smell Absence of zero group
hydroxide is added and heated.
2. To a few drops of salt solution, No white precipitate is obtained Absence of Group I
dilute hydrochloric acid is
added.
3 To the salt solution, equal No black precipitate is obtained Absence of Group II
volume of HCl is added. H2S
gas is passed through the
solution.
4. To a few drops of salt solution, No characteristic precipitate is obtained Absence of group III
1 ml of ammonium chloride
and 2ml of ammonium
hydroxide solution are added.
5. To a few drops of salt solution No Characteristic precipitate is Absence of Group IV
1ml of ammonium chloride obtained
and 2ml of ammonium
hydroxide
solutions are added and then
hydrogen sulphide gas is
passed.
6. To a few drops of salt solution, White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group V
1ml of ammonium chloride
and 2ml of ammonium
hydroxide and 2ml of saturated
ammonium carbonate are
added.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
TEST FOR GROUP V (Barium, Calcium)
a) To a few drops of the salt Yellow precipitate is obtained Presence of Barium is
solution, potassium chromate confirmed
solution is added . A white precipitate insoluble in
b) To a few drops of original concentrated acids is obtained. Presence of Barium is
solution, dilute sulphuric acid is confirmed
added. hydrogen sulphide gas is
passed.
RESULT Anion -Chloride (Cl )
Cation –Barium (Ba2+)
The given unknown salt is identified as Barium Chloride BaCl2.
INORGANIC SALT ANALYSIS – V
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
PRELIMINARY TEST:
1.a) State and Colour Crystalline and Colourless Absence of Cu2+ and
Mn2+
(b) Solubility:
Take a little amount of salt and Soluble and Crystalline salt May be presence of
2- -
dissolve it in distilled water -
Cl , SO4 , NO3
2. Action of Heat:
A small amount of the salt is No characteristic change Absence of CO32-,
taken in a dry test tube and +
2- -
heated gently at first and then S ,NO 3 , NH4
strongly.
3. Flame Test:
A small amount of the salt is Absence of
made into paste with No characteristic coloured flame Barium, calcium
concentrated hydrochloric acid and copper
in a watch glass and introduced
into the non – luminous part of
the Bunsen flame.
ANALYSIS OF ANIONS – IDENTIFICATION TESTS
5. Action of dil.HCl: Absence of CO32-
A small amount of salt is treated No characteristic natural gas evolves & S2-
with dilHCl
6. Action of Dil H2SO4 :
A small amount of salt is No characteristic observation Absence of
rubbed with dil H2SO4 in a CH3COO-
test tube
7. Concentrated H2SO4 Test:
A small amount of salt is Absence of chloride
treated with Conc H2SO4 in a No characteristic gas evolves and nitrate.
test tube
8. Copper Turning Test:
A small amount of the salt is Absence of nitrate
heated with copper turning or No reddish brown gas
paper ball and Con H2SO4
9. Action of Barium chloride
solution:
To the salt solution Barium A white precipitate is formed which Presence of SO42 –
chloride solution is added. is insoluble in excess dil HCl is identified.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR
ACID RADICALS (ANIONS)
SULPHATE (SO42–)
a) To salt solution a little lead A white precipitate is formed. Presence of Sulphate
acetate solution is added. is confirmed.
The above precipitate is The precipitate gets dissolved Presence of Sulphate
b) separated and heated with is confirmed.
ammonium acetate solution.
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. To the salt solution sodium Precipitate is formed Absence of zero group
carbonate is added.
2. To a few drops of salt solution, No white precipitate is obtained Absence of Group I
dilute hydrochloric acid is
added.
3 To the salt solution, equal No black precipitate is obtained Absence of Group II
volume of HCl is added. H2S
gas is passed through the
solution.
4. To a few drops of salt solution, No characteristic precipitate is obtained Absence of group III
1 ml of ammonium chloride
and 2ml of ammonium
hydroxide solution are added.
5. To a few drops of salt solution No Characteristic precipitate is Absence of Group IV
1ml of ammonium chloride and obtained
2ml of ammonium hydroxide
solutions are added and then
hydrogen sulphide gas is
passed.
6. To a few drops of salt solution, No Characteristic precipitate is Absence of Group V
1ml of ammonium chloride and obtained
2ml of ammonium hydroxide
and 2ml of saturated
ammonium carbonate are
added.
7. To a few drops of salt solution, White precipitate is obtained Presence of Group VI
2ml of ammonium chloride,
2ml of ammonium hydroxide
and 2ml of di-sodium hydrogen
phosphate solutions are added
and the sides of the test tube are
scratched with a glass rod.
CONFIRMATORY TESTS FOR BASIC RADICALS
TEST FOR GROUP VI ( Magnesium)
a) To a few drops of salt solution, Blue precipitate is obtained Presence of
2 to 3 drops of “Magneson” Magnesium is
reagent is added followed by confirmed
sodium hydroxide in drops
To a few drops of the original Presence of
b) solution sodium hydroxide White precipitate insoluble in excess of
Magnesium is
solution is added in drops to sodium hydroxide is obtained.
confirmed
excess.
RESULT
Anion - Sulphate (SO42 – )
Cation –Magnesium (Mg2+)
The given unknown salt is identified as Magnesium Sulphate MgSO4.
