Introduction to Human
Anatomy
Dr/Alsayed
What is Anatomy?
• Human Anatomy is the
science concerned with
studying:
• 1- The structure and
shape of The Human
Body.
• 2- The Relations of The
Human Body parts to
each other.
Methods of studying Anatomy
1- Dissection
2- Surface (Living) Anatomy
3- Embryology
4 Endoscopy
Normal Stomach
Stomach (Gastric) Ulcer
5- Radiological Anatomy
a- Plain X-Ray
b- Ultrasonography
c- CAT Scan (Computerised Axial Tomography)
d- MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
6- Histology
Regions of Human Body
1- Head and Neck
Chest
Abdomen
2- Trunk
Pelvis
3- Upper
and
Lower Limbs
Perineum
Organisation of Human Body
Cells
Organs
Tissues
Systems
Human Body
Systemic Anatomy
Respiratory System Digestive System Cardiovascular System Nervous System
Anatomical Position
1- Erect (Standing)
2- Head is directed forward with eyes looking
straight forwards in the primary position
3- Arms are by side
4- Palms are facing forwards
5- Legs are together
6- Feet directed forwards
Anatomical Planes
• 1]=Mid-sagittal plane:- (midline)
• =It is a vertical plane.
• =That divides the body into two equal halves [Right & Left]
• 2]=Para-sagittal plane:-
• =It is a vertical plane.
• =That divides the body into two unequal halves [Right & Left]
• =It is parallel to midsagittal plane.
• 3]=Coronal plane:-
• =It is a vertical plane.
• =That divides the body into two unequal halves [Anterior & Posterior]
• =It is perpendicular to midsagittal plane.
• 4]=Transverse plane:- [cross section]
• =It is a horizontal plane.
• =That divides the body into unequal halves upper & lower parts.
• =It is perpendicular to midsagittal & coronal sections.
Coronal
Anatomical Terminology
I- Anatomical Terms Related to Position
II- Anatomical Terms Related to Movement
I- Anatomical Terms Related to Position
1- Anterior and Posterior
(Distance from the Front of the body)
Anterior and Posterior
Or
Ventral and Dorsal
Or
Palmar and Dorsal
Or
Plantar and Dorsal
palmar
dorsal
dorsal
plantar
2- Proximal and Distal
(Distance from origin of a structure)
Proximal
Intermediate
Distal
3- Superficial and Deep
(Distance from surface of a structure)
Superficial and Deep
Or
External and Internal
4- Superior and Inferior
(Distance from surface of the head)
Superior and inferior
Or
Cranial and Caudal
Or
Cephalic and Caudal
Or
Rostral and Caudal
5- (Distance from mid-line of the body)
Median, Medial and Lateral
II- Anatomical Terms Related to
Anatomical Movement
1- Flexion and Extension
(Bending and Straightening)
Extension
Flexion
(Plantar-flexion and Dorsi-flexion)
2- Abduction and Adduction
(moving away or towards the mid-line of the body)
Abduction
Adduction
Abduction and Adduction in Toes
