MOTORCYCLE RIDER’S

HANDBOOK

JULY 2024
The Idaho Motorcycle Rider’s Manual paraphrases the
language of Idaho Statutes. Courts go by the actual language
of the statutes, not this text.

The Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) is committed to

compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and all
related regulations and directives. ITD assures that no person
shall on the grounds of race, color, national origin, gender,
age, or disability be excluded from participation in, be denied
the benefits of, or be otherwise subjected to discrimination
under any ITD service, program, or activity. The department
also assures that every effort will be made to prevent
discrimination through the impacts of its Programs, policies,
and activities on minority and low-income populations. In
addition, the department will take reasonable steps to provide
meaningful access to services for persons with limited English
proficiency.

Scan the QR code to view the most up-to-date handbook online.

 PREFACE
Riding a motorcycle can be safe and fun when the rider
becomes more knowledgeable and skilled.

This manual, even though designed mostly for the novice rider,
can educate all motorcycle riders about safe riding habits and
strategies to recognize and avoid, or safely manage, potential
riding hazards to avoid accidents.

The Idaho Transportation Department used information

provided by the Motorcycle Safety Foundation (MSF) and
Idaho STAR to compile the Idaho Motorcycle Rider’s Manual,
knowledge and skills tests.

Enhanced licensing requirements along with quality motorcycle

rider education and increased public awareness have the
potential to reduce the number and severity of motorcycle
crashes.

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 Table of Contents
PREFACE.............................................................................3

FEES.....................................................................................8

MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT REQUIREMENTS ......9

DEFINITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS .................................9

APPLYING FOR A MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT ...15

RIDING REQUIREMENTS ..................................................16
INSTRUCTION PERMIT .....................................................16
KNOWLEDGE TEST ...........................................................17
SKILLS TEST ......................................................................17
RIDER TRAINING COURSE...............................................17

PREPARING TO RIDE ......................................................18

RIDING ENVIRONMENT ....................................................18
RIDING GEAR.....................................................................19
Helmet Use ....................................................................19
Helmet Selection ............................................................20
Eye and Face Protection................................................21
Clothing ..........................................................................21
Exposed or Protected ..........................................................23
KNOW THE MOTORCYCLE...............................................24
The Right Motorcycle ....................................................24
Required Equipment ......................................................24
Becoming Familiar with the Motorcycle Controls ...........27
Checking the Motorcycle ...............................................27
Borrowing and Lending ..................................................29
KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES ....................................29

RIDER ABILITIES .............................................................31

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL...............................................31
Body Position .................................................................31
Getting Underway ..........................................................32
Shifting Gears ................................................................32
 Braking ........................................................................... 35
Stopping in a Curve........................................................35
Linked and Integrated Braking Systems ........................36
Anti-Lock Braking Systems (ABS)..................................36
Turning ...........................................................................37
KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE ..............................................38
Lane Positions................................................................39
Following Another Vehicle .............................................. 40
Being Followed...............................................................42
Passing & Being Passed................................................42
Passing Parked Vehicles................................................44
Parking ..........................................................................44
Lane Filtering/Sharing/Splitting ...................................... 45
Merging Vehicles............................................................46
Vehicles Alongside .........................................................46
MENTAL MOTORCYCLING (S.I.P.D.E) ..............................47
Scan ...............................................................................47
Identify............................................................................47
Predict ............................................................................48
Decide ............................................................................48
Execute ..........................................................................49
INTERSECTIONS ............................................................... 50
Blind Intersections..........................................................50
Stop Signs and Signals ..................................................50
Traffic Control Signals ....................................................51
SEE AND BE SEEN ............................................................52
Clothing ..........................................................................52
Headlight ........................................................................53
Signals ...........................................................................53
Brake Light .....................................................................54
Mirrors ............................................................................54
Head Checks.................................................................. 55
Horn ...............................................................................56
Riding at Night................................................................56
CRASH AVOIDANCE ..........................................................57
Quick Stops....................................................................57
Front-Wheel Skids..........................................................58
 Rear-Wheel Skids ..........................................................58
Swerving or Turning Quickly ..........................................59
Cornering & Curves........................................................60
HAZARDOUS RIDING CONDITIONS.................................61
Obstacles on the Highway .............................................62
Slippery & Loose Surfaces.............................................63
Rippled & Uneven Pavement Edges..............................64
Wind ...............................................................................64
Crowned Pavement........................................................65
Animals ..........................................................................65
Flying Objects ................................................................66
Railroad or Trolley Tracks ..............................................66
Grooves and Bridge Gratings.........................................67
MECHANICAL PROBLEMS ................................................67
Tire Failure .....................................................................67
Stuck Throttle .................................................................68
Wobble ...........................................................................68
Drive Train Problems......................................................69
Engine Seizure...............................................................69
GETTING OFF THE HIGHWAY ..........................................70
CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO .........................70
Required Equipment ......................................................71
Instructing Passengers...................................................71
Riding with Passengers..................................................72
Carrying Loads...............................................................72
GROUP RIDING..................................................................73
Keeping the Group Small ...............................................73
Keeping the Group Together ..........................................73
Keeping Adequate Distance Between Motorcycles .......74

RIDER RISKS & RESPONSIBILITIES ............................77

IMPORTANT INFORMATION..............................................77
Alcohol & Drugs While Riding ........................................78
Alcohol in the Body ........................................................78
Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) ...............................78
Alcohol and Idaho Law...................................................80
Penalties When Completing & Failing a Breath Test......80
 Alcohol Test Refusal.......................................................81
Administrative License Suspensions..............................82
Minimize the Risks .........................................................82
Make an Intelligent Choice.............................................83
Step In & Protect Fellow Riders .....................................83
Fatigue ...........................................................................84

TWO-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST ................85

THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SUPPLEMENT .........90

KNOWING THE MOTORCYCLE ........................................90
Three-Wheel Motorcycle Designs ..................................91
The Right Motorcycle for You .........................................92
Borrowing and Lending ..................................................92
Becoming Familiar With Motorcycle Controls ................92
RIDER ABILITIES................................................................94
BASIC MOTORCYCLE CONTROL.....................................94
CARRYING CARGO & PASSENGERS ..............................99

THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST ..........101

Motorcycle Hand Signals .............................................105

MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST CHECK LIST...............106

TWO-WHEEL & THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE

PRACTICE KNOWLEDGE TEST .................................107

PROFESSIONAL TRAINING .........................................109

MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENTS.................................. 111

SMART RIDER COMMITMENTS...................................112

 FEES
(All fees are non-refundable)

Motorcycle riders will be required to pay one or more of the

following fees in addition to the cost of the regular driver’s
license:

Motorcycle “M” Endorsement: .................................................................. $15.00

(one-time fee)

Motorcycle Instruction Permit: .................................................................. $15.00

(valid for 180 days)

Motorcycle Skills Test: .............................................................................. $25.00

(paid to examiner)

Motorcycle Knowledge Test:.................................................................... $5.00

(paid to the county)

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 MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENT
REQUIREMENTS
Motorized vehicles driven on public highways require a
valid driver’s license and proof of liability insurance. Certain
motorcycles ridden on public highways also require a
motorcycle endorsement on the driver’s license. The following
information can be used to determine if the vehicle being
ridden is a motorcycle, motor-driven cycle or motorbike that
requires a motorcycle endorsement on the driver’s license.

DEFINITIONS AND REQUIREMENTS

“Motorcycle” [49-114(11)] – Motorcycle means every motor
vehicle having a seat or saddle for the use of the rider and
designed to travel on not more than three wheels in contact
with the ground, or two wheels in contact with the ground
which is modified by the addition of two stabilizing wheels
on the rear of the motorcycle, that meets the federal motor
vehicle safety standards (FMVSS) as originally designed, and
includes a converted motorbike, but does not include a motor-
driven cycle, a motorbike, a tractor or a moped. Motorcycles
require a motorcycle endorsement. (See requirements on
page 10).

“Motor-Driven Cycle” [49-114(13)] – Motor-driven cycle

means a cycle with a motor that produces 5 brake horsepower
or less as originally manufactured that meets federal motor
vehicle safety standards as originally designed, and does
not include mopeds. Such vehicles shall be titled and have
a motorcycle endorsement. (See requirements on page 11).

“Motor Scooter and Scooter” – A motor scooter is a light,

2-wheeled cycle designed with the driver’s seat over an
enclosed engine and with an open, step through frame and
a floorboard for the driver’s feet to rest. It is treated as a
9
motorcycle or motor-driven cycle when meeting FMVSS.
If it has this design but does not meet FMVSS, it can be
considered a moped or motorbike if it meets the definition
or it may otherwise be regarded as a motorized toy. (See
requirements on page 12).

“Motor Bike” – For a motorbike > 50 cc’s ( designed for or

capable of traveling off developed highways; doesn’t meet
FMVSS.1) or a motorbike < 50 cc’s ( designed for or capable
of traveling off developed highways; doesn’t meet FMVSS.1)
see number 3 under footnotes to determine if a motorcycle
endorsement is required or not.

Code 49-114 (9)(2) qualifies that any scooter or motorcycle

(regardless of cc size) that can travel in excess of 30mph is
“not a moped” and thus considered a “motorcycle”.

10
 MOTORCYCLE

Vehicle Type Motorcycle (Either internal combustion or electric motor

meets FMVSS.1)

Registration Regular highway/plates; or restricted vehicle

Plates registration/plates; or Off-highway vehicle (OHV)
registration sticker only.
Operation is With regular highway registration/plates: All highways
Allowed including state, U.S. and interstate, etc., except roads
that require OHV registration sticker.

With restricted vehicle registration/plates: 1) county,

city and highway district roads not closed to OHV use,
and non-full-access controlled state highways within city
limits and within one mile of city limits with a speed limit
of 45 mph or less open to OHV use (check with local
jurisdiction for roads closed to OHV use); and
2) Idaho Dept. of Land, BLM, U.S. Forest Service, and
private roads open to OHV use (contact the land owner
or manager for information on roads open to OHV use),
and off-highway on a designated trail, open riding area,
or motocross track2.

With OHV registration sticker:

(see #2 listed above.)

What is Required?
Title Driver’s Motorcycle Insurance
License Endorsement
Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes!

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 MOTOR DRIVEN CYCLE

Vehicle Type Motor-driven cycle (Either internal combustion motor,

< 5 hp or electric < 3,729 watts and meets FMVSS.1
Includes dual-sport.)
Registration Regular highway/plates; or restricted vehicle
Plates registration/plates; or Off-highway vehicle (OHV)
registration sticker only.
Operation is With regular highway registration/plates:
Allowed All highways including state, U.S. and interstate, etc.,
except roads that require an OHV registration sticker.

With restricted vehicle registration/plates:

1) county, city and highway district roads not closed to
OHV use, and non-full-access controlled state highways
within city limits and within one mile of city limits with a
speed limit of 45 mph or less open to OHV use (check
with local jurisdiction for roads closed to OHV use); and
2) Idaho Dept. of Land, BLM, U.S. Forest Service, and
private roads open to OHV use (contact the land owner
or manager for information on roads open to OHV use),
and off-highway on a designated trail, open riding area,
or motocross track3.

With OHV registration sticker:

(see #2 listed above.

What is Required?
Title Driver’s Motorcycle Insurance
License Endorsement
Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes!

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 MOTORSCOOTER

Vehicle Type Motor Scooter (Fits within motorcycle or motor-driven

cycle definition but has a step-through
design. (Either internal combustion or electric
motor meets FMVSS.1 Includes dual-sport.)
Registration Regular highway/plates; or restricted vehicle
Plates registration/plates; or Off-highway vehicle (OHV)
registration sticker only.
Operation is With regular highway registration/plates:
Allowed All highways including state, U.S. and interstate, etc.,
except roads that require an OHV registration sticker.

With restricted vehicle registration/plates:

1) county, city and highway district roads not closed to
OHV use, and non-full-access controlled state highways
within city limits and within one mile of city limits with a
speed limit of 45 mph or less open to OHV use (check
with local jurisdiction for roads closed to OHV use); and
2) Idaho Dept. of Land, BLM, U.S. Forest Service, and
private roads open to OHV use (contact the land owner
or manager for information on roads open to OHV use),
and off-highway on a designated trail, open riding area,
or motocross track2.

With OHV registration sticker:

(see #2 listed above.)

What is Required?
Title Driver’s Motorcycle Insurance
License Endorsement
Yes! Yes! Yes! Yes!

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Footnotes

1-FMVSS—Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards—those

safety standards established by the National Highway Traffic
Safety Administration, under title 49 CFR part 500-599, for
the safe construction and manufacturing of self-propelled
motorized vehicles riding on public highways.

2-For additional rider and vehicle equipment requirements

for off-highway use, see the Idaho Department of Parks
and Recreation website at parksandrecreation.idaho.gov/
activities/atv-motorbike.

3-The rider of a dual-purpose motorbike that meets FMVSS

for motorcycles must have a motorcycle endorsement if riding
on highways. These motorbikes are treated like motorcycles
for the purposes of this document and can receive regular
highway registration and plates. A motorbike that has been
equipped for highway use and meets FMVSS found in 49
CFR Part 574 as well as equipment requirements of Title 49,
Chapter 9, Idaho Code may be self-certified to be a motorcycle
by the owner (see ITD form 3018 Motorcycle to Motorcycle
Conversion Self Certification Affidavit at dmv.idaho.gov). If a
motorbike has been self-certified as a motorcycle, the rider
must have a motorcycle endorsement on the driver’s license.
Local law enforcement may require riders of other motorbikes
to have a motorcycle endorsement when used on highways.

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APPLYING FOR A MOTORCYCLE
ENDORSEMENT
Being a responsible motorcycle rider can be safe and fun. It
requires additional skills and a heightened sense of awareness
about other highway users, traffic, and environmental
conditions. Responsible riders manage potential problems
and avoid dangerous situations.

This manual will help riders learn how to safely ride and handle
a motorcycle along with how to pass the knowledge and skills
tests. Experience makes for a better and safer motorcyclist.

An experienced and responsible motorcyclist may be a good

mentor for teaching new riders how to handle today’s traffic,
environmental conditions, and scenic winding highways.
However, there is no substitute for the mental awareness and
physical skills required to safely ride.

Objectively assessing motorcycle riding skills and knowledge

is difficult at best, and it is even harder for friends and relatives
to be completely honest about their own skills. Taking a
knowledge test is the best way to determine if a potential
rider has the minimum knowledge necessary to safely ride a
motorcycle on the highway.

All riders are encouraged (or required if under 21) to attend

an entry-level motorcycle education course which provides
knowledge and hands-on training before receiving an
endorsement.

The knowledge test questions are based on information, best

practices, and concepts found in this manual. In order to pass the
knowledge test, the motorcycle rider must know and understand
highway rules, safe skills, and abilities. Skills tests are conducted
in a controlled, off-street area, by third party Skills Test Examiners.
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 RIDING REQUIREMENTS
To ride a motorcycle in Idaho, a valid driver’s license (Class A,
B, C or D) and a motorcycle endorsement (M) on that driver’s
license are required. A motorcycle instruction permit can be
temporarily used for riding prior to obtaining an endorsement.

Anyone wanting to ride a motorcycle must apply for an M

endorsement. If you are renewing a driver’s license with an M
endorsement that has been expired for 25 months or longer,
you will be required to pass both the motorcycle knowledge
and skills tests. If you are surrendering an out-of-state driver’s
license with an M endorsement (expired 25 months or longer),
you are required to pass a motorcycle knowledge and skills
test. Anyone under 21 years of age will be required to take
the knowledge test and successfully complete an approved
motorcycle rider training course. It is recommended that
everyone take a motorcycle rider training course even if they
are 21 years of age or older.

INSTRUCTION PERMIT
A motorcycle instruction permit is available to anyone who
holds a valid Idaho driver’s license. This permit is valid for
180 days and allows motorcyclists to practice riding with the
following restrictions:

• Daylight riding only

• No freeway riding
• No passengers
Everyone must pass the written motorcycle knowledge test
before applying for an instruction permit. If you take the skills
tests while the instruction permit is valid, the fee will be waived
when you add the M endorsement to your Idaho driver’s license.
The permit may be renewed once without requiring the permit
holder to retake and pass the knowledge test, provided the
previous knowledge test was taken within the past 12 months.
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 KNOWLEDGE TEST
The motorcycle knowledge test can be taken at any county
driver’s license office. The fee for the test is $5.00. The test
questions are based on information and concepts found in
this handbook. To pass the test, the motorcyclist must know
and understand highway rules and safe riding skills. Failing
the test will require a waiting period of 3 days before retesting
and repaying the $5.00 fee.

SKILLS TEST
The motorcycle skills test is conducted by a third-party
Skills Test Examiner in a controlled off-street area. A list of
motorcycle Skills Test Examiners can be obtained online at:
dmv.idaho.gov.

• Select the “Driver’s License/ ID Cards” tab.

• Scroll down and select “Skills Test”.
• Select the District you live in.
• Find a Motorcycle Skills Test Examiner for your area.
• Call them and set up an appointment to take the Skills
Test.
Failing a skills test will require a waiting period of 3 days
before retesting and repaying the $25.00 fee.

RIDER TRAINING COURSE

Successful completion of an approved motorcycle rider training
course will waive the requirement to take the motorcycle skills
test if the endorsement is obtained within 25 months of taking
the training course.

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 PREPARING TO RIDE
RIDING ENVIRONMENT
The diagram below shows the complex motorcycle riding
environment and supports the concept that safe riding depends
as much on the mental skills of awareness and judgment as it
does on the physical riding skill. Riding a motorcycle is much
more involved than driving an automobile. It requires a sense
of balance and heightened sense of the environment around
the motorcycle rider. A motorcycle responds more quickly to
rider input than an automobile and is more sensitive to outside
forces like highway surfaces and wind. Motorcycles are also
less visible due to their narrower profile, fewer and smaller
lights, and reduced contrast with the background. Riders are
less protected due to exposure to traffic and other elements.

What a motorcycle rider does before starting a motorcycle

ride goes a long way toward determining whether or not they
will get to their destination safely.

18
Before taking off on any motorcycle ride, a safe and responsible
rider makes it a point to:

• Wear the proper riding gear.

• Understand their own abilities and limitations.
• Know their motorcycle and conduct a safety inspection.
• Be aware of the riding conditions (weather, traffic, etc.).
• Be a responsible rider.
RIDING GEAR
When riding a motorcycle, the gear is “right” if it provides you
comfort, protection, and visibility. In any crash, there is a far
better chance of avoiding serious injury if wearing:

• A U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) compliant

helmet
• Face and/or eye protection
• Protective clothing, gloves, and sturdy footwear
HELMET USE
Crashes occur particularly among untrained and/or beginner
motorcycle riders. Head injuries can be just as severe as neck
injuries, and are more common. Accident analysis shows that
head injuries account for a majority of serious and fatal injuries
to motorcyclists. Research shows that, with few exceptions,
head and neck injuries are reduced by properly wearing a
DOT-compliant helmet. Idaho law requires all persons under
the age of 18 to wear a DOT-compliant protective helmet while
riding on a motorcycle or ATV on or off highway.

Some motorcycle riders do not wear helmets because they

think helmets will limit their view to the sides. Others wear
helmets only on long motorcycle rides, when riding at high
speeds, or where it is required by law. Consider the following:

• A DOT-compliant helmet lets a motorcycle rider see as

far to the sides as necessary. A study of more than 900
motorcycle crashes, where 40% of the motorcycle riders
19
 wore helmets, did not find even one case in which a
helmet kept a motorcycle rider from spotting danger.
• Most crashes happen on short motorcycle rides (less than
five miles long), just a few minutes after starting the ride.
• Most motorcycle crashes occur at less than 30 mph. At
these speeds, helmets can cut both the number and the
severity of head injuries by half.
No matter what the speed, helmeted motorcycle riders are
three times more likely to survive head injuries than those
not wearing helmets at the time of the crash. The single most
important thing to improve the chances of surviving a crash is
to wear a securely-fastened, DOT-compliant helmet.

HELMET SELECTION
There are three primary types of helmets, providing three
different levels of coverage: Half, Three-quarter, Full-face.

Whichever style you choose, get the most protection by

making sure the helmet:

• Meets U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)

standards. Helmets with labels from the Snell Memorial
Foundation and Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
also give an assurance of quality.
• Fits snugly, all the way around.
• Has no obvious defects such as cracks, loose padding,
or frayed straps.
Keep your helmet securely fastened on your head when riding
the motorcycle. If a crash occurs, the helmet will be less likely
to come off before it gets a chance to protect you.
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EYE AND FACE PROTECTION
A plastic shatter-resistant face shield can help protect your
whole face in a crash. It also protects your face from wind,
dust, dirt, rain, insects, and pebbles projected from vehicles
ahead of the motorcycle. These can be distracting and painful.
Wearing a face shield may help prevent a crash, and it gives
the most eye and face protection while riding a motorcycle.

Goggles protect the eyes, though they won’t protect the rest
of your face like a face shield does. A windshield is not a
substitute for a face shield or goggles. Most windshields will
not protect the eyes from the wind. Neither will eyeglasses or
sunglasses. Glasses won’t keep your eyes from watering, and
they may blow off when you turn your head.

To be effective, eye or face protection must:

• Be free of scratches.
• Be resistant to penetration.
• Be shatter-resistant.
• Give a clear view to either side.
• Fasten securely so they don’t blow off.
• Permit air to pass through to reduce fogging.
• Fit in the helmet if needed.
Tinted eye protection should not be worn at night or any other
time when little light is available.

CLOTHING
The right clothing protects the motorcycle rider in a crash and
makes them more visible to others. It also provides comfort,
as well as protection from heat, cold, debris, and hot and
moving parts of the motorcycle.

• Jacket and pants should cover your arms and legs

completely and fit snug enough to keep from flapping
in the wind, yet loose enough to move freely. Leather is
21
 very popular and offers good protection. Sturdy synthetic
material provides a lot of protection as well. Wear a
mesh or vented jacket even in warm weather to prevent
sunburn and dehydration. Many motorcycle riders also
choose jackets and pants with rigid body armor inserts in
critical areas such as shoulders, elbows, and knees for
additional protection.
• Boots or shoes should be high and sturdy enough to
cover your ankles and give them support. Soles should
be made of hard, durable, slip-resistant material. Choose
boots or shoes with short heels so they do not catch on
rough surfaces. Tuck laces in so they will not catch on the
motorcycle.
• Gloves provide a better grip and protect your hands
from the elements and from abrasion in a crash. Gloves
should be made of leather or similar durable material.
Full-fingered gloves provide the most protection.
• Hearing protection tests show that earplugs help
reduce sound levels by 30 decibels and prevent hearing
loss. Roaring engines and the wind in your face are
exhilarating, but sustained exposure, even in a good-
fitting helmet, results in hearing loss.
Keeping you warm, dry, and protected during cold and/or wet
weather should be a primary consideration when choosing
riding gear. Controlling a motorcycle is difficult if you are numb
from the cold. Riding a motorcycle for long periods in cold
weather can cause severe chill and fatigue. A winter jacket
should resist wind while fitting snugly at the neck, wrists, and
waist. Good-quality rain suits designed for motorcycle riding
resist tearing apart or ballooning up at higher speeds.

22
EXPOSED OR PROTECTED

23
 KNOW THE MOTORCYCLE
There are plenty of hazards on roadways that can cause
problems while riding a motorcycle. The motorcycle itself
should not be one of them. To ensure your motorcycle will not
break down, follow these guidelines.

• Choose a motorcycle that fits you and is easily

controllable.
• Choose a motorcycle that is suited for the usual type of
riding you do—commuting, touring, off-road, etc.
• Read and familiarize yourself with your motorcycle’s
specific owner’s manual.
• Become familiar with your specific motorcycle’s controls.
• Perform a precheck of the motorcycle before each and
every ride.
• Ensure regular maintenance is performed.
• Avoid add-ons and modifications that make it harder to
ride the motorcycle.
THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLE
Make sure the motorcycle fits and is comfortable to ride. Your
feet should reach the ground while seated and the controls
should be easy to operate. Smaller motorcycles may be easier
for beginner motorcyclists to ride.

REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
Idaho Code requires all motorcycles ridden on Idaho highways
to have the following:

• Brakes – On at least one wheel and be operated by hand

or foot.
• Fenders – Must have fenders on both wheels that extend
in full width from a point above and forward of the center
of the tire to the rear of the wheel to a point not more than
20 inches above the surface of the highway.
• Passenger Seat – Must not carry a passenger unless
24
 a permanently attached seat is provided and the
motorcycle is designed to carry more than one person.
• Headlight – A headlight sufficient to reveal a person or
vehicle not less than 100 feet ahead when traveling less
than 25 mph, not less than 200 feet when traveling 25-34
mph, and not less than 300 feet when traveling 35 mph
or more.
• Helmet – Any person under the age of 18 must wear a
protective helmet while riding a motorcycle or ATV, on or
off road.
• Horn – Must have a horn that can be heard not less than
200 feet away.
• Insurance – Must have (and carry) liability insurance.
$25,000 bodily injury to or death on 1 person in 1
accident, $50,000 bodily injury to or death of 2 or
more persons in any 1 accident and $15,000 injury or
destruction of property of others in any 1 accident.
• Mirror – A mirror that provides a view of the highway for
at least 200 feet to the rear.
• Muffler – Not modified to increase the noise above
that emitted by the muffler originally installed by the
manufacturer.
• Brake Light – At least one red or amber light visible from
a minimum of 100 feet to the rear in normal sunlight and
actuated when using the brakes.
• Taillight – One red taillight visible from a minimum of
500 feet to the rear.
• Reflector – At least one rear reflector.
• Turn Signals – Two white or amber lights visible from a
minimum of 100 feet to the front and two red or amber
lights visible from a minimum of 100 feet to the rear in
normal sunlight.
• Footrests – May not carry a passenger unless it is
equipped with footrests designed exclusively for the use
of a passenger.

25
26
BECOMING FAMILIAR WITH THE MOTORCYCLE
CONTROLS
The rider should be completely familiar with the motorcycle
before riding on the street, especially if borrowing a motorcycle.
• Read and follow the owner’s manual.
• Do all required safety checks.
• Locate where everything is, particularly the turn signals,
horn, headlight switch, fuel-supply valve, and engine cut-
off switch. Learn to operate these items without having to
look for them.
• Know the gear pattern. Practice using the throttle, clutch,
and brakes before beginning your ride. All motorcycle
controls react a little differently.
• Ride very cautiously. Accelerate gently, take turns more
slowly, and leave extra room for stopping.
CHECKING THE MOTORCYCLE
A motorcycle needs more frequent maintenance than an
automobile. A minor technical failure in an automobile seldom
leads to anything more than an inconvenience for the driver.
The same failure on a motorcycle may result in having to leave
the motorcycle parked on the side of the highway, or worse, a
crash. If something is wrong with the motorcycle figure it out
before getting into traffic. Complete a thorough precheck of
the motorcycle before every ride.

• Tires – Check the air pressure, general wear, and tread.

• Fluids – Oil and fluid levels. At a minimum, check the
oil, hydraulic fluids, and coolants weekly. Look under the
motorcycle for signs of fluid leaks.
• Headlights and Taillight – Check them both. Test
the switch to make sure both high and low beams are
working.
• Turn Signals – Turn on both right and left turn signals.
Make sure all four lights are working properly.

27
• Brake Light – Try both brake controls and make sure
each one activates the brake light.
Once you are sitting on the motorcycle, you should complete
the following checks before riding:

• Clutch and Throttle – Make sure they work smoothly.

The throttle should snap back to the idle position when it
is released. The clutch should operate smoothly without
excessive tightness or free-play.
• Mirrors – Clean and adjust all mirrors before starting.
It’s difficult and unsafe to ride one handed while trying
to adjust a mirror. Each mirror should be adjusted so
that you can see the lane behind and as much of the
lane next to the motorcycle as possible. When properly
adjusted, a mirror may show the edge of your arm or
shoulder—but most important is seeing the highway
behind and to the side of the motorcycle.

28
• Brakes – Check the front and rear brake levers one at a
time to make sure each one firmly holds the motorcycle
in place when fully applied.
• Horn – Check the horn.
• Fuel Supply Valve (if equipped*) – If the valve
is closed, the motorcycle may start due to the fuel
remaining in the lines but will stall after the lines are
emptied. *Many newer models are fuel-injected and do
not have a fuel supply valve. Check the owner’s manual
for equipment on your motorcycle.
Also check wheels, cables, and fasteners.

BORROWING AND LENDING

Whether you are borrowing or lending a motorcycle, be
aware that crashes are fairly common among beginner
motorcyclists—especially in the first months of riding. Riding
an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the problem. If borrowing a
motorcycle, get familiar with it in a controlled area and make
sure it is insured. If lending a motorcycle to friends, make sure
they are licensed and know how to ride a motorcycle before
allowing them out into traffic.

No matter how experienced you may be, ride extra carefully

on any motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar. More than half of
all crashes occur on motorcycles that have been ridden by
the rider for less than six months. It takes time to adjust, so a
beginner motorcyclist needs a greater margin for errors when
starting to ride.

KNOW YOUR RESPONSIBILITIES

“Accident” implies an unforeseen event that occurs without
anyone’s fault or negligence. In fact, most people involved in
a crash can usually claim some responsibility for what takes
place.

29
Someone tries to slip through an intersection on a yellow light
that is turning red; the light turns green and the motorcycle
rider pulls into the intersection without checking for possible
latecomers. It was the other driver’s responsibility to stop and
the motorcycle rider’s responsibility to look before proceeding.

Even when someone else is the first to start the chain of

events leading to a crash, it does not leave either party free of
their own responsibility.

Motorcycle riders cannot ensure that all drivers will see them
or yield the right-of-way. To lessen the chances of a crash:

• Be visible – wear bright-colored clothing and/or gear that

has retro-reflective material, use the headlight (set on low
during daylight hours), and ride the motorcycle in the best
lane position to see and be seen.
• Communicate your intentions – use the proper signals,
brake light, and lane position.
• Maintain an adequate space cushion – allow extra space
when following, being followed, passing, and being
passed.
• Scan – the path of travel ahead.
• Identify and separate – hazards in the path of travel.
• Be prepared to act – remain alert and know how to use
proper crash avoidance skills. There is rarely a single
cause to a crash. The ability to ride a motorcycle while
remaining alert to possible hazards, the ability to make
critical decisions and initiate those decisions, separates
responsible operators from the rest.
To keep from being the cause of an accident or an unwilling
participant in a crash should be one of your primary goals.

30
 RIDER ABILITIES
A manual cannot teach a motorcycle rider how to control direction,
speed, or balance. That is something only learned through
practice. Rider training offers a motorcycle rider the best success
in mastering control by learning and practicing the necessary skills
in a safe environment. Control is demonstrated by knowing your
riding abilities, using them, and obeying the rules of the road.

Consider taking a rider training course, even if you have

ridden before. Training not only includes basic control, but it
also covers mental strategies and hazard avoidance skills.

BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL

BODY POSITION
Seat – Sit forward in the saddle so that your arms are slightly
bent when holding the handgrips. This allows you to press on
the handlebars without having to stretch, resulting in better
steering control.

Hands – Hold the handgrips firmly, especially over rough

surfaces. Proper hand position is vital to the safe operation of
your motorcycle. Improper hand position can lead to accidentally
applying too much throttle. Also, response time for hand braking
can be slowed by the need to reposition your hands, especially
if needing to reach for the brake suddenly. Also, adjust the
handlebars so your hands are even with or below your elbows.

31
Knees – Keep your knees against the gas tank to help keep
the motorcycle balanced and upright.

Feet – Keep your feet firmly on the footrests to maintain

balance. Don’t drag your feet. If a foot catches on something,
you can be injured, and it could affect the control of the
motorcycle. Keep your feet near the controls so you can get
to them quickly if needed.

GETTING UNDERWAY
Once the motorcycle is running,
to smoothly start moving forward,
squeeze the clutch and shift into
first gear. Use the friction zone—
the area of clutch travel where
the engine’s power begins to
transmit to the rear wheel. This
partial engagement allows you
to smoothly and precisely control
engine power to the rear wheel.
Take your time easing out the clutch. Let the motorcycle get
underway before fully releasing the clutch.

SHIFTING GEARS
There is more to shifting gears than simply getting the
motorcycle to pick up speed smoothly. Learn to use the
gears correctly when downshifting or starting on hills. This is
important for safe motorcycle riding.

The gearshift lever is located in front of the left footrest and is

operated with the left foot. To shift up to a higher gear, position
your toe under the shift lever and lift. To downshift, press the
shift lever down. The shift lever changes one gear each time
it is lifted or pressed down. Whenever the lever is released,
spring loading returns it to center where the mechanism resets
for the next shift.
32
A typical gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is for neutral,
which is selected by either a “half lift” from first gear or a “half
press” from second gear. Most motorcycles have five gears,
but some have four or six gears.

Upshifting – As the motorcycle increases speed, you will

need to shift up to a higher gear. Shift up well before the
engine reaches its maximum recommended RPM or redline.
As a general rule, shift up in time to avoid over-revving the
engine, but not so soon as to cause the engine to drag.

When upshifting, use a 3-step process:

1. Roll off the throttle and squeeze the clutch lever.

2. Lift the shift lever firmly as far as it will go.

3. Smoothly ease out the clutch and roll on the throttle.

Once the shift is completed, release the shift lever to permit it

to reset for the next shift.

Downshifting – You can shift down through the gears with

the clutch in as the motorcycle slows or stops. You can also
downshift for more power to accelerate.
33
Make certain the motorcycle is going slow enough when
shifting into a lower gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, and
the rear wheel may skid. When riding downhill or shifting into
first gear, you may need to use the brakes to slow enough
before downshifting safely.

When downshifting, use a 3-step process:

1. Roll off the throttle as you squeeze the clutch lever.

2. Press the shift lever down firmly.

3. Ease out the clutch lever as you roll on the throttle.

Once the shift is completed, release the shift lever to permit

it to reset for the next shift. When downshifting, you want to
release the clutch more slowly and smoothly to prevent jerking
or chirping the rear tire. Rolling on the throttle slightly while
smoothly easing out the clutch can help the engine come up
to speed more quickly and also make the downshift smoother.

Shifting to a lower gear causes an effect similar to using the

brakes. This is known as engine braking. To use engine braking,
shift down one gear at a time and ease out the clutch through
the friction zone between each downshift. Keep the clutch in
the friction zone until the engine speed stabilizes. Then ease
out the lever fully until ready for the next downshift. It is best to
shift gears one at a time, but it is possible to shift through more
than one gear while you keep squeezing the clutch.

Remain in first gear while stopped so that you can move the
motorcycle quickly if needed.

Work toward a smooth clutch release, especially when

downshifting. It is best to change gears before entering a turn.
However, sometimes shifting while in the turn is necessary. If
so, remember to do so smoothly. A sudden change in power
to the rear wheel can cause a skid or upset the suspension.
34
BRAKING
Improper braking technique remains a significant contributing
factor in many motorcycle crashes. Most motorcycles have
two brake controls: one for the front wheel and one for the
rear wheel. Always use both brakes every time you slow
or stop. The front brake is more powerful and can provide
at least 70% of the total stopping power. The front brake is
safe to use if applied properly. Maximum straight-line braking
is accomplished by fully applying both front and rear brakes
without locking either wheel.

To do this:
• Squeeze the front brake smoothly, firmly, and with
increasing pressure. Do not grab the brake lever or use
abrupt pressure. As the motorcycle’s weight transfers
forward, more traction becomes available for the front
wheel, so the front brake can be applied more after
braking begins.
• Keep your knees against the tank and your eyes up,
looking well ahead. This helps balance the motorcycle for
stopping in a straight line.
• Apply less pressure to the rear brake pedal to prevent
a rear wheel skid. As weight transfers forward, less
traction is available at the rear. Use less and less rear
brake pressure. Using both brakes for even, “normal”
stops will permit you to develop the proper habits and
skills in case of emergency. Grabbing at the front brake
or jamming down on the rear can cause the brakes to
lock, resulting in significant control problems.
STOPPING IN A CURVE
Any time a motorcycle is leaned over in a turn, the amount
of traction available for braking is reduced. The greater the
lean angle, the more the possibility of the tires losing traction.
To stop as quickly and as safely as possible in a curve,
and depending on road and traffic conditions, try to get the
35
motorcycle as perpendicular to the highway as possible, then
brake. This maneuver may take the motorcycle out of the lane.

If conditions do not allow straight-line braking, brake smoothly

and gradually, and as the motorcycle straightens, gradually
increase brake pressure. As the lean angle is reduced by
straightening, more traction for braking becomes available.
By the time the motorcycle is straight up and the handlebars
are square, you can apply maximum braking pressure.

LINKED AND INTEGRATED BRAKING SYSTEMS

Some motorcycles have linked braking, which connects the
front and rear brakes on the motorcycle; it means the brakes
are linked together in some way. For example, when you apply
the rear brake, the system automatically applies a proportional
amount of pressure on the front brake. An integrated braking
system is a variation of the linked system in which partial front
braking is applied whenever the rear brake is activated. There
are a variety of types of braking systems, so consult your
owner’s manual for a detailed explanation on the operation
and effective use of these systems.

ANTI-LOCK BRAKING SYSTEMS (ABS)

The benefit of ABS cannot be overstated. This technology
prevents wheel-lockup during straight-line stops, and on some
recent models, it even works when in a leaning position. It is
important to know if your motorcycle is equipped with ABS
and how it works on your bike. Check the owner’s manual for
information about your motorcycle’s brake system.

To use, apply maximum pressure on both the front and rear

brake. ABS is activated when electronic sensors detect a
wheel lock-up (a skid). ABS systems are capable of releasing
and reapplying brake pressure multiple times per second.

36
TURNING
Motorcycle riders often try to take curves or turns too fast.
When they cannot hold the turn, they end up crossing into
another lane of traffic or going off the highway. They may
overreact and brake too hard, causing a skid and loss of
control. Approach turns and curves with caution.

Use these four steps for better control:

• SLOW – to reduce speed before the turn by closing the

throttle and, if necessary, applying both brakes.
• LOOK – through the turn to where you want the
motorcycle to go. Turn just your head and eyes, not your
shoulders, and keep your eyes level with the horizon.
• ROLL – on the throttle through the turn. Maintain steady
speed or accelerate gradually. Avoid decelerating in the
turn.
• PRESS – To turn, the motorcycle must lean. To lean the
motorcycle, press on the handgrip in the direction of the
turn. Press the left handgrip—lean left—go left. Press
the right handgrip—lean right—go right. This is known
as counter-steering. The higher the speed in a turn, the
greater the lean angle.

37
In normal turns, the rider In slow, tight turns, counter-
and the motorcycle should balance by leaning the
lean together at the same motorcycle and keeping
angle. your body straight.

KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE

One of the best protections you have is distance—a “space
cushion”—separating the motorcycle from other vehicles on
the roadway. This will provide a clear view of emerging traffic
situations, so that if someone else makes a mistake, you will
have more time to respond and more space to maneuver,
including an escape route if necessary.

38
LANE POSITIONS
Successful motorcyclists know that they are safer when
clearly seen. In some ways the size of the motorcycle can
work to your advantage. Each traffic lane gives a motorcycle
three areas or paths of travel as indicated in the following
illustration.

Your lane position will help to:

• enhance the ability to see and be seen
• provide an escape route
• provide a space cushion
• communicate your intentions
• protect your lane from other vehicle encroachments
• avoid other drivers’ blind spots
• avoid surface hazards
• avoid wind blast from other vehicles
• set up for turns

39
Select the appropriate path to maximize the space cushion
and help you be more visible to others on the road. Many
motorcyclists consider the left third of the lane—the left tire track
of automobiles—to be a default lane position. However, many
do vary their lane position as conditions warrant, keeping in mind
that no portion of the lane need be avoided—including the center.

Change positions as traffic situations change.

Unless the highway is wet, the center strip (path #2) often
permits adequate traction to ride safely. The strip in the center
portion of the lane can collect drippings from vehicles but is
usually narrow. You can ride to the left or right of a grease strip
and still be within the center portion of the traffic lane. Avoid
riding on big buildups of oil and grease, usually found at busy
intersections or toll booth stops.

FOLLOWING ANOTHER VEHICLE

Following too closely is a factor in crashes. In traffic,
motorcycles typically need the same amount of distance as
vehicles to stop safely.

Normally, a minimum of a three-seconds following distance

should be maintained behind the vehicle ahead.

To gauge the following distance:

1. Pick out a fixed marker, such as a pavement marking or
lamp post on or near the highway ahead.

2. When the rear bumper of the vehicle ahead passes the

marker, count off the seconds: “one-thousand-one, one-
thousand-two, one-thousand-three.”

3. If you reach the marker before you count to “3,” you are
following too closely.

40
Typically, this minimum is not enough distance to safely stop.
The greater the following distance, the greater the margin of
safety, especially when conditions are less than ideal. Your
following distance should also permit a better view of potholes
and other hazards in your path of travel.

A larger space cushion is needed at higher speeds and anytime

the motorcycle will take longer than normal to stop. If the
pavement is slippery, you have a limited sight distance, or traffic
is heavy, it is wise to allow for a greater following distance.

Keep well behind the vehicle ahead even when stopped. This
will make it easier to get out of the way if someone bears down
on you from behind. It will also give you a cushion of space if
the vehicle ahead starts to back up for some reason.

When riding in the center portion of the lane behind another

vehicle, you will appear in the middle of the driver’s rearview
mirror. Riding in the left third of a lane may permit a driver to see
the motorcycle in a side view mirror and helps you see the traffic
ahead. But remember that most drivers don’t look at their side
view mirrors nearly as often as they check the rearview mirror.

While the center portion of the lane may be the best place to
be seen by the driver immediately in front of you, be aware that
this position can also cause you to “hide” in traffic. Constantly
scan your surroundings and adjust your position for maximum
visibility and line-of-sight.
41
Continually remain aware of other vehicles and their blind
spots. Avoid traveling in these for extended periods.

BEING FOLLOWED
Speeding up to lose someone following too closely often ends
up with someone tailgating at a higher speed.

A better way to handle tailgaters is to get them in front of the

motorcycle. When someone is following too close, change
lanes when possible and let them pass. If you cannot let them
pass, then slow down gradually and open up extra space to
allow room for both you and the tailgater to stop. If they do not
pass, you will have given you and them more time and space
to react in case an emergency does develop.

PASSING & BEING PASSED

Passing and being passed on a motorcycle by other vehicles
is not much different than when driving a vehicle. However,
visibility is more critical. Be sure other drivers see the
motorcycle, and you can see potential hazards.

Passing
1. Ride in the left portion of
the lane at a safe following
distance to increase your
line of sight and make your
motorcycle more visible.
Signal and check for on-
coming traffic. Use the mirrors
and turn your head to the left
to check for traffic behind.

2. When safe, move into the

left lane and then accelerate.
Select a lane position that
doesn’t crowd the vehicle
being passed and provides
adequate space to avoid
42
 hazards in the lane of travel.

3. Ride through the blind spot quickly.

4. Signal again, complete a mirror and a head check before

returning to the original lane, and then cancel your turn
signal.

Passing Speed Limit Exception: You may exceed the

posted speed limit by up to 15 miles per hour while passing
another vehicle that is traveling below the posted speed limit
on a 2-lane highway. The posted speed limit must be 55 mile
per hour or greater. Not allowed in work zones. It is never a
good idea to pass on a bridge, blind hill, or any other time your
sight distance and escape route is compromised.

Being Passed
When being passed from behind or by an oncoming vehicle,
consider using the center or right portion of the lane to avoid
being hit by:

• The other vehicle – A

slight mistake by you or the
passing driver could cause a
sideswipe.
• Extended mirrors –Some
drivers forget that their
mirrors hang out farther than
their fenders.
• Objects thrown from
windows – Even if the driver
knows the motorcycle is
there, a passenger may not
see the motorcycle and toss
something out that hits you or
lands on the highway ahead
of you.

43
• Blasts of wind from larger vehicles – Wind can affect
control of the motorcycle. You have more room for error
in the middle or right portion of your lane when hit by the
blast of wind. Riding closer to hazards could put you in a
dangerous position.
PASSING PARKED VEHICLES
When passing parked vehicles, slow down and consider
staying toward the left portion of the lane. This can help avoid
problems caused by vehicle doors opening, drivers getting
out of vehicles, or people stepping from between vehicles. If
oncoming traffic is present, it is usually best to remain in the
center lane position to maximize the space cushion.

A significant danger to a
motorcyclist can occur when a
driver pulls away from the curb
without checking for traffic behind.
Even a driver who does look may
fail to see the motorcycle. In
either event, the driver might cut
into the path of the motorcycle,
so slow down or change lanes to
make room for this possibility.

Vehicles making a sudden U-turn are extremely dangerous.

They may cut you off entirely by blocking the whole road,
leaving no place for you to go. Since you can’t anticipate what
a driver will do, get the driver’s attention. Sound the horn and
continue with caution.

PARKING
Angle the motorcycle to see in both directions without straining
or having the motorcycle in the lane of travel. When possible,
back into a parking spot to permit riding the motorcycle

44
forward out into traffic rather
than backing out into traffic.
Whenever possible, position the
motorcycle at an angle with the
rear wheel to the curb. (Note:
Some cities may have ordinances
that require motorcycles to
park parallel to the curb.)

LANE FILTERING/SHARING/SPLITTING
The practice of “lane filtering” or “splitting” is not legal in the
State of Idaho.

Lane Filtering - picking your way through slow moving or

stationary traffic such as at a stoplight.

Lane Sharing - is two riders in the same lane side by side.

Lane Splitting - is weaving between moving traffic at a higher

speed, usually on the lane dividing line.

45
Motorcycles need a full lane in order to maintain a space
cushion from other vehicles. Lane sharing between other
vehicles and motorcycles takes away your space cushion and
can leave you without an escape route and vulnerable to a
crash. Riding between rows of stopped or moving vehicles
can result in a crash due to the unexpected—a hand coming
out of a window, a door opening, or a vehicle turning.

Discourage lane sharing by others by positioning yourself

where drivers might be tempted to squeeze by the motorcycle.
Drivers are most tempted to do this when:

• In heavy, bumper-to-bumper traffic.

• They want to pass.
• You are preparing to turn at an intersection.
• You are moving into an exit lane or leaving the highway.
MERGING VEHICLES
Drivers on an entrance ramp may not
see the motorcycle on the highway. Give
them plenty of room. Change to another
lane if one is open. If there is no room
for a lane change, adjust your speed to
open up space for the merging driver.

VEHICLES ALONGSIDE
Do not ride next to vehicles in other
lanes if it can be avoided.

The motorcycle might be in the blind

spot of a vehicle in the next lane, which
could merge into you without warning.
Vehicles in the next lane can also block
your escape routes. Speed up or fall
back to find a place clear of traffic on
both sides.

46
MENTAL MOTORCYCLING (S.I.P.D.E)
Safe motorcycle riders with experience remain aware of what
is going on around them. They improve their riding strategy
by using a mental strategy for making appropriate judgments
to avoid hazards. If you do not already have a sound mental
strategy, consider using SIPDE, a strategy taught in many
motorcycle rider training courses:

• Scan
• Identify
• Predict
• Decide
• Execute
SCAN
Search aggressively ahead, behind and to the sides for
potential hazards. What you don’t detect can hurt you! Scan
aggressively to recognize problems before they become
critical. Other highway users such as other vehicles, bicyclists,
pedestrians and animals can pose hazards to motorcyclists.
They may violate your right-of-way, limit sight distance, crash
into you, or simply be a distraction.

Focus even more on finding potential escape routes in or

around intersections, shopping areas, school zones, and
construction zones.

Search for traffic that may turn left in front of you, traffic coming
from your left and right, and traffic approaching from behind.
Be especially alert in areas with limited visibility. Visually
“busy” surroundings could hide the motorcycle from others
and put you in a dangerous and/or life-threating situation.

IDENTIFY
Locate hazards and potential conflicts. Hazards typically fall
into the following three categories:
47
• Other vehicles – may move into your path and increase
the risk of a collision.
• Pedestrians, children, and animals –can be
unpredictable, making short quick moves and depending
on their size, can create an impending hazard.
• Stationary objects – recognizing potholes, guard rails,
bridges, highway signs, hedges, tire debris, lumber, or
trees in the roadway increases your reaction time and
allows for safer maneuvering to avoid these hazards.
PREDICT
Consider the speed, distance, and direction of hazards to
anticipate how they may affect you and your motorcycle. Vehicles
moving into your path are more critical to your decision making
process than those moving away or remaining stationary. Predict
where a collision may occur. Continually ask yourself the “what
if...?” phrase to evaluate your riding environment.

Predict when, where, and how to act based on types of

hazards encountered:

• A single hazard
• Multiple hazards
• Stationary hazards
• Moving hazards
Weigh consequences of each hazard separately, whether
single or multiple hazards are involved. Ask this question:
“What am I going to do and how am I going to do it?”

DECIDE
The next step in your mental strategy is to make decisions
based upon your predictions. Complete your “What if…?” to
assess the consequences of the choices—what is the best
action to take? How best to do it?

48
In any situation, a rider has three choices:

• Adjust speed.
• Adjust motorcycle position.
• Communicate presence.
Adjusting your speed and/or position can give you more time
and space to react. Slowing is often the best way to decrease
risk; however, there may be times when acceleration away
from the hazard may be the best option.

Communicating may work, but it is typically not your first line of

defense, because it requires the other vehicle operator to see or
hear you and then process and interpret the signal you are giving.

EXECUTE
Act upon your choices from the Decide step. Take the
appropriate action for the situation.

To create more space and minimize harm from hazards:

• Adjust speed by speeding up, slowing down, or stopping.

• Adjust your position and/or direction—move left or move right.
• Communicate your presence with the horn, brake light,
high beam, or turn signals.
In potentially high risk areas, such
as intersections, shopping areas,
school zones, and construction
zones, cover the clutch and both
brakes to reduce the time needed
to react.

Apply the old adage “one step

at a time” to handle two or more
hazards. Adjust speed to permit
two hazards to separate. Then
you can deal with them one at a time as single hazards.
49
Decision-making becomes more complex with three or more
hazards. Weigh the consequences of each and give equal
distance to the hazards.

INTERSECTIONS
The greatest potential for conflict between the you and other
traffic is at intersections. An intersection can be in the middle
of an urban area or at a driveway on a residential street—
anywhere traffic may cross your path of travel.

Many motorcycle vs. vehicle crashes involve a driver entering

a motorcycle rider’s right-of-way. Vehicles turning left in front of
the motorcycle—including vehicles turning left from the lane to
your right and vehicles on side streets pulling into your lane—
are critical dangers. Using SIPDE at intersections is crucial.

BLIND INTERSECTIONS
When approaching a blind intersection, move to the portion of the
lane that will bring the motorcycle
into another driver’s field of sight
at the earliest possible moment.

In this picture, the motorcycle rider

has moved to the left portion of
the lane—away from the parked
vehicle—so the driver on the cross
street can see the motorcycle as
soon as possible. Remember,
the key is to see as much as
possible and be seen by others
while protecting your lane.

STOP SIGNS AND SIGNALS

When approaching a stop sign or traffic signal, first come to a
stop at the stop line. If your view is blocked, edge forward then
50
stop again, just short of where the cross-traffic lane meets your
lane. From that position, lean forward and look around buildings,
parked vehicles, or bushes to see if anything is coming. Make
sure your front wheel stays out of the cross lane.

TRAFFIC CONTROL SIGNALS

Due to their size, motorcycles may not always trigger traffic
control signals at an intersection. Idaho Code allows a
motorcycle rider, after coming to a complete stop, to proceed
with caution through a red light at an intersection.

However, the rider may only do so if the signal fails to operate

after waiting through one complete cycle. The rider must yield
to any traffic in, or approaching, the intersection.

This law does not provide a defense for violations of traffic

laws under Section 49-801, Idaho Code (“Obedience to and
required traffic control devices”). Motorcycle riders must still
obey traffic signals when the traffic control signal device can be
triggered by the size of motorcycle they are operating, or if the
intersection in question does not have a signal triggered by a
vehicle detection device.

51
 SEE AND BE SEEN
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers often say that they never
saw the motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a motorcycle’s
profile is much smaller than a vehicle’s. Also, it’s hard to see
something a driver is not looking for, and most drivers are
not intently looking for motorcycles. More likely, they are
unintentionally looking past the motorcycle’s smaller silhouette
in search of larger vehicles that may pose a problem to them.

Even if a driver does see you, you are not necessarily safe.
Smaller vehicles appear farther away and seem to be traveling
slower than they actually are. It is common for drivers to pull
out in front of motorcyclists thinking they have plenty of time.
Too often, they are wrong.

However, riders can do many things to make it easier for

drivers to recognize and see the motorcycle and rider.

CLOTHING
Many on-road crashes occur in daylight. Remember, the body
is half of the visible surface area of the rider/motorcycle unit.
Black is hard to see in daytime and invisible at night. Any bright
color such as orange, red, yellow, or white is better than dark
colors. Bright colors and retro-reflective materials (on your
helmet, jacket, or vest) are the best choices for keeping you
visible to surrounding traffic both day and night.

There may be times when visibility becomes limited due to

nighttime, fog, heavy rainfall, or wind in a dusty area. Remember
that if you’re having trouble seeing, so are the drivers that share
the road with you.
Wear bright and
retro-reflective gear
to make yourself
more visible. Retro-
52
reflective tape, piping, or a retro-reflective vest reflects light back
to the source and illuminates the rider, providing additional visual
cues to others. This is far more effective than just bright clothing.

Helmets can do more than provide protection in a crash, too.

Brightly-colored helmets help others see the motorcycle and
rider. Retro-reflective material on the sides of the helmet and
clothing will help drivers coming from the side of the motorcycle
notice you.

HEADLIGHT
Another way to help others see you is to keep the headlight
on at all times. New motorcycles sold in the USA since 1978
automatically have the headlights on when running. Studies
show that, during the day, a motorcycle with its light on is more
likely to be noticed. Be sure the headlight is adjusted properly.

SIGNALS
The turn signals on a motorcycle are similar to those on a vehicle.
They tell others what the motorcycle rider plans to do. However,
due to a rider’s added vulnerability, turn signals are even more
important. Use them anytime lane changes are made or when
turning. Use them even when no one else seems to be around.

When entering a highway, drivers

approaching from behind are
more likely to see the motorcycle
turn signal blinking and make
room for the motorcyclist.
Turning the signal light on before
each turn reduces confusion and
frustration for the traffic around
you. Use the turn signals at
every turn so drivers can react
accordingly. Do not make them
guess what you intend to do.
53
Once the turn is made, make sure the turn signal is off. Drivers
may pull directly into your path, thinking you are planning
to turn again. Many motorcycle turn signals are not self-
canceling. Some take several seconds to turn off. Be in the
habit of canceling your signal immediately after you complete
a turn or lane change.

BRAKE LIGHT
The motorcycle’s brake light is usually not as noticeable as
a brake light on a vehicle—particularly when the taillight is
on, which goes on with the headlight. Help others notice the
motorcycle by flashing the brake light before slowing down. It
is especially important to flash the brake light before:

• Slowing more quickly than others expect (turning off a

high speed highway).
• Slowing where others may not expect it (in the middle of
a block or at an alley).
If being followed too closely, flash the brake light before slowing
down. The tailgater may be watching the motorcycle and not
see something ahead that is causing you to slow down. This
will hopefully discourage them from tailgating and warn them
of hazards ahead they may not see.

MIRRORS
While it’s most important to keep track of what’s happening
ahead, motorcycle riders cannot afford to ignore situations
behind them. Traffic conditions change quickly. Knowing what
is going on behind you can help you make a safe decision about
how to handle trouble ahead. Along with using SIPDE, frequent
mirror checks should be part of the normal scanning routine.

Make a special point of using the mirrors:

• When stopped at an intersection, watch for vehicles

coming up from behind. If the drivers are not paying
54
 attention, they could be on top
of you before they see you.
• Before changing lanes, make
sure no one is about to pass
you.
• Before slowing down or
stopping, be aware that the
driver behind you may not
expect you to slow or stop. For
example, when you signal to
make a turn, the driver behind
you may miscalculate when
you will slow and turn, and
they may not slow down soon
enough.
Most motorcycles have rounded (convex) mirrors. These
provide a wider view of the highway behind than do flat mirrors.
They also make vehicles seem farther away than they actually
are. If you are not used to convex mirrors, get familiar with
them. (While stopped, pick out a parked vehicle in the mirror.
Form a mental image of how far away it is. Then, turn around
and look at it to see how close it really is.) Practice with the
mirrors until you become a good judge of distance. Even then,
allow extra distance before changing lanes.

HEAD CHECKS
Checking the mirrors is not always enough. Motorcycles have
“blind spots” like vehicles do. Before changing lanes, merging
onto a freeway, or passing another vehicle, turn your head and
look for other vehicles. On a road with several lanes, check
both the far lane and the one next to the motorcycle. A driver
a couple of lanes over may head for the same space you plan
to take. Frequent head checks should be part of your SIPDE
process. Only by knowing what is happening all around the
motorcycle are you fully prepared to deal with hazards.
55
HORN
Be ready to use the motorcycle horn to get someone’s
attention quickly. It is a good idea to give a quick honk before
passing any vehicle that may move into your lane. Here are
some situations:

• A driver in the next lane is driving too close to the vehicle

ahead and may want to pass.
• A parked vehicle has someone in the driver’s seat.
• Someone is in the street, riding a bicycle or walking.
In an emergency, press and hold the horn. Be ready to stop or
swerve away from the danger. Keep in mind that a motorcycle’s
horn is not as loud as a vehicle’s horn—therefore, consider
using it, but do not rely on it.

Other strategies, like having time and space to maneuver,

may be appropriate along with the horn.

RIDING AT NIGHT
At night it is harder to see and be seen. Noticing the motorcycle
headlight or taillight amid the vehicle lights around the motorcycle
is not easy for other drivers. To compensate for this:

• Reduce Speed – Ride even slower than during the

daytime—particularly on roads you do not know well. This
will increase the chances of avoiding hazards because
a headlight does not allow you to see as far ahead as in
daylight.
• Increase Distance – Distances are harder to judge at
night than during the day. Our eyes rely upon shadows
and light contrasts to determine how far away an object
is and how fast it is coming. These contrasts may
be missing or distorted under artificial lights at night.
Increase to a four-second following distance or more and
allow more distance to pass and be passed.
• Use the Vehicle Ahead – The headlights of the vehicle
56
 ahead of you may give you a better view of the highway
than even the high beam can. Headlights and/or taillights
bouncing up and down can alert you to bumps or rough
pavement ahead.
• Use the high beam – You need to get all the light you can.
Use the high beam when not following or approaching a
vehicle. Be visible. Wear retro-reflective materials.
• Be flexible about lane position – Change to whatever
portion of the lane is best for seeing and being seen and
maintain an adequate space cushion.
CRASH AVOIDANCE
No matter how careful a motorcycle rider is, there will be times
when they may find themselves in a dangerous situation.
The chances of getting out safely depend on their ability to
react quickly and properly. Often, a crash occurs because
a motorcycle rider is not scanning far enough ahead, is not
prepared or not skilled in obstacle-avoidance maneuvers.

Two skills critical in helping to avoid a crash are understanding

when and how to stop or swerve. It is not always desirable or
possible to stop quickly to avoid an obstacle. Motorcycle riders
must also be able to swerve around an obstacle. Determining
which skill is needed for the situation is important as well.

Studies show that most motorcycle riders in crashes:

• Under-brake the front tire and over-brake the rear.

• Did not separate braking from swerving, or did not choose
to swerve when it was the most appropriate course of
action.
QUICK STOPS
A quick stop is achieved by fully applying both front and rear
brakes without locking either wheel. Do not grab the front brake;
rather, squeeze the brake lever firmly with increasing pressure.
At the same time, press down on the rear brake pedal.
57
FRONT-WHEEL SKIDS
A front-wheel skid is caused by over-applying the front brake.
Front-wheel skids result in immediate loss of steering control
and balance. If the front wheel locks, release the front brake
immediately and completely. Reapply the brake smoothly and
properly. Failure to fully release the brake lever immediately can
result in a crash. ABS is designed to prevent front-wheel skids.

REAR-WHEEL SKIDS
A skidding rear tire is a dangerous condition that can result
in a violent crash and serious injury or death. Too much rear
brake pressure can cause rear-wheel lockup. As soon as
the rear wheel locks, the ability to change direction is lost. To
regain control, the brake must be released immediately and
completely. Reapply the brake smoothly and properly with
light-to-lighter pressure.

If the rear wheel is out of alignment with the front, there is a

risk of a high-side crash. This occurs when the wheels are out
of alignment as a locked rear wheel is released.

The motorcycle can abruptly snap upright and tumble, throwing

a rider into the air. Even a slight misalignment can result in a
high-side crash. The farther out of alignment the rear wheel
becomes, the greater the risk of a high side crash. That’s why it
58
is important to release immediately—before the wheels get out
of alignment. ABS is designed to prevent skids.

SWERVING OR TURNING QUICKLY

Sometimes there is not enough room to stop, even when using
both brakes properly. The vehicle ahead might squeal to a stop
or an object might appear suddenly in your path. The only way
to avoid a crash may be to turn quickly or to swerve.

A swerve is a rapid change in direction and is executed by

two consecutive counter steers (essentially two quick turns).
To initiate a swerve, apply a enough forward pressure on the
handgrip in the intended direction of escape to effectively
change directions. This will cause the motorcycle to lean
quickly. Keep your body upright while allowing the motorcycle
to lean beneath you. Keep your knees against the tank and
your feet solidly on the footrests.

Make the escape route the target of your vision. Once clear of the
obstacle, press on the opposite handgrip to return to the original
direction of travel. To swerve to the left, press the left handgrip,
when clear of the obstacle, press the right handgrip to straighten.
To swerve to the right, press right, then left.

IF BRAKING IS REQUIRED, BRAKE BEFORE OR AFTER

SWERVING—DO NOT BRAKE WHILE SWERVING.
59
Change lanes only if there is enough time to make sure there
are no vehicles in the other lane. The motorcycle may be able
to squeeze by most obstacles without leaving your lane.

CORNERING & CURVES

A primary cause of motorcycle crashes is when the motorcycle
rider takes a curve or turn too wide and collides with the
highway or a fixed object.

In fact, in Idaho, over 40% of fatal motorcycle crashes are

single vehicle accidents where a rider failed to negotiate a turn.

60
You should always ride within your own skill level and within
the posted speed limits. Every curve is different and requires
your full attention. Be alert to whether a curve remains
constant, gradually widens, gets tighter, or involves multiple
turns. Keeping your eyes up, looking all the way through the
turn will help guide you through turns. Keep in mind the best
path may not always follow the curve of the road.

Change lane positions depending on traffic, highway conditions,

and curve of the road. One recommendation is to start toward
the outside of a curve to increase your line of sight then move
toward the inside of the curve as you pass the apex of the turn.
As you exit the turn, move toward the outside of the curve.
This strategy makes the turn less sharp, increases ground
clearance, and helps to set you up for the next turn.

An alternative path is to move to the center lane position

before entering a curve and remain until exiting. While this
path maximizes your space cushion, it does not provide the
best line of sight and can make the turn more sharp.

Always use SIPDE to adjust your line for traffic “crowding” the
center line, debris blocking part of your lane, or other hazards.
Also, use extra caution when braking in turns. If you apply
the brakes too hard, the motorcycle may straighten upright
causing you to run out of your lane.

HAZARDOUS RIDING CONDITIONS

Chances of being involved in a crash may increase when
riding across or in:

• Obstacles on the highway

• Slippery and loose surfaces
• Railroad tracks and grates
• Wind and other conditions

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OBSTACLES ON THE HIGHWAY
Watch for uneven surfaces such as speed bumps, broken
pavement, potholes, rocks, or pieces of highway debris. Try
to avoid obstacles by going around them. If conditions do
not permit going around an obstacle, first determine if it is
possible to go across. Try to approach the hazard at as close
to a 90° angle as possible. Look at the intended path of travel
to remain in control. If riding over the obstacle, you should:

• Slow down as much as possible before contact.

• Make sure the motorcycle is straight.
• Rise slightly off the seat with your weight on the footrests
to absorb the shock with your knees. Rising off the
seat will reduce the chances of being thrown off the
motorcycle. However, controlling the throttle can be
somewhat tricky from this position. Practice this in an
area such as an empty parking lot away from traffic.
• Just before contact, roll on the throttle slightly to lighten
the front end. If you suspect possible damage as a result
of riding over an object, pull off the highway and check
the tires and rims for damage before riding any farther.

62
SLIPPERY & LOOSE SURFACES
Motorcycles handle better when ridden on surfaces with good
traction.

Surfaces that provide poor traction include:

• Wet or Snow Covered Pavement – When it starts to

rain, before surface oil washes to the side of the highway,
the center portion of a lane is usually the most slippery.
Rain dries and snow melts faster on some sections of
highways than on others. Patches of ice tend to crop up in
low or shaded areas and on bridges and overpasses. Wet
surfaces, leaves, or mud may be just as slippery. Ride on
the least slippery portion of the lane with reduced speed.
Cautious riders steer clear of highways covered with ice
or snow. If unable to avoid a slippery surface, keep the
motorcycle straight up and proceed slowly and smoothly.
• Dirt, Sand, or Gravel Highways – Dirt, sand, and
gravel are most likely to collect at the sides of paved
roads or in the middle of intersections. However, some
roads may be completely covered with dirt or gravel due
to construction.
• Oil or Fresh Tar – Avoid if possible. When riding across
tar snakes (patches where tar has been used to seal
cracks in the road), the traction can suddenly change and
the tires could slip, especially on a hot day. Go slow and
avoid any sudden movements. When stopping or parking
on fresh oil or tar, make sure your side stand is secure
before getting off the motorcycle since it may be slippery.
It’s also a good idea to place a hard object under your
side stand so it does not sink in the fresh asphalt.
• Lane Additions – Steel plates and manhole covers may
be especially slippery when wet and/or cold.
To ride safely on slippery or loose surfaces:

• Reduce Speed – Before getting to a slippery or loose

63
 surface, slow down to lessen the chances of sliding or
laying the motorcycle down. The motorcycle needs more
distance to stop than other vehicles.
• Avoid Sudden Moves – Any sudden change in speed or
direction can cause a skid. Be as smooth as possible with
the throttle and when shifting gears, turning, or braking.
• Use Both Brakes – The front brake is still effective, even
on a slippery or loose surface. Squeeze the brake lever
gradually to avoid locking the front wheel. Remember,
gentle pressure on the rear brake.
• Reduce Lean Angles – Keep your motorcycle as upright
as possible when riding across slippery surfaces.
• The Center of a Lane – It may be hazardous when wet.
When raining, consider riding in the tire tracks left by
vehicles.
When encountering a large surface that is so slippery that
coasting or traveling at a walking pace is required, squeeze in
the clutch and coast across without any sudden inputs. Keep
the motorcycle as vertical as possible and avoid braking if at
all possible. Attempting this maneuver at anything other than
the slowest of speeds can be hazardous.

RIPPLED & UNEVEN PAVEMENT EDGES

Scan the pavement and pick the smoothest line. Cross slowly
and carefully. Be aware of the differences in height between
lanes that have been repaved and those waiting to be paved.
Crossing into the higher lane at high speeds and a narrow
angle could cause you to loose control.

WIND
Strong, steady winds and irregular wind gusts can affect the
motorcycle and rider. This can occur anywhere and most
often happens in open areas or mountainous terrain. Wind
turbulence also occurs when sharing the highway with large
vehicles (i.e. trucks, buses).
64
To respond to steady winds:
• Lean into the wind, apply forward pressure on the handgrip.
• Find a safe place to park until conditions improve if the
wind becomes too dangerous to continue.
To respond to wind gusts or windblasts:
• Move away from other vehicles as they approach or pass.
• Maximize the space-cushion around the motorcycle.
CROWNED PAVEMENT
A highway surface that is higher in the middle than at the sides
is a crowned highway. Be aware that to the left, the ground
clearance is reduced and the lean angle available will be less
than on a flat highway.

ANIMALS
Riding the motorcycle as alert and safely as possible by using
SIPDE or another mental strategy will be a great asset to avoid
hitting an animal. When in traffic, however, remain in your lane.
Hitting something small is less dangerous than hitting something
big — like a vehicle. It is best to
accept that you may not be able to
avoid a small animal in your path
without increasing your risk.

Motorcycles seem to attract

dogs. If being chased, shift
down and approach the animal
slowly. As you get closer to the
point of intersection with the
dog, accelerate and swerve out
of its reach. Do not kick at any
animal. You need to keep your
balance and maintain control of
the motorcycle.

For larger animals (deer,

65
elk, cattle), brake and prepare to stop. They tend to be
unpredictable. Be aware that they are herd animals—if you
see one, expect to see more.

FLYING OBJECTS
From time to time, motorcycle riders are struck by insects,
cigarettes thrown from vehicles, or rocks thrown by the tires
of the vehicle ahead. When wearing face protection, it might
get smeared or cracked, making it difficult to see. Without face
protection, an object could hit you in the eye, face, or mouth.
Whatever happens, try to keep your eyes on the highway and
your hands on the handlebars. When safe, pull off the highway
and replace your damaged visor or eye protection if possible.

RAILROAD OR TROLLEY TRACKS

Cross Tracks
Usually, it is safer to ride straight within your lane to cross
tracks. For tracks that cross your path at an angle, turning
to take them head-on (at a 90° degree angle) can be more
dangerous and may carry you into another lane of traffic.

Parallel Tracks
Move far enough away from tracks, ruts, or pavement seams
that run parallel to your path in order to cross at an angle
of 45° degrees. Then make a deliberate turn. Edging across
could catch the tires and throw you off balance.

66
GROOVES AND BRIDGE GRATINGS
Riding over rain grooves or bridge gratings may cause the
motorcycle to weave or wander. Though disconcerting, the
wandering feeling is generally not hazardous. Maintain a
steady speed and ride straight across. Avoid any sudden
inputs or excessive lean angles.

MECHANICAL PROBLEMS
Something going wrong with the motorcycle may put you
immediately into an emergency situation. In dealing with any
mechanical problem, take into account the highway and traffic
conditions. The following sections include some guidelines
that can help assist in handling mechanical problems safely.

TIRE FAILURE
Seldom will you hear a tire going flat. When the motorcycle
starts handling differently, it may be a tire failure—this can be
dangerous. When one of the tires loses air, react quickly to
keep the motorcycle balanced and upright. Pull off and check
the tires. If the front tire goes flat, the steering will feel “heavy.”
A flat front wheel is particularly hazardous because it affects
your ability to steer the motorcycle and keep it upright.

If the rear tire goes flat, the back of the motorcycle may feel
sluggish and may sway or wobble from side to side.

If either tire goes flat while riding:

• Hold the handle grips firmly, squeeze in the clutch to
coast, and keep a straight course.
• When braking, gradually apply the brake of the tire that is
not flat.
67
• When the motorcycle slows, edge to the side of the
highway and stop.
STUCK THROTTLE
If your throttle becomes stuck while riding, immediately use the
engine cut-off switch and pull in the clutch at the same time.
This will remove power from the rear wheel. Once you have
the motorcycle “under control,” pull off and stop. Check the
throttle cable carefully to find the source of the trouble. Make
certain the throttle works freely before starting to ride again.

WOBBLE
A “wobble” typically occurs when the front wheel and handlebars
on the motorcycle suddenly start to shake from side to side at
any speed. Most wobbles can be traced to improper loading,
unsuitable accessories, incorrect tire pressure, or misaligned
tires and/or chain drive.

If carrying a heavy load, center the weight lower and farther

forward on the motorcycle. Make sure tire pressure, spring
pre-load, air shocks, and dampers are at the settings
recommended for that weight. Do not exceed the Gross
Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) for your motorcycle. GVWR
includes the weight of the motorcycle, the rider, any cargo,
and any passenger.

If loading is not the cause of the wobble, make sure windshields

and fairings are mounted properly. Check for poorly adjusted
steering, worn steering parts, a front wheel rim that may be
bent, misaligned or out of balance, loose wheel bearings
or spokes, and swing arm bearings. If none of these are
determined to be the cause, have the motorcycle checked out
thoroughly by a qualified professional. Trying to “accelerate
out of a wobble” may only make the motorcycle more unstable.

68
Instead:
• Hold the handle grips firmly, but do not fight the wobble.
• Squeeze in the clutch and gradually slow the motorcycle.
• Do not apply the brakes; braking could make the wobble
worse.
• Move as far forward in the saddle as physically possible.
• Pull off the highway as soon as possible to fix the problem.
DRIVE TRAIN PROBLEMS
The drivetrain for a motorcycle uses either a chain, belt, or
driveshaft to transfer power from the engine to the rear wheel.
Routine inspection, adjustments, and maintenance make a
drivetrain failure a rare occurrence. A chain or belt that slips or
breaks while riding the motorcycle could lock the rear wheel
and cause the motorcycle to skid. If the chain or belt breaks,
you will notice an instant loss of power to the rear wheel. Close
the throttle and brake to a stop in a safe area.

On those motorcycle models with a driveshaft, loss of oil in

the rear differential can cause the rear wheel to lock, and you
may not be able to prevent the motorcycle from skidding.

ENGINE SEIZURE
If the engine “locks” or “freezes,” it is usually low on oil. The
engine’s moving parts cannot move smoothly against each
other, and the engine overheats. The first sign may be a loss
of engine power or a change in the engine’s sound. Squeeze
the clutch lever to disengage the engine from the rear wheel.
Pull off the highway and stop. Check the oil. When needed,
oil should be added as soon as possible or the engine may
seize. When this happens, the effect is the same as a locked
rear wheel. You could ruin the engine by restarting.

There is no substitute for frequent routine and

preventative motorcycle maintenance.

69
 GETTING OFF THE HIGHWAY
When needing to leave the highway to check the motorcycle
(or just to rest) be sure to:

• Check the roadside – Make sure the surface of the

roadside is firm enough to support the weight of the
motorcycle. If it is soft grass, sand, or if you are unable
to quickly determine what type of surface it is, slow down
considerably before turning onto it.
• Signal – Drivers behind the motorcycle may not expect
you to slow down. You should give clear signals that you
will be slowing down and changing directions by tapping
your brakes to flash your brake lights in advance of
slowing. Before taking action check the mirror and make
a head check.
• Pull off the highway – Get the motorcycle as far off
the road as possible. It can be extremely hard to spot a
motorcycle parked on the side of the road.
• Park carefully – Loose and sloped shoulders may
make it hard to safely set the side or center stand on the
motorcycle.
CARRYING PASSENGERS AND CARGO
Only experienced motorcycle riders should carry passengers or
large loads. The extra weight changes the way the motorcycle
handles, balances, turns, speeds up, and slows down. Before
traveling with a passenger or heavy load upon the highway,
practice away from traffic in a controlled, safe area.

If you can, adjust the motorcycle suspension to handle the

additional weight. (Check motorcycle owner’s manual.)
Consider adding a few pounds of pressure to the tires if
carrying a passenger. With both you and the passenger sitting
on the seat, adjust the mirrors according to the change in the
motorcycle’s angle to ensure your vision to the rear is not
obstructed.
70
REQUIRED EQUIPMENT
To carry passengers safely:
• Equip and adjust your motorcycle to carry passengers.
• Instruct your passenger before you start.
• Adjust your riding technique for the added weight.
• Have passengers wear the same type of protective gear
recommended for motorcycle riders.
The following equipment is required by Idaho law:
• A proper seat – large enough to hold both the rider and
passenger without crowding, or a separate, permanently
attached passenger seat. Do not sit any farther forward
than usual.
• Footrests – for the passenger. A firm footing prevents the
passenger from falling off and pulling the rider off as well.
The passenger must be able to reach the footrests and
should keep their feet on the pegs even when stopped.
• A helmet – any person under the age of eighteen (18)
must wear a DOT-compliant helmet while operating or
riding on a motorcycle.
Children should be placed immediately behind the motorcycle
rider. Carrying a child-passenger on a motorcycle in front of
you is not legal in Idaho. With a child sitting in front of you,
you will not be able to properly balance yourself and they may
interfere with control of the motorcycle.

INSTRUCTING PASSENGERS
Even if the passenger is a motorcycle rider, provide complete
instructions before starting to ride. As the passenger mounts,
keep both of your feet on the ground and the front brake applied.

Tell your passenger to:

• Sit as far forward as possible without crowding you.
• Hold firmly to your waist, hips, or belt.
• Keep both feet on the pegs, even when stopped.
• Keep legs away from the muffler, chains and moving parts.
71
• Stay directly behind you, leaning as you lean.
• Avoid unnecessary talk or motion.
Also, tell the passenger to tighten their hold as you are about
to start from a stop and as you approach surface problems.

Whenever possible, warn your passenger that you are going

to make a sudden move.

RIDING WITH PASSENGERS

The motorcycle will respond more slowly with a passenger
on board. The heavier the passenger, the longer it may take
to slow down, speed up, or turn—especially on a lighter
motorcycle.

• Ride a little cautiously, especially when taking curves,

corners, or bumps.
• Start slowing earlier when approaching a stop.
• Maintain a larger space-cushion ahead and to the sides.
• Wait for larger gaps in traffic to cross, enter, or merge
onto the roadway.
Warn passengers of special conditions—when pulling out,
stopping quickly, turning sharply, or riding over a bump.

CARRYING LOADS
Most motorcycles are not designed to carry much cargo.
Small loads can be carried safely if positioned and fastened
properly.

• Keep the Load Low – Fasten loads securely, or put

them in saddle bags. Piling loads against a sissy bar or
frame on the back of the seat may raise the motorcycle’s
center of gravity and upset its balance.
• Keep the Load Forward – Place the load over, or in front
of, the rear axle. Tank bags keep loads forward, but use
caution when loading hard or sharp objects. Make sure a
tank bag does not interfere with the handlebars or controls.
72
 Mounting loads behind the rear axle can affect how the
motorcycle turns and brakes. It can also cause a wobble.
• Distribute the Load Evenly – Load each saddlebag with
about the same amount of weight. An uneven load can
cause the motorcycle to drift to one side.
• Secure the Load – Fasten the load securely with elastic
cords (multiple bungee cords or nets). A secured load
will not catch in the wheel or chain. Rope tends to stretch
and knots come loose, permitting the load to shift or fall,
which could cause the motorcycle to lock up and skid.
• Check the Load – Stop and check the load often to
make sure it has not worked loose or moved. Whatever
passenger and/or cargo you carry, do not exceed the
gross vehicle weight rating of the motorcycle and make
adjustments to the motorcycle to compensate for the
added weight.
GROUP RIDING
When riding with other motorcycle riders, do it in a way that
promotes safety and does not interfere with the flow of traffic.

KEEPING THE GROUP SMALL

Small groups of motorcycle riders make it easier and safer for
vehicles that need to get around the group of motorcycles. A
small number isn’t separated as easily by traffic or red lights.

The other motorcycle riders in the group won’t always be

hurrying to catch up. When the group is larger than four or
five riders, divide it up into two or more smaller groups.

KEEPING THE GROUP TOGETHER

• Plan –The leader of the motorcycle rider group should
look ahead for changes and signal early so “the word
gets back” to the other riders in plenty of time. Start lane
changes early to allow all the riders to complete the lane
change.
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• Put Beginners Up Front – Place inexperienced
motorcycle riders just behind the lead motorcycle rider.
That way, the less experienced riders are not exceeding
their comfort and skill levels by trying to keep up with the
more experienced riders in the group.
• Follow Those Behind – Let the motorcycle rider on the
tail end set the pace. Use the mirrors to keep an eye
on the person behind. If one rider falls behind, all riders
should slow down a little to stay with the tail ender.
• Know the Route – Make sure all riders know the route.
When a rider gets separated, they won’t have to hurry to
keep from getting lost or taking a wrong turn.
KEEPING ADEQUATE DISTANCE BETWEEN
MOTORCYCLES
Many motorcycle riding groups like to keep close ranks, but
it is important to keep a safe distance to allow each rider in
the group time and space to react to hazards. A close group
takes up less space on the highway, is easier to see, and is
less likely to be separated. However, it must be done properly.

• Do not pair up – Never ride directly alongside another

rider. There is no place to go to avoid a vehicle or a
hazard on the road. To talk to another motorcycle rider,
wait until you are both stopped.
• Staggered formation – This is the best way to keep
ranks close yet maintain an adequate space cushion.

The lead motorcycle rider is in the left side of the

lane, while the second motorcycle rider stays 1 1/2 to
2 seconds behind in the right side of the lane. A third
motorcycle rider stays in the left position, 3 to 4 seconds
behind the first motorcycle rider. The fourth motorcycle
rider would keep a 3- to 4-second distance behind the
second motorcycle rider.
Staggered formation keeps the group close and
discourages traffic from breaking into the formation
74
 while still giving each rider a
safe space cushion and an
escape route.
• Passing in formation –
When the group wants to
pass slow traffic on a freeway
or interstate, the group may
pass as a unit. On a two-lane
highway, motorcycle riders in
a staggered formation should
pass one at a time.
First, the lead rider should pull
out and pass when it is safe.
After passing, the lead rider
should return to the left position
and continue riding at passing
speed to open room for the
next rider.

After the lead rider passes

safely, the second rider should
move up to the left position

75
 and watch for a safe chance to
pass. This rider should return
to the right position and open
up room for the next rider.

Some people suggest that the

lead motorcycle rider should
move to the right side after
passing a vehicle. This is not
a good idea. It encourages
the second motorcycle rider
to pass and cut back in before
there is a large enough space
cushion in front of the passed
vehicle.

It’s simpler and safer to wait until there is enough room

ahead of the passed vehicle to allow each rider to move
into the same position held before the pass.

• Single-file formation – It is best to move into a single-

file formation when riding motorcycles on curvy roads,
when turning, and when entering or leaving a freeway or
highway.

76
 RIDER RISKS &
RESPONSIBILITIES
Riding a motorcycle is a demanding and complex task. Skilled
motorcycle riders pay attention to the riding environment and to
operating the motorcycle, identifying potential hazards, exercising
good judgment, and executing decisions quickly and skillfully.

The ability to perform and respond to changing highway

and traffic conditions is influenced by how fit and alert the
motorcycle rider is. Alcohol and drugs, more than any other
factor, degrade the ability to think clearly and to ride safely.
As little as one drink can have a significant effect on riding
performance. Let’s look at the risks involved in riding a
motorcycle after drinking or using drugs and what you can do
to protect yourself and fellow riders.

IMPORTANT INFORMATION
Alcohol is a major contributor to motorcycle crashes,
particularly fatal crashes. National studies show that over
one-third of all riders killed in motorcycle crashes had been
drinking, and only one-third of those riders had a blood alcohol
concentration (BAC) above legal limits. The other riders were
under the legal limits but riding skills were still impaired. In the
past, drug levels have been harder to distinguish or have not
been separated from drinking violations. Riding a motorcycle
“under the influence” of either alcohol or drugs poses physical
and legal hazards for every motorcycle rider.

Alcohol and drug use occurs among other drivers; however,

motorcyclists are more likely to be killed or severely injured in
a crash. Injuries occur in 90% of motorcycle crashes and 33%
of automobile crashes that involve abuse of substances. On a
yearly basis, 2,000 motorcyclists are killed and about 50,000
seriously injured in this same type of crash.
77
ALCOHOL & DRUGS WHILE RIDING
No one is immune to the effects of alcohol and drugs. Friends
may brag about their ability to hold their liquor or perform
better on drugs. However, alcohol and drugs make people
less able to think clearly and perform physical tasks skillfully.

Judgment and the decision-making processes needed for riding

a motorcycle are affected long before legal limits are reached.
Many over-the-counter, prescription, and illegal drugs have
side effects that increase the risk of riding a motorcycle safely.
It is difficult to accurately measure the use of particular drugs
in motorcycle crashes. We know what effects various drugs
have on riding skills and that the combined effects of alcohol
and drugs when taken together are much more dangerous.

ALCOHOL IN THE BODY

Alcohol enters the bloodstream quickly. Unlike foods and
beverages, it does not need to be digested. Within minutes
of consumption, it reaches the brain and begins to affect the
drinker. Alcohol slows down and impairs bodily functions (both
mental and physical), which adversely affects coordination,
balance, the ability to think clearly and make sound judgments.

BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (BAC)

Blood Alcohol Concentration (BAC) is the amount of alcohol
in relation to blood in the body. Generally, alcohol can be
eliminated in the body at the rate of almost one drink per
hour. However, a variety of other factors may also influence
the level of alcohol retained. The more alcohol there is in the
blood, the greater the impairment.

Three factors play a major part in determining BAC:

• Amount of alcohol consumed.
• Rate of consumption.
• Body weight.
78
Other factors contribute to the way alcohol affects the system
and may cause the BAC level to be even higher, such as
gender, physical condition, and the amount of food.

The full effects of these are not completely known. Alcohol

may still accumulate in your body even if you are drinking
at a rate of one drink per hour. Abilities and judgment can
be affected by that one drink.

A 12-ounce bottle of beer, 8-ounce bottle of malt liquor, 5-ounce

glass of wine, and a 1 ½ ounce of distilled spirits or liquor all
contain the same amount of alcohol*. The faster they are
consumed, the more alcohol accumulates in the body. At the
end of one hour, drinking at a rate of two drinks per hours, at
least one drink will remain in your bloodstream. Without taking
into account any other factors, these examples illustrate why
time is a critical factor when a motorcycle rider decides to drink.

*Alcohol by Volume (ABV) varies in beer, wine, and spirits;

therefore this may not hold true for all comparisons.

A person who drinks:

• Seven drinks over the span of three hours would have at
least four (7-3 = 4) drinks remaining in their system at the
end of the three hours. They would need at least another
four hours to eliminate the remaining drinks before riding.
• Four drinks over the span of two hours would have at
least two (4-2 = 2) drinks remaining in their system at the
end of the two hours. They would need at least another
79
 two hours to eliminate the two remaining drinks before
they consider riding.
There are times when a larger person may not accumulate
as high a concentration of alcohol for each drink consumed
because they have more blood and other bodily fluids.
Because of individual differences, it is better not to take the
chance that abilities and judgment may have been affected.
Whether or not they are legally intoxicated is not the real
issue. Impairment of judgment and riding skills begins well
below the legal limit.

ALCOHOL AND IDAHO LAW

It is considered to be driving under the influence (DUI) if the
driver’s BAC is:

• .02 or more and the driver is under 21 years of age.

• .04 or more and the driver is operating a commercial
motor vehicle (CMV).
• .08 or more and the driver is 21 years of age or older.
An alcohol concentration of .20 or more carries even stiffer
penalties. Even if your BAC is less than .08, you may still
be convicted of a DUI.

PENALTIES WHEN COMPLETING & FAILING A BREATH

TEST
Idaho law now imposes stiffer penalties on DUI offenses than
in the past. Most penalties are mandatory and imposed by the
court.

When convicted in Idaho and over 21:

• For a first conviction – Up to six (6) months in jail; up to a
$1,000 fine; mandatory driver’s license suspension of at
least ninety (90) days and up to 180 days with no driving
privileges for the first thirty (30) days. After the thirty (30)
day court suspension, a request may be made to the
court for restricted driving privileges (RDP) if determined
80
 necessary. (CMV does not qualify for RDP). An ignition
interlock device is required after the suspension ends.
• For a second conviction within 10 years – Mandatory jail
time of ten (10) days and maximum jail sentence of one
(1) year; up to a $2,000 fine; mandatory driver’s license
suspension of one (1) year after release of confinement.
An ignition interlock device required after the one (1) year
mandatory suspension.
• For three or more convictions within 10 years –
Sentenced to the State Board of Corrections not to
exceed ten (10) years; up to a $5,000 fine; mandatory
driver’s license suspension for one (1) year after release
from confinement, and up to an additional four (4) years
may be added to the suspension. An ignition interlock
device is required after the one (1) year mandatory
suspension. This conviction is a felony.
Refer to Idaho Code 49-18-8004A for penalties for
conviction under 21 and Idaho Code 49-18-8004C for
penalties for conviction of excessive DUI.
ALCOHOL TEST REFUSAL
Implied Consent – Any person who drives or is in physical
control of a motor vehicle has given their consent to take
a BAC or drug test if pulled over. If enforcement personnel
suspects a vehicle operator is driving under the influence,
they may request a breath test. Refusal of the breath test
leaves the driver’s license subject to suspension (under the
provisions of Section 18-8002 of Idaho Code).

Upon refusal of a requested breath test, enforcement personnel

will issue a Notice of Suspension. If the court upholds the
officer’s findings, the license will be suspended for one year
with absolutely no driving privileges of any kind, if it is a first
offense. A second refusal within 10 years results in a two-year
absolute suspension and is in addition to any penalty from the
court for a DUI conviction.
81
ADMINISTRATIVE LICENSE SUSPENSIONS
Failure of an evidentiary test with a BAC over the legal limit
following an arrest for operating a motor vehicle while under
the influence of alcohol or other intoxicating substances will
result in being served with a Notice of Suspension. This
Notice of Suspension is an ITD-imposed Administrative
License Suspension (ALS) issued in accordance with Section
18-8002A, Idaho Code. The driver has the right to request
an administrative hearing for an ALS with an ITD-designated
hearing officer.

The ALS penalty is a civil penalty and is separate and apart

from any criminal penalties imposed by the court system.
Drivers who receive an ALS must comply with the ALS
requirements and appear in court on the appointed date
regarding the criminal DUI charges brought against them.
Their Notice of Suspension becomes effective thirty (30) days
after the date of service (date notice received). For a first
failure, driving privileges are suspended for a period of ninety
(90) days with absolutely no driving privileges during the first
thirty (30) days of that ninety (90) day suspension. Driving
privileges are suspended for one (1) year with absolutely no
driving privileges of any kind for a second failure of the test
within five (5) years.

MINIMIZE THE RISKS

Judgment is affected first and may give a motorcycle rider
a false sense of confidence in their riding abilities. The rider
may think they can ride well (or even better than when sober),
but in reality, their skills are impaired. The rider may be riding
more confidently but is taking greater risks. The best way to
minimize risk is to separate drinking and riding.

82
MAKE AN INTELLIGENT CHOICE
• Do not drink – Setting a limit or pacing are poor
alternatives at best. The ability to exercise good judgment
is the first thing affected by alcohol. Even if drinking in
moderation, a rider may not realize to what extent their
motorcycle riding skills have suffered from alcohol’s effects.
• Do not ride – Plan ahead and leave the motorcycle at
home. Have a designated driver or plan to ride share.
• Leave the motorcycle – Secure your motorcycle and get
a ride home.
• Wait – Sit it out per the recommended guidelines until the
alcohol and its effects exit the body.
STEP IN & PROTECT FELLOW RIDERS
Motorcycle riders who have had too much to drink are often
unable to make responsible decisions on their own. It is up to
others to step in and keep them from getting on a motorcycle.
No one wants to do this—it can be uncomfortable and
thankless, but the alternatives are often way worse.

There are several ways to keep motorcycle riders from hurting

themselves:

• Arrange a safe ride – Provide alternative ways for the

rider to get home safely.
• Slow the drinking – Stop serving if you are the host and
involve them in other activities.
• Keep motorcycle riders there – Use any excuse to
keep a rider from getting on their motorcycle. Serve them
food and coffee to pass the time. Take the key to the
motorcycle if possible.
• Get other riders involved – It helps to enlist support
from other motorcycle riders when deciding to step in.
The more riders who step in, the easier it is to be firm and
the harder it is for the impaired rider to resist. While you
and the other riders may not be thanked at the time, you
will never have to say, “If only I had...”
83
FATIGUE
Riding a motorcycle is more fatiguing than driving a vehicle.
Avoid riding a motorcycle when you are tired. Fatigue can
significantly affect your control of the motorcycle.

• Protection from the elements – Wind, cold, and rain

make a motorcycle rider tire quickly. Dress warmly. A
windshield is worth its cost, especially when planning to
riding long distances.
• Limit the riding distance – Experienced motorcycle
riders know their limits for time in the seat and do not
push themselves or others past those limits.
• Take frequent rest breaks – Stop and get off the
motorcycle at least every two (2) hours to stretch and
hydrate.
• Do not drink or use drugs – Artificial stimulants often
result in extreme fatigue or depression when they start to
wear off, making it very difficult to concentrate on the task
of safely riding the motorcycle.

84
 TWO-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE
SKILLS TEST
Basic motorcycle control and obstacle-avoidance skills are
included in the skills test to determine the motorcycle rider’s
ability to handle normal and hazardous traffic situations. At a
minimum, the motorcycle rider may be tested for the ability to:

• Demonstrate slow speed control.

• Accelerate, brake, and turn safely.
• Stop, turn, and swerve quickly.
• Adjust motorcycle speed and position.
Skills test examiners may score on factors related to
safety such as:
• Selecting safe speeds to perform the skills.
• Choosing the correct path and staying within boundaries.
• Completing normal and quick stops.
• Completing various turns and swerves.
Points will be deducted when the engine is stalled while
attempting any of the skills. You will be graded on the ability
to control the motorcycle, turn, stop quickly and ride the
motorcycle in a straight line. The skills test examiner will also
watch your posture and overall operation and attention. You
may stop the skills test at any time. Do not attempt a skills test
if not ready or comfortable doing it.

The following are some of the skills that are required to be

demonstrated during the two-wheel motorcycle skills test:

85
Two-Wheel Motorcycle Skills Test

SHARP TURN &

NORMAL STOP

Accelerate straight
ahead and make a
sharp left tum inside
the boundaries. Do
not put a foot down or
touch any lines.

Then ride toward this

end of the course.
Make a smooth, non-
skidding stop with
your front tire inside
that box. Your front
tire must not touch
the painted lines.

86
 CONE WEAVE &
U-TURN

Ride to the left of the

first cone, to the right
of the second cone,
and so on. Weave
past all five cones
without touching or
skipping a cone,
or putting your foot
down.

Continue around to
the far side of the
course and make a
right U-turn inside
this box.

Do not touch the solid

line (motorcycles over
500cc) or the dashed
line (motorcycles
500cc or under) or
put a foot down.

Stop near that line.

Wait for further
instructions.

87
 QUICK STOP

Position your
motorcycle on that
''T".

When signaled,
accelerate straight
up this path. Stabilize
your speed between
12-20 mph by the
time you reach the
first line.

Maintain a steady
speed.

When your front tire

passes the second
line, stop as fast as
you safely can. You
will not lose points if
you skid.

Remain stopped until

told to move.

88
 OBSTACLE
SWERVE

Start at the ''T".

When signaled,
accelerate straight
up this path. Stabilize
your speed between
12-20 mph by the
time you reach the
first line.

Maintain a steady
speed.

When your front tire

passes the second
line, swerve to the
(left or right, tester's
choice).

Avoid the obstacle

line and stay to the
inside of the side
line. Do not touch
either line. Once past
the side line, stop
and wait for further
instructions.

89
 THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE
SUPPLEMENT
Requirements for licensing three-wheel motorcycles vary by
state. In Idaho, a standard motorcycle (M) endorsement or
a three-wheel restricted endorsement on a driver’s license
is required to ride a three-wheeled motorcycle on the
highway. To obtain a three-wheel restricted endorsement, the
applicant must pass the knowledge test for the motorcycle
(M) endorsement and a skills test that has been modified to
accommodate three-wheeled vehicles.

This information is provided in addition to that offered in the

first part of this Motorcycle Riders Manual, so when preparing
to take the knowledge test, begin by reading the information
on two-wheel motorcycles thoroughly. It provides information
on safe operation of the motorcycle on the highway. This
supplement contains information specific to the safe operation
of a three-wheel motorcycle, including both trike style
motorcycles and motorcycles with sidecars.

KNOWING THE MOTORCYCLE

There are many types of three-wheel motorcycles available
on the market today. In general, three-wheel motorcycles will
have the following characteristics:

• Three wheels leaving two or three separate tracks during

straight line operation.
• Motorcycle-based conversion or design with:
* Handlebar steering.
* Motorcycle-type controls with the standard layout.
* Convenience alterations like a single brake pedal or lever
control, automatic clutch, or automatic transmission.
* Saddle-seating is seating where the rider/passenger
straddles the vehicle. When designed for a passenger,
90
 the passenger must be seated behind the rider (or in
a separate passenger compartment in the case of a
motorcycle with a sidecar.)
* The vehicle meets all applicable federal on-road
standards.
* Turning diameter of the vehicle at its widest point
must be less than 40’.
THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE DESIGNS
Three-wheel motorcycle designs vary among manufacturers.
Unlike traditional motorcycles, which are considered single-
track motorcycles, three-wheel motorcycles could be either
dual or triple track design. Dual track vehicles are motorcycles
with sidecars, while triple track motorcycles can be configured
either with dual front wheels or dual rear wheels.

91
 THE RIGHT MOTORCYCLE FOR YOU
Make sure the three-wheel motorcycle or sidecar-equipped
motorcycle is right for you. The motorcycle rider should be able
to comfortably reach and operate all the controls and be able
to complete full turns using the handlebars without excessive
reach or upper body movements that could jeopardize stability
and control.

BORROWING AND LENDING

Borrowers and lenders, beware. Crashes are fairly common
among beginning motorcycle riders, especially in the first
month of riding. Operating an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the
problem. If borrowing a three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle
with sidecar, get familiar with it in a controlled area first. If lending
a three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar to friends,
make sure they are licensed and know how to ride before they
ride in traffic. These motorcycles handle very differently than
two-wheeled motorcycles. No matter how experienced you are,
be extra careful on any vehicle that is unfamiliar or new to you.

BECOMING FAMILIAR WITH MOTORCYCLE

CONTROLS
Be sure you are familiar with the controls of the three-wheel
motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar before attempting to
ride it on any highway, since some controls may differ from
those found on other motorcycles. This is especially important
if riding a borrowed motorcycle.

Before beginning to ride:

• Make all the pre-ride checks you would on any
motorcycle (see pages 27-29) .
• Be familiar with all controls, such as the turn signals, horn,
headlight switch, fuel control valve, and cut-off switch. Locate
and operate these items without having to search for them.
92
• Operate all the controls before starting to ride. Know
the gearshift pattern and operate the throttle, clutch and
brakes a few times. Controls react differently on different
motorcycles, and exact locations of controls may vary
slightly. Additionally, some motorcycle conversions may
be equipped with a single brake pedal or lever control,
automatic clutch, or automatic transmission.
• At the beginning, start out slowly and carefully and be
aware of the surroundings. Accelerate gently, take turns a
little more slowly, and leave extra room for stopping.

93
 RIDER ABILITIES
BASIC MOTORCYCLE CONTROL
Steering & Tip-over Lines – Three-wheel motorcycles handle
differently than two-wheeled motorcycles. With three wheels
on the ground, they are naturally more stable than a two-wheel
motorcycle. They also steer differently. Because conventional
three-wheel motorcycles cannot lean, they cannot counter
steer. Instead, the front wheel is pointed in the direction the
rider wants the motorcycle to go.

Under some conditions during the operation of a three-wheel

motorcycle, it is possible to have only two wheels in contact
with the highway surface. This could occur during turning or
tight turns whenever enough weight is transferred outside of
the tip-over lines (see illustration).

This tendency requires careful load and passenger positioning

inside the tip-over lines to help maintain maximum stability.

94
Body Position – As with any motorcycle, rider position is
important for control and reducing or preventing fatigue. You
should be able to reach both handgrips comfortably, since
more handlebar movement is necessary than when riding a
two–wheel motorcycle. While it is not necessary for the rider of
a three-wheel motorcycle to move drastically during operation,
shifting weight in the direction of the turn can improve control.

Braking – On a motorcycle with a sidecar, during braking

in a sharp turn, the sidecar wheel may lift off the ground.
Motorcycle and sidecar tires have limited traction or grip on the
highway surface, and traction is greater when the motorcycle
is rolling, not skidding or slipping. During turning, some of the
available tire traction is used for cornering, so less is available
for stopping. Thus, a skid can occur if you brake too hard.

Turning – The tendency of the rear inside wheel to lift during

turning is greater with increased speed and tighter curves. During
a turn, inertia causes the center of gravity of the motorcycle to
shift sideways and outward toward the tip-over line. The reduced
weight over the opposite side wheel can cause it to lift slightly.

The weight of a three-wheeled motorcycle (trikes and reverse

trikes) is distributed almost equally between the two front or
two rear wheels. These motorcycles handle the same in left
and right hand turns.

When Turning a Three-wheeled Motorcycle:

• Approach a turn at speed with the head up, and look
through the turn.
• Concentrate on pointing the front wheel(s) in the direction
you want the motorcycle to go.
• Roll off the throttle before entering the turn.
• Apply the brakes enough to slow the motorcycle to a
speed at which you can safely ride through the turn, then
release the brakes before the turn.
95
• Slightly lean your upper body in the intended turn
direction.
• Steer the front wheel/wheels toward the turn. Roll on the
throttle to pull the motorcycle through the turn.
Because the center of gravity of a motorcycle with sidecar is
close to the motorcycle itself, the behavior of the vehicle when
turning right and when turning left is quite different.

During a right turn, cornering forces push the outfit to the

outside of the turn resulting in a greater tendency for the
sidecar wheel to lift. The lift will be greater if the sidecar is
empty or lightly loaded.

When Turning Right on a Motorcycle With a Sidecar:

• Anticipate the degree of turn required.
• Reduce speed before entering the curve by downshifting
or braking.
• Shift your body weight over the sidecar and lean your
upper body in the direction of the turn.
• Maintain speed as entering the curve.
• Accelerate gradually as exiting the curve.
During a left-hand turn, the sidecar acts as a stabilizer, so the
sidecar wheel stays on the ground. However, if the turn is taken
too sharply or at too high speed, there is a tendency for the
motorcycle rear suspension to extend, and this may cause the
rear wheel of the motorcycle to lift off the ground.

When Turning Left on a Motorcycle With a Sidecar:

• Reduce speed prior to entering the turn.
• Apply more pressure on the rear brake than on the front
brake.
• Lean the upper body in the direction intended to turn, and
if necessary, shift your body weight.

96
Cornering and Curves – The cornering characteristics of
a three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar differ
from those of a two-wheel motorcycle. Even with three wheels
on the road, a sidecar can tip over if it is being turned too
sharply or is going too fast for a corner. Therefore, it is best to
always slow before entering a corner.

The best path to follow in the curve may not be the one that
follows the curve of the highway. Following the center of the
lane may actually increase the tip-over forces. Check opposing
traffic carefully and, if safe, enter the curve toward the outside of
your lane. This increases the line of sight through the curve and
makes the turn less sharp. As you turn the motorcycle, move
toward the inside of the curve and, as it passes the apex, move
to the outside to exit, always remembering to stay in your lane.

Hills – When riding uphill on a three-wheel motorcycle or

motorcycle with a sidecar, some weight will shift to the rear,
causing the front of the motorcycle to become lighter.

This weight shift reduces the traction on the front tire/tires for
steering and tire grip.

When riding downhill, gravity increases the amount of braking

force required to slow or stop the motorcycle. It is important to
begin slowing earlier for cornering and stopping.
97
Lane Position – The track of the dual wheels of a three-wheel
motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar is almost the same
width as some automobiles; therefore, they are limited in lane
positioning. Keep toward the center of the lane to ensure the
tracks of the dual wheels do not cross the painted lines into
opposing traffic. Riding the motorcycle too far to the right could
cause loss of traction if the tire leaves the pavement.

In spite of the extra width, you still have options for lane
placement to maintain an escape route and space cushion.
Adjust your position to your surroundings.

Lane positioning when riding three-wheeled motorcycles in

groups is also an important consideration. You can still use a
staggered formation (see page 74); however, there will not be
as much of a space cushion to the side because of the added
width. Always maintain a safe margin between all motorcycles.

Parking at the Highway Side – Because of the limitations

on mobility and motorcycle length, it is not practical to park
the motorcycle at a 90 degree angle with the rear wheel
touching the curb, like with a two-wheel motorcycle. Position
the motorcycle in a parking space so it is parked parallel to
the curb. Some three-wheel motorcycles have reverse, so
they can more easily get into a parking space designed for a
vehicle. Parking parallel to the curb will facilitate pulling away
from the curb and entering the lanes of traffic.

Acceleration and Deceleration – A three-wheel motorcycle

with two drive wheels tends to be much more stable during
acceleration and braking than a motorcycle with a sidecar.
Attaching a sidecar to the motorcycle adds a non-powered,
off-centered mass of weight.

During acceleration, the sidecar will feel as though it is

lagging behind, causing the motorcycle to feel as though it is
98
being steered to the right. During deceleration or braking, the
momentum of the sidecar continues to carry it forward, giving
the feeling that the sidecar is trying to pass the motorcycle and
makes the motorcycle feel as though it is being steered left.

On acceleration, compensate for this tendency by steering

slightly in the opposite direction from the sidecar.

On deceleration, compensate for this tendency by steering

slightly in the direction of the sidecar. Also pull in the clutch
when braking.

Swerving – A quick stop may not always be sufficient to

avoid an obstacle in the path of the motorcycle, even if you
properly apply both brakes. Sometimes the only way to avoid
a collision is to swerve. On a three-wheel motorcycle, it is two
quick turns in rapid succession. Often, there is not much time
to adjust your body position.

A three-wheel motorcycle or motorcycle with a sidecar is not

as easy to swerve as a two-wheel motorcycle, and this is not
typically the best option for hazard avoidance, so plan well
ahead to avoid the need for swerving. If braking is needed,
remember to brake then swerve or swerve then brake. Never
brake while swerving.

CARRYING CARGO & PASSENGERS

Three-wheel motorcycles are designed to carry passengers
and cargo, but they still have a gross vehicle weight rating
(GVW). Do not exceed the tire or motorcycle loading
capacity rating. The extra weight could change the handling
characteristics of the motorcycle, so give some thought to
where the loads are positioned.

Many three-track motorcycles will have built-in storage

compartments for cargo, either in front of, or behind, the rider.
99
On these motorcycles, center the load and keep it low in the
storage areas, so it is positioned within the tip-over lines and
balanced side-to-side. If carrying a passenger on a trike or
reverse trike, have them sit directly behind you.

On a motorcycle with a sidecar, the best place for a passenger

is in the sidecar. Never put a single passenger on the saddle;
the added weight over the tip-over line will increase the
instability of the motorcycle. While a second passenger can
be carried on the seat behind the rider, the heavier passenger
should always be in the sidecar.

The passenger sitting behind the motorcycle rider should sit

upright at all times. It is not necessary for the passenger to
lean into the curves.

When carrying loads in a sidecar, secure the load firmly in

place to keep it from shifting and affecting the handling. Loads
should be distributed toward the rear of the sidecar to reduce
tipping of the nose of the sidecar in the event of a sudden left
turn.

When loaded, you may find performance is reduced and

stopping distances are longer, so allow a little extra distance.

The addition of a sidecar passenger will greatly improve

stability, and right-hand turns can be made at a slightly higher
speed. Turning left however will require more turning force.

100
 THREE-WHEEL MOTORCYCLE
SKILLS TEST
Basic motorcycle control and obstacle-avoidance skills are
included in the skills test to determine the motorcycle rider’s
ability to handle normal and hazardous traffic situations. At a
minimum, the motorcycle rider will be tested for the ability to:

• Demonstrate overall vehicle control.

• Accelerate, brake, and turn safely.
• Stop, turn, and swerve quickly.
• Adjust motorcycle speed and position.
Skills test examiners may score on factors related to
safety such as:
• Selecting safe speeds to perform the skills.
• Choosing the correct path and staying within boundaries.
• Completing normal and quick stops.
• Completing various turns and swerves.
Points will be deducted when the engine is stalled while
attempting any of the skills. You will be graded on the ability
to control the motorcycle, turn, stop quickly and ride the
motorcycle in a straight line. The skills test examiner will also
watch your posture and overall operation and attention. You
may stop the skills test at any time. Do not attempt a skills test
if not ready or comfortable doing it.

If testing on a three-wheel vehicle (sidecar, trike, etc.)

a three-wheel only restriction will be added to the
endorsement on your driver’s license.

101
Three-Wheel Motorcycle Skills Test

CONE WEAVE &

NORMAL STOP

Ride to the left of the

first cone, through the
center of the two sets
of gate cones. Ride
through the course
without touching or
skipping a cone or
passing more than 4'
from the cones.

After passing through

the last gate cones,
make a smooth,
non-skidding stop
with your front tire(s)
inside that box. Your
front tire(s) must not
touch the painted
Iines.

102
 QUICK STOP

Position your
motorcycle on that
"T".

Once signaled,
accelerate straight
up this path. Stabilize
your speed between
12-20 mph by the
time you reach the
first line.

Maintain a steady
speed.

When your front

tire(s) passes the
second line, stop as
fast as you safely
can. You will not lose
points if you skid.

Remain stopped until

told to move.

103
 OBSTACLE
SWERVE

Start at the "T".

Once signaled,
accelerate straight
up this path. Stabilize
your speed between
12-20 mph by the
time you reach the
first line.

Maintain a steady
speed.

When your front tire

passes the second
line, swerve to the
(left or right, tester's
choice).

Avoid the obstacle

line and stay to the
inside of the side
line. Do not touch
either line. Once past
the side line, stop
and wait for further
instructions.

104
MOTORCYCLE HAND SIGNALS

105
 MOTORCYCLE SKILLS TEST
CHECK LIST
To bring all the required information for the motorcycle skills
test, use this checklist to help prepare:

I have made a skills test appointment.

I have my valid driver’s license.
I have my valid motorcycle instruction permit.
I have my helmet and eye protection.
I will provide a motorcycle on which to take the skills
test.
Basic safety equipment must be in working condition.
Motorcycle registration must be current, including the
registration stickers on the license plate, or have a
temporary registration.
I have proof of valid and current insurance for the
motorcycle on which I am taking the skills test.
I have $25.00 in cash to pay the skills test examiner.
If under 21 years of age, I have my course completion
certificate from an approved rider safety course.

Riders under 18 will be required to have a parent or

court-appointed guardian sign the application to add the
motorcycle endorsement to their driver’s license.

106
 TWO-WHEEL & THREE-WHEEL
MOTORCYCLE PRACTICE
KNOWLEDGE TEST
(The answers are printed at the bottom of the page 111.)

1. It is MOST important to flash your brake light when:

a. Someone is following too closely.
b. You will be slowing suddenly.
c. There is a stop sign ahead.
d. Your signals are not working.

2. The FRONT brake supplies how much of the potential

stopping power?
a. About 25%.
b. About 50%.
c. At least 70%.

3. To swerve correctly:
a. Shift your weight quickly.
b. Turn the handlebars quickly.
c. Press the handgrip in the direction of the turn.
d. Press the handgrip in the opposite direction of the turn.

4. If a tire goes flat while riding, it is usually best to:

a. Relax on the handgrip.
b. Shift your weight toward the good tire.
c. Brake on the good tire and steer to the side of the
highway.

5. A vehicle is waiting to enter the intersection. It is best to:

a. Make eye contact with the driver.
b. Reduce speed and be ready to react.
c. Speed up and be ready to react.

107
6. When riding with passengers, you should:
a. Start slowing sooner.
b. Start in the center of the lane.
c. Use only your front brake to slow.
d. Never talk to them.

7. When riding at night:

a. Always ride in the center lane.
b. Ride with the flashers on.
c. Follow closer to the vehicle ahead for safety.
d. Wear reflective clothing.

8. For greatest safety, your helmet should:

a. Fit loosely all the way around.
b. Fit snugly all they way around.
c. Fit tightly at the base; loosely at the top.
d. Be worn only on long rides.

9. When riding in traffic at night, the best way to locate

bumps in the road is to:
a. Put your headlights on high beam.
b. Read the road signs.
c. Watch the taillights of the car ahead.
d. Look over the cars ahead.

10. Riding in the center lane position:

a. Keeps others from sharing your lane.
b. Should be avoided at all costs.
c. Is the safest place when approaching intersections.
d. Keeps other drivers from seeing you.

108
 PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
Recent research into Idaho’s fatal motorcycle crash data
(2014-2018) revealed some startling findings:

• 77% were associated with rider error

• 69% were on cruisers or touring bikes
• 68% were over 40 years old
• 37% involved riders running off the highway in a corner
• 18% involved a vehicle violating the rider’s right-of-way
The Idaho STAR Motorcycle Safety Program provides high
quality rider training that makes motorcycling safer and more
enjoyable for everyone.

STAR training is associated with a 79% reduced crash risk,

and an 89% reduction in the risk of a fatal crash. STAR
courses are taught by state-certified instructors who have the
patience, understanding, training, and knowledge to help you
develop the skills you need.

Training for all Levels – Whether you have ridden thousands

of miles, or have never even sat on a motorcycle, Idaho STAR
has a course to fit your needs. Increasing your knowledge and
skill can help keep you out of the crash statistics.

STAR courses take place in a controlled, off-street environment

and are designed to help you develop the physical skills as
well as the mental strategies needed to successfully navigate
today’s highways and prevent crashes. Idaho STAR courses
are held throughout the state during the riding season.

Introduction to Riding – This is the perfect course for folks

who just want to see if motorcycling is for them or those who
are especially nervous about riding and would like to ease into
it at a slower pace. This 3-hour session covers motorcycle
controls, starting, stopping, and balance. Class sizes are kept
109
low for lots of individual attention. Motorcycles and helmets
are provided.

Basic Rider Training – Designed for the novice rider with

no (or limited) street riding experience. During this 17-hour
course, you will learn fundamental skills required to ride the
motorcycle and progress to street-strategies and emergency
situation skills. Motorcycles are provided in this course.
Available with an online option for the classroom session.

Intermediate Rider Training – For riders who are already

comfortable with the basic skills of turning, shifting, stopping,
and balancing the motorcycle. This 9-hour course includes
instruction in street-strategies and emergency situation skills.
You will practice cornering, braking, and swerving maneuvers
on the riding course. Ride one of our motorcycles or bring your
own. Available with an online option for the classroom session.

Enhanced Street Skills – Designed for endorsed motorcycle

riders with current street-riding experience. In this 6-hour
course, you will improve your braking skills and build confidence
in your ability to handle emergency braking situations on your
own motorcycle. You will also improve your skills and build
confidence in leaning and cornering on your own motorcycle.

Enhanced Control Skills – For endorsed riders with current

street-riding experience. This 6-hour intensive on-cycle course
is based on Idaho Police Motor School drills. You will have the
opportunity to master precision vehicle control, advanced low-
speed maneuvering, and hazard response skills on your own
motorcycle.

Enhanced 2-Up Skills – For endorsed riders with current

street-riding experience who want to build skill in carrying
passengers. This 6-hour on-cycle course focuses on
confidence-building exercises for handling emergency
110
braking situations, leaning, and cornering while carrying a
passenger. Both rider and passenger receive individual and
“team” coaching.

Sidecar/Trike Courses (I and II) – Designed for sidecar and

trike riders with no experience (level I) and riders with at least
three months of current street-riding experience (level II). In
these courses, you will learn street strategies and hazard
response skills, as well as practice cornering, braking, and
swerving skills. We offer three-wheel training rigs for the level
I courses. You bring your own to the Level II courses.

MOTORCYCLE ENDORSEMENTS
Successful completion of STAR’s Basic or Intermediate Rider
Training will waive the skills test portion of the motorcycle
endorsement requirement.

Successful completion of one of the Sidecar/Trike courses will

waive the skills test portion of a three-wheel only endorsement.

If you are under 21, state law requires completion of an approved

motorcycle rider training course (Basic I, Basic II, or Experienced
Course) before you can apply for a motorcycle endorsement.

The Idaho STAR Motorcycle Safety Program is incorporated

within the Idaho Division of Career-Technical Education (CTE)
and is operated by the College of Southern Idaho.

To learn more or to register for a class, go to IdahoSTAR.org

or call (208) 639-4540 or toll free at 888-280-STAR (7827).

SEE THE IDAHO DRIVERS MANUAL FOR ADDITIONAL

INFORMATION ON ALL OTHER TRAFFIC-RELATED LAWS
SUCH AS TRAFFIC SIGNS, TRAFFIC LIGHTS, ETC.

Knowledge Test Answers: 1-b, 2-c, 3-c, 4-c, 5-b, 6-a, 7-d, 8-b, 9-c, 10-a
111
 SMART RIDER COMMITMENTS
The “Smart Rider Commitments” below are taken from the Idaho STAR Rider’s
Guide.
We encourage you to review and consider making some (or all) of these
commitments as a way to help you prevent and survive crashes and come home
safely to your loved ones after every ride.

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that part of being a responsible rider is knowing and
following the ‘rules of the highway.’ I accept this fact and commit to learning and
complying with state laws, rules, regulations and equipment requirements.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that riding a motorcycle in a complex traffic and

highway environment is an activity involving risk and danger. I accept this fact
and commit to managing those risks.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that when riding a motorcycle, the only thing
between me and the elements (hot, cold, rain, hail, bugs, the asphalt, other
vehicles, etc.) is the gear I am wearing. I accept this fact and commit to getting
and wearing riding gear that is right for me and my family.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that an expert rider is one who uses expert judgment
to avoid having to use expert skills. I accept this fact and commit to becoming
an expert rider by practicing SIPDE skills, keeping my eyes up and scanning 20
seconds ahead.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that motorcyclists running wide in turns is the most
common fatal crash situation. I accept this fact and commit to practicing good
cornering skills, and in particular LOOKING through the turn and PRESSING
forward on the handgrip to cause the bike to lean/turn.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that braking errors are very common in crash
situations. I accept this fact and commit to regularly practicing quick stops, with
an emphasis on smooth increasing pressure on the front brake and a light to
lighter application of the rear brake.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that many fatal motorcycle crashes involve riders
who had been drinking. I accept this fact and commit to separate the use of
alcohol (and other drugs) from riding a motorcycle. I commit to riding sober.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that when I carry a passenger, I am responsible

for their safety and comfort. I accept this fact and commit to waiting to carry
passengers until I have well developed skills and significant experience as a solo
rider.”

____ (initial) “I acknowledge that group riding demands more skill and attention
than riding solo. I accept this fact and commit to waiting to ride with a group until I
have well developed skills and significant experience riding by myself or with just
one other (and more experienced) rider.”

112
NOTES
 IDAHO
MOTORCYCLE RIDER’S
HANDBOOK

Visit us online at
dmv.idaho.gov

Published by
Idaho Transportation Department

Division of Motor Vehicles

P.O. Box 7129
Boise, Idaho 83707-1129

Phone:(208) 584-4343