Q2.
What are the stages and disadvantages of co-carriage of
refrigerated cargoes at Prior loading, During loading, and During
transit?
Prior Loading:
o Stages:
Pre-cooling of the reefer container and cargo, checking
temperature settings and container condition, ensuring proper
ventilation and drainage.
o Disadvantages:
Risk of temperature fluctuations if pre-cooling is inadequate,
potential for contamination if the container is not properly
cleaned, and damage to cargo during handling if not done
carefully.
During Loading:
o Stages:
Stowing the cargo correctly to allow for airflow, ensuring proper
dunnage and securing, and monitoring temperature during the
loading process.
o Disadvantages:
Damage to cargo from improper handling or stowing, risk of
warm air entering the container during loading, and potential
for cross-contamination if different types of cargo are loaded
together without proper segregation.
During Transit:
o Stages:
Continuous monitoring of temperature and humidity, ensuring
proper ventilation, and responding to any alarms or deviations.
o Disadvantages:
Mechanical breakdown of refrigeration units, power outages
affecting refrigeration, external temperature fluctuations
impacting container temperature, and potential for cargo
spoilage if conditions are not maintained.
Q3. What are the preparations and precautions for carriage of
refrigerated cargoes?
Preparations:
Thorough cleaning and inspection of reefer containers.
Pre-cooling of the container and cargo to the required
temperature.
Checking and setting appropriate temperature and ventilation
controls.
Ensuring availability of spare parts and emergency procedures
for refrigeration units.
Precautions:
Proper stowing and securing of cargo to prevent shifting and
ensure airflow.
Monitoring of container temperature and humidity throughout
the voyage.
Regular checks of refrigeration machinery and power supply.
Adherence to specific handling instructions for different types of
refrigerated cargo.
Q4. Lashing and securing arrangements of containers loaded on
hatch top of general cargo ships
Containers on hatch tops must be securely lashed to prevent
movement during transit. This involves:
o Using lashing rods, turnbuckles, and twist locks to connect
containers to the ship's structure.
o Ensuring proper tensioning of lashing gear.
o Considering the forces exerted on containers due to ship's
motion and weather conditions.
o Implementing appropriate stacking arrangements and weight
distribution.
Q7. Sketch and explain bay plan on containers OR As per bay plan
explain stowage locations 070182 and 080384
Bay Plan:
diagrammatic representation of the stowage of containers on a ship,
showing their location within bays, rows, and tiers. It indicates
container numbers, types (e.g., reefer, dry), and weight.
Stowage Locations:
o 070182:
This typically refers to Bay 07, Row 01, Tier 82. Bay 07 is the
seventh container bay from the bow of the ship. Row 01 is
usually the first row from the centerline. Tier 82 indicates a
container stowed at a specific height within the stack, with "82"
often signifying a higher tier.
o 080384:
This refers to Bay 08, Row 03, Tier 84. Bay 08 is the eighth
container bay. Row 03 is the third row, and Tier 84 indicates a
higher tier within that stack.
Q9. Procedures to be observed before, during and after loading a full
cargo of bananas
Before Loading:
Thorough cleaning and pre-cooling of reefer compartments to
the optimal temperature for bananas.
Inspection of ventilation systems and ensuring proper airflow.
Preparation of dunnage and securing materials.
During Loading:
Careful handling of banana cartons to prevent bruising.
Proper stacking and stowing to ensure adequate airflow and
prevent shifting.
Monitoring of temperature and humidity during the loading
process.
After Loading:
Setting and maintaining precise temperature and ventilation
controls for ripening.
Continuous monitoring of cargo conditions and responding to
any deviations.
Ensuring proper power supply to refrigeration units throughout
the voyage.
Q10. Explain a) Open top container b) Flat rack container
a) Open Top Container:
A container with a removable or flexible roof (e.g., tarpaulin or
hard top).
Used for cargo that is too tall to be loaded through the end
doors or requires loading by crane from above (e.g., machinery,
oversized equipment).
b) Flat Rack Container:
A container with no side walls and sometimes collapsible end
walls.
Designed for oversized or heavy cargo that cannot fit into
standard containers (e.g., vehicles, large pipes, machinery
parts).
Provides flexibility for loading from the top or sides.
