CHAPTER 2: Sir Ganga Ram's Services for Lahore an Engineer and

Architect

2. Background

Ganga Ram passed his matriculation examination from Calcutta University, and in 1869 he got

admission in Govt. College Lahore. When Ganger Ram came to Lahore first time Govt College was

situated in Raja Dhyan Singh1 a Haveli Dagra P.M. in Ranjit Singh Reign, inside walled city of Lahore.

Lahore was founded by Loh son of Ram Chandara 2. Raja Lan's temple is still situated inside Lahore fort.

This city is called Lahore after the name Loh.

Lahore is situated on the east bank of River Ravi. Lahore is called cultural capital and heart of Pakistan

It is also called "Paris of the East3" because of its architectural heritage. Lahore was captured by many

invaders throughout the history. Lahore is located at the junction of Kabul, Multan, Kashmir and Delhi 4.

Mahammad of Ghazni captured Lahore in 1021 AD and appointed his slave Malik Ayaz as governor of

Lahore5. He was first Muslim governor of Lahore. Malik Ayaz reestablished city and built a mud fort on

a mound and built a wall around the city and erected gates in the wall. His tomb is located in Rang

Mahal, Lahore6. Ali Usman Hujuiri popularly known as Data Ganj Bakhsh came Lahore during

Ghazanvid Empire7 His tomb is in Lahore. Al- Beruni also came Lahore during this reign. Lahore was

called "Little Ghazni8" during Ghaznavid Empire. After Ghazni Empire Muhammad Ghori captured

Lahore and appointed his slave Qutubudin Aibak as ruler of Lahore.

He was first muslim ruler of India. He was died in Lahore during playing Chaugham (Polo) 9 fell from

the horse. His tomb is located in Anarkali Bazar, Lahore. Many other rulers captured Lahore and then

came Mughal. First of all, Babar captured Lahore. He was founder of Mughal Empire. When Akbar the

1
Great, 3rd Mughal Emperor became Emperor he came Lahore in 1584 and made Lahore his capital for 14

years10. Akbar built a fort of burnt brick on the sight of old fort and built a wall around the city and

erected 13 gates in the wall. That's why Lahore is called walled city.

Late Jahangir became emperor and he also made Lahore his capital for some years. His tomb and his

wife Noor Jehan11' tomb is located in Shahdara on the west bank of Ravi rives. Shahjahan was born in

Lahore and he built a very beautiful Shalimar Garden in Lahore on G. T. Road. He was called "Engineer

King" because he had built many magnificent buildings. When Aurangzeb became emperor he built

Badshahi Masjid in 1673. He had also built Alamgir Gate to the opposite of Badshahi Masque 12. This

gate is the main entrance of Lahore fort. He had also built "Almagiri Bund 13" to avoid the city from

flood. Kamran Mizza son of Babar had built Naulakha Palace in Lahore, now this site is located near

Railway Station. He had also built Kamran Baradari on the west bank of Ravi River. Lahore is called

City of Gardens14" because of these remarkable buildings and gardens built Mughal Emperors. John

Milton referred this city "The Great Mughal15" in his Paradise Lost.

Before the start of British Empire Ranjit Singh was the last ruler of Lahore and Punjab. When Ranjit

Singh captured Lahore he had become "Maharaja of Lahore" and "Maharaja of Punjab 16". He was also

called the 'Lion of Punjab". He was died in 1839 and his Samadhi is located outside the main gates of

Badshahi Mosque and Lahore fort. He had built Hazuri Bhag 17 between Badshahi Mosque and Lahore

fort. A Gurdwara was also built in Lahore during his reign. British captured Lahore in 2nd Anglo Sikh

was in 184918. British made Lahore capital.

After the war of Independence of 1857 British had started to build. magnificent buildings in Lahore.

This era is called colonial architectural period. First of all, British Govt. used Anarkali Tomb as "Mother

Church19. This tomb was constructed by Emperor Akbar in 1599AD. Anarkali was a slave girl in

Akbar's court. It was thought she had some she had some relationship with prince Salim (Jahangir). She

2
was buried alive. Later on when Jahangir became emperor he had built a tomb there in 1615AD. Prior to

British Govt this tomb was used by Sardar Khark Singh

who was Maharaja Ranjit Singh's heir. General Ventura 20 of French war in Ranjit Singh's army used this

boot tomb as a private residence. He had also built a building alongside Anarkali's tomb which British

Raj used as Administration Board Office and later this building became civil Secretariat and office of

office of Punjab Chief Secretary. When British Govt, built another church Anarkali Tomb became

record office of Civil Secretariat. The area between Govt. House and Arankali Tomb was called civil

station21.

Once Lt. Colonel Napier fell down from horse near Mian Mir's Shrine and he decided to built a

Cantonment for British troops22. Later he planned to construct a road from Mian Mir to Anarkali Tomb

in 1851. This road was called a direct road from Anarkali to Mian Mir Cantt23. Later its name

was Changed to Mall Road. Charles Napier was Chief Engineer of Lahore division at time. The area

from Mattan Road to Lahore GPO is called Lower Mall and its central part is called Charing Cross and

area Mian Mir is called Upper Mall24.

Mall Road's other names are Thandi Sarak" and Sharah e-Quaid-e-Azam. There re is a building of Town

Hall and a garden named Gol Bagh or Nasir Bagh or Soldier's25 Garden where mall road links Multan

Road. Lower Mall area is also called "exhibitor road 26" because British Govt, built Tollinton Market in

1864 and first exhibition of Punjab was held there. Total length of Mall Road is 6.5km. The area where

National College of Arts (Mayo School of Arts) and Lahore Museum are constructed was called Wazir

Khan.

Wazir Khan was a very noble man of Shah Jahan's court. Wazir Khan built a very beautiful mosque

named 'Wazir Khan Mosque27." Inside Delhi Gate, Lahore. Wazir Khan Baradari 28 later on became

3
Punjab Public Library. In Lower Mall area there was a mosque and Shrine of Shah Chirag and

accommodation of this place was used as Accountant General office. There was a tomb of Kasim

Khan29, he was a cousin of Emperor Akbar. Later Govt. House had built there. During Sikh rule this

tomb was used by Sardar Khushal Singh. When British captured Lahore they made this building after

renovation residence of Lt. Governor of Punjab. Now this building is known as Governor's House30.

The magnificent buildings constructed by British are Lawerance Hall and Montgomery Hall on Mall

Road31. This building is became now Public Jinnah Library. Sir John Lawerance was Governor General

of India and Viceroy of India. Sir Robert Montgomery was the first Lt. Governor of Punjab. Sir

Lawerance was a member of Board of Administration when Lahore was captured and his elder brother

was the head of Board named Sir Henry Lawerance. Lawerance Hall has built as a memorial Hall. Sir

Lawerance was replaced by Sir Robert Montgomery. Sir Montgomery served for India for long time.

Lawerance and Montgomery Hall were designed by engineers of P.W.D. Engineers were Mr. G. Stone

and Mr. J. Gordon respectively. Rai Bahadur Kanhaya Lal was the executive engineer at that time and

construction of these two Halls were completed under his supervision.

Lala Mela Ram and Muhammad Sultan32 were contractors of these Halls, Lawerance Hall was built in

1862 and Montgomery Hall constructed in 1966. Later on these Halls were connected through a wide

corridor of 18 feet length. After completion these Halls were used for different kind of activities like

public meetings, Social gathering and for entertainments. For the establishment of Aitchison College

and Mayo School of Arts the decisions were taken in these Halls. Books from Station Library and

Punjab Public Library were transferred in this building.

Mian Mir Institution was later becoming Gymkhana Club was established in this building. Later on

these halls became Quaid-e-Azam Library inaugurated by General Muhammad Zia ul Haq on 25

December 198433. In early phase of P.W.D Kanhaya Lal had supervised the construction work of many
4
landmark buildings. These were Lawerance and Montgomery Halls, Maya Hospital, Gov. College and

Mayo College of Arts and Engineering 34. After passing his Inter exam from Govt. College in 1871 in

flying colours and with a scholarship of 50 Rs. monthly, Ganga Ram gained Thomson Civil Engineering

College, Roorkee. He passed his engineering exam by winning a gold medal in 1873 35. Immediately

after this he was appointed in P.W.D. as Assistant Engineer at Lahore and placed Junior to executive

engineer Kanhaya Lal36. Once while he was studding at Lahore a very interesting incident took place.

One day he went to executive engineer office and officer was not present there and his chair was there.

Ganga Ram sat on that chair the staff there got angry on this act and Ganga Ram replied them, why are

you worrying about this chair? One day I will get this chair as my own right 37. When Ganga Ram

became executive engineer in 1885 38 and he sat on that chair his statement had fulfilled.

When Mall Road had constructed by Lt. Colonel Napier in 1851, a British official of that time described

this position as39; Coming from direction of Mian Mir nothing was to be seen after crossing the canal but

barren plains on both sides of the road with the exception of an old double storey bunglow on the left,

now owned by H. H. the Maharaja of Patiala. Further on the same side where the Lawrence Garden 40

and Montgomery Halls with Govt. House on the opposite sides In 1960 & a doctor of King Edward

Medical College Dr. E. Brown became secretary of Agri Horticulture Society and he planned to build a

botanical garden on this barren land, For this purpose he had purchased 176 acres land and built a

garden on the model Kew Garden of London. Its name was Agri Horticulture Garden but when

Lawrence Hall was built in 1862 name of this garden had changed to Lawrence Garden, there is a

botanical Garden and Lahore Gymkhana Cricket ground in this garden, this ground is the first cricket

ground of Pakistan. New this garden is known as Bagh-e-Jinnah.

Ganga Ram joined P.W.D. in 1873 as Assistant Engineer41. P.W.D. was created in 1849 after British

captured Lahore. At that time Punjab has 2 circles and 5 Divisions, one circle was to east of Ravi and

5
2nd to west, 5 Divisions were: Lahore, Delhi, Jullundhar, Rawalpindi and Multan. P.W.D. was

responsible of designing, construction and maintenance of roads and buildings. The building and Road

Branch was created in P.W.D. in 1889 and this branch consist of 3 circles and 13 divisional charges 42 for

Punjab and N.W.F. P (Khyber Pukhton-Khawa). Ganga Ram took the responsibility of the entire area

and Mall Road from Mian Mir to Soldier's Garden as Assistant Engineer. His planning, designing,

completion, execution and construction of a variety of landmarks buildings changed the entire area.

The magnificent buildings designed and construct by Ganga Ram are; G.P.O. Lahore, Aitchison

College, Punjab Public Library, High Court, Lahore Museum, Punjab University Hall, Mayo School of

Arts and Chemical Lab of Govt. College Lahore, Lahore Cathedral, Tollinton Market, Albert Victor

Wing of Mayo Hospital Lahore, Lyall's Lady Home and DAV, College43.

This was a unique achievement of Ganga Ram and vast development of these buildings are still

attraction of Lahore at present. Now Lahore has become a proud modern city. Colonial period of Raj

architecture is referred as "Ganga Ram's architectural period 44". Because of these historical architectural

monuments Ganga Ram's title is as "Father of Modern Lahore45"

Thus the impressive legacy of Ganga Ram is still alive. Besides these magnificent buildings he had also

co-operated in the founding of suburb of Lahore "Called Model Town Housing Society 46". This idea was

originally conceived by Dewan Khem Chand. Planning and designing of this society was done by Ganga

Ram and he also encouraged the scheme. Colonel N. R. Goulding wrote as 47; "No noticeable alteration

either in alignment as width seems to have been made till а comparatively recent date when, while Sir

Ganga Ram was executive engineer in charge of the Lahore Provincial Division extensive improvements

were carried out in the section east of the Past Office Crossing". Muhammad Saeed remembers Ganga

Ram in his book Lahore, A Memoir, in these. Words 48: "Another figure which dominated the Mall was

that of Sir Ganga Ram. An engineer by profession, he was closely associated with the construction of

6
The Mall. He gave a beautiful mansion to Lahore, some decent living quarters, hospital and a

compendium on engineering which served as guide book for many decades".

Much later after the construction of Mall Road Ganga Ram had planted trees on both sides of Mall

Road49. It was announced in 1876 that Indian Empire was assumed by Queen Victoria. At that time

Viceroy of India was Lord Lytton. The arrangements of this project were assigned to a young engineer

Ganga Ram. In 1877 he constructed a Grand Amphitheatre for Imperial sssemblage at Delhi and the title

"Empress of India50" was bet bestowed upon Queen Victoria. This task of Ganga Ram won the

admiration Govt. Fortune's smiling face was turning at Ganga Ram and after two years he was selected

by Lord Rippon to send Bradford, England for further training and for layouts of drainage and

waterworks in major cities. Period of training was two years. When he came back from England after

training he was again posted to Lahore in P. W.D. as Assistant Engineer to his earlier position. He had

completed his twelve years' service in 1885 and in same year he became executive engineer after

retirement of Kanahya Lal in P.W.D.51

2.1 Aitchison College Lahore

Fig 2: Aitchison College, Lahore

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The idea of this college got by Captain Tighe then Deputy Commissioner of Ambala 52. This College was

based on Wards School at Ambala. Basically the purpose was to establish a British Public School, to

educate heirs and young princes of Punjab Chiefs. The foundation stone of this college was laid by Lord

Dufferin on 3 November 188653. Its name Punjab Chiefs College but later renamed as Sir Charles

Umpherston Aitchison College and in short Aitchison College. He was Lt. Governor of Punjab and he

inaugurated College. He was very interested in this project. Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob was architecture

of this college and Bhai Ram Singh54 designed its elevation part also. Sir Ganga Ram was appointed

special Engineer by Chief Engineer Aeneas Perkins. for construction and designing this college 55. The

execution and completion was made by Sir Ganga Ram of this magnificent project. Sir Jacob designed

only one building in Lahore. He was engineer of Jaipur Rajasthan . The construction of this building

started in 1886 and completed in 1889. Location of Aitchison College is as, to east is canal bank road, to

west is Davis road now called Agha Khan III road, to north Sundar Das Road and to south is Mall Road.

It has two main entrances. Main building of college is surrounded by ground on all sides. There is a

hospital, dispensary, principal residence, a swimming pool, a pole ground, football ground, cricket

ground, tennis ground, two riding schools, cafeteria, mosque, gymnasium, dharamsala and a temple. Its

area is 130 acres. Basically it was a boarding school. It's first batch of classes was started at Abbot Road.

The building has three blocks of different heights. Central block is highest where as other two blocks on

both sides are lower and verandah is also lower part. Central block has a tower of octagonal shape.

Three blocks are in rectangular shape. This building has class rooms, exhibition hall, museum a drawing

room, a library, Principal office, porch, domical Kiosks and terraces. Roof of verandah is flat from

above and is made of wooden battens and iron girders. Domes of minarets are built of bricks above the

arches. Materials used are bricks, marbles sandstone and lime mortar. Columns are made of pink

marbles and propet is made of red stones. Carness of walls have octagonal domes. Facade is made of

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marble, red stone, terra Cotta, Jalis, brackete and lime mortar. Trefoils of horse shoe, cupolas, miniature,

domes, chatris, finials, cornices, arches, eaves, dentils. It is an Indo-European architectural style, Doors

and windows are in Victorian style. Ventilators are used to moderate high temperature. Projections are

used to prevent rainfall and sunlight. Its present condition is very well after more than a century of tim 56.

It's first principal was Walter Allen Robinson. It is only institute in Pakistan that is member of G30

Schools of World57. During its supervision of construction Ganga Ram met very important students and

they remembered him later with great admiration, these students included Sir Sundar Singh, Majithia

and Nawab Sir Zulfiqar Ali Khan58.

2.2 Lahore High Court

Fig 3: Lahore High Court

William Brassington59 designed the beautiful building of Lahore High Court. Sir Ganga Ram oversaw 60

and supervised the construction and completion of this remarkable building. Its construction was started

in 1886 and completed in 1889. Its name was Chief Court Lahore but later renamed as Lahore High

9
Court in 1919 by Emperor George V. Lahore High Court is located on Mall Road and to its north is

Anglican Cathedral, to west is GPO, to south is office of Accountant General and to east is the building

of State Bank of Pakistan This building has five entrances and Its main entrance is on Mall Road before

GPO. its area is 43160 sq. feet. It was rectangular in plan and there is a courtyard in its center. This

building built into three zones, public zone, private zone and parous Zone. The building has three

structural parts. In the premises of building there are offices of Translation Department, Reader's Room,

Jury Rooms and Bar library. Its main structure has four minarets and two of them are at entrance.

Roof of structure is made of wood and trusses with iron brackets. Rafters and wooden purlins are

applied in truss in truss roof. Tiles of Allabad are placed above roof in double layers. LHC has different

arches for minarets, windows, towers, verandas and doors. Circular and polygonal columns of different

heights are used. There is arcade of double height on sides of main chamber. Balcony has an ornate

trellis with marble work. Vocabulary of architectural used is, Mughal style bulbous, finial, domes,

dentils, wooden truss roof, columns, pointed arches, pilasters, verandah, balcony and double Moorish at

arches. LHC has pitched roof in center and flat roof over verandah and ornate parpet on flat roof 61. Main

tower and porch are made of Nowshera marble. Main count room has double tiles. Its central hall is

made of hexagonal shape of marble tiles. Doors are made of teak wood and deodar is used in trussed

roof. In this way ceiling made attractive. Materials used are burnt bricks lime mortar, terra cotta is filled

in arches, marble used for trellis work, clay tiles, terra cotta panels have been. used. Wood of teak and

deodar is used. Ceiling of court room is decorated with woodworks. Victorian style used in doors.

Windows are in Gothic style. Ventilators are used to make space airy and for moderate temperature

inside. All these materials are a good example to make building an energy efficient and sustainable.

Exterior of this building is an important strech on Mall Road. This building is a rich example of Sir

Ganga Ram who was expert in engineering and architectural styles62.

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2.3 Cathedral Church of Resurrection, Lahore

Fig 4: Cathedral Church of Resurrection, Lahore

This church was designed by John Oldrid Scott63. Sir Ganga Ram oversaw the designing and

construction of this building. The building of this church was started in 1878 and Completed in 1887. It

is opposite to Lahore High Court to the north side. It has a guest house for clergy called St. Hilda's.

Towers of this building are on front side. There is Cathedral school to south and Bishop's residence to

north of church. It was pro cathedral of Lahore. Its towers were built in 1898 and afterword's its spires

taken down due to earthquake in 1911. This church of Cathedral was a dream of first Bishop of Lahore

Thomas Valpy French. Queen Victoria appointed him 1 st Bishop of Lahore in 1877. Prior to this

building Lahore came under Calcutta diocese but later on became a separate diocese.

This building was constructed in fine red brick work and grey stone from Taraki Quarties beyond

Jhelum. The work of this building was started by Messers Burn Company of Calcutta 64. This church

was dedicated to all Saints. It has a bell of weight one ton and has a very high intensity vibration, Locals

called it "Kukar Girja" because there is a weather cock on the top of steeple.

11
It is cruciform in plan and has different heights. It is in New-Gothic style. It has different heights of

towers, central have aisles and entrance porch. It has three porches. There was a Taxila Cross discovered

from Sirkap and Taxila. There is children's corner and Lactren in church. It was built in pink sandstone.

Roof above ceiling is made of wooden trussed rafter and rafter rest on wooden beam support by

brackets. Columns are octagonal circular and made of stone. There is a master piece of stain glass on

windows. In Lady's Chapel a window showing very beautiful child and Madonna. This art work is most

captivating and still in good shape. Architectural vocabulary used in church is piers, trefoil, buttresses,

pointed arches, stain glass, wooden Victorian doors, dentils, window spires, vaults and trusses. Towers

without spires looks an open top. It signifying the resurrection of Lord Jesus, after this church named as

"The Cathedral Church of Resurrection". This church is most dignified religious edifices of Lahore. It

forms a prominent part of skyline of Lahore. It is fully operational today and local Christian people uses

it for all religious services65.

2.4 Punjab Public Library Lahore

Fig 5: Punjab Public Library, Lahore

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The Mughal prince Salim was very popular in Punjab Lahore later he became Emperor Jahangir. Once

his famous. wife Noor Jahan fell it and cured by a popular Hakim Ilam-u-din Ansari. He belonged to

Chiniot and later his family migrated to Lahore. When Noor Jahan recovered from illness, Emperor

Jahangir was so pleased that he granted the physian a part of land where Lahore museum, Mayo School

of Arts and Punjab Public Library are located in these days. Later in Shah Jahan's era Hakim Ilam-u-Din

granted the title of Nawab Wazir Khan and he was appointed the Governor of Lahore. Nawab Wazir

Khan built there a huge garden called Nakhla Wazir Khan. There were many trees of date palms. In the

center of garden, he built a very beautiful Baradari with twelve doors. In Sikh era Ranjit Singh used it as

a Cantonment. Later on when British captured Lahore. They also used it as a cantt. In British Raj this

building also used as a museum but later museum transferred.in Tollinton Market. After wards it used as

a petty court, Telegraph Office and a settlement Office. It was used as a store of Anarkali Library and

Book Club's reading room then this club and book stare shifted to Lawerance and Montgomery Halls.

Baradari has twelve arches three on each sides and a double storeyed building built on a raised platform,

with the establishment of Mayo School of Arts, Punjab University and a number of learning and

teaching institutions in Lahore. There was a need of Public Library must. Dr. Leitner had a large number

of books. Munshi Naval Kishore granted nearly 2000 books. Sir Charles Rivaz gave 75 books from his

personal library. Now there was a need of these books could be housed. A Committee was formed by Lt.

Gaurner of the Punjab. The first meeting of this committee was held on 12th November 1884. Baradari

of Wazir Khan was acquired to build public library. In this committee there was only engineer colleague

Kanhya Lal who was Ganga Ram. The whole project was given to Ganga Ram. There was two acres of

land and enterprise was very huge. Ganga Ram built a library there by preserving the old structure.

13
2.5 GPO, Lahore

Fig 6: General Post Office, Lahore

When British captured Lahore and during early period of rule postal services center was located where

P.W.D. is present now in front of Punjab Public Library. The bullock carts were used to dispatch

collected packets and letters to other areas. When railway was introduced in the province and more

communication was needed. For this purpose, the project was assigned to Ganga Ram to complete the

task66.

This is Pakistan's largest GPO and it was completed in 1887. At the event of Queen Victoria's Golden

Jubilee67, it was built. When this building was completed the Telegraph Office was replaced in Anarkali

Bazar by it. Sir Ganga Ram designed and built this building. This building is located near the Shrine of

Shah Chiragh68 a prominent saint of Shah Jahan's period, to the east is LHC building located. This

building has flat lawn facing the facade. The plan of this building is rectangular in shape. It has flat roof

having projecting parpet. There is a triangular pediment at main entrance. A semicircular dome is used

for topped of elongated shape. There are rose windows and screen in tower. It has two minarets in the

front and two halls. Horizontal bands are used along walls. Halls have projected piers outside.

14
There are twin columns in buttresses and Columns are tangential and projected to the dome. The main

dome is mounted on circular columns. It has finials and copulas. There are two small domes on towers at

corners of facade. This structure is made of plaster and brick masonary69.

2.6 Mayo School of Arts (NCA), Lahore

Fig 7: Mayo School of Arts (NCA), Lahore

When the British captured Lahore and it became capital. There were need of many buildings for

administration purpose. At that time in Lahore there was no any institution to educate students for arts

and designing. For this purpose, Lahore School of Arts was planned and its major focus was to educate

students in design and arts. Its course was similar to that of European school's course. Before the

establishment of this school skilled persons were import from England. This was very expensive

strategy and designers were unaware to local resources. Thus the construction, design and planning of

this school was done by Sir Ganga Ram. Punjab University is located in front of this institution. Town

Hall is to west, to east is Lahore Museum and Punjab Public library on back side is located. Mayo

School of Arts (National College of Arts) was established in 1875 70. It is the oldest art school of

15
Pakistan. John Lockwood Kipling was appointed its first Principal. Rudyard Kipling was son of

Lockwood Kipling71. He worked in Lahore for newspaper Civil and Military Gazette. He was a very

popular writer and won Nobel prize on novel "Kim" in 1907. There is located a very famous Cannon in

front of this institution in Istambol Chowk 72" called Zamzama gun or Kim's gun 73. The name of this

institution was changed from Lahore school of Arts to Maya School of Arts. It was named after Lord

Mayo. Lord Mayo was the Viceroy of India and he was assasinated by Sher Ali Afridi 74 an Afghan

prisoner, during the visit of Andaman Islands. After the creation of Pakistan its name once again was

changed to National College of Arts in 1958. Bhai Ram Singh joined this institution in 1875 as a student

and later he became an architect. He became principal of this college in 1910 and in 1913 he was retired.

He worked with Sir Ganga Ram and he designed a number of prominent buildings like Punjab

University Old Campus, Aitchison College and DAV college. He had also designed Amritsar Khalsa

College75, Islamia College University Peshawar and University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Mayo School

of Arts has Mughal architectural style. Its central entrance is fort like. Syed Muhammad Latif wrote as 76;

"its central part has double storey and rest is single storey. Its roof is flat and covered with terraced.

There are modeling room, drawing and painting room, principal room and store room in lower storey.

There is a big elementary lecture room of 63 feet length on upper storey. The length of this building is

155 feet and width is 45 feet. The height of lower storey is 20 feet and upper storey is 28 feet. Ground

floor is made of tiles. Redstone is used in upper portion. There are bands of horizontal and vertical

shapes over the external walls. Triangular brackets are used below carnics. Corners have small towers.

There are thinner towers between small towers having Mughal bulbous domes. This building was built

in a structure of Mughal fort.77

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2.7 Lahore Museum

Fig 8: Lahore Museum

Before capturing Lahore by British the circumstances were very bad to live, but after 1849; "sorrow was

silenced and Sikh empire became a story of the past." These things are needed peace to develop like

artifacts, art and culture and the world of these things is restored now. After 1857 war of Independence

circumstances began to settle. Artifacts and some items of arts were collected for housed of these things.

Tollintan market was built in 1864 and a Central Museum was established there in 1865. Tollinton

Market. was built for Punjab Exhibition. At the event of Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria, the funds

were collected in 1887. The foundation stone of new building of museum was laid by Prince Albert

Victor the consort of Queen Victoria78. He was grandson of Queen Victoria. After the completion of

building in 1894 the entire collection was transferred to this new building. The design and construction

of this building was done by Sir Ganga Ram. Area of this building was 27850 sq. ft. Lockwood Kipling

was first curater of museum. It is Pakistan largest museum. Punjab University old campus is located to

17
the north of Lahore museum, to the east is Tollinton market, to the west is NCA and Town Hall is

located of museum79.

Block of the building has flat domical roof. Columns are used made of marble in Hindu Muslim style

and piers are also used Windows have sarsonic arch. There are big shining windows having transom and

mullions. Open brackets of porch are used in corners. Honeycomb grills are used in windows. Wooden

frames are used internally. Mughal motives are used for decoration, Dentils and parapet are used. It has

twee bulbous on upper porch. Brackets are used in lower and upper storeys. Central dome is mounted

based on a circular drum. Screened balcony is used. Small domes are mounted on square towers.

Building is made of wood, marble and brick. Sandstone, surkhi and lime mortar are used in construction.

2.8 Tollinton Market

Fig 9: Tollinton Market, Lahore

Tollinton market was built in 186480 for Punjab Exhibition. It used also a central museum. The area

between Nasir Bagh and this market was called Exhibition Road because of this exhibition. The roof of

this building is in conical shape stand on big wooden column. Ancient style main gates are used for

18
entrance. There is a big hall which is called Hall of Fame. Conical wooden roof is stand on four columns

of this hall. There are many pictures in this hall and Sir Ganga Ram's picture is one of them. Old

fashioned fans and bulbs are hanging in the ceiling. There are different kinds of paintings in hall. There

are wooden models of Badshahi Mosque, Jahangir Fort and Samadhi of Ranjit Singh. Original building

was built on the base. of bungalow type. There was a verandah on all sides. The length of exhibition hall

was 112 feet. There were two towers of 12 feet height on roof. It was a unique building because a lot

wood is used in it. When the building of Lahore Museum was built then this building became empty.

Later on it was handed over to Lahore Municipal, Committee. Redesigning and restructuring of this

building was done by Sir Ganga Ram in 1895. This building turned to a market and it was named

Tollinton Market. Later on Lahore Heritage Museum is established here. This is a very fascinating

building and it attracts everyone who passing by it on Mall Road.

2.9 Chemical Laboratory of Lahore

It is a well saying that tyranny of the master is better than the love father. Govt. College, Lahore was

founded on 1 January 1864. Dr. G.W. Leitner was appointed its first principal, he was professor of

Muhammadan Law and Arabic at King's College London. Initially the college was started in Raja Dhyan

Singh's Haveli in side walled city who was a Dogra P.M. of Ranjit Singh's era. First Class of college

consisted of 9 students all matriculated from Calcutta University. Sanjhi Mull was first student who

passed B.A. and after this immediately he was appointed Tehsildar in Delhi District. Mr. Lindsay

succeeded Ms. Crank in chain of mathematics. In 1871 college moved to Anarkali Bazar and later

moved to Rahim Khan's Kothi on the site of Veterinary College.

In 1869 Ganga Ram got admission in this college at that time College was situated in Dhyan Singh's

Haveli which was a Boarding House. Ms. Lindsay was Ganga Ram's math professor. Ganga Ram passed

his Intermediate examination in 1871 with a scholarship of Rs. 50/- per month. Govt. College's building

19
started to build in 1872 at present place. There was a mound and a barrack which was used as Govt.

Dispensary on this place. Building was completed in 1877 and college was moved to this building.

Building was designed by Mr. W. Purdon and constructed under the supervision of executive engineer

Rai Bahadur Kanahya Lal81. It was double storeyed building. Lower storey has 14 rooms and a big hall.

Height of hall is very high equal to double storey of building. There were also 14 rooms on upper storey.

Big hall is 55 feet in length and 35 feet in width. Verandah has 10 feet wide. This building has two

towers one is big and other is small. Big tower has a height of 176 feet and has four storeys. There is

clock on fourth storey of this tower. The second tower has 3 storeys and a height of 128 feet. The

foundation of this building was laid down 13 feet under the earth. Allama Iqbal was appointed English

Professor here in 1902 for a short period. In 1900 college started to publish a magazine called "Ravi"

with the passage of time it was need of hour that a laboratory should be built. At that time Sir Ganga

Ram was executive Engineer of Lahore Division and he designed and constructed a chemical Laboratory

there under his supervision.

The Chemistry laboratory was built in 1901, sufficient space being found by annexing a few yards

belonging to the Small Cause Court. This new laboratory was supposed to be adequate to satisfy all the

requirements of chemistry department for several generations to come 82. Principal of Govt. College A. S.

Hemmy writes, "by the endeavor to ensure the maximum of result with the minimum of expenditure

consistent with efficiency which has led to a style of building both public and private in Lahore which

continued for many years after he had left for other spheres of work. Indeed, one might almost speak of

a Ganga Ram period of architecture of which the Govt. College Laboratory is an example83"

20
2.10 The Albert Victoria Wing of Mayo Hospital

Fig 10: Mayo Hospital, Lahore

This hospital was formally opened by Lord Mayo in 1871 84. Mayo Hospital was built on the site where a

hospital was located in Ranjit Singh's era called Dar-ul-Shafa 85. There was a mound and Rattan Chand's

Sarai on this site. The construction. of this hospital was started in 1867 and completed 1872. Mr. W.

Purdon designed this building and constructed Kanahya Lal. Its name was Lahore Medical School

Hospital. Its name was changed to Maya Hospital after the visit of Lord Mayo in 1871. Mays Hospital

was inadequate for more patients.

There was no proper hospital for Europeans and Eurasians and for poor native people. For this purpose,

Prince Albert of Wales visited Lahore and therefore it was decided by adding a new wing to hospital to

commemorate the royal visit of Prince Albert Victor. Sir James Lyall laid the foundation stone of this

hospital on 14 May 1890.

He was Lt. Governor of Punjab. separate The building has three blocks which were built on open space

selected by Govt adjoining the Mayo Hospital. Main block has double storeyed and 28 patients. The

21
second block has a detached double storey building and is for infectious and contagious diseases. The

third block was a separate building for nursing staff.

Albert Victor Memorial Hospital was opened on 1 January 1892 by honorable Sir James Lyall 86. This

Hospital was built and designed by executive engineer Rai Bahadur Gang Ram.

2.11 Lady Lyall Home for Female Students

This building is situated close to Lahore Medical College and Lady Aitchison Hospital. It was built in

connection "Countess of Dufferin Association" Punjab Branch. It was a boarding house and established

to provide accommodation for female students during their studies and training. The building is

constructed for 16 students of Indian class and four students for Assistant Surgeon, and servant quarters

are there and Lady Superintendent quarters. The foundation stone was laid by Marchioness of

Lansdowne on 25 November 1889. A marble having inscription "Lady Lyall Home for female

Students87".

This building was completed under the supervision of Rai Bahadur Ganga Ram executive engineer of

Lahore Provincial Division. It has proved a real home for female students.

22
2.12 DAV College

Fig 11: DAV College, Lahore

DAV (Dayanand Anglo Vedic) school was founded by Arya Samaj in 1886 in Lahore. later it renamed

as DAV College after the name of a Hindu leader Dayanand Saraswati. Arya Samaj was a movement

which was founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875.

After the partition this collage was shifted to India and in 1947 Govt. Islamia College civil lines was

established on this premises. Before the construction of new building on present site, classes were held

near Shah Almi Gate in Arya Samaj temple inside old Lahore. College. founders arranged funds

privately and purchased a land near Provincial Secretariat in 1909 and began to start construction. They

invited Sir Ganga Ram Civil Engineer to design and construct college buildings. At that time Sir Ganga

Ram was retired from his service. Sir Ganga Ram served as Honorary Engineering Director of college.

Bhai Ram Singh was also invited to design building. In the start two Blocks were to build one is Science

Block for housing classes Physics, Chemistry and Engineering and 2nd is Art Block for housing classes

of Maths, History, English, Sanskrit and Philosophy. Science Block completed at first designed by Sir

23
Ganga Ram a retired executive engineer in P.W.D. This block was a single story long building and has a

lecture hall at center in octagonal shape. It is V shape building, surrounding of building was a 10 feet

wide verandah with a slope roof. This block has a small decorative ornament.

Art Block was designed by Bhai Ram Singh but not approved. This block was also redrafted by Sir

Ganga Ram with Bhai Ram Singh. Bhai Ram Singh designed exterior facade of building. The whole

project was completed under the execution and supervision of Sir Ganga Ram.

2.13 The Punjab University

Fig 12: Punjab University Lahore (old campus)

When Govt. College Lahore was founded in 1864 and Dr. G. W. Leitner was appointed its first principal

after that he struggled for the establishment of a University in Lahore. He founded Anjumn-e-Punjab in

186588 a vernacular literary society. Because of his efforts Punjab University College was established on

8th December 1869 notification No. 472 published in Govt. of India. Later this college was upgraded to

Punjab University on 14 October 1882 by a notification issued by Sir Charles Aitchison Lt. Governer of

Punjab89. This building is located on Mall Road and Lahore Museum is located to opposite to this

24
building. Anarkali Bazaar is located to the east of this building. It was the fourth University to be

established in India by British. The other three universities were Calcutta, Madras and Bombay

Universities. Sir Ganga Ram had long association with Punjab University and he had performed as

University Engineer. He had made a Fellow of University90.

He was also examiner of Mathematics in University. Because of his efforts a new Faculty of Agriculture

was created in Punjab University. Ganga Ram regarded agriculture as his "child." he was appointed as

Honorary Consulting Engineer91 and many fine buildings of university were erected under his

supervision, care and advice. The structure of all building of university is splendid but most important is

Main Hall. It is also called Woolner Hall. This was biggest hall of that time and its architect was Bhai

Ram Singh. Its length is 150 ft. and 60 ft. wide with height of 38ft. It has a verandah on all around of

hall of 10 feet.

Sir Charles Riwaz laid foundation of Main Hall, Teak wood is used in the roof of this hall. There is a

clock on central tower which makes the building dominant. A statue of Alfred Woolner is erected

outside Punjab University Old Campus on Mall Road. He was the professor of Sanskrit and also Vice

Chancellor of Punjab University.

25
2.14 Model Town Housing Society

Fig 13: Model Town Housing Society, Lahore

After complete completing the numerous architectural landmasses in Lahore city on Mall Road Sir

Ganga Ram had also designed and Co-operated in founding of his project of Model Town Housing

Society92. The idea of this society is originally conceived by Dewan Khan Chand. Dewan Khan Chand

was born in Muzafarnagar India in Sit Pur. He studied in England and passed examination in Real

Property93.

He had compiled his thoughts in a pamphlet called Suburban Town of Lahore in 1919.It was an ideal

self-contained town. Initially the plan was 1000 acres of land. This town was built on Garden City

Model for middle class people to make their life better. Someone regard this town as: disciplined flight

of imagination that is dream of ardutects and town planner. It was designed as suburban town and now it

became a central part of Lahore. This society was nearly 7 miles from Lahore. The idea of this town

came into being in Colonial Lahore. Patrick Geddes was a Scotish town planner 94 advisor and he was

muited by Indian Govt. to plan housing in 1921.

26
He recommended the "Garden City Model95" outside the city. He requested Sir Ganga Ram to complete

this project. The plan was based on bungalows along roads of horse shoe shaped

According to Geddes “the first Garden Suburbs of all India and perhaps therefore of the world" located

in Lahore. Town is located in Rakh Kat Lakhpat and it was built on the site approved by Geddes. It was

declared Evacuee Property before 1947 because most plots belonged to non-Muslims. This town has

own water. works and toilet facility at that time. It has produced own electricity. The chouses were built

of reinforced concrete. There was a large departmental store and no individual shop. There were three

kinds of education nursery school for infants, boys school and girls school. When this scheme was sent

to Punjab Govt and a committee in which Sir Ganga Ram was also a member. First general meeting of

two hundred members held at Town Hall in 1921 and presided by Sir Ganga Ram 96. For the selection of

site, a meeting was held under the Chairmanship of Ganga Ram in Lahore 97. First site was proposed was

on Ravi side Ganga Ram replied Ravi site is not safe because floods are often occurred and society will

sweep away. Ganga Ram took Dewan Chand in his car to see the Kot Lakhpat forest. In 1951 Lt.

Governor Edward Maclagan was agree to give and to Dewan Khan CAryahand First building

inaugurated in 1924 was a Gentleman's Club. There is a circular road of 2 miles in society and eight

residential blocks and they are separated from each other through diagonal roads and rectangular

gardens. These blocks end at square road this is a "romance-laden geometry". Sir Ganga Ram drawn

layout plan of towns, Ganga Ram planned Lyallpur in the same way of geometry plan. This plan was

consisting of 54% residential, 1% religious buildings, 22% roads, 9% Commercial buildings and 14%

for garden and green areas. There is a hill in the center of 50 feet height has a water supply reservoir for

drinking on hill. There is a central Garden Called Model Town Park.

"It was multi religious, cultural and lingual society of Punjab never exist in north India98".

27
Events of Eid, Diwali and Christmas was held there. There is a burial ground, a cemetery and a

cremation in the society. There is a mosque in A block, a Gurdwara in B and a temple in D block. This

Gurdwara was built by Sir Ganga Ram.

The "rule of three" by C. Purdon Clarke was a common feature. of Lahore houses. There was a Kipling's

bungalow called "Bikaner Lodge99." Yellow colour was used extensively for decoration by Hindu

Architects and was considered a colour of joy. Another important decorative feature was fireplace in

drawing room. Materials used for building are lime mortar, British bricks. of size 9" x 4 1/2" x3".

Ceiling height was 12 ft. Usually walls are 18" and 27" thick 100. Doors and windows are made deodar

and pine wood. Surkhi and Portland cement is und in floors. Some prominent residents of Model Town

were Sir Ganga, Baba Pyare Lal Bedi and his wife Freda Bedi, Hafeez Jullandhari, Master Tara Singh

and sir Shadi Lal.

"A place the like of which had never been and will never been seen again 101. "According to F.M. Bhatti,

"Model Town was the best that has stood the test of time very well and has sustained its character

marvelously102."

2.15 Water Works and Drainage System

Sewerage system of Lahore in colonial era was vегу bad and unhealthy before 1970. In the Punjab first

sanitary commission was formed in 1868 and Dr. A.C. De Renzy was given the Charge to improve

sanitary conditions and to make recommendations 103. He found that people drink impure water which

was the dangerous culprit because fever, cholera, dysentery, diarrhea are spread through impure water.

A report " pure water is most important preservative of health not only against cholera but against all

diseases104" He argued each city provide proper water supply and drainage system. This was the early

condition of Lahore when Ganga Ram became Assistant Engineer of Lahore in 1873. Cholera, small

28
pox, Malaria and plague are all epidemics and broke out in Lahore because the sanitary of and sewerage

system of Lahore was very poor. There were no proper drains and was uncover and open ends. Heaps of

rubbish were common. Wells were accumulated with filth and dirt, people used this water and got sick.

Streets were unpaved and was very narrow. Cholera disease spreads through impure water. We cure it

by proper sanitary system. "It is a demon that walks in silence and darkness and that spare no rank of

age105."

In Mian Mir cantonment, Lahore hundreds of soldiers and officers had dead during rainy season.

Cholera patient's main reason of death was dehydration 106. Smallpox was also an epidemic, it is a

preventable disease The factors of this disease unlike cholera to spread are unsanitary condition and

environmental disorder. Another epidemic was malaria. it spreads through contaminated water. Heavy

rainfall which causes flooding in vast areas made water logging and breeding place for mosquitoes. It

was happened because of improper drainage system. Plague spreads through rat fleas. It is a disease of

dirt and filth. Typhoid fever was also disease spreads through impure water.

There was a need of proper waterworks and drainage system for unhealthy environment and an

overcrowded streets of walled city of Lahore.

After got special training from Bradford, England in Water works and drainage Ganga Ram arrived

back. and again posted at Lahore. Ganga Ram was very caring man and he found a solution of all these

diseases. He judged and dealt very well with facts served the creatures of

God. He always tried to banish misery and suffering. He showed exceptional moral character. It was

decided to place the supply wells on this plain on the north side of city. For this purpose, six wells 107

were built accordingly. They sunk in the bed of Ravi River. The water is lifted by pumps into a service

reservoir with such a height that every part of city and suburbs can be supplied with water under a head

of pressure. The distribution in by cast iron mains and services pipes.

29
The Masonry reservoir was dismantled in 1883 and new structures were built in this place in 1883

consisting of four iron tanks108. The iron tanks were linked by iron pipes and three of them discharged

into drainage pipe. Well were connected with these four tanks outside with delivery pipes. There was a

valve house situated on Southside. The tanks were painted with chocolate color. A big wall was built

around the tanks. All structures were covered with modern roof. It was the first kind of work that had

undertaken in India. This was a secured system of water supply. Metaled streets inside the city of Lahore

were built. The life inhabitants of city made better and chance of spreading horrible diseases was

minimized.

A long time ago Ganga Ram had known the shortage of water when he fell in a well during his studies

in the area Sutar Mandi and Landlord's servant Kalu saved him. At that time people used water from

wells dug in every house. He thought God saved him for a special purpose. This work of Ganga Ram

more than 100 years ago remains praise worthy and unique.

30
Notes:

31
1
B.PL. Bedi, Harvest from the desert: the life and work of Sir Ganga Ram (Lahore: Sir Ganga Ram

Trust Society, 1940) P-22.

3
Oliver Smith, Paris of the east, Athens of the North cities with ideas above then station, The

Telegraph, 6 April 2019.

4
Ian Talbot and Tahir Kamran, Lahore in the Time of Raj (India: Penguin House, 2016). P-5

5
Ian Talbot and Tahir Kamran, Lahore in the Time of Raj (India: Penguin House, 2016). P-6

6
Ian Talbot and Tahir Kamran, Lahore in the Time of Raj (India: Penguin House, 2016). P-7

7
Ian Talbot and Tahir Kamran, Lahore in the Time of Raj (India: Penguin House, 2016). P-8

8
Ian Talbot and Tahir Kamran, Lahore in the Time of Raj (India: Penguin House, 2016). P-9

9
Kanahya Lal Hindi, Tareekh_e_Lahore, P-61

10
Goulding, H.R, Old Lahore, Reminiscences of a resident (Lahore, civil and military Gazette Press,

1924). P-66

11
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-80.

12
Goulding, H.R, Old Lahore, Reminiscences of a resident (Lahore, civil and military Gazette Press,

1924). P-67

13
Goulding, H.R, Old Lahore, Reminiscences of a resident (Lahore, civil and military Gazette Press,

1924). P-68

14
Husain m. Rehman A. and James L. Westcoat Jr., The Mughal Gardens (Lahore, Feroz sons Pvt. Led,

1984). P-10.

15
Ian Talbot and Kamran Tahir, Lahore in the time of Raj, P-6
16
Ian Talbot and Kamran Tahir, Lahore in the time of Raj, P-7

17
Ian Talbot and Kamran Tahir, Lahore in the time of Raj, P-8

18
Ian Talbot and Kamran Tahir, Lahore in the time of Raj, P-8

19
H.R. God Goulding, old Lahore, P-5

20
H.R. God Goulding, old Lahore, P-6

21
Tahmina Aziz Ayub, The Forgotten Legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram (Lahore, Vanguard

Books, 2022). P-21

22
H.R. Goulding, Old Lahore, P-30
23
Ian Talbot and Kamran Tahir, Lahore in The Time of Raj, P- 14

24
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak (Mall Red)., (Lahore, Fiction House, 2017. P-136.

25
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak (Mall Red)., (Lahore, Fiction House, 2017. P-137.

26
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak (Mall Red)., (Lahore, Fiction House, 2017. P-138.

27
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak (Mall Red)., (Lahore, Fiction House, 2017. P-139.

28
Dr. F. M. Bhata, Sir Ganga Ram, Aman for All Seasons (Lahore, Sir Ganga Ram Heritage

Foundation, 2006). P-51

29
Dr. F. M. Bhata, Sir Ganga Ram, Aman for All Seasons (Lahore, Sir Ganga Ram Heritage

Foundation, 2006). P-52

30
William J. Glover, Making Lahore Modern: Constructing and Imagining a Colonial City

(Minnlapolis MN: University of Minnesota Press, 2008), P-62.

31
Kanahaya Lal Hindi, Tareekh-e-Lahore, P-384
32
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak, P-317.

33
Tahmina Aziz Ayub, The forgotten legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-20

34
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, P-27
35
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, P-28
36
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, P-29
37
D.F.M. Bhatte, A man for all seasons, P-69

38
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak, P-308.

39
Tahmina Aziz Ayub, the forgotten legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-12.

40
Hasan A., Building Construction, Hundred years of P.W.D. (Lahore, Mahmud Printing Press, 1963).

P-124

41
B.P. L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert P-38

42
Ian Talbot and Tahir Kamran, Lahore in the time of Raj, P-14.

43
Khaled Ahmad, Father of Lahore, News week, Pakistan, 13 July 2020.

44
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, P_251.

45
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons. P-73.

46
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons. P-74.

47
Tahmina Aziz Ayub, the Forgotten Legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-22.
48
Tahmina Aziz Ayub, the Forgotten Legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-23
49
Tahmina Aziz Ayub, the Forgotten Legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-24
50
F.M. Bhatt, Sir Ganga Ram, A man for all seasons, P-81

51
F.M. Bhatt, Sir Ganga Ram, A man for all seasons, P-82
52
Willam J. Glover, marking Lahore Modem, P-72.

53
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, P- 37.

54
William J. Glover, Making Lahore Modem, P-74

55
Wikipedia

56
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from The Desert, P-37.

57
William J. Glover, making Lahore Modern, P-76.

58
Asad Saleem Shaikh, Thandi Sarak, 8-244-

59
Najma Kabir, Critical Analysis of Architectural Contribution of British Architects to Public

Buildings of Lahore, UET, 2018

60
Najma Kabir, Critical Analysis of Architectural Contribution of British Architects

61
William J. Glover, Making Lahore Modern P-72.

62
Najma Kabir, UET, Lahore, 2018.

63
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-76
64
Wikipedia

65
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak, P-230

66
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-77

67
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thande Sarak, P-177

68
Dr. F.M.Bhatti, A man for all seasorys, P-78

69
H.R. Goulding, Old Lahore, P-43
70
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak, P-154

71
Tahmina Azziz Ayub, The forgotten legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-80

72
Tahmina Azziz Ayub, The forgotten legacies of Rai Bahadur Sir Ganga Ram, P-81

73
Syed Muhammad Latif, Laker 1892, P-274

74
H.R. Goulding, old Lahore

75
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-74

76
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak, P-173

77
H.L.O. Garrett, A History of Govt. College Lahore 1864-1914. (Lahore, Civil & Military Gazette

1914), P-1.

78
Asad Saleem Sheikh, Thandi Sarak, P-81

79
H.L.O. Garrett, A History of Government College Lahore, P-109

80
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, P-39

81
Dr. F.M. Bhatt, A man for all seasons, P-82.

82
Syed Muhammad Latif, Lahore, 1892, P-290

83
Dr. F.M. Bhatti; A man for all seasons, P-84

84
Syed Muhammad Latif, Lahore 1892, P-294

85
J.F. Bruce, A History of the University of the Punjab, Lahore: 1933, P-10.

86
J.F. Bruce, A History of the University of the Punjab, Lahore: 1933, P-11

87
J.F. Bruce, A History of the University of the Punjab, Lahore: 1933, P-10.
88
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert, p-25

89
William J. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, P-92.

90
William J. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, P-93.

91
William J. Glover, Making Lahore Modern, P-94

92
The national Archives, Regional Story, Punjab 1947: A Heart divided 2011

93
Walter V.M. and Whyte, I.B. Biopolis, Patrick Geddes and the city of Life, 2003, P-30

94
Shama Anbrine, the cooperative Model Town Society, 2014, P-15

95
Vandal P and Vandal S, The Raj, Lahore and Bhai Ram Singh, Lahore, NCA, 2006, P-81.

96
Shama Anbrine, The Co-operative Model Town Society, P-250

97
Walter V.M. and Whyte, I.B. Biopolis, Patrick Geddes and the city of Life, 2003, P-30

98
Tandon Parkash, Punjabi Century, 1857-1947, London, Chatter and Windus, 1968, P-236

99
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-277.

100
Maysoon Sheikh, Public Health and Sanitation in Colonial Lahore, 1849-1910 (Canada, 2018), P-57

101
Maysoon Sheikh, Public Health and Sanitation in Colonial Lahore, 1849-1910 (Canada, 2018), P-58

102
Everyday life in South India, Piccadilly, The Religious Tract Society, 1885, P_42

103
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-80

104
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-81

105
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-82

106
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert
107
B.P.L. Bedi, Harvest from the Desert

108
Dr. F.M. Bhatti, A man for all seasons, P-94.