Latest – 2022-23 WEBDEMY

ENGLISH
GRAMMAR
vo,[BSov

;F{GS 58[,

G.P.S.C JU"v! VG[ Z4 GFIA DFD,TNFZ4

STI, PI, Dy.S.O, ATDO, PSI, ASI,
TET-1 & 2, TAT, HTAT, Z[JgI] T,F8L4
T,F8L SD D\+L4 Z[JgI} S,S"4 C[0 S,S"4
WEBDEMY PUBLICATION l;lGIZ S,S"4 ;AvVMl08Z ;lRJF,I
VMlO; VFl;:8g84 lAGv;lRJF,I S,FS"
TYF A[lS\U TYF TDFD :5WF"tDS 5ZL1FF DF8[
  5|:TFJGF 
GD:SFZ4
Webdemy Publication äFZF 5|SFlXT YI[, NZ[S 5]:TSMG[ VF5 ;F{ I]JFlD+M äFZF B}A
;FZM VFJSFZ D?IM K[ H[ AN, VF5 ;F{ I]JF lD+MGM VFEFZ jIST SZ[ K[4 VDG[ VFXF K[ S[ VF5 ;F{ CH] VFU/
5|SFlXT YGFZ 5]:TSMG[ VFJM H VFJSFZ VF5XMP
VF5 ;F{GL .rKF VG[ V5[1FFG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ :5WF"tDS 5lZ1FFDF\ V\U|[Ò jIFSZ6
DF8[ B}A p5IMUL GLJ0[ T[J] 5]:TS Webdemy Team äFZF T{IFZ SZJFDF\ VFjI]\ K[ V[ AFAT[ VDG[ B}A H B]XL
K[P VF 5]:TS VD[ VDFZF DFTFvl5TF T[DH EUJFGG[ ;Dl5"T SZLV[ KLV[P

VF5GL Webdemy Team

5]:TSG]\ GFD o~ V\U|[Ò jIFSZ6

;\S,G o~ ;F{GS 58[,
VFJ'l¿ o~ 2022-23 ALÒ VFJ'l¿
5|SFXG o~ J[A0DL
,[BS o~ ;F{GS 58[,
8F.l5\USFI" o~ HI[X 5|Ô5lT
lS\DT o~ 599/-

Email – vayam2611@gmail.com

VF 5]:TS KF5SFD VG[ ;\5FNGDF\ B}A SF/Ò ,[JF KTF\ SM. 56 E},R}S S[ D]ã6NMQFG[ SFZ6[ VF 5]:TS BZLNGFZ S[
p5IMU SZGFZG[ S\. G]S;FG YFI TM VF 5]:TSGF ;\5FNS4 5|SFXG VYJF l5|g8;" HJFANFZ ZC[X[ GCL\P

© Strictly reserved with the Publishers

VF 5]:TSGF ,BF6GM SM. 56 EFU4 ZH}VFT X{,L4 UM9J6L VG[ D]¡FVM JU[Z[GM .,[S8=MGLS4 IF\+LS h[ZM1F4 5[d5,[84
8[:8 5[5Z4 D]ã6 S[ VgI SM.56 :J~5DF\ p5IMU 5|SFXSGL ,[lBT 5ZJFGUL lJGF SZJM GCLP VFJ] S'tI U[ZSFIN[;Z
U6FX[ VG[ T[D SZGFZGL ;FD[ SM5LZF.8 E\UGL SFI"JFCL SZJFDF\ VFJX[ T[GL BF; GM\W ,[JLP
 INDEX
No. Page No.
1. Noun 1
• Proper Noun
• Common Noun
• Collective Noun
• Material Noun
• Abstract Noun
2. Noun : Singular – Plural 12
3. Noun Gender 20
• Masculine Gender
• Feminine Gender
• Common Gender
• Neuter Gender
4. Noun : Case 30
• Nominative Case
• Accusative Case
• Genitive Case (Apostrophe-s)
5. Pronouns 41
• Personal Pronoun
• Reflexive/Emphatic Pronoun
• Demonstrative Pronoun
• Distributive Pronoun
• Indefinite Pronoun
• Relative Pronoun
• Interrogative Pronoun
6. Adjective 66
• Adjective of quality
• Adjective of quantity
• Adjective of number
• Cardinal adjective
• Ordinal adjective
• Proper Adjective
• Possessive Adjective
• Distributive Adjective
• Demonstrative Adjective
• Interrogative Adjective
• Emphasizing Adjective
 • Exclamatory Adjective
• Determiners
7. Adverb 86
• Adverb of time
• Adverb of place
• Adverb of quantity
• Adverb of manner
• Adverb of reason
• Adverb of Affirmation/Negation
• Interrogative Adverb
8. Inversion 105
• Partial Inversion
• Complete Inversion
9. Preposition 108
• Simple Preposition
• Compound Preposition
10. Conjunction 132
➢ Co-ordinating Conjunction
• Cumulative Conjunction
• Alternative Conjunction
• Adversative Conjunction
• Illative Conjunction
➢ Sub-ordinating Conjunction
• Conjunction of time/ place/ reason/ consequence/ purpose/ condition/
contrast/ manner/ comparison
11. Article 157
• A, An, The, No Article
12. Parts of Speech 187
• Noun/ Pronoun/ Adjective/ Adverb/ Verb/ Preposition/ Conjunction/
Interjection
13. The Sentence 190
• Assertive Sentence
• Interrogative Sentence
• Imperative Sentence
• Optative Sentence
• Exclamatory Sentence
• Subject-Predicate
14. The Phrase The Clause 193
15. Transitive Verb – Intransitive Verb 194
16. Tense 200
• Simple Present Tense
• Continuous Present Tense
• Perfect Present Tense
• Continuous Perfect Present Tense
• Simple Past Tense
• Continuous Past Tense
• Perfect Past Tense
• Continuous Perfect Past Tense
• Simple future Tense
• Continuous future Tense
• Perfect future Tense
• Continuous Perfect future Tense
17. Modal Auxiliaries 231
• Auxiliaries
• Modals
• Semi-modals
18. Active – Passive 241
19. Question tags 266
20. Degrees of Comparison 279
• Positive Degree
• Comparative Degree
• Superlative Degree
21. Direct – Indirect 292
22. Transformation 325
• Affirmative to Negative
• Negative to Affirmative
• Assertive to Interrogative
• Interrogative to Assertive
23. Syntax/Subject Verb - Agreement 341
24. Mood 364
• Indicative Mood
• Imperative Mood
• Subjunctive Mood
25. Non-Finites 369
• Infinitive
• Gerund
• Participle
26. MOST IMP Phrasal verbs 387
27. Golden Rules with MCQS 391
28. Hither, Thither, Whither 399
29. Conditionals 402
30. Latest Exam MCQS 2021/2022 406
 Head Clerk – 2021 406
 RMC Exam – 2021 408
 GSRTC Conductor – 2021 409
 GMC MPHW Exam – 2021 410
 GMC FHW – 2021 410
 Police Inspector – 2021 411
 GSSSB Chemical Assistant – 2021 413
 GSSSB Sanitary Inspector 414
 GSSSB Senior Scientific Assistant 414
 GSSSB Manager Grade-2 (2021) 415
 GSSSB Horticulture Supervisor 416
 GMDC Exam 2021 416
 GPSSB Dy. Accountant 08-05-2022 421
 FHW 26-6-2022 422
 Bin Sachivalay Clerk – 2022 423
 Head Clerk – 2022 425
 PSI Exam – 2022 428
 Junior Pharmacist 8-5-2022 435
 MPHW Exam 26-6-2022 436
 Social Welfare Officer 15-5-2022 437
 PGVCL Junior Assistant 29-5-2022 439
 RMC Exam 8-5-2022 441
 Staff Nurse 13-3-2022 441
 Technical operator 27-2-2022 443
 Wireless PSI 27-2-2022 444
 Add. Ass. Eng. (Civil) 23-5-2022 447
 Statistical Assistant 30-4-2022 449
 Gram Sevak 5-6-2022 450
 Live Stoke Inspector 26-3-2022 451
 Mukhya Sevika 5-6-2022 452
 Divisional Accountant – 2022 453
 Extension officer 15-5-2022 455
 Extension officer 26-3-2022 457
 English Grammar

1
❖ Noun sjIFbIFf :- Noun
• A noun is the name of a person, place, thing, quality, condition and action.
• SM. jIÂST4 J:T]4 :Y/4 5X]4 51FL4 S\5GL4 ;\:YF4 5|J'lT4 EFJ4 U]6 S[ ;ÒJ4 lGÒ"J4 38SGL VM/BG[ Noun SC[ K[P
• Noun V[8,[ GFD S[ ;\7FP
• Noun GF D]bI A[ 5|SFZ K[ o (1) Countable Noun sU6L XSFI T[JF GFDf
(2) Uncountable Noun sG U6L XSFI T[JF GFDf

Noun

Countable Noun sU6L XSFI T[JF GFDf Uncountable Noun sG U6L XSFI T[JF GFDf

Proper noun Common noun Collective noun

sjIÂSTJFRS GFDf sÔlTJFRS GFDf s;D}CJFRS GFDf

Material noun Abstract noun

sãjIJFRS GFDf sEFJJFRS GFDf

Example : Dipak, Gautam, Marker, Duster, Class, Dog, Toyota, Docomo, Teaching, Singing, Smoking,
Joy, Anger, Honesty, Flower, Milk, Water……etc.

❖ GFDGF 5|SFZM (Kinds of Noun) :- Noun sGFDfGF GLR[ D]HA 5F\R 5|SFZM K[P
1. Proper Noun :- lGÂüT GFDq jIÂSTJFRS GFD
2. Common Noun :- JU"q ÔlTJFRS GFD
3. Material Noun :- ãjIq WFT]JFRS GFD
4. Collective Noun :- ;D}CJFRS GFD
5. Abstract Noun :- EFJq U]6JFRS GFD

1. Proper Noun sjIÂSTJFRS GFDq lGÂüT GFDf

• jIÂST4 :Y/4 S\5GL S[ ;\:YFGF V[JF GFD S[ H[ U]HZFTL S[ V\U|[ÒDF\ ;DFG ZLT[ ,BFI T[G[ Proper Noun SC[JFI K[P
• jIÂSTUT GFD4 lJ:TFZGF GFD4 XC[Z4 TF,]SF4 lH<,F4 ZFßI4 N[X4 ZDTM4 lJQFIM4 ZMUGF GFDM JU[Z[ PPPPPP
Example :- John, Delhi, Rajkot, Gujarat, India ……

GM\Wov Proper Noun V[8,[ jIÂSTJFRSq RMÞ; GFDGL VFU/ VF8L"S, G ,FU[4 5Z\T] H~Z ,FU[ tIF\ A/An /The VF8L"S,
,FU[P spPNFP The Sun, The Earthf
• Proper noun GM 5|YD V1FZ C\D[XF S[l58, H CMI K[P
• T[ XaNGM Dictionary DF\ SM. VY" G CMIP
• T[G]\ AC]JRG XSI GYLP*
• jIÂST S[ XC[Z H[JF BF; Proper Noun GL 5C[,F SM. Article D}SFT] GYL4 56 Ramayana, Bible…… H[JF
S[8,FS Proper Noun GL 5C[,F Article ‘The’ D]SFIP

1
 English Grammar
Exercise

(1) Give noun form of : “martyr”

(A) martial (B) martyrdom (C) martyry (D) martyree
(2) Find out the abstract noun ?
(A) Raj (B) Herd (C) Train (D) honesty
(3) Find out the common noun ?
(A) Dog (B) Water (C) An army (D) oil
(4) Find out the Material noun ?
(A) Feeling (B) Wood (C) Kilometre (D) pollution
(5) Find out the collective noun ?
(A) education (B) A lion (C) Assembly (D) Sugar
(6) Give the noun form of- Official.
(A) Office (B) Officialdom (C) Officious (D) Officially
(7) Give the noun form of- Feed.
(A) Feedy (B) Food (C) Feedness (D) None of these
(8) Give the noun form of- Succeed.
(A) Success (B) Successful (C) Successive (D) None of these
(9) A _____ of soldiers.
(A) Regiment (B) Batch (C) Pack (D) council
(10) A _____ of Peacocks.
(A) School (B) Stud (C) Troop (D) Muster
Ans:- (1) - B (2) - D (3) - A (4) - B (5) - C (6) - B (7) - B (8) - A (9) - A (10) – D

11
 English Grammar

2 Noun : Singular – Plural

• ;FDFgI ZLT[ Countable sU6L XSFIf T[JF noun GF AC]JRG ~5 YTF CMI K[P
• DM8F EFU[ Common noun GF AC]JRG ~5 YTF CMI K[P
• Uncountable sG U6L XSFIf T[JF noun GF AC]JRG ~5 YTF GYLP H[DF\ DM8F EFU[ Material Noun VG[ Abstract Noun
GM ;DFJ[X YFI K[P
• Material Noun :- Water, air, money, furniture, luggage, nature, land JU[Z[GF\ AC]JRG ~5 YTF\ GYLP
• Abstract Noun :- information, bravery, advice, selection, mercy sS[8,FS V5JFNG[ AFN SZTFf AC]JRG YT]\ GYLP
• ;FDFgI ;\HMUMDF\ V[SJRGDF\YL AC]JRG SZJF NounGF K[0[ 's' 'es’ VYJF ‘ies' D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

❖ lGIDov 1
• GFDG[ V\T[ 's VFJTM CMI VG[ T[GL DFl,SL NX"S Â:YlT ZH} SZJF DF8[ ccV[OM:8MOLcc s ,UF0JFGM YFI TM ALÒJFZ ,UF0FTM
GYL4 OST ccV[OM:8MOLcc G]\ lRCŸG SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
▪ Example :
1) He live in_____ hostel.
(A) boy's (B) boys (C) boys' (D) boys's
2) _____ Mother is a famous doctor.
(A) Sanjay (B) Sanjay's (C) Sanjays' (D) Sanjay'

Ans :- (1) - C (2) - B

❖ lGIDov 2
• V[SJRG GFDG[ V\T[ 's', 'ss', 'sh', 'ch', 'x' S[ 'z' VFJTM CMI TM T[G]\ AC]JRG AGFJJF DF8[ 'es’ 5|tII ,UF0JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
▪ Example :
1) Which pair is incorrect ?
(A) Benches (B) Buses (C) Watchs (D) Brushes
2) Find out plural form = box
(A) Boxs (B) Boxes (C) Boxess (D) Boxse
3) Which pair is Correct ?
(A) Monarch - Monarchs (B) batch – batchs
(C) bench - benchs (D) branch - branchs

Ans :- (1) - C (2) - B (3) - A

❖ V5JFN (Exceptions):-
• 'ch' GM prRFZ cSc YFI tIFZ[ ''s'' ,FU[
1. sDMGFS"f Monarch - Monarchs sZFÔf 2. s:8MDSf Stomach - Stomachs s5[8f
3. sV[5MSf epoch - epochs sI]Uf 4. sI]G]Sf eunuch - eunuchs sjI\-/f

12
 English Grammar

5 Pronouns
jIlSTJFRS ;J"GFD (PERSONAL PRONOUNS)
 VF56[ SCL XSLV[ S[ v
Rohan is absent, because Rohan is ill.
 5Z\T]4 Rohan - ;\7FG]\ 5]GZFJT"G 8F/J]\ JW] IMuI K[P DF8[ SCL XSFI S[4
Rohan is absent, because he is ill.
 VF ZLT[ H[ XaNGM ;\7FGF :YFG[ 5|IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ T[ ;J"GFD (Pronoun) SC[JFI K[P sPronoun GM VY" K[ v ;\7FGL HuIFV[Pf
jIFbIFo ;\7FGL HuIFV[ 5|IMÔTM XaN ;J"GFD (Pronoun) SC[JFI K[P
 lGdGl,lBT JFSIM JF\RM o
I am innocent. We are innocent.
You are innocent. They are innocent.
He (she, it) is innocent.
 I, we, you, he, (she, it), they G[ jIlSTJFRS ;J"GFD SC[JFI K[P SFZ6 S[ VF XaNM v
(i) JFT SZGFZ
(ii) JFT ;F\E/GFZ4 VG[
(iii) H[GF lJX[ JFT Y. ZCL K[ T[GM lGN["X SZ[ K[P
 I TYF We ;J"GFDMG[ jIlSTJFRS v 5|YD 5]Z]QF (Personal pronouns of the first person) SC[ K[4 SFZ6 S[ VF XaN JFT
SZGFZGM lGN["X SZ[ K[P
 You ;J"GFDMG[ jIlSTJFRS v läTLI 5]Z]QF (Personal pronouns of the second person) SC[ K[4 SFZ6 S[ VF XaN V[S S[
JWFZ[ jIlSTVMGM lGN["X SZ[ K[4 H[ ;F\E/GFZF K[P
 You GM 5|IMU V[SJRG VYJF AC]JRG A\G[DF\ YFI K[P
 He (She) TYF they ;J"GFDMG[ jIlSTJFRS T'TLI 5]Z]QF (Personal pronouns of the third person) SC[ K[4 SFZ6 S[ VF
XaN V[ jIlST S[ jIlSTVMGM lGN["X SZ[ K[PÔ[ S[ It V[ J:T]GM lGN["X SZ[ K[ KTF\ T[G[ Personal pronouns of the third person
SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

jIlSTJFRS ;J"GFDMGF\ ~5 (Forms of the Personal Pronouns)

 jIlSTJFRS ;J"GFDMGF\ lJlJW ~5M VF 5|DF6[ K[P
5|YD 5]Z]QF s5]l<\,U S[ :+Ll,\Uf First person (Masculine or Feminine)
V[SJRGq SINGULAR AC]JRGq PLURAL
STF"SFZS (Nominative) I We
;\A\WSFZS (Possessive) my, mine our, ours
SD"SFZS (Accusative) me us

ÂäTLI 5]Z]QF s5]l<\,U S[ :+Ll,\Uf Second person (Masculine or Feminine)

V[SJRGq SINGULAR AC]JRGq PLURAL
STF"SFZS (Nominative) You You
;\A\WSFZS (Possessive) Your, Yours Your, yours
SD"SFZS (Accusative) You You

41
 English Grammar
What (= that which) cannot be cured must be endured.
What is done cannot be undone.
Man can do what he has done so far.
What is one man's meat is another man's poison.
Give careful heed to what she says.
What I have written, I have written.
He found what he was searching for.
 what GM p5IMU DF+ STF"SFZS VG[ SD"SFZS V[SJRGDF\ YFI K[P
 as XaNGM 5|IMU such 5KL ;\A\WJFRS ;J"GFDGL H[D YFI K[¸ H[D S[ v
Tears such as angels weep burst forth.
These mangoes are not such as I bought yesterday.
He is such a man as I honour.
His answer was such as I expected him to give.
 As XaN same 5KL ;\A\WJFRS ;J"GFDGL H[D 5|I]ST Y. XS[ K[¸ H[D S[ v
My trouble is the same as yours (is.)
This is not the same as that (is.)
I played with the same bat that you did.
 ‘The same…..as’ GM VY" D]bItJ[ ‘of the same kind’ YFI K[P
 ‘The same….that’ GM VY" ‘one and the same’ YFI K[P
 As XaN as 5KL 56 ;\A\WJFRS ;J"GFDGL H[D J5ZFI K[4 ßIFZ[ as 5KL lJX[QF6 VFJ[¸ H[D S[ v
I collected as many old coins as I could find.
sGM\Wov VCL\ 5C[,]\ as lÊIFlJX[QF6 K[Pf
 but XaN DM8[EFU[ ——H[ PPPP GqGCL4 H[6[PPPPGqGCL4 H[G[ PPPPP GqGCL˜˜ v VF VY" NXF"JJF DF8[ ;\A\WJFRS ;J"GFDGL H[D J5ZFI
K[¸
There is no one but will agree with me. (but will agree = who will not agree).
There is no Hindu but knows the story of the Ramayana.
(There is no Hindu who does not know the story of the Ramayana.)
There is no man but wishes to make money.
There is no rose but has some thorn.
(There is no rose which does not have some thorns.)
There is scarcely a child but likes candy.
 V[ Ô[. XSFI K[ S[ but ;J"GFD GM VY" who…..not, which…..not YFI K[P
There's somebody at the door wants to see you.

;\A\WJFRS ;J"GFD VG[ T[GF 5}J"UFDLGF VgJI

(AGREEMENT OF THE RELATIVE PRONOUN AND ITS ANTECEDENT)
 ;\A\WJFRS ;J"GFD ;\7F S[ ;J"GFD sH[G[ 5}J"UFDL SC[ K[f GL JFT SZTF CMJFYL T[GF JRG VG[ 5]Z]QF (Person) 5MTFGF 5}J"UFDL
5|DF6[ H CMJF Ô[.V[P
The boy who was late was punished.
The boys who were late were punished.
I, who am your king, will lead you.

50
 English Grammar
Exercise

(1) He is a man, ______ I know, you can trust completely.

sC]\ Ô6]\ K]\ sV[ 5|DF6[f T[ V[ DF6; K[ S[ H[GF s5Zf T]\ 5]ZM lJ`JF; ZFBL XS[ K[Pf
(A) whose (B) who (C) whom (D) whem
(2) The two brothers generally wear ______ clothes.
sT[ A[ EF.VM ;FDFgI ZLT[ V[SALÔGF S50F 5C[ZTF CMI K[Pf
(A) one others (B) each other (C) one another’s (D) each other’s
(3) ______ , do you think, will get the first prize ?
sTDFZF lJRFZ 5|DF6[ 5C[,]\ .GFD SM6 ÒTX[ mf
(A) Who (B) Whom (C) Whose (D) How
(4) Both the friends were idle. ______ of them stood up to answer.
sA\G[ lD+M VF/;] CTFP T[DGFDF\YL V[S56 HJFA VF5JF DF8[ µEM YIM GCLPf
(A) Neither (B) Either (C) Each (D) All
(5) ______ the girls was selected for national scholarship.
sKMSZLVMDF\YL V[S sKMSZLf G[XG, :SM,ZXL5 DF8[ 5;\NUL 5FDLPf
(A) Some of (B) All of (C) One of (D) Many of
(6) I want that new car but which is too expensive for me at present. (Find out the error part.)
sC]\ T[ SFZ .rK]\ K] 56 CF,GF ;DI[ T[ DFZF DF8[ B}A H DM\3L K[Pf
(A) want (B) but which (C) too (D) for me
(7) Between you and I, there should not be any misunderstanding.
sTFZL VG[ DFZL JrR[ U[Z;DH6 ZC[JL G Ô[.V[Pf
(A) you (B) I (C) should (D) any
(8) Find out the pronoun used in the following sentence.
‘Ram and Shyam are so close that they cannot be aeparated’
sZFD VG[ xIFD V[8,F 3lGQ9 K[ S[ T[VM V,U Y. XSTF GYLPf
(A) and (B) so (C) they (D) be
(9) We had a good holiday. We enjoyed ______.
sVDFZM ZÔGM lNJ; ;FZM ZæMP VD[ DÔ DF6LPf
(A) myself (B) ourselves (C) yourself (D) themselves
(10) Jatin was playing with a ball. _____ kicked _____ over the fence.
sHlTG N0FYL ZDTM CTMP T[6[ N0FG[ JF0 p5Z Y.G[ sN0M ÔI V[ ZLT[f ,FT DFZLPf
(A) It, he (B) He, it (C) You, me (D) They, it
(11) I scored less marks than ______
sT[6LV[ sD[/jIFf V[GF SZTF D[ JW] VMKF U]6 D[/jIFf
(A) her (B) him (C) them (D) she
(12) ______ is know about that mystic saint.
sT[ ZC:IJFNL ;\T lJX[ B}A H VMK]\ Ô6JF D/[, K[Pf
(A) few (B) A few (C) Little (D) some
(13) Which of the sentences is correct?
sZCLD VG[ C]\ R[; ZDL ZæF KLV[Pf
(A) Rahim and I am playing chess. (B) I and Rahim is Playing chess.
(C) Rahim and I was Playing chess. (D) Rahim and I are playing chess.

59
 English Grammar

6 Adjective
• An Adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or a pronoun.
Example:-
- She is a beautiful woman.
- Ajit is handsome and intelligent.
- He has a big house.
- He is Rich
 Use of Adjectives :-
 Attributive Use :- Noun GL 5C[,F ßIFZ[ Adjective J5ZFI tIFZ[ T[G[ Attributive Use SC[JFIP
(Adj + Noun)
(i) He has a red pen.
(ii) He was an intelligent man.

 Predicative Use :- ßIFZ[ Adjective GM 5|IMU Noun GL 5C[,F GCL4 56 sentence DF\ Noun S[ Pronoun GL lJX[QFTF
ATFJJF DF8[ complement TZLS[ lÊIF5N 5KL lJX[QF6 J5ZFI tIFZ[ T[G[ Predicative Use SC[JFIP
(i) She was industrious.
(ii) Rohan is intelligent.

GM\Wov p5ZMST JFSIDF\ Pronoun-She VG[ Noun-Ramesh babu GL lJX[QFTF ATFJF DF8[ industrious VG[ intelligent
JFSIGF Predicative part DF\ J5ZFIF K[P
Attributive Use Predicative Use
(Adj + Noun) (Adj + Noun)

(i) Raju is an honest man. (i) Raju is honest.

(ii) This is a red book. (ii) This book is Red.
 Kinds of Adjectives :-

 Adjectives of Quality :- sU]6JFRS lJX[QF6f

(Qualitative Adjective)
 V[JF Adjective S[ H[GF YL Z\U ~54 VFSFZv5|SFZ4 U]6vNMQF JU[Z[ GM AMW YTM CMI T[G[ U]6JFRS lJX[QF6 SC[JFIP
 NFPT ov Good, bad, Red, black, tall, short, beautiful, ugly, long JU[Z[P
(i) Rohan is a tall man. (ii) He is a foolish man.
(iii) She is a beautiful girl. (iv) She has long hairs.

 Adjectives of Quantity :- s5lZ6FDJFRS lJX[QF6f

 V[JF Adjective S[ H[GFYL DF+ S[ 5lZ6FD GM AMW YTM CMI T[G[ 5lZ6FD JFRS lJX[QF6 SC[JFI K[P
 NFPT ov A good deal of, A great deal of, A large amount of, a lot of, plenty of, A part of, some, Any, little,
a little , the little, much, all, whole, enough, sufficient, none, most JU[Z[P

(i) Mukesh has enough money. (ii) There is a little water in the glass.
(iii) She has a little coffee. (iv) He has lost all his wealth.

66
 English Grammar
Exercise

(1) After a decade, Ahmedabad will be one of the most developed ______ cities in India
sV[S N;SF 5KL VDNFJFN EFZTDF\ ;F{YL JW] lJSl;T VF{nMlUS XC[ZMDF\YL V[S CX[Pf
(A) industrial (B) industries (C) industrious (D) industry
(2) He is so ______ that he readily believes everything that others tell him.
sT[ V[8,M AWM EM/M K[ S[ ALÔ ,MSM T[G[ H[ SC[ K[ T[ NZ[S J:T] T[ H<NL DFGL ,[ K[Pf
(A) incredible (B) credulous (C) creditable (D) credible
(3) At a ______ date he was placed in charge of the district.
s5KLGL TFZLB[ T[G[ lH<,FGM CJF,M ;M\5JFDF\ VFjIMPf
(A) latter (B) last (C) latest (D) later
(4) All were in _____ mood.
sAWF H ,MSM B]XB]XF, lDÔHDF\ CTFPf
(A) cheers (B) cheerful (C) cheer (D) cheering
(5) Once upon a time, there lived a prince ______ name was Vasu.
sV[SJFZ tIF\ V[S ZFHS]DFZ ZC[TM CTM H[G]\ GFD JF;]\ CT]\Pf
(A) whose (B) which (C) who (D) whom
(6) The word ‘Favourite’ is ______.
(A) a verb (B) a noun (C) an adverb (D) an adjective
(7) In my busy office schedule, I haven’t got ______ time for playing cricket.
sDFZF jI:T VMOL;GF X[0I],DF\ DG[ lÊS[8 ZDJF DF8[ JW] ;DI GYL D/TMPf
(A) much (B) little (C) few (D) no
(8) It is but natural that the father ______ son died was very sad.
s5Z\T] V[ :JFEFlJS K[ S[ H[DGM NLSZM D'tI] 5FdIM T[ l5TF N]oBL CTFPf
(A) whose (B) the (C) her (D) who
(9) Gandhiji also gave ______ importance to behaviour.
sUF\WLÒV[ 56 VFRZ6G[ 36\ DCtJ VF%I]\ K[Pf
(A) most (B) many (C) more (D) much
(10) He is very _____ so our teacher scolded him.
sT[ B}A H VlGIlDT K[ T[YL VDFZF lX1FS[ T[G[ hF8SIMPf
(A) irregular (B) irregularly (C) regular (D) unregular
(11) He deals in _____ jewellery
sT[ VG]S'lTJF/F NFULGFGM W\WM SZ[ K[Pf
(A) imirative (B) imitated (C) imitation (D) imitational
(12) How ______ children do you have ?
sTDFZ[ S[8,F AF/SM K[ mf
(A) much (B) many (C) more (D) long

(13) Make adjective of the word ‘Nation’. sZFQ8=Pf

(A) Nationally (B) National (C) Nationality (D) Nationalize
(14) Electricity is ______ than coal.
sJLH/L SM,;F SZTF JW] ;:TL K[Pf
(A) cheap (B) to cheap (C) cheaper (D) cheapest

80
 English Grammar

7 Adverb
1) Veena Runs fast.
2) This is a very sweet mango.
3) Govind reads quite clearly.
 JFSI - 1 DF\ fast V[ ATFJ[ K[4 S[ veena S[D (how) S[ S[JL ZLT[ (in what manner) NM0[ K[P V[8,[ S[ runs lÊIF5N G[ fast :5Q8
SZ[ K[P
 JFSI - 2 DF\ very ATFJ[ K[4 S[ S[ZL S[8,L (how much) S[ S[8,L DF+FDF\ (in what degree) DL9L K[P V[8,[ S[ sweet lJX[QF6G[
very :5Q8 SZ[ K[P
 JFSI - 3 DF\ quite ATFJ[ K[4 S[ Govind SIF\ ;]WL (how far) S[ S. ;LDF ;]WL (in what extent) ;FR] JF\R[ K[P V[8,[ S[
clearly lÊIF lJX[QF6G[ quite :5Q8 SZ[
jIFbIFov lÊIFlJX[QF6 (Adverb) V[ V[JM XaN K[4 H[ lÊIF5N (verb)4 lJX[QF6 (Adjective)4 S[ VgI lÊIFlJX[QF6 (Adverb) GF
VY"G[ :5Q8 SZ[ K[P
 VFYL p5Z ;DÔJ[, JFSIMDF\ fast, very VG[ quite XaNM V[ Adverbs K[P
 lGdGl,BLT JFSIMDF\ lÊIFlJX[QF6 Preposition GL lJX[QFTF NXF"J[ K[P
- The kite flew exactly over my head.
Adv Prep
- She parked her car just at the gate.
 lGdGl,BLT JFSIMDF\ lÊIFlJX[QF6 V[ Conjunction GL lJX[QFTF NXF"J[ K[P
- He hates her simply because she drinks whisky.
Adv Conjunction
- Mr.Vyas reached the station a little before the train departed.
Adv Conjunction

 JFSIGF 5|FZ\EDF\ VFJLG[ S[8,LS JFZ lÊIFlJX[QF6 SM. XaNG[ :5Q8 G SZTF VFBF JFSIG[ H :5Q8 S[ l;lDT SZ[ K[P
- Probably, Raaj is mistaken.
- Possibly, it is as she says.
- Luckily, he escaped unhurt.
lÊIFlJX[QF6GF 5|SFZM (Kinds of Adverbs)
(1) Adverbs of time sSF/JFRS lÊIFlJX[QF6f
 H[ lÊIFlJX[QF6 ;DI (time) G[ VlEjIST SZ[ T[G[ Adverbs of time SC[ K[P sSFD SIFZ[ YI] T[ ATFJ[ K[Pf
NFPTov Today, Tomorrow, Yesterday, Last night, Last day, Last week, Last month, Last year, Next day, Next
week, Next month, Next year, Late, Lately, just now, just, ago, daily, already, early, soon, the day after
tomorrow, the day before yesterday, at present, presently, shortly, recently, immediately, instantly,
before, since…….
Example :-
1) He comes here daily. 6) We shall now begin to work.
2) I hurt my knee yesterday. 7) I have had a letter from him lately.
3) I have seen her before. 8) I have spoken to him already.
4) Rohan will soon Return. 9) He came here a few minutes ago.
5) She arrived late. 10) I have not seen him since.

86
 English Grammar

9 Preposition
• Definition : A preposition is a word used before a noun or pronoun to show its relation with the other
words of the sentence.

• jIFbIF o H[ XaN noun VYJF pronoun GL VFU/ J5ZFI K[ VG[ JFSIDF\ T[ noun VYJF pronounGM VgI XaNM ;FY[GM
;\A\W NXF"J[ K[ T[G[ Preposition sGFDIMUL VJIJf SC[ K[P
 Kinds of prepositions (preposition GF 5|SFZM)
(1) Simple Preposition s;FNF GFDIMUL VJIJf
 VF 5|SFZGF GFDIMULDF\ OST V[S H XaN VFJTM CMI K[P
H[DS[ On, with, by, of, from , after , in…… JU[Z[P
(2) Compound Preposition s;\I]ST GFDIMUL VJIJf
 VF 5|SFZGF GFDIMULDF\ V[S SZTF JWFZ[ XaN VFJTF CMI K[P
H[DS[ across (a + cross) , above , along , below , before …… JU[Z[P
 Prepositions GM p5IMU o

 lÊIFGF ;DI4 :Y/4 ;FYLNFZ4 ;FWG4 SFZ64 C[T] JU[Z[ NXF"JTF GFD~5 XaNGL VFU/ ,FUL VG[ XaN;D}C AGFJJF DF8[
Preposition GM p5IMU YFI K[P

(1) At

Rule 1:- At GM p5IMU GFGF :Y/GL 5C[,F (name of smaller places) GL 5C[,F cDF\c GF VY"DF\ YFI K[P
1. My sister lives at Shihor.
sDFZL AC[G lXCMZDF\ ZC[ K[Pf
2. I live at Botad.
sC]\ AM8FNDF\ ZC]\ K]Pf
Rule 2:- At GM p5IMU ;DI G[ ZH} SZJF DF8[ cp5ZqDF\c GF VY"DF\ YFI K[P
1. He came at 9 O'clock.
sT[ 9 JFuI[ VFjIM CTMPf
2. He will reach at 7 a.m.
sT[ ;JFZ[ 7 JFuI[ 5CMRX[\f
Rule 3:- At GM p5IMU GLR[ VF5[,F XaNMGL 5KL c,1Ic swI[If GF VY"G[ ZH} SZJF DF8[ YFI K[P
 Aim at  kick at  mock at
 look at  laugh at  growl at
 shout at  smile at  bite at

Rule 4:- At GM p5IMU ;DI ;}RS XaNM (Points of day) GL 5C[,F YFI K[P
 At night  At dusk
 At noon  At twilight  At midnight
 At dawn  At daybreak

108
 English Grammar

10 Conjunction
 A conjunction is a word which joins two or more than two words, phrases, clauses or sentences.
s;\IMHS V[8,[ A[ VYJF A[YL JWFZ[[ XaNM4 XaN;D}CM4 p5JFSIM VG[ JFSIMG[ Ô[0TM XaNf
Example :-
1. Hardik and Ranjit went to market.
2. Give me water or tea.

Conjunction

Co-ordinating conjunction Sub-ordinating conjunction

 Cumulative/copulative conjunction  Conjunction of time

 Alternative or Disjunctive Conjunction  Conjunction of cause or reason
 Adversative Conjunction  Conjunction of Result or consequence
 Illative Conjunction  Conjunction of purpose
 Conjunction of condition
 Conjunction of concession/contrast
 Conjunction of comparison
 Conjunction of extent or manner
 Correlative conjunction GM ;DFJ[X Co-ordinating conjunction DF\ YFI K[P

Types of Conjunction
1. Co-ordinating Conjunction :
 ;DFG DCtJJF/F p5JFSIMGF\ A[ JFSIMG[ HM0GFZ ;\IMHSG[ Co-ordinating conjunction SC[ K[P
[Co-ordinating GM VY" K[ ‘of equal rank’ s;DFG DCtJJF/]\f]
(i) Cumulative/ copulative conjunction : s;\IMHS S[ ;\RILf
 H[ DF+ V[S JFSIG[ ALHF ;FY[ HM0[ K[P H[D S[4
• And sVG[f
• Both……… and……. sA\G[ PPPPPPP VG[ PPPPPPPf
• As well as sGL H[Df
• No less than sGF SZTF VMK]\ GCLf
• Not only ……. but also sOST sV[f GCLPPPPPPPP 56 sVFf 56f
(ii) Alternative/ Disjunctive conjunction : sJ{Sl<5S S[ lJEFHSf
 H[ A[ lJS<5MDF\YL V[SGL 5;\NUL jIST SZ[ K[P H[D S[4
• or sVYJFf
• either…… or sVF VYJF PPPPPPP VFf
• neither……nor sA[DF\YL V[S 56 GCLf
• otherwise sGCLTZ 4 VYJFf
• else sGCLTZ 4 VYJFf

132
 English Grammar
Exercise

(1) Raju tries to behave ____ his father has taught him.
sZFH] V[J]\ JT"G SZJFGM 5|ItG SZ[ K[ H[J]\ T[GF l5TFÒV[ T[G[ XLBJF0I]\ K[Pf
(A) as if (B) both (C) as (D) like
(2) Ravi didn’t ____ play well ____ take any wicket.
sZlJ G TM ;FZL ZLT[ ZdIM S[ G TM SM. JLS[8 ,LWLPf
(A) neither, nor (B) so, that (C) both, and (D) either, or
(3) ______ they left Nepal when the tremors rocked the country.
sH[J]\ T[D6[ G[5F/G[ KM0I]\ V[JF H E}S\5GF VF\RSFV[ N[XG[ W|]ÔJL NLWMPf
(A) Hardly had (B) While (C) No sooner (D) As soon as
(4) I shall go _____ fancy leads me.
sS<5GF DG[ ßIF\ ,. HX[ tIF\ C]\ H.V[Pf
(A) whither (B) wither (C) which (D) what
(5) People love him ______ he is helpful.
s,MSM T[G[ RFC[ K[ SFZ6 S[ T[ DNN~5 K[Pf
(A) if (B) because (C) still (D) only
(6) Walk fast ____ you will miss the train.
sh05YL RF,M GCLTZ TD[ 8=[G R}SL HXMPf
(A) and (B) otherwise (C) but (D) also
(7) My sister is not _____ intelligent ____ my brother.
sDFZL AC[G DFZF EF. H[8,L A]lâXF/L GYLPf
(A) so, as (B) either, or (C) neither, not (D) as, so
(8) I shall punish you _____ you confess your fault.
sÔ[ T]\ TFZL E}, :JLSFZLX GCL\ TM C]\ TG[ ;Ô SZLXPf
(A) if (B) whether (C) unless (D) but
(9) It has been raining _____ you left for school.
sT]\ XF/FV[ HJF GLS?IM tIFZYL JZ;FN JZ;TM ZC[,M K[Pf
(A) when (B) while (C) since (D) before
(10) Go back ____ you have come.
sTD[ ßIF\YL VFjIF KM tIF\ 5FKF ÔVMPf
(A) where (B) why (C) thence (D) whence
(11) Hardly had I got up _____ she came.
sH[JM C]\ p9IM T[JL H T[6L VFJLPf
(A) while (B) when (C) then (D) than
(12) We shall play cricket _____ it rains.
sßIFZ[ JZ;FN JZ;X[ tIFZ[ VD[ lÊS[8 ZDLX]\Pf
(A) so (B) that (C) while (D) when
(13) He cooked food for the family _____ it was midnight.
sDwIZF+L Y. tIF\ ;]WL T[6[ 5lZJFZ DF8[ EMHG ZF\wI]\Pf
(A) till (B) instead of (C) rather (D) by
(14) I will not leave _____ you come back.
sT]\ 5FKM G VFJ[ tIF\ ;]WL C]\ H.X GCL\Pf
(A) until (B) if (C) so (D) so that

149
 English Grammar

11 Article
 The :- lGÂüT J:T]4 jIÂST4 :Y/4 EFJ4 ãjI JU[Z[ NXF"JJF DF8[ 5|IMU YFI K[P
sV[SJRGqAC]JRG v A\G[ 5|SFZGF noun ;FY[ VFJL XS[ K[Pf
• The boy standing in the corner is my cousin
sV[SJRGf

• The boys whom you scolded yesterday were from Baroda.

sAC]JRGf sH[G[f

 A/An :- VlGÂüT J:T]4 jIÂST4 :Y/ JU[Z[ NXF"JJF DF8[ 5|IMU YFI K[P
sOST V[SJRG noun ;FY[ H J5ZFI K[Pf
GM\Wov SM.S JFZ AC]JRG DF J5ZFI K[P
NFPT v now a days sVFH SF,GF NLJ;MDF\f
a - DF\ NXF"JJF DF8[ p5IMUL YIM K[P
• A beggar came to my office yesterday.
(beggar jI\HG prRFZYL X~YFI K[ VG[ T[ lGÂüT GYLP)

 Article GM ;\A\W noun ;FY[ K[P T[YL T[ ;DHJ] H~ZLP

 Article noun GL VFU/ D]SJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 noun GF A[ 5|SFZM K[P
1. Countable noun 2. uncountable noun

A. Countable noun sU6L XSFI T[JFf

(i) Proper noun  (Rahul, Kajal, Pooja, Rohan)
(ii) Common noun  (Student)
(iii) Collective noun  (Group)
GM\Wov Ô[ Proper noun DF\ Rahul 56 AC]JRG Y. XS[ K[P ßIFZ[ V[S H S,F;DF\ Rahul GFDGF jIÂST A[ S[ T[YL JW] CMI tIFZ[
AC]JRG YFI K[P H[ U6L XSFI K[P

B. Uncountable noun sGU6L XSFI T[JFf

(i) Material noun  water sDF5L XSFI U6L G XSFIf
sãjIJFRS ;\7Ff
(ii) Abstract noun  honesty, Love, etc s5|DF6LSTF V[ EFJ K[f
sEFJJFRS ;\7Ff
GM\Wov Countable noun V[SJRG T[DH AC]JRGDF\ VFJ[ K[P
v ßIFZ[ uncountable noun V[ C\D[XF V[SJRGDF\ H VFJ[ AC]JRGDF\ GCL VFJ[P
lGID 1 ov uncountable noun : EFJJFRS ;\7F VG[ ãjIJFRS ;\7FGL VFU/ A/An GM 5|IMU DM8[EFU[ YTM H GYLP
lGID 2 ov A/An Article GM 5|IMU AC]JRG noun GL VFU/s YTM GYLP
lGID 3 ov A/An Article GM 5|IMU Countable noun VG[ V[SJRG CMI TM YFI K[P
lGID 4 ov The GM 5|IMU V[SJRG S[ AC]JRG Noun TYF uncountable noun DF\ 56 p5IMU Y. XS[ 5Z\T] lGÂüT VY"DF\ H
VFJX[P

157
 English Grammar
29. Aladdin had …….. wonderful lamp.
30. Varanasi is …….. holy city.
31. Do you see ……… blue sky ?
32. Rustam is ……… young Parsee.
33. Honest men speak …….. truth.
34. …….. reindeer is a native of Norway.
35. …….. able man has not always a different look.
36. He is not ……… honorable man.
37. Copper is ……… useful metal.

Ans
1. an 2. an 3. the 4. A 5. the 6. the
7. an 8. the 9. the, the 10. A 11. a, an, a 12. an
13. an 14. a 15. an 16. The 17. the 18. an
19. a 20. The, the 21. The, a 22. A 23. a 24. a
25. The 26. The 27. an 28. A 29. a 30. a
31. the 32. a 33. the 34. The 35. An 36. an
37. a

Exercise

(1) _____ brave are not afraid of death.

sACFN]Z ,MSM D’tI]YL 0ZTF GYLPf
(A) An (B) A (C) The (D) No article
(2) _____ Birds are flying in the sky.
s51FLVM VFSFXDF\ µ0L ZæF K[Pf
(A) The (B) None (C) A (D) An
(3) The article appeared in _____ Times of India is interesting.
s8F.d; VMO .lg0IFDF\ VFJ[, VF ,[B Z;5|N K[Pf
(A) the (B) none (C) a (D) an
(4) I have sent _____ s.m.s.
sD[\ V[S V[;V[DV[; DMS<IM K[Pf
(A) an (B) a (C) the (D) none
(5) He said _____ case was dismissed.
sT[6[ Sæ]\ sT[f S[;G[ AZTZO SZJFDF\ VFjIMPf
(A) Some (B) a (C) the (D) an
(6) The Principal invited _____ M.B.B.S. doctor for a lecture.
sVFRFI” V[S V[DALALV[; 0MS8ZG[ ,[SRZ VF5JF DF8[ VFD\l+T SIM”Pf
(A) an (B) for (C) of (D) a
(7) _____ Grand Trunk Express stood ready to leave for Chennai.
sU|F\0 8=\S V[S;5|[; R[gGF. HJF DF8[ ZJFGF YJFG[ T{IFZ CTLPf
(A) The (B) an (C) a (D) No article

179
 English Grammar

16 Tense
JT"DFGSF/ E}TSF/ ElJQISF/
;FNM s/es/ies v2 Shall/will + v1
RF,] am/ is/ are + ing was/ were + ing Shall/will + be + ing
5}6" have/ has + v3 had + v3 Shall/will + have + v3
RF,] 5}6" have/ has + been + ing had been + ing Shall/will + have +
been + ing

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
D}/~5 E}TSF/G]\ ~5 E}TS'N\T JT"DFG SF/G]\~5 JT"DFG S'N\T
Infinitive Past form Past participle Present form Present participle
To be - CMJ]\ was/ were been am/ is/ are being
To have - had had have/ has having
5F;[ CMJ]\
To do- did done do/ does doing
lÊIF SZJL

V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
to write wrote written write/writes writing
To teach taught taught teach/teaches teaching
To study studied studied study/ studies studying

GM\Wov [He/ She/ It/ V[SJRG noun] +LÔ[ 5]Z]QF V[SJRG CMI tIFZ[ s/es/ies ,FU[P (for present forms)
CSFZJFSI - Affirmative sentence
D]/~5 - Infinitive
;FNMSF/ - Indefinite/simple
RF,]SF/ - Progressive/ continuous
5|`GFY" - Interrogative

12 SF/GL CSFZ lJWFG JFSIZRGF (Affirmative Assertive sentence)

He writes an essay. - sT[ lGA\W ,B[ K[Pf

Simple/indefinite He wrote an essay. - sT[6[ lGA\W ,bIMPf
;FNF SF/
He will write an essay. - sT[ lGA\W ,BX[Pf

He is writing an essay. - sT[ lGA\W ,BL ZæM K[Pf

Continues progressive He was writing an essay. - sT[ lGA\W ,BL ZæM CTMPf
RF,} SF/
He will be writing an essay. - sT[ lGA\W ,BL ZæM CX[Pf

200
 English Grammar
7. I …….. home next Sunday. (go, am going)
8. I'm sure she …….. the exam. (passes, will pass)
9. By 2035, robots …….. many of the jobs that people do today. (will be taking over, will have taken
over)
10. Oh dear ! I …….. (will sneeze, am going to sneeze)
11. The next term …….. on 14th November. (begins, is beginning)
12. I …….. into town later on. Do you want a lift ? (drive, will be driving)
13. Unless we …….. now, we can't be on time. (start, will start)
14. Perhaps we …….. Somnath next month. (visit, will visit)
15. The train ……… before we reach the station. (arrives, will have arrived)
16. Look at those black clouds. It …….. (will rain, is going to rain)
17. I …….. the Patels this evening. (visit, am visiting)
18. When I get home, my dog …….. at the gate waiting for me. (sits, will be sitting)
19. I will phone you when he …….. back. (comes, will come)
20. The plane …….. at 3.30. (arrives, will arrive)

Ans
1. will have read 2. is about to start
3. will be passing 4. is going to make
5. am going to 6. will be seeing
7. am going 8. will pass
9. will have taken over 10. am going to sneeze
11. begins 12. will be driving
13. start 14. will visit
15. will have arrived 16. is going to rain
17. am visiting 18. will be sitting
19. comes 20. arrives

Exercise

(1) Don’t leave until you _____ this work.

sTD[ VF SFD ßIF\ ;]WL 5]Z] G SZF[ tIF\ ;]WL HXF[ GCL\Pf
(A) finished (B) have finished (C) finish (D) to finish
(2) Here are your clothes, I _____ them.
sVF ZæF TDFZF S50F4 D[ T[DG[ WF[. ,LWF K[Pf
(A) washed (B) had washed
(C) have been washing (D) have washed
(3) I _____ here for a week.
sC]\ VlC\ V[S V9JFl0IFYL ZC[TF[ ZæF[ K]\Pf
(A) am living (B) have been living (C) lives (D) has lived
(4) The train had left before they _____ the station.
sT[VF[ :8[XG[ 5CF[rIF T[ 5C[,F 8=[G GLS/L U. CTLPf
(A) reached (B) had reached (C) has reached (D) reach

223
 English Grammar

21 Direct - Indirect
 Narration :- SYG
 Narration GM XFaNLS VY" cSYGc YFI K[P VF XaN 'Narrate' XaN 5ZYL pTZL VFjIM K[P
 Narrate GM XaNGM XFaNLS VY" cSC[J]\c V[D YFI K[P SYG G]\ ;DFGFYL" lGJ[NG4 J6"G4 3MQF6F JU[Z[ YFI K[P
 Narration GF\ A[ 5|SFZ K[P (I) Direct Speech
(II) Indirect Speech
(I) Direct Speech :-
 ßIFZ[ SM. Audience s;F\E/GFZf SM. Speaker sAM,GFZf GF\ SYGG[ AM,GFZGF\ XaNM S[ EFQFFDF\ A[õ[ A[õ] jIST SZ[ TM T[
SYGG[ Direct Speech SC[JFI K[P
 AM,GFZGF\ SYGG[ Inverted comma (“ ”f GL V\NZ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[PPPPP
(1) Meera said, “I am busy”.
(2) Hardik said to me, “I am going for a trip”.
(II) Indirect Speech :-
 ßIFZ[ SM. Audience s;F\E/GFZf SM. Speaker sAM,GFZf GF\ SYGG[ ;F\E/GFZ 5MTFGF XaNM S[ EFQFFDF\ jIST SZ[ TM T[
SYGG[ Indirect Speech SC[JFI K[P
 SYGG[ Inverted comma GL ACFZ NXF"JJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P [Inverted comma C8L ÔI K[] H[D S[PPPPP
(1) Meera said that she was busy.
(2) Hardik said to me that he was going for a trip.

 Direct Speech G[ A[ EFUDF\ JC[\RJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P

Meera said, “I am busy.”
[Reporting Speech] [Reported Speech]
(1) Reporting Speech :-
 Direct Speech GM V[JM V[S EFU H[ Inverted comma (“ ”f GL ACFZ CMI K[ T[G[ Reporting Speech SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
 Reporting Speech DF\ J5ZFI[,F Verb G[ Reporting Verb SC[ K[P T[JL H ZLT[ Subject VG[ Object G[ ÊDXo Reporter,
the object of Reporting Verb SC[JFI K[P

Example :-
Rohan said to Jayraj, “Let’s Play cricket.”

Reporter Reporting The object Reported Speech

or Verb of Reporting
The subject of Verb
Reporting Verb

(2) Reported Speech :-

 Direct Speech GM V[JM V[S EFU H[ Inverted comma (“ ”f GL V\NZ CMI K[ T[G[ Reported Speech SC[ K[P
 Reported Speech GF\ Verb G[ Verb of Reported Speech SC[ K[P
Note:- Reporting Verb GM 5|IMU JFSIGL X~VFTDF\ DwIDF\ S[ V\T[ Y. XS[ K[P

292
 English Grammar

22 Transformation
1. Affirmative to Negative:-
sSM.56 5|SFZGF JFSIG[ ALÔ SM. 5|SFZGL JFSIZRGFDF\ O[ZJTL JBT[ V[S DCtJGL XZTG[ wIFGDF\ ZFBJL B}A H H~ZL K[P
XZT V[ K[ S[ T[ JFSIGM VY" G AN,FJM Ô.V[ VG[ JFSIZRGF ;FRL CMJL Ô[.V[P)

 DFGL ,M S[ TDG[ GLR[ VF5[, CSFZ JFSIG[ GSFZ JFSIDF\ O[ZJJFG]\ SCI]\PPPP
You are wise. (Change into Negative sentence)
sT]\ ;DHNFZ K[Pf
 TM p5Z VF5[, JFSIG[ GSFZJFSIDF\ O[ZJJFG]\ K[ 56 T[GM VY" G AN,FJM Ô[.V[ T[YL VF56[ T[G[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ GSFZJFSIDF\
O[ZJLX]\P
You are not foolish.
sT]\ D}B" GYLPf V[8,[ S[ T] ;DHNFZ K[P
 Ô[ VF56[ VF JFSIG[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ GSFZJFSIDF\ O[ZJLX]\ TM T[GM VY" AN,F. HX[ VG[ JFSI BM8]\ U6FX[P
You are not wise.
sT]\ ;DHNFZ GYLPf
 CJ[ VF56[ GLR[ VF5[, S[8,FS JFSIMGM VeIF; SZLX]\ VG[ ;DÒX]\ S[ JFSI~5F\TZ6 S[JL ZLT[ SZJ]\P
Affirmative Negative
sCSFZ JFSIf sGSFZ JFSIf
(1) He is brave.  He is not cowardly.
sT[ ACFN]Z K[Pf sT[ SFIZ GYLPf
(2) It is harmful.  It is not harmless.
sT[ G]S;FGSFZS K[Pf sT[ G]S;FGZlCT GYLPf
(3) She dislikes you.  She does not like you.
sT[6L TG[ V6UDM SZ[ K[Pf sT[6L TG[ UDF0TL GYLPf
(4) You are innocent.  You are not guilty.
sT]\ lGNM"QF K[Pf sT]\ NMQFL GYLPf
(5) He was healthy.  He was not unhealthy.
sT[ :J:Y CTMPf sT[ lADFZ G CTMPf
(6) My mom is always careful.  My mom is never careless.
sDFZL DdDL C\D[XF SF/ÒJF/L ZC[ K[Pf sDFZL DdDL SIFZ[I A[NZSFZ GYL CMTLPf
(7) She is doubtful.  She is not sure.
sT[6L X\SFXL, K[Pf sT[6L lGlüT GYLPf
(8) He was a rich man.  He was not a poor man.
sT[ VDLZ DF6; CTMPf sT[ UZLA DF6; G CTMPf
GM\Wov p5Z NXF"J[, JFSIMG[ VF56[ ~5F\TZ6DF\ ,[TL JBT[ OST lJZMWL XaNGM 5|IMU SZ[, K[ H[YL JFSIGM VY" IYFJTŸ ZC[, K[P
 V[ H ZLT[ CSFZJFSIG[ (Affirmative sentence) GSFZJFSIDF\ (Negative sentence) O[ZJJFGL ALÒ 5âlTVMGM VeIF;
SZLV[P
5âlT - 1:- S[8,FS lJX[QF 5|SFZGF JFSIMG[ GSFZJFSIZRGF DF\ O[ZJJF DF8[ fail - lÊIF5NG[ H[ T[ Tense S[ modal verb GL
GSFZJFSIZRGF DF\ 5|IMU SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[ CSFZJFSIDF\ VFJ[, D]bIlÊIF5N G[ T[GF 5KL to + D]P~ DF\ (Infinitive)
DF\ 5|IMlHT SZJFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[ TD[ GLR[GF\ pNFCZ6MDF\ Ô[. XSM KMPPPPPP
(1) He visited the Akshardham. (Affirmative)
sT[6[ V1FZWFDGL D],FSFT ,LWLPf

325
 English Grammar

23 Syntax/Subject Verb – Agreement

 The verb must agree with its subject in number and person - Nesfield
 Subject verb agreement V[8,[ STF" 5|DF6[ lÊIF5N S[ to be G]\ ~5 VFJ[P Ô[ Subject V[SJRG (Singular) CMI TM4 verb
S[ to be G]\ ~5 56 V[SJRG DF\ VFJ[ VG[ HM Subject AC]JRG (plural) CMI TM lÊIF5N S[ to be G] ~5 56 AC]JRGDF\ VFJ[P
 Verb GM BZF ~5DF\ p5IMU SZJF DF8[ Singular/Plural Subject sSTF"f TYF Singular/Plural Verb slÊIF5Nf G[ VM/BJF
VFJxIS K[P
H[DS[4
sV[PJPSTF"f sAPJPSTF"f
Singular Subjects Plural Subjects
I, He, She, It We, They, Ram and Shyam,
Ram, Sita, The boy, Gita and Rita, The boys,
The girl The girls

sV[PJPlÊIF5Nf sAPJPlÊIF5Nf
Singular Verbs Plural Verbs
Am, Is, Was, Has, Does Are, were, Have, Do, Write,
Writes, Drinks, Reads Drink, Read

 JQFM"YL VF56[ Verbs GM p5IMU SZTF VFjIF KLV[P KTF 56 VCL\ VF Chapter GL H~ZLIFT 50L K[P T[G]\ SFZ6 Subject
TYF Verb GF V[PJqAPJ GF Confusion G[ SFZ6[ YFI K[P TM RF,M Confusion N}Z SZLV[4
Noun + s/es/ies  Plural Noun
Verb + s/es/ies  Singular Verb

Rule:- 1 Ô[ Subject V[S Singular Noun CMI TM4 T[GL ;FY[ VFJT] Verb 56 Singular H J5ZFI K[P
Kriti was never late. (✓)
(S.N) (S.V)

Kriti were never late. ()

(S.N) (P.V)

Rule:- 2 Needn’t VYJF daren’t V[ STF" V[PJqAPJ A\GD

[ F\ APJ TZLS[ H J5ZFI K[P
He needn’t go there. (✓)
(S.S) (P.V)

He daren’t go there. (✓)

(S.S) (P.V)

Rule:- 3 Ô[ A[ STF" and YL Ô[0FI TM T[GL ;FY[ verb G]\ ~5 APJ D]HA VFJ[ K[P
1. Kajal and Kavita are singing a new song.
2. Pradip and Ketan are clever student.
5Z\T] A[ STF" and YL Ô[0FI[,F CMI VG[ V[SH AFATG]\ ;]RG SZTF CMI TM4 lÊIF5N V[PJP DF\ VFJ[P
3. Hammer and Sickle was there.
4. Slow and Steady wins the race.
5. Bread and butter is what they want.
6. Rice and curry is my favorite food.

341
 English Grammar

25 Non-Finites
 lÊIF5NGF D]bItJ[ S[ 5|SFZ K[P
(1) Finite verb sDIF"NFDF\ ZC[, lÊIF5Nf
(2) Non-finite verb sDIF"NF ZlCT lÊIF5Nf
 H[ lÊIF5N (verb) STF" VG[ SF/ 5|DF6[ 5MTFG]\ ~5 AN,[ K[ T[G[ Finite verb SC[ K[P H[D S[ PPPPPP
(1) I play cricket everyday. s;FNM JT"DFGSF/f
(2) She plays chess in the evening. s;FNM JT"DFGSF/f
(3) We went to the park yesterday. s;FNM E}TSF/f
(4) He has made this paper-boat. s5}6" JT"DFGSF/f
 p5ZMST JFSIMDF\ VG]ÊD[ play, plays, went, has made JU[Z[ SF/ VG[ STF" 5|DF6[ VFJ[, lÊIF5N CMJFYL V[DG[ VF56[
Finite verb SCLX]\P sSF/ (Tense) VG[ STF" (Subject) 5}ZTF DIF"lNT lÊIF5N V[8,[ Finite verbsf
 H[ lÊIF5N (verb) STF" VG[ SF/ 5|DF6[ 5MTFG]\ ~5 AN,TF GYL VG[ SM. 56 5|SFZGF JFSIDF\ 5MTFG]\ ~5 V[J]\ G[ V[J]\ H VSA\W
ZFB[ K[ V[8,[ S[ SF/ VG[ STF" YL H[ ;LlDT GYL4 DIF"lNT GYL T[G[ Non- Finite verb SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P
(1) She wants to eat chocolates. s;FNM JT"DFGSF/f
(2) She wanted to eat chocolates. s;FNM E}TSF/f
(3) She will want to eat chocolates. s;FNM ElJQISF/f
(4) Singing is my hobby. s;FNM JT"DFGSF/f
(5) Singing was my grandpa's hobby. s;FNM E}TSF/f
 p5ZMST JFSIMDF\ VG]ÊD[ to eat, to eat, to eat, singing, singing JU[Z[ SF/ 5|DF6[ 5MTFGF ~5 AN,TF G CMJFYL T[DG[
Non-finite verbs SC[JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P sV[8,[ S[ Non-finite verbs SF/ VG[ STF"YL DIF"lNT GYL CMTFPf

 Difference between Finite and Non-finite verbs.

(1) Finite verbs GM 5MTFGM STF" (subject) CMI K[P ßIFZ[ S[ Non-finite verb GM 5MTFGM STF" GYL CMTM4 56 V[ 5MT[ H JFSIDF\
STF" VYJF SD"GL E}lDSF lGEFJ[ K[P H[D S[PPPPP
 She likes to fly kites.
p5ZMST JFSIMDF\ "likes" lÊIF5N GM STF" she K[ T[YL T[G[ Finite verb SCLX]\ ßIFZ[ "to fly" 5MT[ likes lÊIF5NG]\ SD" TZLS[
VFJ[, K[ T[YL T[G[ Non-finite verb SCLX]\P
(2) Finite verbs STF" 5KL VFJT]\ CMI K[ ßIFZ[ Non-finite verb STF"GF :YFG[ V[8,[ S[ finite verb GL VFU/ VFJT]\ CMI K[P
 Swimming is the best exercise.
p5ZMST JFSIMDF\ "is" finite verb K[ ßIFZ[ S[ "Swimming" 5MT[ STF"GF :YFG[ VFJ[, K[ V[8,[ S[ "is"- finite verb GL
VFU/ VFJ[, K[P
 CJ[ TM VF56G[ finite verb VG[ Non-finite verb JrR[GM TOFJT ;DÔ. H UIM K[P CJ[ VF56[ Non-finite verb GF D]bItJ[
+6 5|SFZM ;DÒX]\4 H[ GLR[ 5|DF6[ K[P
(1) Infinitive
(2) Gerund
(3) Participle
1. Infinitive :-
 Infinitive GF D]bItJ[ A[ 5|SFZ K[P

369
 English Grammar

26 MOST IMP Phrasal verbs

(1) Jiva Institute _____ project in the areas of health and education.
sÒJF .lg:88I}8 :JF:yI VG[ lX1F6GF 1F[+DF\ 5|MH[S8 R,FJ[ K[Pf
(A) creates (B) plans (C) undertakes (D) modifies
(2) Select appropriate word from the choice so as to form a suitable pair on the right side.
Scribble – write : stammer - ______ ?
sA[NZSFZL5}J"S ,BJ]\ v ,BJ]\4 TMT0]\ AM,J]\ -……..f
(A) walk (B) speak (C) play (D) design
(3) My brother is _____ a chocolate cake.
sDFZF EF.G[ RMS,[8 S[S DF8[GL TLJ| .rKF K[Pf
(A) dying for (B) dying at (C) dying onto (D) dying away
(4) My friend has entered upon a good career.
sDFZF lD+[ ;FZL SFZlSNL"GL X~VFT SZL K[Pf
(A) got an end to (B) got rid of (C) passed out (D) made a start on
(5) She did not put back home.
sT[6L U.ZF+[ 3Z[ 5FKL VFJL GCLPf
(A) return (B) go away (C) come (D) go out
(6) His folly has brought about his ruin.
sT[GL D}BF".V[ T[GL AAF"NL µEL SZL K[Pf
(A) sprought from (B) got up (C) followed (D) caused to happen
(7) He has made up his mind to be an engineer.
sT[6[ V[lgHGLIZ AGJFGM lG6"I ,LWM K[Pf
(A) come to a decision (B) cancelled decision
(C) seen from a distance (D) come across
(8) He broke down in the middle of his speech.
sT[ T[GF JSTjI NZlDIFG Z0L 50IMPf
(A) started to cry (B) started to laugh
(C) stopped working (D) blew over
(9) I must think over the matter before taking a final decision.
sV\lTD lG6"I ,[TF\ 5C[,F DFZ[ VF AFAT 5Z JW] lJRFZ SZL ,[JM Ô[.V[Pf
(A) get over (B) consider further (C) get rid of (D) avoid
(10) The matter has been cleared off.
sVF AFATMGM V\T VFJL UIM K[Pf
(A) made an end of (B) made a start on
(C) believed in (D) handed over
(11) I have hit upon a good plan to get rid of him.
sT[GFYL K}8SFZM D[/JJF DF8[ DG[ V[S ;Z; I]lST D/L VFJL K[Pf
(A) found by chance (B) come to a decision
(C) supported (D) imitated
(12) The present disturbance will soon _____ .
sJT"DFG lJ1F[5M H<NLYL lJ;ZF. HX[f
(A) blow into (B) blow out (C) blow over (D) blow in

387
 English Grammar

27 Golden Rules with MCQS

(1) Lata sings as if she _____ Lata Mangeshkar.
s,TF UFI K[ Ô6[ S[ T[6L ,TF D\U[XSZ CMIPf
(A) were (B) was (C) is (D) are
(OST SM/L S<5GF S[ H[ JF:TJDF\ XSI GYLP V[JL S<5GF NXF"JL CMI TM E}TSF/G]\ AC]JRGJF/]\ ~5 J5ZFI K[P VFJL
S<5GF NXF"JJF = If, as if, wish, would that, o that, oh that GM 5|IMU YTM CMI K[P)
(2) Would that I _____ a lot of money !
sSFX DFZL 5F;[ 36F\ AWF\ ~l5IF CMTPf
(A) have (B) has (C) had (D) will have
(3) If I _____ in his place, I would not bear such an insult.
sÔ[ C]\ T[GL HuIFV[ CMT TM C]\ VFJ\] V5DFG ;CG G SZTPf
(A) was (B) am (C) had (D) were
(4) I wish I _____ a king.
sSFX C]\ ZFÔ CMTPf
(A) were (B) are (C) be (D) am
(5) Raman talks to me as if he ____ my boss.
sZD6 DFZL ;FY[ V[JL ZLT[ JFT SZ[ K[ Ô6[ S[ T[ DFZM DFl,S CMIPf
(A) was (B) is (C) are (D) were
(6) Nothing but trees _____ there in the woods.
stIF\ H\U,GF J'1FM l;JFI ALH]\ S\.56 G CT]\Pf
(A) were (B) are (C) isn’t (D) was
(Nothing G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ lÊIF5N D}SJ]\P Nothing 5MT[ GSFZFtDS CMJFYL ‘isn’t’ G VFJL XS[P )
(7) Everything but books _____ there.
s5]:TSM l;JFI NZ[S J:T] tIF\ CTLPf
(A) was (B) were (C) are (D) have
(8) The intelligent _____ always ready to learn.
(A) is (B) were (C) are (D) has
(The intelligent = A]lâXF/L ,MSM)
(9) The honest never _____ others.
(A) cheat (B) cheat (C) is cheating (D) has cheated
(The honest = 5|FDFl6S ,MSM)
(10) The brave _____ always rewarded.
(A) is (B) are (C) was (D) where
(The brave = ACFN]Z ,MSM)
(11) It is they who _____ broken the bench.
(A) has (B) will (C) are (D) have
(Who 5C[,F\ NXF"J[, STF"G[ wIFGDF\ ZFBLG[ lÊIF5N D]SFI K[P)
(12) It is he who _____ you.
(A) helps (B) help (C) helping (D) to help
(13) It is I who _____ a winner.
(A) am (B) is (C) are (D) were

391
 English Grammar

Conditionals

Conditionals sXZT;}RS JFSIF[f GF D]bItJ[ S], RFZ 5|SFZ K[4 H[ GLR[ D]HA K[P
Conditionals:-sXZT;}RS JFSIF[f
(1) Zero conditional sX}gI XZTNX"S JFSIf
(2) Open conditional s:5Q8 XZTNX"S JFSIf
(3) Imaginary conditional sSF<5lGS XZTNX"S JFSIf
(4) Unfulfilled conditional sV5}6" XZTNX"S JFSIf

XZT;}RS JFSIF[DF\ GLR[ NXF"J[, ;\IF[HSF[GF[ 5|IF[U YFI K[P

❖ if /provided/providing that/in case - HF[PPTM unless - HF[PPGlC\PPTF[

Type - (1) Zero Conditional

VF 5|SFZGF XZT;}RS JFSIDF\ A[ JF:TlJS lS|IFVF[ 5Z OST XZTGF[ EFJ NXF"JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 ccHF[
5F6L UZD SZLV[ TF[ T[ JZF/DF\ ~5F\TlZT YFI K[Pcc v A\G[ ZF[lH\NL CSLSTDF\ VFJTL lS|IFVF[ CF[JFYL A\G[
lS|IFVF[ ;FNF JT"DFGSF/DF\ NXF"JFI K[P
If we heat the ice, it melts
sHF[ VF56[ AZOG[ UZD SZLV[ TF[ T[ 5LU/[ K[Pf

Type - (2) Open Conditional

VF 5|SFZGF XZT;}RS JFSIDF\ B]<,L XZT NXF"JFDF\ VFJ[ K[P H[D S[4 ccHF[ TD[ DG[ VFD\+6 VF5XF[4 TF[ C]\
VFJLXPcc v VF 5|DF6[ :5Q8 XZTGF[ EFJ CF[JFYL 5|YD lS|IF ;FNF JT"DFGSF/DF\ VG[ 5KLGL lS|IF ElJQIGL
lS|IF NXF"JFGL CF[I TF[ ;FNF ElJQISF/DF\4 1FDTFGF[ EFJ NXF"JJFGF[ CF[I TF[ can + v1 VG[ ;\EFJGF
NXF"JJFGL CF[I TF[ may + v1 GF[ 5|IF[U YFI K[P
(1) If you practice hard, you will win the match
sHF[ T] ;BT 5|[S8L; SZLX TF[ T]\ VF D[R HLTLXPf
(2) If it rains, we shall postpone our picnic.
sHF[ JZ;FN JZ;X[4 TF[ VD[ VDFZL 5LSGLS ZN SZLX]P

402
 English Grammar

Head Clerk - 2021 (10) Fill in the blank.

Come ____, please.
(1) Fill in the blank : sDC[ZAFGL SZLG[4 VlC\ VFJF[Pf
Then we pondered over ____ we should go next. (A) hear
stIFZ[ VD[ lJRFZ SIF[" S[ VDFZ[ tIFZAFN SIF\ HJ]\ HF[.V[Pf (B) their
(A) while (B) their (C) hither
(C) whither (D) what (D) A and B both
(2) Fill in the blank : (11) Give antonym of 'Clergy'.
_____ does Parliament derive thispower ? scc5FNZLVF[4 WD"U]Z]VF[ccf
sVFJL ;tTF ;ZSFZ SIF\YL D[/J[ K[mf (A) UnclergysBF[8F[ :5[l,\Uf
(A) What (B) Hither (B) InclergysBF[8F[ :5[l,\Uf
(C) Which (D) Whence (C) DeclergysBF[8F[ :5[l,\Uf
(3) Select one word for "Be in a huff and display one's (D) Laity sVG]IFILVF[4 zwWF/]VF[f
displeasure"
(12) Match Words Denoting Collections :
sZL;FD6FDF\ ZC[J] VsG[ 5F[TGL GFZFHUL NXF"JJLPf
(1) A faggot of s,FS0FGL EFZLf (a) camels
(A) grine (B) smile
(2) A quiver of sAF6F[GF[ HyYF[f (b) wheat
(C) pout (D) graceful
(3) A sheaf of s3p\GF[ 5}0F[f (c) wood
(4) Select adverb form of : 'Contempt' scclTZ:SFZccf (4) A string of sp\8F[GL CFZqSTFZf (d) arrows
(A) Contemptible slTZ:SFZ5F+f
(A) 1-d, 2-a, 3-b, 4-c
(B) Conteptuous sBF[8F[ :5[l,\Uf
(B) 1-c, 2-d, 3-b, 4-a
(C) Contemptuously slTZ:SFZ5}J"Sf
(C) 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-d
(D) Contemptibilty sBF[8F[ :5[l,\Uf
(D) 1-c, 2-d, 3-a, 4-b
(5) Fill in the blank with proper option given below :
(13) Fill in the blank :
He has been living in USA ____ the last ten years.
People believe that the ____ a thing is, the ........
sT[ K[<,F N; JQF"YL I]PV[;PV[PDF\ ZC[ K[Pf
durable it is.
(A) since (B) for s,F[SF[ DFG[ K[ S[ H[8,L DF[\3L J:T] CF[I K[ V[8,L JWFZ[ 8SFp CF[I
(C) before (D) by K[Pf
(6) Rama, and not you, ____ won the prize. (A) more costly _____ much
sZFD .GFD HLtIF[ K[4 VG[ TD[ GlCPf (B) more costlier _____most
(A) have (B) has (C) costlier ____ more
(C) will be (D) will (D) costlier _____ less
(7) _____ friends he has are all poor. (14) Fill in the blank :
sT[GL 5F;[ H[ YF[0F\S lD+F[ K[ T[ AWF UZLA K[Pf Both the tiger and the leopard are cats, the former
(A) Few (B) A Few animal is much larger than the ____ (late)
(C) Fewer (D) The few sJF3 VG[ NL50F[ A\G[ lA,F0F K[P 5C[,]\ 5|F6L ALHF SZTF\ 36]\ DF[8]\
(8) Fill in the blank : K[Pf
The statue was _____ with leaves of gold. (A) latter (B) later
sT[ D}lT"G[ ;F[GFGF 5FGYL D-JFDF\ VFJL CTLPf (C) letar (D) letter
(A) golded (B) gilded (15) Fill in the blank :
(C) guilded (D) goldded A true _____ is one who keeps one's friend's
(9) From the following options, find the correct secrets to oneself.
spelling for the respiratory disease. s;FRF[ BFGUL lD+ V[ K[ S[4 H[ T[GF lD+GL BFGUL AFATF[
s`JF;GL lADFZL DF8[GF[ ;FRF[ :5[l,\U XF[WF[Pf 5F[TFGF 5}ZTL H ZFB[ K[Pf
(A) Neumonia (B) Numonia (A) confidant (B) confedent
(C) Pneumonia (D) Pnumoniya (C) confident (D) confidunt

406
 English Grammar

GPSSB Dy. Accountant (08-05-2022) (B) axis, thorny

(C) resurrection, thrown
(1) ...... you worked hard, you....... secured the top (D) renunciation, thorn
position.
(8) Shila...... her belongings, ...... you?
sHF[ TD[ ;BT DC[GT SZL CF[T TF[ TD[ p5ZG]\ :YFG D[/JL XSIF
sXL,FV[ T[6LGF[ ;FDFG 5[S SZL ,LWF[ K[P X]\ TD[ SZL ,LWF[ K[mf
CF[TPf
(A) having packed, will
(A) Had, could have (B) Have, could
(B) has packing, can
(C) If, got (D) Unless, will get
(C) has packed, do
(2) This is ...............author about whom I…......... to (D) has packed, have
you a while ago.
sVF V[ ,[BS K[ H[GF lJX[ TDG[ C]\ YF[0LJFZ 5C[,F\ JFT SZTF[ CTF[Pf (9) A position held without any remuneration is called
an........ position.
(A) The, am talking
sSF[.56 5UFZvjIJCFZslJ¿ jIJCFZf JUZ ;\EF/JFDF\ VFJT]\
(B) an, could talked
:YFG V[ V[S VJ[TG :YFG SC[JFI K[Pf
(C) an, will talk
(A) honorariam (B) honorary
(D) the, was talking
(C)honourable (D) honest
(3) She......... the task before I........ her.
sC]\ T[6LG[ D?IF[ T[ 5C[,F\ T[6LV[ V[ SFD 5TFJL NLW]\ CT]Pf (10) This portrait......... by an artist who......... in the
sixteenth century.
(A) had finished, met
sVF EL\TlR+ V[S lR+SFZ wJFZF NF[ZJFDF\ VFjI]\ H[ ;F[/DL
(B) are finishing, met
;NLDF\ ZC[TF[ CTF[Pf
(C) will finish, meeting
(A) will painted, lives
(D) has finished, meeting
(B) was painted, lived
(4) ............ of the ......... friends failed in the test. (C) painted, drew
sV[ A[ lD+F[DF\YL V[S[I V[ 8[:8DF\ lGQO/ G UIF[Pf (D) was painted, leaves
(A) Either, or
(11) She wanted......... her work today but she.........
(B) Neither, two
sT[6L VFH[ T[6LG]\ SFD 5TFJJF .rKTL CTL4 56 G SZL XSLPf
(C) Either, nor
(A) finish, can't
(D) Neither, nor
(B) to finishing, isn't
(5) Men........ to abolish wars till now but........ they (C) finishing, done
will find a way in the future. (D) to finish, couldn't
sVtIFZ ;]WL DF6;F[ I]wWG[ GFA}N SZJFDF\ ;O/ ZCIF GYL4 SNFR
ElJQIDF\ Z:TF[ XF[WL SF-X[Pf (12) While....... she.......... down.
sGFRTL JBT[4 T[6L GLR[ 50L U.Pf
(A) have never managed, maybe
(A) dancing, fell
(B) will have never manage, if
(B) dances, falls
(C) have never manage, can
(C) she danced, fall
(D) has never managed, may
(D) is dancing, fallen
(6) I............ at 5 am everyday, when.........?
sC]\ NZZF[H ;JFZ[ 5 JFuI[ p9]\ K]\4 TD[ SIFZ[ p9F[ KF[mf (13) Which option best expresses the meaning of the
'fade'?s1FL6 YJ]\f
(A) getting up, did you
(B) gets up, have I (A) weathersCJFDFGf
(C) gets up, did I (B) withers1FL6 YJ]\4 SZDFJ]\f
(D) get up, do you do (C) ladsKF[SZF[f
(D) wheathers:5[l,\U BF[8F[ K[Pf
(7) The...... of the great emperor Chandra Gupta to
the...... ushered a golden era in the Indian history. (14) They reached home,…………..?
sDCFG XF;S R\N=U]%TGF ZFHUFNL 5Z ZFHIFlEQF[S[ EFZTLI sT[VF[ 3Z[ 5CF[\rIF G[ mf
.lTCF;DF\ V[S ;]J6"I]UGF[ 5|FZ\E SIF["Pf (A) don't they (B) didn't they
(A) accession, throne (C) have they (D) did they

421