International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 9 Issue 3, May-Jun 2025 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Construction 4.0
Paul A. Adekunte1, Matthew N. O. Sadiku2, Janet O. Sadiku3
1
International Institute of Professional Security, Lagos, Nigeria
2
Roy G. Perry College of Engineering, Prairie View A&M University, Prairie View, TX, USA
3
Juliana King University, Houston, TX, USA

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Paul A.

Construction 4.0 is the modern method of construction referred to as Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet
the digital transformation of the construction industry, driven by the O. Sadiku "Construction 4.0" Published
adoption of advanced technologies to improve efficiency, quality, in International
Journal of Trend in
and sustainability. This is a concept inspired by Industry 4.0, which
Scientific Research
focuses on the digital integration of manufacturing processes. and Development
Construction 4.0 aims at leveraging technology to optimize all stages (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
of the construction lifecycle, from design and planning to 6470, Volume-9 |
construction and operation – the next revolution in the construction Issue-3, June 2025, IJTSRD81084
industry. This paper delves into looking at the pros and cons in pp.605-616, URL:
Construction 4.0, solutions to the challenges, and what its future www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd81084.pdf
holds for humanity.
Copyright © 2025 by author (s) and
KEYWORDS: Construction 4.0, ubiquitous connectivity, Internet of International Journal of Trend in
Things (IoT), figital twins, additive manufacturing (AM), cloud Scientific Research and Development
computing, cyber-physical systems (CPS), building information Journal. This is an
modeling (BIM), sensors, drones, embedded robotics and automation, Open Access article
monitoring systems distributed under the
terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
INTRODUCTION
While the Building Information Modeling (BIM) connectivity, and with the presence of the human as
approach has been an important enabler for the digital necessary to manage and maintain this link [1].
transformation in construction, the concept of
Construction 4.0 refers to the integration of advanced
Construction 4.0 gradually begins to impose itself, as
digital technologies into the construction industry,
shown in Figure 1. It is still difficult today to give a
inspired by the principles of Industry 4.0, as shown in
precise definition, even if the experts are unanimous
Figure 3. It marks a significant shift from traditional
on the fact that it will be a major revolution for the
methods toward more intelligent, automated, and
industry [1]. Despite the lack of international
connected processes. This transformation aims to
consensus on what the concept of Construction 4.0
address long-standing industry challenges such as
really means, some authors define it as a pure and
inefficiency, high cost, delays, and safety concerns
simple instantiation on the concept of Industry 4.0 in
[2].
construction (that is, the use of ubiquitous
connectivity technologies for real-time decision- HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF
making), others see it as a means of finding a CONSTRUCTION 4.0
coherent complementarity between the main History shows that industrial revolutions tend to have
emerging technological approaches in the a slow starting pace, but with time, have a galloping
construction industry. Still, others see it as a more impact on shaping common production technologies,
encompassing approach that goes beyond the simple everyday lifestyles, etc [3], as shown in Figure 4.
technology framework to best meet the industry’s Generally, the term industrial revolution can be
current challenges [1], as shown in Figure 2. defined as a widespread dramatic change in the
methods of producing goods and services [4]. Like
However, regardless of the definition given to it, the
the previous, i.e., the first and second industrial
big change brought by Construction 4.0 seems to revolutions, the third industrial revolution, (3IR) was
revolve around a decentralized connection between also driven by technological advances regarding
the physical space and the cyberspace via ubiquitous
manufacturing, distribution, and energy factors [3]. In

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 International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
the first industrial revolution, it was the printing • Robotics and 3D printing now being used in
press, the second industrial revolution it was radio building components.
and television, and while in the 3IR, it is/was the • Predictive analytics and machine learning are
combined power of computing, telecommunications, applied for maintenance, scheduling, and risk
and news broadcasting [5]. assessment.
With respect to the 3IR technologies, six major high-  Sustainability & Smart Cities: Construction 4.0
technology agents among others were identified, supports green building practices and smart
which are: microprocessor, computer-aided design infrastructure planning.
and manufacturing (CAD/CAM), fiber optics, THE BENEFITS/IMPACTS OF
biogenetics, lasers, and holography [6]. There was CONSTRUCTION 4.0
also the development of microelectronics technology Construction 4.0 is known to offer numerous benefits
at this historical junction [7, 8], for its importance to and impacts, as shown in Figure 5 on humanity by the
the immense impact on the affordability of computing transformation of the construction industry in various
power. ways such as [13-18]:
Furthermore, the historical development of  Rendering faster project delivery: Since
Construction 4.0 is as follows [9-12]: automation reduces construction time, it will
enable projects to be completed more quickly and
1. Pre-Construction 4.0 Era (Before 2000s): efficiently.
 Manual & Analog Processes: This was when the
construction industry was largely dependent on  Lower costs: Resource use is optimized through
manual labour, paper-based documentation, and the use of AI and predictive analytics, reducing
traditional project management techniques. waste and minimizing costs.
 Mechanization & CAD: The introduction of  Enhanced safety: IoT wearables monitor worker
mechanized equipment and Computer-Aided health and risks, thereby improving site safety and
Design (CAD) in the 1980s and 1990s laid the reducing accidents.
groundwork for digitalization.  Sustainable construction: Digital twins and smart
2. Transition Phase (2000-2010) systems help reduce carbon footprints, hence
 BIM Emergence: It was in the early 2000s that promoting eco-friendly building practices.
Building Information Modeling (BIM) began to  Better quality control: Helps in reducing errors as
gain attention, offering a 3D model-based process VR and AV enable clients and developers to
that improves collaboration and project outcomes. visualize and inspect buildings before
 The U.S. General Services Administration (GSA) construction starts.
started mandating BIM in 2003 for federal
projects.  Improved productivity: Robotics and automation
 Early Automation: During this period, the use of transform construction processes,
project management software like Primavera and increasing/enhancing efficiency and precision.
MS Project became common.  Reduced risks: Digital twins and VR review and
help identify potential issues before construction
3. Construction 4.0 Emergence (2011-2019)
begins, reducing costly reworks and financial
 Inspired by Industry 4.0: The term “Industry 4.0”
risks.
was introduced in Germany in 2011, and the
construction sector began adapting similar  Increased/enhanced collaboration: Cloud-based
principles. platforms and Building Information Modeling
 Technology integration: (BIM) facilitate real-time collaboration and data
• Drones, IoT, robotics, and AI started being sharing among stakeholders.
integrated into the construction workflow.  Environmental sustainability: The optimizing of
• Cloud computing enabled real-time the use of resources cum minimizing waste
collaboration on construction sites. contributes to greener building practices.
 Digital Twin Concepts and Smart Construction
 Innovative design: 3D printing and prefabrication
Sites started to gain traction.
enable rapid prototyping and innovative designs.
4. Construction 4.0 Expansion (2020-Present)
 Improved working conditions: Automation
 COVID-19 as a catalyst: The pandemic
reduces the physical burden of labor-intensive
accelerated the adoption of digital technologies
tasks, hence creating a safer working
due to remote work needs and labor shortages.
environment.
 Advanced Automation: This is in areas of:

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KEY TECHNOLOGIES IN CONSTRUCTION physical worlds, simplifying construction data
4.0 gathering and reporting, and lowering risks [28,
Some of the key technologies in Construction 4.0 are: 29], through the use of actuators, sensors, IoT,
1. Building Information Modeling (BIM): This robots, cobots, and drones, as shown in Figures
facilitates the creation and management of digital 11 and 12.
representations of physical and functional aspects
10. Blockchain: Blockchain in Construction 4.0
of construction projects, enhancing collaboration
plays a transformative role via enhancing
and decision-making across the project lifecycle
transparency, traceability, trust across project
[19].
lifecycles, digital identity and access
2. Internet of Things (IoT): The IoT devices management, with its challenges of scalability
enable real-time monitoring of construction sites and performance, interoperability, regulatory
by collecting data on machinery, materials, and issues, cost and complexity [30, 31], as shown in
worker movements, thereby improving safety and Figure 13.
operational efficiency [20].
CHALLENGES FACING CONSTRUCTION 4.0
3. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine AND SOLUTIONS
Learning (ML): These technologies support There are several challenges facing Construction 4.0
predictive analytics, risk management, and that hinder its adoption and implementation. Some of
optimization in project planning and execution the key challenges and potential solutions are [2, 18,
[21], as shown in Figure 6. 32-37]:
4. Robotics and Automation: Robotics are The challenges include:
increasingly being used for repetitive or 1. Lack of knowledge and expertise: Insufficient
hazardous tasks such as bricklaying, welding, or technical knowledge and expertise in digital
concrete printing, to help in improving precision technologies, as well as the lack of skilled
and reducing labor demands [22]. workforce (i.e. skills gap) to operate advanced
5. Drones and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles digital tools like BIM, AI systems, or robotics
(UAVs): They are used for site surveys, progress pose significant challenge.
monitoring, and safety inspections, offering high- 2. Lack of digital strategies and supporting
resolution aerial imagery and real-time data [23]. leadership: The lack of effective synergies in
working relationships and poor long-term
6. Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality strategic planning can hinder the successful
(AR): Both AR and VR enhance visualization implementation of Construction 4.0.
and training, allowing stakeholders to engage
with designs interactively and identify potential 3. Cybersecurity and data protection: Data and
issues before construction begins [24], as shown cybersecurity concerns must be properly
in Figures 7 and 8. addressed, and stringent security standards must
be put in place to protect sensitive information
7. Additive Manufacturing (AM) or 3D Printing: from cyber-attacks and data breaches.
AM helps to minimize the supply chain in the
construction industry through autonomous 4. Data fragmentation: Lack of collaboration and
production of building components directly from data fragmentation prevent the optimal use of
digital models without human intervention and smart technologies.
complicated formworks. 3D Printing also known 5. Unsuitable framework: Existing frameworks may
as additive manufacturing, offers a cost-effective not be suitable for adopting digital technologies,
and rapid solution for producing components or hence hindering the transition to Construction 4.0.
even entire buildings [25, 26], as shown in 6. Interoperability and integration issues: Different
Figures 9 and 10. technologies and systems may not be compatible,
8. Cloud Computing: This enables centralized data leading to data silos and inefficiencies. The lack
storage, improved collaboration, and efficient of common standards exacerbates this issue.
project management [27]. 7. Resistance to change: Organizational and cultural
resistance to change is very common, particularly
9. Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS): CPS is an
application to meet the objective of escalating in traditional construction firms that are wary of
productivity in construction projects, and as well adopting disruptive technologies.
as to address the recurrent problems in the 8. Regulatory and legal uncertainties: The legal
construction industry. It also links the virtual and framework for digital tools, data ownership,

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liability in automated decision-making, and cross- industry,”
border data usage is still evolving. https://www.buildingtransformations.org/constr
Some of the solutions would include: uction-4.0-the-next-revolution-in-the-
1. Develop digital literacy: This is by providing construction-industry
training and education to construction [2] A. Sawhney, M. Riley and J. Irizarry (2020),
professionals to develop the necessary skills and “Construction 4.0: An innovation platform for
knowledge to adopt Construction 4.0 built environment.” Routledge.
technologies, as shown in Figure 14.
[3] B. H. Roberts, “The third industrial revolution:
2. Strategic planning and leadership: Encourage
Implications for planning cities and regions,”
leaders to develop and implement digital
Work. Pap. Urban Front 2015, vol. 1, no. 1.
strategies that support the adoption of
Construction 4.0 technologies. [4] J. Fitzsimmons, “Information technology and
3. Implement robust cybersecurity measures: Need the third industrial revolution,” Electron. Libr.
to develop and implement robust cybersecurity 1994, vol. 12, pp. 295-297.
measures to protect sensitive information and [5] P. Troxler, “Making the third industrial
prevent data breaches, as shown in Figure 15. revolution – the struggle for polycentric
4. Improve data management: Implement data structures and a new peer-production commons
management systems that enable seamless data in the FabLab community,” In FabLabs: Of
sharing and collaboration among stakeholders. Machines, Makers and Inventors; J. Walter-
5. Develop suitable frameworks: Develop and adopt Herrman, C. Buching (eds.), Transcript Verlag:
frameworks that support the adoption of digital Bielefield, Germany, 2013, pp. 181-198.
technologies and Construction 4.0 principles.
[6] J. Finkelstein, D. Newman, “The third
Some of the key Construction 4.0 technologies that industrial revolution: A special challenge to
can be used to address these challenges and as earlier managers,” Organ. Dyn. 1984, vol. 13, pp. 53-
discussed in the paper would include: 65.
 Building Information Modeling (BIM)
 Artificial intelligence (AI) [7] R. Kaplinsky, “Technological revolution and
 Internet of Things (IoT) the international division of labour in
 Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality manufacturing: A place for the Third World?
(AV) Eur. J. Dev. Res. 1989, vol. 1, pp. 5-37.
 3D Printing and Prefabrication [8] H. Begic, M. Galic, “A systematic review of
CONCLUSION construction 4.0 in the context of the BIM 4.0
Construction 4.0 is paradigm shift towards smarter, premise,” Buildings, 2021, vol. 11, no. 8, p
more sustainable, and highly efficient construction 337.https://www.mdpi.com/
practices. By embracing and leveraging automation, [9] World Economic Forum 2016, “Shaping the
digital tools/technologies, and data analytics, the future of construction: A breakthrough in
industry can improve safety, reduce costs, accelerate mindset and technology.”
timeliness, and minimize environmental impact.
However, it also presents challenges/limitations such [10] M. Bilal et al. (2016), “Big data in the
as the need for workforce re-skilling, high initial construction industry: A review of present
investments in technology, cybersecurity issues, and status, opportunities, and future trends,”
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limitations can position and revolutionize the industry [11] F. Khosrowshahi & Y. Arayici (2012),
for long-term growth and transformation. “Roadmap for implementation of BIM in the
More information on Construction 4.0 can be UK construction industry,” Engineering,
obtained from books in [38-40] and in the following Construction and Architectural Management.
journals: [12] A. Q. Gbadamosi et al. (2020), “Offsite
 Journal on Construction Innovation construction: Sustainable or disruptive? Journal
 Journal on Automation in Construction of Cleaner Production, p. 245, 118583.
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Figure 1 Building Information Modeling (BIM).

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+BIM+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&sca_esv=f
37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zq5eekfKsLjrpED-ZBy-J-
V2u2NLg%3A1747738845718&ei=3WAsaJ_PK9eQkdUPjeWEwAY&ved=0ahUKEwjfsbzI8rGNAxVXS
KQEHY0yAWgQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+of+BIM+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWci
LmltYWdlcyBvZiBCSU0gaW4gY29uc3RydWN0aW9uIDQuMCBieSB3aWtpcGVkaWFIi4ABUOUPWP4
5cAF4AJABAJgBjwWgAe4PqgEJMi0yLjAuMi4xuAEMyAEAAEBmAIAoAIAmAMAiAYBkgcAoAfhA
bIHALgHAMIHAMgHAA&sclient=img#vhid=EUnhVkyVtxkKkM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 2. Construction
Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e293ca8d199e0e1f&sxsrf=AHTn8zrmAXaMaYtnsq8S4P
Q3GsxUi_bTIQ:1747687952764&q=images+on+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=ABzOT_C
WdhQLP1FcmU5B0fn3xuWpAdk4wpBWOGsoR7DG5zJBkzPWUS0OtApxR2914vrjk7XZXfnfKsaRZou
QANLhmphfsaRlDNPoWc6rCumaYm3VojqsiuBofLuYVqeJuzeVFrArtYn8anrtQg9oucHCeTR27yMHxAF
31k9lv_a8NXq9Jk1mNfGFUy8ZFut1MXrV1vBhNe7WnE43Sd7e7305krgzHUJQw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE
wjHgun8tLCNAxWPV0EAHRZRCuAQtKgLegQIGBAB&biw=1036&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=2yvymXFz
ODth-M&vssid=mosaic

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Figure 3. Industry 4.0.png

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e293ca8d199e0e1f&sxsrf=AHTn8zrmAXaMaYtnsq8S4P
Q3GsxUi_bTIQ:1747687952764&q=images+on+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=ABzOT_C
WdhQLP1FcmU5B0fn3xuWpAdk4wpBWOGsoR7DG5zJBkzPWUS0OtApxR2914vrjk7XZXfnfKsaRZou
QANLhmphfsaRlDNPoWc6rCumaYm3VojqsiuBofLuYVqeJuzeVFrArtYn8anrtQg9oucHCeTR27yMHxAF
31k9lv_a8NXq9Jk1mNfGFUy8ZFut1MXrV1vBhNe7WnE43Sd7e7305krgzHUJQw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE
wjHgun8tLCNAxWPV0EAHRZRCuAQtKgLegQIGBAB&biw=1036&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=SLV6jurA-
AMh-M&vssid=mosaic

Figure 4, Industrial Revolution

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e293ca8d199e0e1f&sxsrf=AHTn8zrmAXaMaYtnsq8S4P
Q3GsxUi_bTIQ:1747687952764&q=images+on+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=ABzOT_C
WdhQLP1FcmU5B0fn3xuWpAdk4wpBWOGsoR7DG5zJBkzPWUS0OtApxR2914vrjk7XZXfnfKsaRZou
QANLhmphfsaRlDNPoWc6rCumaYm3VojqsiuBofLuYVqeJuzeVFrArtYn8anrtQg9oucHCeTR27yMHxAF
31k9lv_a8NXq9Jk1mNfGFUy8ZFut1MXrV1vBhNe7WnE43Sd7e7305krgzHUJQw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE
wjHgun8tLCNAxWPV0EAHRZRCuAQtKgLegQIGBAB&biw=1036&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=9RZ7-
PuU_66L1M&vssid=mosaic

Figure 5. Fourth Industrial Revolution

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+on+how+to+prepare+for+construction+4.0+by+wikipedi
a&sca_esv=18d1df816f52c143&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zrKUXnzp-

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WTzEpOB4ytkHR7aZQgpg%3A1747737567000&ei=3lssaIvnPOTqhbIPirKJsAU&ved=0ahUKEwiLzt3m
7bGNAxVkdUEAHQpZAlYQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+on+how+to+prepare+for+construction+4.0+by+wik
ipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciOmltYWdlcyBvbiBob3cgdG8gcHJlcGFyZSBmb3IgY29uc3RydWN0aW9uIDQu
MCBieSB3aWtpcGVkaWFI2JEBULULWNhycAF4AJABA5gBgQgAb1IqgERMC4xLjUuMS4wLjEuMS4
xLjO4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgB9EEsgcAuAcAwgcAyAcA&sclient=img

Figure 6. Artificial intelligence in Construction 4.0

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=f37af7071d948b3e&sxsrf=AHTn8zqqWPAIMKwuJzrVV
KBXXt9nZOW_AQ:1747738839207&q=images+of+AI+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs
=ABzOT_CWdhQLP1FcmU5B0fn3xuWpAdk4wpBWOGsoR7DG5zJBkzPWUS0OtApxR2914vrjk5gux0
mYvyWoCy003vfIOil5ekSEmiNTtwroZvCuhRIsFI_LPiuM5PpcuzF6vB9maDGdx4zAXfHmpFHbE23U_
VignT9_WrZQ_vSD_os88IgTKZNafjOF4lg27P6wl6KYux5o4w5fgSnJvUwTzTSrqqlnbaGA&sa=X&ved=
2ahUKEwijga_F8rGNAxX1RaQEHaHUDB0QtKgLegQIDxAB&biw=1036&bih=539

Figure 7. Computer Architecture

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+on+how+to+prepare+for+construction+4.0+by+wikipedi
a&sca_esv=18d1df816f52c143&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zrKUXnzpWTzEpOB4ytkHR
7aZQgpg%3A1747737567000&ei=3lssaIvnPOTqhbIPirKJsAU&ved=0ahUKEwiLzt3m7bGNAxVkdUEA
HQpZAlYQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+on+how+to+prepare+for+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=Eg
NpbWciOmltYWdlcyBvbiBob3cgdG8gcHJlcGFyZSBmb3IgY29uc3RydWN0aW9uIDQuMCBieSB3aWtpc
GVkaWFI2JEBULULWNhycAF4AJABA5gBgQgAb1IqgERMC4xLjUuMS4wLjEuMS4xLjO4AQzIAQD
4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgB9EEsgcAuAcAwgcAyAcA&sclient=img

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Figure 8. Outline of Construction

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+on+how+to+prepare+for+construction+4.0+by+wikipedi
a&sca_esv=18d1df816f52c143&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zrKUXnzpWTzEpOB4ytkHR
7aZQgpg%3A1747737567000&ei=3lssaIvnPOTqhbIPirKJsAU&ved=0ahUKEwiLzt3m7bGNAxVkdUEA
HQpZAlYQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+on+how+to+prepare+for+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=Eg
NpbWciOmltYWdlcyBvbiBob3cgdG8gcHJlcGFyZSBmb3IgY29uc3RydWN0aW9uIDQuMCBieSB3aWtpc
GVkaWFI2JEBULULWNhycAF4AJABA5gBgQgAb1IqgERMC4xLjUuMS4wLjEuMS4xLjO4AQzIAQD
4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgB9EEsgcAuAcAwgcAyAcA&sclient=img

Figure 9. Supply chain management

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+blockchain+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&sca
_esv=f37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zqF4j2ShOo907LStvdKqQsAyRm
WMA%3A1747739744919&ei=YGQsaJf1N_CThbIPwChiQ4&ved=0ahUKEwiXpZ_19bGNAxXwSUEA
HUNwKOEQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+of+blockchain+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbW
ciNWltYWdlcyBvZiBibG9ja2NoYWluIGluIGNvbnN0cnVjdGlvbiA0LjAgYnkgd2lraXBlZGlhSOWzAVC
QDViBfnABeACQAQCYAZMUoAGTOKoBDTItMi42LTEuMS4wLjK4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYA
wCIBgGSBwCgB5YCsgcAuAcAwgcAyAcA&sclient=img#vhid=fwKlN_tqTRhtRM&vssid=mosaic

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Figure 10. Project management

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+construction+4.0+implementation+plan+by+wikipedi
a&sca_esv=f37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zq2byURC2TkrY1__hnJa41G
yrZVVw%3A1747740124226&ei=3GUsaIXLDanU7M8Pwa6zoQs&ved=0ahUKEwiFqY6q97GNAxUpKv
sDHUHXLLQQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+of+construction+4.0+implementation+plan+by+wikipedia&gs_lp
=EgNpbWciO2ltYWdlcyBvZiBjb25zdHJ1Y3Rpb24gNC4wIGltcGxlbWVudGF0aW9uIHBsYW4gYnkgd2l
raXBlZGlhSMDuAlDeDVjsrAJwAXgAkAEDmAGcNKAB68EBqgEPMi00LjUtMi4yLjIuMS41uAEMyA
EAAEBmAIBoAILwgIHECMYJxjJApgDAIgGAZIHATGgBgFsgcAuAcAwgcDMi0xyAcG&sclient=img#
vhid=xPwres6oM_sT1M&vssid=mosaic

Figure 11. Robotics

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+robotics+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&sca_es
v=f37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zpTdMvdd7AyqCsI7iphCClq8dtsg%3
A1747739110429&ei=5mEsaLjyGaygkdUPs923iQ4&ved=0ahUKEwi4_djG87GNAxUsUKQEHbPuLeEQ
4dUDCBE&oq=images+of+robotics+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciM2ltYWdlcyB
vZiByb2JvdGljcyBpbiBjb25zdHJ1Y3Rpb24gNC4wIGJ5IHdpa2lwZWRpYUiggFQ1wpYxkVwAXgAkAE
AmAHAAqAB0xSqAQYyLTEwLjG4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgGgAhLCAgcQIxgnGMkCmAMAiAYBkgcB
MaAH9wOyBwC4BwDCBwMzLTHIBw0&sclient=img#vhid=KnUc4KrMQiTffM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 12. Cobot

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+cobots+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&sca_esv
=f37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zqQUvCRDyEfxg04rse5pSEAcrMw%3

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A1747739422987&ei=HmMsaPFPP6ohbIP4eaiAg&ved=0ahUKEwj_jN7b9LGNAxVVEEAHfuDBoEQ4d
UDCBE&oq=images+of+cobots+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbWciMWltYWdlcyBvZ
iBjb2JvdHMgaW4gY29uc3RydWN0aW9uIDQuMCBieSB3aWtpcGVkaWFI4poBUJURWONgcAF4AJAB
AJgBvgegAb4jqgELMC4yLjguMi42LTK4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYAwCIBgGSBwCgB_YEsgcAuA
cAwgcAyAcA&sclient=img#vhid=dYAZwIV13Jg0rM&vssid=mosaic

Figure 13. Blockchain

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+blockchain+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&sca
_esv=f37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zqF4j2ShOo907LStvdKqQsAyRm
WMA%3A1747739744919&ei=YGQsaJf1N_CThbIPwChiQ4&ved=0ahUKEwiXpZ_19bGNAxXwSUEA
HUNwKOEQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+of+blockchain+in+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgNpbW
ciNWltYWdlcyBvZiBibG9ja2NoYWluIGluIGNvbnN0cnVjdGlvbiA0LjAgYnkgd2lraXBlZGlhSOWzAVC
QDViBfnABeACQAQCYAZMUoAGTOKoBDTItMi42LTEuMS4wLjK4AQzIAQD4AQGYAgCgAgCYA
wCIBgGSBwCgB5YCsgcAuAcAwgcAyAcA&sclient=img

Figure 14. Interchange (road)

Source:https://www.google.com/search?sca_esv=e293ca8d199e0e1f&sxsrf=AHTn8zrmAXaMaYtnsq8S4P
Q3GsxUi_bTIQ:1747687952764&q=images+on+construction+4.0+by+wikipedia&udm=2&fbs=ABzOT_C
WdhQLP1FcmU5B0fn3xuWpAdk4wpBWOGsoR7DG5zJBkzPWUS0OtApxR2914vrjk7XZXfnfKsaRZou
QANLhmphfsaRlDNPoWc6rCumaYm3VojqsiuBofLuYVqeJuzeVFrArtYn8anrtQg9oucHCeTR27yMHxAF
31k9lv_a8NXq9Jk1mNfGFUy8ZFut1MXrV1vBhNe7WnE43Sd7e7305krgzHUJQw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKE
wjHgun8tLCNAxWPV0EAHRZRCuAQtKgLegQIGBAB&biw=1036&bih=539&dpr=1#vhid=yIpgerDVjv
eX0M&vssid=mosaic

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Figure 15. Cybersecurity and infrastructure

Source:https://www.google.com/search?q=images+of+construction+4.0+cybersecurity+plan+by+wikipedia
&sca_esv=f37af7071d948b3e&udm=2&biw=1036&bih=539&sxsrf=AHTn8zqIIRhF4ZE653EvOMJYmfpB
SR_nIw%3A1747741224132&ei=KGosaK_mB9Lo7_UPtZqHuAc&ved=0ahUKEwivmsu27GNAxVS9LsI
HTXNAXcQ4dUDCBE&oq=images+of+construction+4.0+cybersecurity+plan+by+wikipedia&gs_lp=EgN
pbWciOmltYWdlcyBvZiBjb25zdHJ1Y3Rpb24gNC4wIGN5YmVyc2VjdXJpdHkgcGxhbiBieSB3aWtpcGV
kaWFIAFAAWABwAHgAkAEAmAEAoAEAqgEAuAEMyAEAmAIAoAIAmAMAkgcAoAcAsgcAuAc
AwgcAyAcA&sclient=img#vhid=5WZnXOWt5RCDhM&vssid=mosaic

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