REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH

According to WHO reproductive health is a state of complete well being

of individuals in physical ,functional ,emotional ,behavioral & social
aspects of reproductive system
Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted
diseases
In India MMR (maternal mortality rate) & IMR ( infant mortality rate ) are
high
STD (sexually transmitted diseases ) is a major problem many people in
India live with HIV/AIDS
Family planning programs are initiated in India in 1951
RCH (reproductive and child health care) programmes massive child
immunization & supply of nutritional food to pregnant women
Sex education in schools gives right information to the young (adolescent
age ) on sexually transmitted diseases ,reproductive organs , safe &
hygienic sexual practices
Awareness should be created in the society on problems caused by
uncontrolled population growth ?& social evils like sex abuse & sex
related crimes
Female Foeticide
In India 1970 Amniocentesis test has introduced for detectin g genetic
abnormalities in foetus but it was misused for sex determination
1976 government banned these tests for sexdetermination
1987 3D Ultra sound scanning was introduced for detecting genetic
abnormalities in foetus again it was mis used for sex determination
1994 Pre –natal Diagnostic techniques act has introduced with stringent
punishment rules
STD s –Sexually Transmitted Diseases
Diseases transmitted through sexual contact /intercourse are known as
STDs /VDs/RTI
Symptoms are itching ,fluid discharge , slight pain , swelling in the
genital region
S.NO Name of the Disease Causative organism
1 Gonorrhea Neisseria gonorrhoeae (bacteria)
2 Syphilis Treponema pallidum
3 Genital herpes Herpes simplex virus /HSV
4 Genital warts /Cervical cancer Human papilloma virus /HPV
5 Trichomoniasis Trichomonas vaginalis
6 Chlamydiasis Chlamydia trachomatis
7 Hepatitis –B HBV
8 AIDS HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus )
1,2,6 – Bacteria
3,4,7,8 – Virus
5- Protozoan
Birth Control – Need And Methods
The solution for population explosion is birth control
Marriageable age of females is 18 yrs & males is 21 yrs
Contraception –The prevention of conception by natura l /artificial
methods is known as contraception
Qualities of contraceptives
1-user –friendly
2- easily available
3-Effective and reversible without side effects
4- does not affect the sexual life of the user
Contraceptive methods
1-Natural /Traditional , 2- Barriers , 3-Intra uterine devices (IUDs)
4-Oral contraceptive pills ,5-Injectables ,Implants ,Vaginal rings & Skin
patches ,6-Surgical methods
Natural methods
1- Periodic abstinence - avoid coitus from 10 -17 days of menstrual cycle
2-Withdrawl /Coitus interruptus – with draws penis from vagina before
ejaculation
3-Lactational amenorrhea- absence of ovulation (up to 6 months ) during
intense lactation by mother after parturition
Barrier methods
Sperms are prevented from meeting the ovum
Condom –made up of thin rubber /latex sheath ,additional benefit is
prevents from STDs ,male condoms –covers the penis ,female condoms
covers the cervix
Reusable female barriers –Diaphragms ,Cervical caps ,Vaults ,Spermicidal
creams ,jellies & foams
Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) –Phagocytosis of sperms by WBC within uterus
Non medicated –Lippes loop
Copper releasing – Cu T, Cu 7 ,Multi load 375
Hormone releasing – Progestasert , LNG -20
Oral contraceptive pills (OCPs)
Progestens /Progestogen-estrogen combinations in the form of pills
/tablets
Daily for 21 days within five days of menstruation ,gap of 7 days again
continuous as long as prevents conception
Saheli –non steroid with less side effects ,used once in a week-CDRI
Contraceptive Injections ,Drug releasing Implants ,Vaginal rings & Skin
patches
Progestogens /Progestogen –estrogen - used in females in the form of
injections ,DMPA (depot medroxyprogesterone acetate) once in 3 months
Implant – single rod of match stick size – prevents pregnancy for 3 years
Vaginal rings – flexible small plastic ring inserted into vagina
Skin patches - loaded with estrogen & progestogen releases these
hormones slowly into blood stream to prevent pregnancy
Surgical methods
Vasectomy – a small part of vas deferens on either side is removed /tied
up through a small incision on the scrotum ,semen without sperms
Tubectomy – a small part of fallopian tube on both sides is removed
/tied up through a small incision made in the abdomen /vagina ,prevents
entry of ovum into fallopian tubes & prevents pregnancy
MTP –Medical Termination of Pregnancy /Induced abortion
It is the only available choice to get rid of unwanted pregnancies due to
unprotected intercourse /failure of contraceptives / incurable genetic
disorders in the foetus / continuation pregnancy is harmful to mother
Indian government legalized in 1971with some restrictions to avoid its
misuse
Amniocentesis
It is a diagnostic procedure to detect genetic defects in unborn baby , a
needle is inserted in the mothers abdominal to collect amniotic fluid ,
foetal chromosomes are observed under microscope for abnormalities ,
the most common abnormalities detected by amniocentesis are Down
syndrome ,Edwards syndrome & Tuner's syndrome
Infertility
Inability of a person to contribute to conception
Reasons –physical ,genetic ,drugs ,immunological ,psychological
Infertility clinics helps in diagnosis & treatment
ART /ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY
IVF –ET / In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer
Fertilization of ovum by sperm occurs outside the body of a woman &
embryo at 8 celled stage is introduced into the mother’s uterus
,popularly known as test tube baby
ZIFT /Zygote Intra Fallopian Transfer
Ovum is extracted and fertilized outside the body and zygote is
introduced into the woman's fallopian tube for further development
GIFT /Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer
Some woman cannot produce ovum due to defects /diseases in ovary but
suitable for fertilization & implantation ,in such cases ovum is collected
from donor and transferred into recipient fallopian tube for fertilization
ICSI /Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Sperm is directly introduced into the cytoplasm of the ovum with the
help of microscopic needle in the laboratory ,later embryo is transferred
to fallopian tube / uterus
AI /Artificial Insemination – It is suggested inability of male to
inseminate /low sperm count ,semen is collected from husband / healthy
donor and introduced into the uterus for fertilization (IUI- Intra Uterine
Insemination)