?

s'd klZrd, lhNnf cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( /f8LHo"nfdf /x]sf]

jfbL ;d'bfodf /x]sf “ % jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsf] kf]if0fsf] l:ytL” ;DalGw
lzif{sdf tof/ kfl/Psf] Ps :ynut cWoog k|ltj]bg
@)*)

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno lzIffzf:q ;ª\sfo ,rf/ jif]{ :gfts tx aL= P8|\ rf}yf] jif{sf]
hg;+Vof lzIffdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 (POP.Ed.449 dfOg/ ) ljifosf] k|of]ufTds
v08sf] cf+lzs kf7\ofef/ k'/f ug{sf] nfuL tof/ kfl/O{Psf] Ps cWoo0f k|ltj]bg
@)*)

qm=;= kl/Iff /f]Nfg+Da/ lq=lj= btf{ g+Da/

!
@
#
$
%
^
&
*

hg;+Vof lzIff lzIf0f ljefu

lzIff zf:q ;+sfo, lq= lj=
/f8LHo"nf lzIff SofDk; cf7lj;sf]6, ?s'd klZrd
s0ff{nL k|b]z, g]kfn
@)&(
 b'O{ zAb

lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno lzIff zf:q ;+sfo jL= P8= rf}yf] jif{sf] hg;+Vof lzIff dfO{g/
ljifo cGt/{ut hg;+Vof lzIffdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 (POP.Ed.449 dfO{g/)
ljifosf] k|of]ufTds v08sf] kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{sf] nfuL of] :ynut cWoo0f k|ltj]bg
tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . o; cWoo0f k|ltj]bgsf nfuL cfkm\gf] cd"No ;do , ;Nnfx ,
;"emfj tyf lgb]{zg ug{'x'g] Pjd\ cWoo0f k|ltj]bnfO{ tof/ kfg{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g]
hg;+Vof lzIff df kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 (POP.Ed.449 dfO{g/) ljifosf ljifo
lzIfs >L dfg axfb'/ rGb nfO{ cfef/ SoQm ub5'{ .
tYofª\s ;ª\sng ug]{ qmdd f xfdLnfO{ tYofª\s pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g]
j8f g+= )( sf j8f sfof{no k|d'v >L s'df/ cf]nL Ho" k|lt cfef/ k|s6 ug{
rfxG5f} . To:t} u/L tYofª\s ;+sng ug]{ qmddf ;f]lwPsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ lbP/ ;xof]u
ug'{x'g] pQ/bftfx?k|lt klg cfef/ k|s6 ub5'{ .
cGTodf o; cWoo0f k|ltj]bg tof/ kfg]{ qmddf ljleGg If]qaf6 k|ToIf Pj+\d ck|ToIf
?kdf ;xof]u k'/\ofpg' x'g] ;a}df xflb{s wGojfb AoQm ug{ rfxG5f} . xfdLn]
u/]sf] o; k|of;af6 cfufdL ;j]{Ifsx?nfO{ of] cWoo0f k|ltj]bg Ps ;xof]u
;fdu|L x'g ;Sg] ljZjfz lnPsf 5' .

k|:t'tstf{x?
/f8LHo'nf lzIff SofDk;
l;kmfl/; kq
o; SofDk;df aL=P8= rf}yf] jif{df cWoo0f/t 5fq/ 5fqfx?n] tof/ kf/]sf] of] :ynut cWoo0f
k|ltj]bg d]/f] k|ToIf ;'kl/j]If0fdf ul/Psf] xf] .dnfO{ yfxf eP;Dd pxfFx?n] o; k|ltj]bgdf pNn]v
ug'{ ePsf k|fylds tYofª\sx? jf:tljsQfsf] glhs /x]sf 5g\ . o;y{ d of] k|ltj]bgnfO{ plrt
d'Nofª\0f ug{sf] nfuL l;kmf/L; ub{5' .

==== =======================
-dfg axf'/ rGb_
cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]]Ifs
ldlt:
:jLs[t kq
lqe'jg ljZj ljBfno >L /f8LHo"nf lzIff SofDk; cf7lj;sf]6 ?s'd klZrd aL=P8=
rf}yf] jif{ sf] hg;+Vof lzIff d'n ljifo cGt/{ut hg;+Vof lzIffdf kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf
uf]li7 -POP.Ed.449 dfO{g/) sf] cflz+s kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{sf] nfuL 5fq/5fqf x?n]
?s'd klZrd lhNnf, cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( df /x]sf] jfbL ;d'bfodf
/x]sf “ % jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsf] kf]if0fsf] l:ytL” ;DalGw zLif{sdf :ynut
cWoo0f u/L k|ltj]bg :jLs[tsf nfuL cfGTfl/s ;'kl/j]Ifs dfkm{t k|:t't u/]sf]df
d'Nofª\0f ;ldtL4f/f :jLs[t ul/Psf] 5 .
…………………………… ……………………..
cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]Ifs afx\o ;'kl/j]Ifs
ldlt : ldlt :
ljifo ;"lr k]h g+=
v08- != kl/ro (Introduction) !-#
!=! cWoo0fsf] k[i7e"ld (Background of the Study)
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg (Statement of Problem)
!=# cWoo0fsf pb]Zox? (Objective of Study)
!=$ cWoo0fsf dxTj (Significance of the Study)
!=% cWoo0fsf ;Ldfx? (Limitation of Study)
Vf08 - @ ;Dalwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg -Review of Related Literature _= $
Vf08 - #= cWoo0f ljwL(Methodology ) % -^
#=! cWoo0fsf] 9fFrf ( Research0f Design)
#=@ cWoo0fsf ]If]q(Study Area)
#=# tYofª\ssf] >f]t(Source of Data)
#=$ cWoo0fsf] gd'gf / gd'gf 5gf}6 k|s[of(Sampling and Sampling Procedures)
#=% cWoo0fsf] ;fwg(Research Tools)
#=^ ;fwgsf] j}wQf - Standardization of Tools _
#=& tYofª\s ;+sng k|s[of (Data Collection Procedures)
#=* tYoffª\ssf] AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f(Analysis and Interpretetaion of Data)
Vf08 - $= tYofª\ssf] AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f (Analysis and Interpretataion of Data )&- !#
$=! n}luËs ljj/0f
$=@ wfld{s ljj/0f
$=# k]zfut ljj/0f
$=$ kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f
$=% z}lIfs ljj/0f
$=^ kfFr jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsfsf] ljj/0f
$=& kfFr jif{ leq afnafnLsfn] lng'kg]{ vf]ksf] ljj/0f
$=* aRrf hGdfpg] :yfg ;DalGw ljj/0f
$=( afnafnLsfsf] :tgkfg ;DalGWf ljj/0f
$=!) 5 dlxgf k'u]kl5 afnafnLsfnfO{ v'jfpg] vfg] s'/fsf] ljj/0f

Vf08 - %= ;f/f+z , k|flTt, lgZsif{ / ;'emfjx? (Summary,Finding,Conclusion and

Suggestion) !$ -!%
%=! ;f/f+z (Summary)
%=@ k|flTt( Findings)
%=# lgZsif{(Conclusion)
%=$ ;'emfjx?(Suggestion)
;Gbe{ ;"lr (Bibliography)
Gfd'gf k|ZgfjnL
 ;Gbe{ ;"lr (Bibliography)
sfkm\n], /fd]Zj/ / ;fyLx? -@)^$_, kfl/jf/Ls hLjg lzIff, sf7df08f} : h'lk6/ klAns]zg
Gof}kfg] , OZj/ k|;fb -@)%& _ ,jftfj/0fLo lzIff tyf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo , sf7df08f} : 1fg
s'Gh k':ts k;n
hf]zL , dx]Gb|/fh , @)%(, hg;+Vof lzIff, e'l8k'/0f k|sfzg, afuahf/ sf7df08f}F
k':ts, hfgsf/Ld'ns -@)&$_, cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf
Nepal Fertility Survey (NFS-1976)
Nepal Fertility ,Family Planing and Health Status Survey (NFFHD -1999)
Nepal Fertility and Family Planimg Survey (NFFPS – 1986 )
k|ZgfjnL
v08 “s”
ldlt
cGt/jftf{ lng] AolQmsf] gfd
3/d'lnsf] gfd y/ lhNnf ?s'd , klZrd k|b]z s0ff{nL g=kf=/ uf=kf= cf7lj;sf]6 j8f g+= )(
k]zf wd{ lzIff dft[efiff kl/jf/sf] k|sf/
qm hDdf Dflxnf k'?if % jif{ % jif{df lng'kg]{ ljjflxtsf] cljjflxtsf] ;fIf/sf] lg/If/sf]
=; Kfl/jf/ d'lgsf vf]k sf] ca:yf ;+Vof ;+Vof ;+Vof ;+Vof
;+Vof afnaflnsf
sf] ;+Vof
s]6f s]6L nufP gnuf dlxnf k'?if Dlxnf k'?if dlx k'?if dlx k'?if
sf] Psf] nf nf
;+Vof ;+Vof

v08 “v”
!_ tkfO{n] klt jif{sf] pd]/df ljjfx ug'{eof] <
s_
@_ tkfO{n] klxnf] ;Gtfg slt jif{sf] pd]/df hGdfpg' eof] <
s_
#_ xfn tkfO{sf slt aRrfaRrL 5g\ <
s_
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s_ v_ u_
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s_ v_ u_
^_ z'?df hGdbf tkfO{sf] aRrfsf] tf}n lng' ePsf] lyof] <
s_ v_
&_ tkfO{n] aRrf sfFxf hGdfpg' eof] <
s_ c:ktfn v_ 3/df u_ cGo
*_ tkfOn] tkfO{sf] aRrfnfO { hGd] b]lv slt jif{ ;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg'eof] <
s_ v_

;xof]usf] nfuL wGojfb .

 Vf08- Ps(Chapter:one )
!= Kfl/ro(Introduction)
!=! cWoo0fsf] k[i7e'ld(Background of the study )
ljZjsf b]zx?sf] t'ngfdf xfd|f] b]z sd ljsl;t b]zx?sf] ;d'xdf kb5{ . h;n] ubf{ oxfF cfwf dflg;x? ul/ljsf] /]vfd'lg
/x]]sf 5g\ . To:t}u/L clzlt 5g\ . h;n] ubf{ oxfFsf dflg;x? ljleGg If]q;Fu ;DalGwt cfaZos kg]{ cfwf/e't ;}2flGts /
Aofxl/s 1fg b]lv w]/} s'/fdf jlGrt /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] ;fy{s tyf ;kmn hLjg ofkgsf nfuL :jf:Yo lzIffsf] cfAfZostf
kb{5 . To;}n] x/]s kl/jf/sf] :jf:Yo ;+/0fsf nfuL ;j{k|yd plgx?sf] kl/jf/df kl/jf/ ;+Vof sd 5 jf 5}g\ / cfdf /
aRrfsf] :jf:Yof ljrf/ k'/\ofpg' k5{ . elgG5 “ cfhsf] aRrf ef]nLsf] dflg; xf] . ’’ To;}n] :j:Yo gfu/Ls tyf ;kmn
kfl/jf/Ls hLjgsf nfuL klg ;j{ k|yd aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ca:yf g} /fd|f] x'g'k5{ . aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ca:yf /fd|f]sf] nfuL p;sf]
hGd / hGd kZrftsf] :ofxf/sf] ca:yf pko'St x'g'k5{ . xfn xfd|f] b]z g]kfn nufPt ljZjsf ljsf;f]GD'fv b]zx?df cfdf
tyf aRrfsf] ca:yf :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] Hofb} Go'g Pj\d sdhf]/ ca:yfsf] 5 . :jf:Yo lzIff tyf /f]huf/ h:tf s'/fn]
kl5 k/]sf sltko dflg;nfO{ uf; , jf; , skf;sf] Aoj:yf ;Dklt dflgPtf klg :jf:Yo ;'/Iffsf] cefjn] csfndfg} Hofg
u'dfpg' kg]{ l:ytL ;d]t g]kfndf /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] a9L lzsf/ cfdf / aRrfaRrL x'g] u/]sf] tYo xfdL ;fd' 3fd h:t} 5nª\u
5 . kf]if0f tTjsf cefjdf xfn g]kfn h:tf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?df cfdf tyf aRrfsf] d[To'b/ klg a9L g} 5 .
To:t} ul/ PSsfO{;f} zTffAbLdf cfP/ klg dfgj hutdf sltko ;d:ofx? oyfjt /x]sf 5g\ . ul/jL, a/f]huf/ , hg;+Vofj[lb,
;?jf /f]usf] Aofkstf,clzIff , s'kf]if0f h:tf ;d:ofx? ljZjdf oyfjt /x]sf 5g\ . o:t} s||ddf lqe'jg ljZjljBfno
lzIffzf:q ;+sfu cGt{/ult rf/ jif]{ lj=P8= sf] rf}yf]] jif{sf] hg;+Vof lzIff d'n ljifo cGt/{ut hg;+Vof lzIffdf
kl/of]hgf sfo{ tyf uf]li7 - POP.Ed.449 dfO{g/) sf] cflz+s kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{sf] nfuL ?s'd klZrd lhNnf
cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( df /x]sf] jfbL ;d'bfodf /x]sf “ % jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsf] kf]if0fsf] l:ytL” ;DalGw
zLif{sdf :ynut cWoo0f u/L Ps :ynut cWoo0f k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 . kf]if0f eGgfn] cfdf tyf lzz' aRrfsf]
nfuL caZos kg]{ ;Gt'lnt vfgf xf] . h'g vfgfn] cfdf tyf lzz' aRrfsf] :jf:Yodf ;'wf/ u/L ;'vL kl/jf/sf] lgdf0f{ Pj\d
:j:Yo gfu/Ls pTkfbgdf dxTjk'0f{ e'ldsf v]NbG5 . g]kfndf cfdf tyf lzz' aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ca:yfsf] ;'wf/sf] nfuL
vf;} gf}nf] sfd ul/Psf] b]lvb}g\ . afnaflnsf eGgfn] hGd] b]lv % jif{ leqsf] hg;+Vof xf] . o;sf] klg @ ;d'x x'G5 ,
hGd]b]lv !jif{ leqsf] / !jif{b]lv % jif{ leqsf] pd]/ ;d'x lolgx?sf] vfgfdf x'g] c;Gt'ng g} s'kf]if0f xf] eg] logLx?sf]
vfgfdf x'g] ;Gt'ng g} kf]if0f xf] .
lgZs{ifdf s] eGg ;lsG5 eg] kf]if0f eg]sf] pko'St :jf:Yo ca:yfsf] nfuL lzz'aRrfx?n] kfpg] ;Gt'lnt ef]hg g}kf]if0f xf].
kf]if0f eg]sf] kf}li6s tTj;DAlGWf s'/fsf] cWoo0f ug]{ lj1fg xf] h;sf] ;DaGWf zl//sf] j[lb , ljsf; / ;+jw{gl;t /x]sf] 5 .
xfd|f] zl//nfO{ zlSt k|fTt ug{, zl// j[l4 ug{ Pj\d sf]if /tGt'x?sf] lgdf0f{ ug{ kf]if0f o'St vfg] s'/f rflxG5 . To:t} zl//sf
cª\u kl/rfng sfo{ ;~rfng ug{/ /f]uaf6 aRg klg kf}li6s tTjsf] cfjZostf k5{ .
!=@ ;d:ofsf] syg (Statement of the Problem)
cfhsf] o'u eg]sf] lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] o'u xf] . of] kl/jt{gzLn 5 . x/]s k|sf/sf c;Dej / cK7\of/f sfdx? Klg ;/n / ;xh
?kdf ;DkGg ug{ ;Sg] k|ljwLsf] ljsf; eO{;s]sf] 5 . To;}n] t ;+;f/df ljleGg ljsl;t b]zx?n] ljleGg pknAwL xfl;n
u/]sf 5g+\ . t/ xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf ?kdf /x]sf k/Dk/f, l/lt/Ljfh , ljBdfg ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf ul/jL
, clzIff , tLj| hg;+Vof j[l4 h:tf ;d:ofsf sf/0fn] ubf{ x/]s If]qdf ;f]r] h:tf] k|ult xflzn x'g ;s]sf] 5}g\ . lj1fg /
k|ljlwsf] ljsf;n] ubf{ cfh ljZjdf dflg;sf c+u k|Tof/f]kg ul/;s]sf] ca:yfdf xfdL g]kfnLx? ;xh ?kdf cfwf/e't
cfjZostf ;d]t kl/k'lt{ ug{ ;s]sf 5}gf}F . cfh g]kfnL ;'Ts]/L r]nL / afnaRrfx? s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of af6 u|l;t 5g\ . h;sf]
sf/0fn] pgLx?sf] csfndf g} Hofg uO{/x]sf] 5 eg] afFr]sfx?sf] klg sdhf]/ :jf:Yo ca:yf 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ b]zn]
klg bIf hgzlSt kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g\ . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ x/]s If]qsf] ljsf;sf ultljwL k|efjlt eO{/x]sf 5g\ . o;f] x'g'sf]
k5f8L clzIff , ul/jL , ef}ulns ljs6tf , vfgkfg ;DalGWf unt cfgLafgL , s'kf]if0f h:tf sf/0fx? /x]sf 5g\ .
!
s'kf]if0f g]kfn nufPt ljZjsf w}/} cNkljsl;t b]zx?df k|d'v ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . s'kf]if0fsf sf/0fx? dWo] ?9LjfbL
k/Dk/f , wfld{s ljZjf; ,l56f] ljjfx , vfgkfg ;DalGw unt afgLAoafx/ , k|;j ca:yf eGbf cl3 / kl5 sf] pko'St
:jf:Yo x]/rfx gx'g' k||d'v dflgG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf ljZjsf] s'n hg;+Vof ;f9] ;ft ca{ sf] xf/fxf/Ldf k'lu;s]sf] 5 .
ljZjsf] hg;+Vof j[l4b/ ! k|ltzt eGbf a9L 5 . hg;+Vofsf] o; k|sf/sf] tLj| j[l4nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf] nfuL k|efjsf/L
pkfofx?sf] k|of]u gug]{ xf] eg] ljZjdf s'kf]if0f h:tf :jf:Yo ;d:ofx? Aofks ?kdf /lx/xg] 5g\ . h;sf] sf/0fn] ljZjn]
ljsf;sf If]qdf bIf hgzlSt ;xh ?kn] kfpg ;Sg] 5}g\ . To;}n] ubf{ :j:Yo dfgj hLjg ofkgsf nfuL / :j:Yo hgzlSt
sf] cfk'lt{sf] nfuL z'? b]lv g} cfdf tyf lzz' aRrfsf] kf]if0f o'St vfgfdf ;a}n] Wofg lbg'k5{ . xfd|f] b]z g]kfn Ps
ljsf;f]Gd'v b]z xf] . oxfFsf] cfwf hg;+Vof cem ;Dd klg lg/If/ / ul/jsf] /]vf d'lg /x]sf 5g\ . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{
s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:ofsf] ;d:of ;xh tl/sfn] ;fdfwfg x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ . ;Gt'lnt ef]hg tyf kf]if0f ;DalGw 1fgsf] cefn]
ubf{ w}/} cfdf tyf aRffaRrLx?sf] csfndf g} d[To' x'g] u/]sf] 5.
!=# cWoo0fsf pb]Zox? (Objectives of Study)
s'g} klg cWoo0f cg';Gwfgsf lglZrt nIo / pb]Zox? /x]sf x'G5g\ .o; cWoo0fsf klg s]xL pb]Zox? Tfo ul/Psf] 5 .
h'g pb]ZonfO{ tn pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ cWoo0f If]qsf kl/jf/df /x]sf kf]if0f ;DalGw 1fg tyf wf/0ff kTtf nufpg' ,
@_ cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf afnafnLsfsf] kf]if0fsf] ca:yf kTtf nufpg' .
!=$ cWoo0fsf] dxTj (Signficance of Study )
Xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf ljBdfg /x]sf] s'l/tL , s';+:sf/ ?9LjfbL k/Dk/f clzIff , ul/jL ,r]tgfsf] cefj , wfld{s ,;f+:s[lts,
hflto cfbL ljljw sf/0fn] :jf:Yo ;DalGWf ljljw ;d:of /x]sf 5g\ . h;sf] kl/0ffd :j?k x/]s ljsf; lgdf{0fsf If]qdf
:j:Yo tyf bIf hgzlStsf] cefj 5 . :jf:Yo Pj\d kf]if0f ;DalGw k|of]u , 1fg , ;Lk / wf/0ffsf] cefjn] ubf{ af/]df ;d:of
klxrfxg u/L tL g]kfndf cfdf tyf lzz'aRrfsf :jf:Yo s'kf]if0f , ;?jf /f]u , lzz'd[To' tyf dt[d[To'b/ pRr h:tf ljljw
vfn] :jf:Yo ;d:ofx? /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf k|sf/sf ;d:ofx? s]xL xb;Dd Go'"lgs/0f ug{ ;xof]u ug]{ o; cWoo0fsf] k|d'v
pb]Zo /x]sf] 5 . o; cWoo0fsf] d'Vo dxTjnfO{ tn pNn]v ul/OPsf] 5 ,
 o; cWoo0fn] ;d'bfosf ljleGg ;+3 ;+:yfnfO{ ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf sfd ug]{ 5 .
 o; cWoo0fn] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] lzIff tyf r]tgfsf] :t/sf af/]df ;d'bfo tyf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg] 5 .
kf]if0f ;DalGw hfgsf/L lng rfxg] ;DalGwt kIfnfO{ ;xof]o x'g]5 .
 kf]if0f ;DalGw :yflgo kf7\oqmd lgdf0f{ ug]{ qmddf o;af6 hfgsf/L lng ;lsg] 5 .
 ljleGg ljBfnonfO{ o; j8fdf /x]sf] kf]if0f ;DaGwL cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L lng ;xof]u x'g]5 .
 o; cWoo0fn] kl5Nnf cWoo0fstf{nfO{ ;|f]t ;fdfu|Lsf] ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;xof]u ug]{5 .
 cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf ;d'bfonfO{ ljleGg :jf:Yo ;]jf ;DaGWfL lgltlgod, ;d'bfosf] ljsf; k/Dk/f tyf ?9LjfbL ;+:sf/
;DalGw cGwljZjf; x6fpg ;xof]u ug]{5 .
 o; cWoo0fn] ljif]if u/]/ cWoo0fstf{x?sf] lzIfzf:q ;+sfo rf/ jif]{ lj=P8\= rf}yf] jif{sf] ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmd tyf
;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f (Hp.Ed.445 or448 _ ljifosf] k|of]ufTds v08sf] cf+lzs kf7\ofef/ k'/f ug{ ;xuf]u ug]{ 5 .

@
!=% cWoo0fsf ;Ldfx?(Limitation of the Study)
s'g} klg cWoo0f lglZrt ;LdfeGbf afxL/ uP/ ug{ ;lsb}g\ . ;LdfeGbf afxL/ uP/ ul/Psf] cWoo0f sfo{ pb]Zo ljxLg x'G5 .
To; sf/0fn] o; cWoo0f sfo{nfO{ pko'St / ;Gbe{d'ns agfpg nfuL s]xL lglZrt ;Ldfx? lgwf{/0f ul/Psf 5g\ . ;LdLt
;|f]t ;fwg ubf{ k|:t't cWoo0fnfO{ lgDg cg';f/ ;LdLt ul/Psf] 5 .
 of] cWoo0f ?s'd klZrd lhNnf, cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8fg+ )( df /x]sf] afbL ;d'bfosf] afnaRrfsf] kf]if0f
l:tyL ;Fu dfq l;dLt ul/Psf] 5 .
 o; cWoo0f leq gd'gf 5gf]6sf] ?kdf ?s'd klZrd lhNnfsf] cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8fg+ )( df /x]sf afbL
;d'bfosf % jif{dd'lgsf afnafnLsf / pgLx?sf cfdfafa'nfO{ ;d]l6Psf] 5 .
 o; cWoo0fdf !& 3/w'l/sf afbL ;d'bfosf dlxnf / k'?if ;Fu cGt/jftf{ lnPsf] 5 .
 o; cWoo0fdf cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8fg+ )( df /x]sf] afbL ;d'bfosf] afnafnLsf ,dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ gd'gfsf]
?kdf dfq ;d]l6Psf] x'gfn] o; cWoo0f af6 k|fTt tYox?sf] /fi6\e/ /x]sf afnafnLsf , dlxnf / k'?ifx?sf] kf]if0f
;DalGw ca:yfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;Sb}gg\ .
 of] Pp6f kf7\oqmdnfO{ k'/f ug{sf] nfuL dfq k|uf]u ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;df ;Dk'0f{ cg';Gwfgsf 9fFrf tyf k|s[ofnfO{
;d]l6Psf] 5}g\ .

#
 Vf08 - @ -Chapter :Two)
;Dalwt ;flxTosf] k'g/fjnf]sg -Review of Related Literature
;g\ !((% df ul/Psf] Ps Indicatior Survey sf cg';f/ g]kfnsf !%))) 3/ kl/jf/df u/LPsf]
;j]{If0fdf &# k|ltzt s]6fs]6Lx? - ^ b]lv #^ dlxgf leqsf _ s'kf]if0fn] pd]/ cg';f/ prfO{ sd eO{
kLl8t ePsf] kfPsf 5g\ eg] $( k|ltztdf s'kf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] sd tf}nsf kfPsf lyP . o; dWo] ^
k|ltzt s]6fs]6Lx? g/fd|/L k|efljt ePsf] kfO{of] . o;} u/L Family Health Survey !((^ sf cg';f/ )-
#^ dlxgf leqsf $^ k|ltzt s]6fs]6Lx?df s'kf]if0fn] ubf{ pd]/sf cfwf/df sd tf}nsf kfPsf lyP . o;
af6 g]kfndf s'kf]if0fsf] l:ytL eofax ;[hgf ePsf] b]lvG5 . - hLjgfy lwtfn ,
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg -@)%( _ , ljBfyL{ k':ts e808f/ ef]6flx6L , sf7df8f}+ _
:j:y afnaflnsf /fi\6sf uxgf x'g\ . :j:y afnafnLsfn] dfq x/]s If]qdf k|ult ug]{ s'/fdf
b'O{ dt 5}g\ . xfd|f] b]zdf clwsf+z afnafnLsfx? Sd tf}n , sd prfO{ , /tGwf] , unufF8 , h'sfsf]
;+qmd0f , /StcNktf h:tf s'kf]if0f hGo /f]ux?af6 kLl8t /x]sf] tYo ljleGg cWoo0f cg';Gwfgn] k'li6
ul//x]sf] 5 . ct s'kf]if0fsf] o:tf] sdhf]/ ca:yfnfO{ s]xL xb ;Dd Go'gLs/0f ug{ ;s] kf]if0fsf] l:tyL
;'wf/ x'g] b]lvG5 . -nf]s]Gb| z]/rg / ob'/fh pk|]tL , ljBfno :jf:y sfo{qmd tyf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo
;j]{If0f - @)&%_ , Sj]:6 klAns];g sLlt{k'/ , sf7df8f}+ _

$
v08- tLg (Chapter :Two)
cWoo0f ljwL (Methodology)
o; cWoo0f cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8fg+ )( ?s'd klZrd lhNnfsf afbL a:tLsf hg;d'bfo;sf afnafnLsf;Fu ;DalGwt
5 . tL a:TfLsf hg;d'bfox?df /x]sf % jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsfsf] kf]if0fsf] ca:yf ;DalGw cWoo0f ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{ ptm
a:tLsf afnafnLsf / pgLx?sf cfdf afa'nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ k|To]s 3/3/df uO{ cGt/jftf{ / cjnf]sg ljwLsf] k|of]u ug]{
k|of; ul/Psf] 5 .
#=! cWoo0f 9fFrf (Research Design)
cWoo0f cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ Aojl:yt agfpg s'g tl/sfaf6 cg';Gwfg ug]{ xf] eGg] ljifosf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
cg';Gwfg stf{x?n] cg';Gwfg s'g tl/sfn] ;DkGg ug]{ eGg] of]hgfsf] Aoj:yf ug'{k5 . To;}n] o; cWoo0fsf] pb]Zo
dflg;x?df kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf] c:yfO{ ;fwgsf] k|of]u / cEof; ;DalGw 1fg, wf/0ff/ pgLx?df ;fdflhs, cfly{s cj:yf/
Aojfx/sf] ;'Id ljZn]if0f ug]{ clek|fon] :ynut cjnff]sgsf] cWoo0faf6 cfjZos hfgsf/Lx? ;+sng u/L tof/ ul/Psf]
k|:t't cWoo0f j0f{gfTds cg';Gwfg 9fFrfdf cfwfl/t 5 .
#=@ cWoo0fsf] If]q (Study Area)
o; cWoo0f If]qssf] ?kdf cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8fg+ )( ?s'd klZrd lhNnfdf /x]sf] afbL a:tLnfO{ gd'gf If]qsf] ?kdf
5gf}6 ul/Psf] 5 . of] If]q lhNnf ;b/d'v 7fpF b]lv sl/j $! ls=dL= 6f9f / cf7l;sf]6 gu/kflnsfsf] s]Gb| /x]sf]
:yfgdf /x]sf] 5 .
#=# tYofª\\ssf] >f]t(Source of Data)
o; cWoo0f sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf nfuL k|fylds / l4lto b'a} lsl;dsf tYofª\\ssf >f]tx? k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . o;df ;DalGwt
j8fsf ;DalGwt Aoltmx?;Fu ;Dks{ /fv]/ k|ToIf cGt/jftf{sf dfWodaf6 cWoo0fnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ tYofª\\s; ;+sng ug{sf
nfuL cg';Gwfgstf{x? cfkm}n] tof/ kf/]/ nu]sf k|ZgfjnLx?nfO{ pt/bftfx?df k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] o; cWoo0fsf] k|d'v
;|f]t eg]sf] k|fyflds ;|f]t xf] . ;xfos ;|f]tsf] ?kdf l4lto ;|f]tnfO{ klg k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
#=$ cWoo0fsf] gd'gf / gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof(Sampling Size and Sampling Procedures)
cWoo0f sfo{ ;+Grfng ug{ ;DalGwt If]qdf k'u]/ ;Dk"0f{ 3/w'/L, kf/ljf/Ls ljj/0f, ;'rgf tyf tYofª\s ;+sng
;do Pjj\ ;|f]t ;fwgsf] b[li6sf]0fn] lgs{} hl6n / dxª\uf] x'G5 . To; sf/0f cWoo0f cg';Gwfgn] pSt :yfgsf] hg;+VofnfO{
k|ltlglwTj ug{ ;Sg] u/L gd'gf 5gf]6 ug'{k5{ . gd'gf 5gf]6 Pp6f cWoo0f ul/g] hg;+Vofsf] c+z xf] . gd'gf 5gf]6 ubf{ j8f
sfof{noaf6 ;+sng ul/Psf] 3/kl/jf/sf] ;Vof qmda4 ?kdf ;'lrs[t ul/ ,pSt ;'lrsf cfwf/df cWoo0f If]qsf] afbL
;dbfosf] ;Dk'0f{ 3/kl/jf/nfO{ pb]Zo d'ns gd'gf 5gf]6 k|lqmof4f/f 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 .
#=% cWoo0fsf] ;fwg(Resarch Tools )
cWoo0f cg';Gwfg ug]{ qmddf ljleGg ;fdfu|Lsf] cfaZostf kb{5 . o; cWoo0fsf] pb]Zo k|flTtsf nfuL cfaZos kg]{
tYofª\s ;+sng ug{ v'nf ls;Ldsf ;+/lrt Kf|ZgfjnLsf] k|of]u u/L cWoo0f ;d'xaf6 Kf|ToIf cGt/jftf{sf] dfWodn] tYofª\s
;+sng u/LPsf] 5 . tYofª\ssf] AofVof tyf ljZn]if0fsf nfuL ljleGg ul0flto ;'qx? Tfyf tYofª\szfl:qo ljwLx?sf] k|of]u
ul/Psf] 5 .

%
#=^ ;fwgsf] j}wtf(Standardization of Tools )
s'g} klg cWoo0f cg';Gwfgsdf k|of]u ul/g] ;fwgsf] j]}wtf x'g'k5{ . j}wtf ljgfsf ] ;fwgn] pb]Zo ;Dd k'Ug c7\of/f]
lgDTofp5 .o; cWoo0fsf] pb]Zo k'/f ug{sf] nfuL tYofª\s ;+sngsf] k|d'v ;fwgsf] ?kdf cGt/jftf{ ljwLnfO{ lnPsf] 5 .
cGt/jftf{df ;dfj]z ul/Psf k|ZgfjnLx? ljleGGf ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lx?sf] ;xof]u af6 lgdf0f{ ul/Psf] 5 . h'g k|ZgfjnL
;DalGwt ljifo lzIfsnfO{ b]vfO{ To;sf] ljZjlgotf / j}wtf lkl/If0fsf nfuL cWoo0f ;d'xn] cWoo0f u/L ;DalGwt If]qdf
uO{ !& hgf Aoltm ;Fu cGt/jftf{ lnPsf] lyof] . ptm cGt/jftf{ af6 k|ZgfjnLsf] sdLsdhf]/Lx? kl/If0f u/L lzIfs;+u
a;L ;'wf/ u/L clGtd ?k lbO { ;s]kl5 cWoo0fs f nfuL cGt/jftf{ ;'lr lnP/ cWoo0f If]q tkm{ ;d'x k|:yfg u/]sf] lyof] .
#=& tYofª\s ;+sng k|lqmof (Data Collection Procedure)
S'mg} klg cWoo0f cg';Gwfg ubf{ ;DalGwt cWoo0f If]qdf tYofª\s ;+sng ubf{ pt/bftfx?nfO{ k|fTt u/]/ jf pgLx?sf]
Aoafx/ cjnf]sg u/]/ tYofª\s k|fTt ug]{ ul/G5 . cg';Gwfgstf{n] pt/bftfaf6 tYofª\s ;+sng ubf{ s'g ljlw a9L k|efjsf/L
x'G5 eGg] ljrf/ k'/\ofP/ cfkmgf] cg';Gwfgsf] nfuL tYofª\s ;+sngsf nfuL ;+sng k|lqmof cuf8L a9fpg' k5{ . ;+slnt
tYofª\ 7Ls ePdf dfq cWoo0f k|ltj]bg ljZj;lgo x'G5 .cWoo0f k|ltj]bg k|efjsf/L / j}1flgs xf];\ elg ptm lzif{ssf
;Dk'0f{ ljifoj:t'nfO{ ;d6\g] vfnsf k|ZgfjnL 5nkmn u/L tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] . of] k|fylds ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t cWoo0f ePsf]n]
cWoo0fsf] pb]ZonfO{ kl/k'lT{f ug{sf] nfuL SofDk;sf] kq lnP/ cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ )( df /x]sf] afbL ;d'bfo
tyf pgLx?sf % jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsf nfO{ gd'gfsf] ?kdf cWoo0f If]q lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] lyof] . To; kl5 ;DalGwt If]qdf
uO{ tof/ kf/]/ lnPsf k|ZgfjnLnfO{ pt/bftf ;dIf cGt/jftf{ ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L cfjZos tYofª\s ;+sng ul/of] .

#=* tYofª\ssf] JAofVof tyf ljZn]if0f(Analysis and Interpretation of Data)

cWoo0f cg';Gwfg cfkm}df Ps hl6n k|lqmof xf] . cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] cWoo0f cg';Gwfg ubf{ ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt /xL To;
If]qleq /x]sf ;d:ofx?sf] jf To;af6 lgZsg] kl/0ffdx?sf] ;xL ?kdf lg/fs/0f ug'{ cfaZos x'G5 . tYofª\ssf] cWoo0fssf]
qmddf tof/ kfl/Psf] v'nf tyf ;+/lrt k|ZgfjnL k|of]u u/L k|ToIf cGt/jftf{sf] dfWod af6 tYofª\s ;+sng u/L ;s]kl5
k|fTt tYofª\snfO{ lgZsif{df k'/\ofpgsf] nfuL klxnf tYofª\ssf] plrt hfFraa'em sfo{ ;dfTt u/L tYofª\snfO{ ul0flto tyf
tYofª\szfl:qo ljwL k|of]u u/L tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] tYofª\snfO{ ;/n , ;xh, :k:6 / ;a}n]
a'Efm\g ;Sg] ul/ zflAbs efiffaf6 ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .

^
 v08 $ (Chapter : Three)
tYofª\s ljZn]if0f tyf AofVof (Analysis aand Interpretation of Data)
o; cWoo0fdf cWoo0f :ynaf6 ;+slnt tYofª\ssf] lj:t[t ?kdf AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ub} plrt tflnsf / lrq4f/f b]vfpg'
g} tYofª\sf] ljZn]iff tyf k|:t'lts/0f xf] . ?s'd klZrd lhNnf cf7lj;s]f6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+ )( afbL ;d'bfodf uO{ ;f]
a:tLdf /x]sf % jif{d'lgsf afnaflnsfsf] kf]if0f l:tyL sf] ;DaGw ul/Psf] o; cWoo0fdf tYofª\s ;+sngsf] nfuL v'nf tyf
;+/lrt k|ZgfjnL k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . !& 3/kljf/sf dlxnf / k'?ifnfO{ o; cWoo0fdf ;xefuL u/fO{Psf] 5 . hg;fª\sLo
ljj/0f , cfly{s l:ylt, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts, lzIff ,:jf:Yo lzIff, afnaflnsfdf /x]sf kf]if0f tyf :jf:Yo ;'rsx?
cfbLnfO{ a'em\g ;Sg] vfnsf k|ZGffjnL ;dfjj]z u/L k|fTt tYofªs\nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ AofVof tyf ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 .
$=! lnª\usf] cfwf/df hg;fª\lVosL ljj/0f
Xfd|f] b]zdf z'?b]lv g} k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfsf] hg;+Vof a9L /x]sf] 5 . o;f] x'g'sf] sf/0f dflg;sf] ;f]rdf kl/jt{g gx'g' ,
?9LjfbL k/Dk/f , clzIff , h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ xf] . cf7jL;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8fg+ )( ?s'd klZrd lhNnfdf /x]sf] afbL
;d'bfosf afnafnLsf / pgLx?sf cfdf tyf afa' nfO{ xfd|f] cWoo0fdf ;xefuL u/fPsf lyof} . pSt ;xefuLx?sf]
3/kl/jf/df /x]sf] hg;+VofnfO{ lnª\usf] cfwf/df tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t'tul/Psf] 5 .
Tfflnsf g+= !
n}ª\uLs ljj/0f
lnª\u ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
k'?if #* $*=&@
dlxnf $) %!=@*
hDdf &* !))
;|f]t, :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dflysf] tflnsfaf6 s] :k:6 x'G5 eg] xfdLn] cWoo0fdf ;xefuL u/fPsf ;xefuLx? sf] 3kl/jf/df ;a}eGbf a9L dlxnf
%!=@* k|ltzt / k'?if $*=&@ k|ltzt /x]sf 5g\ .h;nfO{ tnsf] j[tlrqdf b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
lrq g+= !

n}ª\lus ljj/0f
$*=&@ dlxnf
%!+@*
k''?if

&
 $=@ wd{sf] cfwf/df hg;ª\ofsf] ljj/0f
g]kfndf clwsf+; dflg;x? lxGb' wdf{nDaL 5g\ . ;a}n] cfcfkmgf] O{R5f cg';f/ wd{ 5gf]6 ug{ kfpg] clwsf/ 5 . xfd|f] b]z g}
ax'hflto, ax'eflifs , ax';f+:s[lts d'n's ePsf] b]z xf] . ?s'd klZrd lhNnf cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kfnLsf j8fg+ )(sf] afbL
;d'bfodf df xfdLn] u/]sf] cWoo0fdf ;xefuL u/fPsf ;xefuLx?sf] hg;+Vofsf] wfld{s ljj/0fnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= @
wfld{s ljj/0f
wd{ ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
lxGb' !& !))
lqmlZRfog -
Aff}4 - -
cGo - -
hDdf !& !))
;|f]t :ynut cWoo0f, @)*)
Dfflysf] tflnsfdf x]bf{ cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf ;a} 3/kl/jf/ lxGb' wd{ dfGg] u/]sf] kfO{of] .
$=# k]zfsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0f
k]zfn] dflg;sf] hLjg :t/nfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . dflg;n] cfkmgf cfwf/e't cfjZostf kl/k'lt{ ug{ ljleGg sfd ug'k5{ .
g]kfndf cfly{s ?kdf ;lqmo clwsf+; hgzltm s[lif k]zfdf cfwfl/t 5 . h;n] ubf{ clwsf+; g]kflnsf] hLjg:t/ cfzf u/]
cg';f/ ;''wf/ x'g ;ls/xx]sf] 5}g\ . o; cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf] 3/kl/jf/sf]] k]zfsf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0fnfO{ tn k|:t'Tf
ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= #
k]zfut ljj/0f
k]zfsf] ls;Ld ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
s[lif - -
Gff]s/L - -
HofdL !# &^=$&
Dff5f dfg]{ $ @#=%#
cGo - -
hDdf !& !))
;|f]t, :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dfflysf] tflnsfsf] tYofª\mfO{ x]bf{ cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/sf k]zfut ca:yfnfO{ x]bf{ cfhsf] ;do ;Dd klg ;/sf/L
gf]s/Ldf s'g} klg 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? g/x]sf] kfO{of] . of] Pp6f sxfnL nfUbf] ca:yf xf] . s[lif k]zfdf klg sf]xL ;+Ung
g/x]sf kfO{of eg] cfhsf] ;do ;Dd cfpbf klg k/Dk/f k]zfnfO{ g} c+ufn]sf] kfO{of] . !& 3/kl/jf/df !# 3/kl/jf/
- &^=$& k|}ltzt_ n] HofdL sfd ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . To;}u/L cGo afFsL $ 3/kl/jf/ - @#=%# k|ltzt_ n] df5f dfg]{ k]zf ug]{
u/]sf] kfO{of] /x]sf 5g\ . h;nfO{ j[t lrqdf tn b]vfPsf] 5 .

*
 lrq g+= @

k]zffut ljj/0f
23.53 Jyami
Fisher

76.57 4th Qtr

$=$ kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f

Pp6} efG;f k|of]u ug]{ tyf Pp6} 5fgf d'lg a;f]af; ug]{ Aoltmx?sf] ;d'xnfO{ kl/jf/ elgG5 . xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf Psn /
;+o'St kl/jf/sf] ;+/rgf /x]sf] kfOG5 . o; cWoo0f If]qdf ;xefuL ePsf ;xefuLx?sf] kfl/jf/Ls ljj/0fnfO{ tnsf]
tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
Tflnsf g+= $
kl/jf/sf] ljj/0f
kl/jf/sf] ls;Ld ;+Vof k|ltzt S}mlkmot
Psn kl/jf/ !@ &)=%*
;+o'St kl/jf/ % @(=$@
hDdf !& !))
;|f]t , :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dfflysf] tflnsfdf s] :k:6 x'G5 eg] cWoo0f If]qdf ;+o'St kl/jf/sf] kf/Ljf/Ls ;+Vof a9L 5 . ;+o'St kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof !@ -
&)=%* k|ltzt_ / Psn kl/jf/sf] k|ltzt @(=$@ /x]sf] 5 . h;nfO{ :tDe lrqdf tn b]vfO{Psf] 5 .
lrq g+= # kl/jf/ ljj/0f
80

70

60

50
Series 3
40
Series 2

30 Series 1

20

10

0
Psn kl/jf/ ;+o"SQm kl/jf/

(
 $=% z}lIfs ljj/0f
lzIffn] g} dflg;sf] hLjgnfO{ ;fy{s t'Nofp5 . lzIff g} dflg;sf] hLjgsf] t];|f] cfFvf xf] . of] Pp6f kl/jtg{sf] cf}hf/ klg
xf] . lzIff Pp6f cfwf/e't clwsf/sf] ?kdf ljs;Lt ePtf klg;a}n] plrt lzIff kfpg ;ls/x]sf 5}gg\ . cf7lj;sf]6
gu/kfln sf j8f g+= )( ?s'd klZrdf /x]sf] afbL ;d'bfosf] z}lIfs ca:yfnfO{ tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= %
z}lIfs :t/
z}lIfs :t/ ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
lg/If/ !) !@=*#
;fIff/ ^$ *@=)%
ljBfno :t/ @ @=%^
pRr lzIff @ @=%^
hDdf &* !))

;|f]t, :ynut cWoo0f @)*)

Dfflysf] tflnsfdf x]bf{ ;fIf/sf] ;+Vof ;a}eGbf a9L /x]sf] kfO{of] ,h;sf] k|ltzt *@=)% /x]sf] 5 . To;}u/L lg/Ifsf] k|ltzt
!@=*#, ljBfno :t/ / pRr lzIff df a/fa/ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] , h;sf] k|ltzt @=%^/ @=%^ /x]sf] 5 . pSt tflnsfsf]
ljj/0fnfO{ ;+Vof /]vfdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
lrq g+= $

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Uneducated Literacies School Level 15 High Education Uneducated

Series 1 Series 2 Series 3

!)
$=^ % jif{d'lgsf afnafnLsfsf] ;+Vof
Xfd|f] b]zdf cem};Dd klg afnafnLsfsf] ;+Vof a9L g} /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ w]/}h;f] afnafnLsfn] plrt :ofxf/
gkfP/ s'kf]if0fsf] l;sf/ x'g' k/]sf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ pgLx?sf] zfl//Ls, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs h:tf ljsf;sf] kIfdf c;/ kl/
;xL ljsf; x'g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ . o; cWoo0f If]qdf ;xefuLx?nfO{ ;f]lwPsf] tkfO{sf % jif{D'flgsf afnafnLsf slt 5g\
elg ;f]lwPsf] ;DalGw k|Zgsf] pTt/nfO{ tnsf] tfnLsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tfnLsf g+= ^
% jif{d'lgsf afnafnLsfsf] ljj/0f
% jif{d'lgsf afnafnLsfsf] ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
ljj/0f
AffnLsf !( %%=*@
afns !% $$=!*
hDdf #$ !))
;|f]t, :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dflysf] tflnsfdf x]bf{ % jif{ leqsf afnafnLsfdf afnLsfsf] ;+Vof a9L /x]sf] kfO{of] . h;df !( hgf - %%=*@ k|ltzt_
/x]sf] kfO{of] eg] afnsf] ;+Vof !% hgf - $$=!* k|ltzt _ /x]sf] kfO{of] . h;nfO{ :tDEf lrqdf tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
lrq g+= ^= % jif{d'lgsf afnafnLsf
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8 Series 1
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Child Girl Child Boy Category 4

!!
$=& % jif{leqdf lnO{ ;Sg'kg]{ vf]k ;DalGw ljj/0f
cfhsf] j}1flgs o'udf klg xfd|f] b]zdf cfwf/e't :jf:Yo ;]]jfsf] ;d]t cefj 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] xhf/f} cfdf tyf
afnafnLsfn] csfndfg g} Hofg u'dfO{ /x]sf 5g\ . To;}n] kl/jf/ cfwf/e't :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] jf/]df hgr]tgf km}nfpg
cfjZos 5 . h;n] cfdf tyf afnafnLsfsf] csfndf x'g] d[To'nfO{ /f]Sg ;lsG5 . xfdLn] o; cWoo0f If]qdf ;xefuL u/fPsf
;xefuLx? dWo] tkfO{sf] aRrfnfO{ % jif{eqd nufO{;Sg' kg]{ vf]k nufpg' ePsf] 5 sL 5}g\ egL k|Zg ;f]lwPsf] ljj/0fnfO{
tnsf] tflnsfdf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= &
Vf]fksf] ljj/0f ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
Vf]fk nufPsf] #@ ($=!!
Vf]fk gnufPsf] @ %=*(
hDdf #$ !))
;|f]t :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dfflysf] tflNfsf af6 s] :k:6 x'G5 eg] cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf hDdf afnafnLsf dWo] %=*( n] dfq % jif{df lng'kg]{ vf]k
glnPsf] kfO{of] eg] afFsL ($=!! n] % jif{df lng'kg]{ vf]k lnPsf] kfO{of] .
$=* aRrf hGdfpg] :yfg ;DalGw ljj/0f
Xfd|f] b]z g]kfndf unt ;+:sf/sf sf/0f cem ;Dd klg k|;'lt u[x jf c:ktfndf uP/ aRRff hGdfpg] sf] b/
sd g} /x]sf] 5 . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ csfndf g} cfdf tyf arrfsf] Hofg hfg] u/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] cWoo0f
If]qdf tkfO{n] k|;'ltsf] ;dodf aRrf sfFxf hGdfpg] ug'{ ePsf] 5 egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] ljj/0fnfO{ tn k|:t't
ul/Psf] 5 .
ljj/0f ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
k|;'lt u[x /c:ktfn !) %*=*#
cfkm\g} 3/df & $!=!&
cGo - -
hDdf !& !))

;|f]t , :ynut cWoo0f @)*)

Dflysf] tflnsfaf6 s] :k:6 x'G5 eg] cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf 3/kl/jf/ sf cfdfx?n] aRrfsf] hGd lbbf %*=*#
k|ltztn] k|;'lt u[x /c:ktfn df / $!=!& k|ltztn] cfkm\g} 3/df hGd lbg] u/]sf] kfO{of] .

!@
$=( :tgkfg ;DAlGw ljj/0f
cfdfx?n] aRrf hGd] b]lv sDtLdf # jif{;Dd lzz'nfO{ :tgkfg u/fpg] xf] eg] afnaflnsfdf x'g] s'kf]if0f sd x'g] lyof] .
h;sf] k|efjn] ubf{ lzz'd[To'b/ klg sd x'g] lyof] . xfdLn] o; cWoo0fsf nfuL 5gf]6 ul/Psf] cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f
g+= )( /f8LHo'nf ,?s'd klZrd lhNnfdf /x]sf afbL ;d'bfosf hg;d'bfoaf6 ;xeflu u/fPsf ;xefuLx?sf] aRrf HfGd]
kl5 :tgkfg u/fpg] ;DalGWf ljj/0fnfO{ tn k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= (
:tgkfg ;DAflGw ljj/0f

:tgkfg ljj/0f ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot

hGd]b]lv @ jif{ ;Dd * $&=)%
hGd]b]lv # jif{ ;Dd % @(=$@
hGd]b]lv sl/a % jif{ ;Dd $ @#=%#
hDdf !& !))
;|f]t, :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dfflysf] tflnsfaf6 s] yfxf x'G5 eg] cWoo0f If]qdf ;aeGbf a9L cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ hGd]b]lv @ jif{ ;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg]sf]
;+Vof a9L /x]sf] kfO{of] . h;sf] k|ltzt $&=)% /x]sf] 5 eg] sl/j % jif{;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg]sf] ;+Vof ;jeGbf sd @#=%#
k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] . To;} u/L # jif{;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg]sf] k|ltzt @(=$@ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] .
$=!)= ^ dlxgf k'lu;s]kl5 aRrfnfO{ v'jfpg] ul/Psf] vfg]s'/fsf] ljj/0f
g]kfndf hgr]tgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ w]/} dflg;x?df aRRffnfO{ s'g ;dodf s] vfg] s'/f v'jfpg] eGg] s'/fsf] 1fgsf] cefj 5 .
h;n] ubf{ afnaflnsfdf s'kf]if0fsf] ;d:of Aofks ?kdf /x]sf 5 . h;sf] sf/0fnn] afnafnlsfn] csfndf g} Hofg
u'dfpog' k/]sf] 5 . xfdLn] tkfO{sf] aRrf ^ dlxgfsf] k'lu;ss]kl5 s] s:tf vfg] s'/fx? V'fjfpg] ug'{ ePsf] 5 egL ;f]lwPsf]
k|Zgsf] pQ/ ;GAflGw ljj/0fnfO{ tn k|:t"t ul/Psf] 5 .
tflnsf g+= !)
^ dlxgf k'lu;s]kl5 aRrfnfO{ v'jfpg] ul/Psf] vfg]s'/fsf] ljj/0f
Vffg]s'/f ;+Vof k|ltzt s}lkmot
3/df agfPsf] ;jf]{Qd !) %*=*@
lk7f]sf] vfg]s'/f
c:ktfnsf] ;jf]{Qd $ @#=%#
vfg]s'/f
Afhf/sf] vfg]s'/f # !&=^%
hDdf !& !))
;|f]t, :ynut cWoo0f @)*)
Dfflysf] tfnLsf af6 s] :k:6 x'G5 eg] 3/df g} agfPsf] ;jf]{Qd lk7f]sf] vfg]s'/f v'jfpg] kl/jf/sf] ;+Vof ;aeGbf a9L /x]sf]
kfO{of] . h;sf] k|ltzt %*=*@ /x]sf] 5 . To;}ul/ c:ktfnsf] vfg] s'/f @#=%# k|ltzt n] v'jfpg] u/]sf] kfO{of] . To;}u/L
ahf/sf] vfg]s/' f v'jfpg]sf] k|ltzt ;aeGbf sd !&=^% /x]sf] 5 .
!#
 ¶

v08 % (Chapter : Four )

;f/f+z, k|flTt, lgZsif{ / ;'emfjx?
(Summary , Findings , Conclusion,and Reconmmendations)
%=! ;f/fz+ (Summary )
of] cWoo0f cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( /f8LHo'nf, ?s'd klZrd lhNnfdf, j;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf afbL ;d'bfodf l;dLt
/x]sf] 5 . o; cWoo0fdf ;d]l6Psf !& 3/kl/jf/sf k|To]s 3/kljf/ af6 !,! hgf dlxnf tyf k'?ifnfO{ 5gf]6 u/L pgLx?sf]
afnafnLsfdf /x]sf kf]if0fsf] ca:yfsf ] af/]df kTtf nufpg] pb]Zon] o; cWoo0fdf ljljwLs/0f k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't cWoo0fsf] nfuL cfaZos kg]{ ;'rgfx? ;+sngsf] nfuL cfaZosQf x]/L aGb tyf v'nf k|s[ltsf k|ZgfjnL lgdf{0f ul/Psf]
5 . pb]Zo d'ns gd'gf 5gf]6 ;j]{If0f ljwLsf] dfWood 4f/f gd'gf 5gf]6 ul/Psf]] 5 . k|ZgfjnLs f cfwf/df afbL
;d'bfodf /x]sf % jif{ d'lgsf afnafnLsfsf] kf]if0fsf] ca:yf ;DalGWf tYofª\s ;+sng ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:t't :ynut cWoo0faf6 k|fTt tYofª\s]f cfwf/nfO{ ljZn]if0f ubf{ oxfFsf] hDdf hg;+Vof #,#^! /x]sf] 5 . k'?if !,^^$ /
dlxnf !,^(& ;+Vof /x]sf] 5 . h;df afbL a:tL eg] )( g+= j8fsf] /f8LHo'nfdf dfq PsLs[t ?kdf a;f]af; ub}{ cfPsf] 5 .
h'g a:tLdf hDdf hg;+Vof $) dlxnf / #* k'?if u/L &* hgf /x]sf 5g\ . cWoo0f If]qdf ;a} lxGb' wdf{nDaLx? /x]sf] 5g\ .
o; cWoo0f If]qdf Psn 3/kl/jf/sf] afx'Notf a9L /x]sf] 5 . o; cWoo0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x?n] k/Dk/fut k]zf ug]{
u/]sf 5g\ . gf]s/L , Aofkf/ / s[lif k]zf s;}n] klg ug]{ u/]sf 5}g\ . o; a:tLdf k]zfsf ?kdf df5f dfg]{ / Hofnf dhb'/L
ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ . ofFxfsf dlxnf tyf k'?ifx?n] !%b]lv @) jif{sf] pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ u/]sf] kfO{of] . o; If]qdf aRrfsf] hGd
lbbf k|;'lt u[x tyf c:ktfndf uP/ a9L hGdfpg] u/]sf] kfO{of] . cfkm\gf] aRrfnfO{ klg slDtdf @ jif{ ;Dd :tgkfg u/fpg]
u/]sf] kfO{of] . o; cWoo0f If]qdf ;d]l6Psf dlxnfsf] cfly{s , ;fdflhs kfl/jf/Ls h:tf sf/0fn] ubf{ a9L ;Gtfg hGdfpg
afWo /x]sf] kfO{of] . afnaRrfsf] s'kf]if0f tyf kf]if0fsf] af/]df 1fg sd klg /x]sf] kfO{of] .

%=@ k|flTt (Finding)

k|:t't cWoo0f If]q ?s'd klZrd, lhNnf cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( df /x]sf] afbL a:tLdf ul/Psf] xf] . o; If]qsf]
cWoo0f cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fTt ePsf k|flTTfx?nfO{ lgDg cg';f/ pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
!_ o; cWoo0f If]q leq /x]sf ;a} 3/kl/jf/ -!&_ 3/ kl/jf/nfO{ gd'gfsf ?kdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 .
@_ pSt cWoo0f If]qdf lnª\usf] cfwf/df hg;+Vofsf] ljj/0fnfO{ x]bf{ dlxnf $) hgf / k'?if #* hgf /x]sf kfO{of] .
#_ o; cWoo0f If]qdf ;a} lxGb wd{ dfGg] dflg;x? /x]sf] kfO{of] .
$_ o; cWoo0f If]qdf df5f dfg]{ k]zfdf @#=%# k|ltzt / Hofnf dhb'/ ug]{ &^=$& k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] .
%_ o; cWoo0f If]qdf Psn kl/jf/ &)=%* k|ltzt / ;+o'St kl/jf/ @(=$@ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] .
^_ cWoo0f If]qsf] z}lIfs :t/nfO{ x]bf{ lg/If/ !@=*# k|ltzt, ;fIf/ *@=)% k|ltzt , ljBfno :t/ / pRr lzIff @=%% /
@=%^ k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] .
&_ klxnf] ljjfx ubf{sf] dlxnf / k'?ifsf] pd]/ !% b]lv @) jif{ /x]sf] kfO{of] .
*_ o; cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf kl/jf/df % jif{ leqsf afnafnLsfsf] hg;+Vof #$ /x]sf] kfO{of] h;df afnLsf !( hgf /
afns !% hgf /x]sf] kfO{of] .
(_ afnafnLsfnfO{ % jif{ leq lbg'kg]{ vf]k df lbPsf]df ($=!! k|ltzt / glbPsf]df %=*( k|ltzt /x]sf] kfO{of] .
!)_ cWoo0f If]qsf 3/ kl/jf/sf dlxnfn] %*=*# k|ltztn] k|;'lt u[x / c:ktfndf aRrf hGdfpg] u/]sf] / $!=!& k|ltztn]
cfkm\g} 3/df aRrf nfO{ hGd lbg] u/]sf] kfO{of] .
!$
.
 %=# lgZsif{(Conclusion)
o; cWoo0f k|ltj]bgdf @ j6f pb]Zo /fvL ul/Psf] gd'gf ;j]{If0f tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f u/L cWoo0f k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 .
o; cWoo0fsf] s|ddf k|fTt lgZsif{ cg';f/ ?s'd klZrd lhNnf cf7lj;;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( df j;f]jf; ug]{ afbL
;d'bfosf] dflg;x?sf] z}lIfs ca:Yff pRr /x]sf] lyof] . h;sf] k|efjn] ubf{ pgLx?sf] 3/kl/jf/df /x]sf afnafnLsfx?sf]
:jf:Yo ca:yf /fd|f] /x]sf] kfO{of] . o; cWoo0f If]qsf dflg;x? k/Dk/fut k]zf df5f dfg]{ / Hofnfdhb'/L ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
h;n] ubf{ oxfFsf] cfly{s ca:yf sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 .
o; cWoo0f If]qsf dlxnfx?nfO{ afnafnLsfsf] kf]if0f tyf :tgkfg ;DalGw 1fg /fd|f] /x]sf] kfO{of] . h;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{
cWoo0f If]qdf /x]sf % jif{ leqsf afnafnLsfsf] kf]if0f tyf :jf:Yo l:tyL /fd|f] /x]sf] kfO{of] . o; cWoo0f If]qdf lg/If/sf]
t'ngfdf ;fIf/sf] ;+Vof a9L /x]sf] 5 . klxnf] k6s aRrf hlGdbf tf}n klg lng] u/]sf] kfO{of] . aRrf ^ dlxgfsf] k'u]kl5
cltl/St vfg]s'/f klg v'jfpg] u/]sf] kfO{of] . h;n] ubf{ cfdf tyf aRrfsf] :jf:Yo ca:yf /fd|f] /x]sf] s'/f cWoo0f k|ltj]bgn]
b]vfp5 . o; cWoo0fdf k'?ifsf] t'ngfdf dlxnfnfO{ a9L ;xefuL u/fO{Psf] 5 . h;n] ubf{ cfdf tyf aRrfsf] kf]if0f tyf :jf:Yo
ca:yfsf] af/]df yk s'/f a'em\g ;lhnf] ePsf] 5 .

%=$ ;'emfjx? (Recommendations)

cWoo0fsf] ;du| kIfsf] ljZn]if0f kZrft cf7lj;sf]6 gu/kflnsf j8f g+= )( ?s'd klZrd lhNnfdf /x]sf] afbL ;d'bfodf
ul/Psf] :ynut cWoo0f df e]l6Psf q'l6x?sf] ;'wf/ Pjd\ ljleGg If]qdf ;+Ung cg';Gwfg stf{x?nfO{ cfkmgf] cg';Gwfg sfo{
cuf8L a9fpgsf] nfuL lgDg lnlvt ;'emfjx? lbO{Psf] 5 .
!_ o; cWoo0f If]q leq ;d]l6Psf kl/jf/x?df afnafnLsf] kf]if0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DalGw 1fg / wf/0ff sf] sdL ePsf]n]
pSt If]qsf dflg;x?sf] afnafnLsf] kf]if0f tyf :jf:Yo ;DalGw hgr]tgf a9fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .
@_ of] Pp6f n3' cWoo0f xf] . o;df cfly{s Pj\d hgzlStsf] cefjn] ;fgf] c+znfO{ dfq ;d]l6Psf] 5 . t;y{ lj:t[t
cWoo0fsf] nfuL hg;+Vofsf] 7'nf] efunfO{ ;d]6]/ cWoo0f ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
#_ afnafnLsfsf] kf]if0fsf] af/]df k|rf/ k|;f/ / hgr]tgf d'ns sfo{qmdx? ;+Grfng ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .
$_ of] cWoo0f kl/0ffTds / j0{fgfTds :jefjsf] ePsf]n] o; ljifodf u'0ffTds / ljZn]if0ffTds ?kn] cWoo0f ul/g' k5{ .
%_ cWoo0f If]qsf] ;du| cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kIfnfO{ ;d]6\g ;ls/x]sf] 5}g\ . t;y{ oL ;a} kIfnfO{ ;d]6L cWoo0f ug'{kg]{
b]lvG5 .
^_ of] cWoo0f kl/0ffTds / j0{fgfTds :jefjsf] ePsf]n] o; ljifodf u'0ffTds / ljZn]if0ffTds ?kn] cWoo0f ul/g' k5{ .
&_ cWoo0f If]qsf dflg;x?sf] k/Dk/fut k]zfnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{sf nfuL k|efjsf/L sfo{qmdx? ;+~rfng ug{ cfaZos b]lvG5 .
!%