Choose the correct answer

1. What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems?

A) Wind B) Solar energy C) Geothermal energy D) Nuclear energy
2. Which process do plants use to convert solar energy into chemical energy?
A) Cellular respiration B) Photosynthesis C) Fermentation D) Decomposition
3. What are autotrophs?
A) Organisms that consume other organisms
B) Organisms that produce their own food
C) Organisms that decompose organic matter
D) Organisms that cannot produce energy
4. In a food chain, which organism typically occupies the first trophic level?
A) Primary consumer B) Secondary consumer
C) Tertiary consumer D) Producer
5. What happens to the majority of energy as it moves up trophic levels?
A) It is stored B) It is converted to heat
C) It is used for growth D) It is absorbed by the soil
6. Which of the following is a primary consumer?
A) Deer B) Grass C) Wolf D) Fungi
7. What do decomposers do in an ecosystem?
A) Produce energy B) Consume other organisms
C) Break down dead organic matter D) Store energy
8. What is a food web?
A) A linear representation of energy flow
B) A complex network of feeding relationships
C) A single food chain D) A type of ecosystem
9. Which of the following is a secondary consumer?
A) Grass B) Grasshopper C) Frog D) Plant
10.During photosynthesis, plants convert carbon dioxide and water into:
A) Oxygen and glucose B) Nitrogen and glucose
C) Carbon monoxide and sugar D) Oxygen and ethanol
11.Which pigment is primarily responsible for absorbing light in plants?
A) Carotene B) Chlorophyll C) Xanthophyll D) Anthocyanin
12.What role do herbivores play in an ecosystem?
A) Producers B) Primary consumers C) Decomposers D) Tertiary
consumers
13.What is the energy loss during respiration primarily converted into?
A) Light energy B) Kinetic energy C) Heat energy D) Chemical energy
14.What is the main product of cellular respiration?
A) Oxygen B) Glucose C) Carbon dioxide D) Water
15.Which of the following statements is true about energy transfer in food chains?
A) Energy is created at each level B) Energy is lost at each level
 C) Energy remains constant at all levels D) Energy is only gained by
producers
16.What is a trophic level?
A) A type of ecosystem B) A position in a food chain
C) A species of plant D) A type of energy
17.What do plants absorb to perform photosynthesis?
A) Nitrogen B) Carbon dioxide C) Oxygen D) Hydrogen
18.Which organisms are known as primary producers?
A) Herbivores B) Carnivores C) Plants D) Decomposers
19.What is the role of sunlight in photosynthesis?
A) It cools the plants B) It provides energy for the reaction
C) It produces glucose D) It absorbs carbon dioxide
20.In which organelle does photosynthesis occur?
A) Mitochondria B) Nucleus C) Chloroplast D) Ribosome
21.Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
A) Carbon dioxide B) Methane C) Nitrogen D) Water vapor
22.What is the main source of energy for cellular respiration?
A) Glucose B) Oxygen C) Carbon dioxide D) Light
23.What happens to energy when an animal consumes a plant?
A) It is destroyed B) It is transformed into chemical energy
C) It is lost as heat D) It is transferred to the soil
24.Which type of consumer feeds on both plants and animals?
A) Herbivore B) Carnivore C) Omnivore D) Decomposer
25.What is the importance of decomposers in an ecosystem?
A) They produce energy B) They recycle nutrients
C) They consume plants D) They compete with primary consumer
26.How is energy stored in plants?
A) As heat B) As chemical energy in glucose
C) As light D) As kinetic energy
27.How do fossil fuels store energy?
A) As thermal energy B) As chemical energy
C) As light energy D) As kinetic energy
28.What process do decomposers use to break down organic material?
A) Photosynthesis B) Respiration C) Fermentation D)
Decomposition
29.What is the main byproduct of photosynthesis?
A) Carbon dioxide B) Glucose C) Oxygen D) Water
30.Which of the following is a biotic factor in an ecosystem?
A) Soil B) Water C) Plants D) Temperature
31.What role do carnivores play in an ecosystem?
A) Primary producers B) Primary consumers
C) Secondary consumers D) Decomposers
32.What is the primary function of chlorophyll?
A) To absorb oxygen B) To absorb light
C) To store energy D) To release carbon dioxide
33.How do plants impact the carbon cycle?
A) By producing carbon dioxide B) By absorbing carbon dioxide
C) By consuming fossil fuels D) By releasing methane
34.What is the role of the mitochondria in cells?
A) Photosynthesis B) Energy production
C) Protein synthesis D) Cell division
35.How do humans impact energy transfer in ecosystems?
A) By conserving energy B) By polluting environments
C) By increasing biodiversity D) By enhancing photosynthesis
36.What do plants release as a byproduct of photosynthesis?
A) Glucose B) Nitrogen C) Oxygen D) Carbon dioxide
37.How do physical processes such as precipitation and evaporation affect nutrient
cycles?
a. They increase the availability of nutrients in the soil and minimize the loss of nutrients
to the air
b. Lead to the transfer of nutrients from soil to water bodies
c. Decreases the concentration of nutrients in the soil and increases their accumulation in
the atmosphere
d. It leads to the accumulation of nutrients in the soil and minimizes their transport through
water
38.limestone rocks and dolomites are chemically similar in containing elements .........
a. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
b. Carbon, oxygen and calcium
c. Oxygen, hydrogen, and magnesium
d. Nitrogen, carbon, and hydrogen
39.Plants absorb some ammonia and nitrate salts to make …………..
a. carbohydrates b.fats deposits
c.proteins d. bone
40.Carbon is transported from limestone rocks to the atmosphere by the process of
......................
a. Combustion c. Thermal emission
c.Chemical weathering d.Aerobic decomposition
41.What is the main chemical reaction of photosynthesis?
a. Conversion of oxygen to water
b. Conversion of solar energy to chemical energy
c. Converting carbon dioxide to oxygen dioxide
d. Converting water to carbon
42.To synthesize protein, the plant absorbs any or both of the following.
a. Oxygen gas and nitrate salts
 b. Nitrogen gas and calcium salts
c. Ammonia gas and carbonate
d. Ammonia gas and nitrate salts
43.Which of the following nutrients is needed in large quantities by the plant to
produce energy-carrying compounds?
a. Iodine b. Magnesium
c.Phosphorus d.Chlorine
44.Nitrite bacteria convert ammonia into …………..
a. Nitrate compounds b. Nitrogen gas
c. Nitrite compounds d.Nitric acid
45.…………………… convert some of the nitrates in the soil into nitrogen gas or
nitrous oxide (N2O).
A- Nitrifying bacteria B- Denitrifying bacteria
C- Photosynthetic bacteria D- De-photosynthetic bacteria
46.What is the primary goal of proper disposal of chemical waste?
A- Decrease of waste volume
B- Protection of the environment and human health
C- Increased economic efficiency D- Chemical reuse
47.What is the first step in the chemical waste disposal process?
A- Burning waste in high temperature furnaces
B- Storage of waste in private landfills
C- Classification and separation of waste according to type
D- Monitoring of sites used for final disposal
48.Which of the following methods is used to convert toxic chemical waste into less
hazardous substances?
A- Burials in private cemeteries
B- Chemical treatment
C- Recycling D- Burning in high-temperature furnaces
49.Why should sites used for the final disposal of chemical waste be monitored over
time?
A- To ensure that waste is not reused
B- To ensure that there is no leakage or pollution
C- To increase the volume of landfills used
D- To improve the quality of stored waste
50.What is a significant environmental impact of mining?
a) Improves air quality b) Increases in biodiversity
c) Increase the soil humidity
d) Causes soil erosion and habitat destruction
51.In the process of iron extraction from hematite ore in a blast furnace using coke
Which of the following substance acts as a reducing agent?
A Carbon monoxide (CO)
B Hematite (Fe2O3)
 C Nitric oxide (NO)
D Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
52.How can the efficiency of solar cells be improved using nanotechnology?
a) By increasing the size of the cells
b) By improving their ability to absorb light
c) By reducing the cost of manufacturing
d) By increasing the weight of the cells
53.What are possible future designs to improve the utilization of wind energy in cities?
a) Building small turbines on rooftops b) Using fossil-fueled turbines
c) Relying only on solar energy d) Not using wind energy in cities
54.What measuring unit of the electrical energy?
a) Watts b) joules c) Volt d) ampere
55.If the generated electrical power from a wind turbine is 45 W and the potential
difference is 15 V, so the current intensity is ...................
a) 3 amperes b) 5 amperes c) 10 amperes d) 30 amperes
56.How can nanotechnology be used to improve the efficiency of wind turbines?
a) By increasing the size of the blades
b) By optimizing manufacturing materials to be lighter and stronger
c) By reducing the wind speed d) By increasing the cost
57.What factors affect the efficiency of hydroelectric power plants?
a) The amount of water flowing and the height of the dam
b) Water color c) Soil type d) Wind speed
58.Which living organisms are used to produce methane from organic materials?
A) Microalgae B) Methanogen bacteria C) Fungi D) Plants
59.The organic material that can be converted into biofuel using enzymes is.........
A) Silicon B) Cellulose C) Iron D) Copper
60.How is cellulose converted into ethanol?
A) By direct combustion
B) By fermentation using enzymes
C) By distillation D) By cooling
61.Microalgae are considered a promising source of biofuel because they........
A) Grow slowly B) Require large agricultural areas
C) Grow quickly and do not need arable land D) Produce small amounts of oils
62.The efficiency of biofuel production from agricultural waste can be improved
by.........
A) Increasing the amount of waste
B) Using advanced technologies like enzymes and biodegradation
C) Directly burning the waste
D) Storing the waste for long periods
63.The main role of enzymes in biofuel production is.................
A) Speeding up chemical reactions to convert organic materials into fuel
B) Increasing the amount of waste
 C) Reducing production efficiency
D) Inhibiting chemical reactions during the conversion of organic matter to fuel
64.From the factors that make biofuel sustainable........
A) Using non-renewable materials
B) Using renewable materials and reducing carbon emissions
C) Increased pollution
D) Full dependence on fossil fuels
65.The process used by bacteria to produce methane from organic materials is
called.....
A) Photosynthesis B) Fermentation
C) Organic matter decomposition D) Combustion
66.What biofuel is produced from plant oils or animal fats?
A) Ethanol B) Biodiesel C) Methane D) Hydrogen
67.What is the environmental benefit of using microalgae in biofuel production?
A) Increased carbon emissions
B) Reduced carbon emissions
C) Increased pollution
D) Depletion of natural resources
68.………………..can be used to decompose organic matter in waste treatment
plants or animal barns, producing methane as a biofuel
A) Methane-producing algae B) Methane-producing fungi
C) Methane-producing virus D) Methane-producing bacteria
69.What is the process by which glucose will be converted into ethanol?
A) Hydrolysis B) Oxidation C) Polymerization D) Fermentation
70. What technique is used to separate magnetic and non-magnetic materials?
a) Electrostatic separation b) Magnetic separation
c) Distillation d) Filtration
71. What is the process by which plastics are separated from metals using electric fields?
a) Magnetic separation b) Electrostatic separation
c) Distillation d) Filtration
72. All of the following are disadvantages of electrostatic separation except ….
a) It needs a high degree of control of the electric field
b) It needs a low degree of control of the electric field
c) Separation efficiency is affected by air temperature
d) The separation efficiency is affected by air humidity
73. What are the environmental benefits of using magnetic separation to recycle metals?
a) Reduced need for mining b) Increased pollution
c) Increased energy consumption d) No benefits
74. What is the economic benefit of using magnetic separation in the automotive industry?
a) Separation of iron and steel parts for recycling b) Increased pollution
c) Increased energy consumption d) No benefits
 75. An electromagnet is created by passing an electric ..............
a) direct current through a copper coil wrapped around an iron rod
b) alternating current through a copper coil wrapped around an iron rod
c) direct current through a copper coil wrapped around a plastic rod
d) alternating current through a copper coil wrapped around a plastic rod
76. What factors affect the magnetic field strength of an electromagnet?
a) Number of turns of the coil b) Electric current intensity
c) The length of the coil d) All of the above
77. How does magnetic separation technology work in cleaning the environment?
a) By eliminating magnetic pollutants in water and soil
b) By increasing the size of magnetic pollutants
c) By analyzing pollutants using acids
d) by analyzing pollutants using bases
78. What is the role of nanotechnology in improving the efficiency of electrostatic
separation?
a) Improving the ability of materials to acquire charges
b) Increase the volume of material
c) Reduce the weight of materials d) Improving the color of materials
79. The process of converting organic materials into energy using living organisms is called
……….
A) Distillation B) Biological decomposition C) Combustion D) Fermentation
80. Biotechnology is defined as the use of …….…..
A) Air to produce energy
B) Living organisms or their components to achieve specific goals
C) Minerals to generate electricity
D) Water to produce electricity
81. Biofuel is defined as a type of energy source produced from ……
A) Living organisms B) Minerals C) Air D) Water
82. Acidogenesis refers to the process of converting ……
A) Sugars and amino acids into short-chain fatty acids or alcohol
B) Fatty acids into sugars
C) Alcohol into amino acids
D) Fatty acids into glucose
83. Starch can be converted to glucose in the biological decomposition by ….
A) hydrolysis B) sodium hydroxide C) algae D) bacteria
84. What is the main role of biotechnology in the development of energy sources?
A) Improving the efficiency of converting living organisms into energy
B) Increasing the size of living organisms
C) Improving the color of living organisms
D) Reducing the weight of living organisms
85. What is the vital role of biotechnology in achieving sustainable development?
A) Improving the efficiency of using natural resources
B) Increasing the consumption of natural resources
C) Improving air quality
D) Increasing humidity levels in the air
 86. The process at which, bacteria break down complex organic matter into simpler units,
such as carbohydrates, proteins, and fats into simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty
acids, respectively.
A) Acidogenesis B) Acetogenesis C) Hydrolysis D) Methanogenesis
87. Starch (a carbohydrate) is broken down into glucose as the following chemical
equation:
(C6H10O5) n + H2O  nC6H12O6
is considered ……
A) Acidogenesis B) Acetogenesis C) Hydrolysis D) Methanogenesis
88. The stage at which, methanogenic bacteria convert acetic acid or carbon dioxide and
hydrogen into methane gas (CH₄).
A) Acidogenesis B) Acetogenesis C) Hydrolysis D) Methanogenesis

𝐦𝐞𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐧𝐨𝐠𝐞𝐧𝐢𝐜 𝐛𝐚𝐜𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐚
89. CO2 + 4H2 ⇒ ………………
A) CH4 + CO2 B) CH4 + H2O C) CH4 + CO2 + H2O D) C + CO2 + H2O

90. Why biological decomposition is considered an important process in waste management?

Because it …………..
A) increases the waste volume
B) turns waste into energy and reduces its size
C) increases pollution
D) requires more energy
91. One of the environmental benefits of using biofuels is …………
A) Reducing carbon emissions B) Increasing pollution
C) Increasing energy consumption D) Increasing oxygen
92. Biological decomposition is the process of converting…………………
A) Organic matter into energy using living organisms
B) Converting water into energy
C) Converting air into energy
D) Converting minerals into energy
93. When vegetable oils or animal fats react with alcohol in the presence of Sodium
hydroxide as a catalyst, it produces ………..
A) Biodiesel B) Hydrogen C) Glucose D) Amino acids
94. Which of the following is considered the main stages of biological decomposition?
A) Acidogenesis, Acetogenesis, Hydrolysis, Methanogenesis
B) Hydrolysis, pyrolysis, chemical decomposition, electrolysis
C) Aerobic fermentation, photodecomposition, chemical decomposition, biological decomposition
D) Chemical decomposition, pyrolysis, electrolysis, photodecomposition
95. Methanogen bacteria play a key role by converting…………………
A) Acetic acid or carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methane gas
B) Sugars into amino acids
C) Fatty acids into sugars
D) Alcohol into amino acids
96. How can the environmental impact of biofuel production be reduced? ……………..
A) By using advanced technologies to reduce emissions
B) By increasing the volume of organic materials
C) By analyzing organic materials using fungi
D) By analyzing organic materials using plants Second:
97.What material is used to improve battery efficiency using nanotechnology?.........
A) Gold B) Platinum C) Carbon nanotubes D) Silver
98.What process is used to improve solar cell efficiency using nanotechnology?........
A) Distillation B) Electrical conductivity
C) Increasing surface area D) Combustion
99.The main benefit of using nanoparticles in batteries is……………..
A) Increasing surface area B) Reducing electrical conductivity
C) Increasing energy loss D) Reducing battery life
100. Water purification using nanotechnology is done through the process
of…………….
A) Distillation B) Nano filtration C) Fermentation D) Combustion
101. Nanoparticles are effective in catalyzing chemical reactions because
they……………
A) Increase surface area B) Reduce surface area
C) Increase energy loss D) Reduce electrical conductivity
102. How can solar cell efficiency be improved using nanotechnology?...................
A) By increasing surface area B) By reducing electrical conductivity
C) By increasing energy loss D) By reducing cell lifespan
103. What are the potential future designs to improve nanotechnology use in
batteries
A) Building super-conductive Nano batteries
B) Relying solely on traditional batteries
C) Not using nanotechnology
D) Increasing waste disposal areas
104. One of the economic benefits of using nanotechnology in batteries
is…………………
A) Reducing energy costs B) Increasing pollution
C) Increasing energy consumption D) All of the above
105. What is the vital role of nanotechnology in improving thermal conductivity in
electronics?...................
A) Improving thermal conductivity using nanomaterials
B) Improving electronics taste
C) Increasing electronics weight
D) Reducing electronics size
106. Silver nanoparticles are used in the manufacture of……………………
A) Medical dressings and disinfectant products
 B) Furniture C) Toys D) Clothing
107. What is the role of nanotechnology in improving solar cell efficiency?.................
A) Catalyzing chemical reactions more effectively
B) Improving solar cell taste
C) Increasing solar cell weight
D) Reducing solar cell size
108. How can carbon nanotubes improve battery performance?............
A) By improving electrical conductivity and energy storage
B) By increasing battery size
C) By analyzing batteries using acids
D) By reducing battery weight
109. What is the environmental benefit of using nanotechnology in energy
production?
A) Reducing environmental pollution and improving resource efficiency
B) Improving the taste of manufactured materials
C) Increasing environmental pollution and reducing resource efficiency
D) Increasing the weight of manufactured materials