2025학년도 효양고등학교 3학년 영어 독해와 작문 학번 : 이름 : 0

EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강 2번

MI :
The grammatical structure of a language is a ‘social fact’ in Durkheim’s sense of being external

to and constraining for individual speakers. It is independent of their subjective preferences and

they must follow the rules if they are to be understood. However, the grammatical rules of gender,

agreement, number, subject and object, possessive, and so on are not, in general, consciously

followed and applied by the individuals who speak to each other. Speakers typically have only a

very limited and partial awareness of the rules of their own grammar, and speaking grammatically is

a matter of unreflective habit rather than conscious rule following. The grammatical rules of a

language, then, do not exist apart from the minds of the individual speakers. They may be

formulated in a book of grammar, but such a book records the grammar - more or less imperfectly

- and does not comprise the grammar. The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance

and a well-organised discourse exist only in the minds of the individual speakers as learned

dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory traces of their brains.

external subject unreflective discourse

constrain object formulate disposition
be independent of possessive comprise trace
subjective awareness utterance

[Analysis]

The rules that are followed in forming a ‘correct’ utterance and a well-organised discourse exist only

in the minds of the individual speakers as learned dispositions held in the neurophysiological memory

traces of their brains

➔ [ ‘올바른’ 발화와 잘 구성된 담화를 형성하는 데 따르는 규칙 ]은 개인 화자들의 [ 뇌의

신경생리학적 기억 흔적에 보유된 학습된 성향으로서 그들의 정신 속에만 존재한다. ]

 2025학년도 효양고등학교 3학년 영어 독해와 작문 학번 : 이름 : 0

EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강 7번

MI :

The bird songs we hear every day are more than beautiful. They serve a practical purpose. Birds

employ their voices to call their mates, find their flock, claim territory, scare off intruders, warn

others about predators, and for countless other functions. For instance, Japanese and Swiss

researchers recently discovered that Japanese great tits, small birds with jet-black heads and necks

with prominent white cheeks, use syntax in their songs, just as humans do in their speech. Syntax is

crucial to language. For example, if you say, “I love that restaurant,” the message is clear. But not

even Star Wars’ Master Yoda could understand, “Restaurant love that I.” Until recently, scientists

believed that only humans could string together such vocalizations. The Japanese great tit, it turns

out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological syntax - the ability to combine

sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound - that does. To instruct other

members of his flock to scan for predators, or to attract a mate, a great tit must sing several

distinct notes in the correct order - if the notes are sung differently, the study found, other birds

will not react.

employ claim predator combine

mate territory prominent instruct
flock intruder vocalization attract

[Analysis]
The Japanese great tit, it turns out, is the first animal apart from humans who can use phonological

syntax - the ability to combine sounds that individually have no meaning into a collective sound -

that does.
➔ 밝혀진 바에 따르면, [음운론적 구문, 즉 개별적으로 의미가 없는 소리를 결합하여 집합적인 소리로 만드는 능력을 사용할 수 있는

인간을 제외하고는, ]일본 박새가 그렇게 하는 최초의 동물이다.

 2025학년도 효양고등학교 3학년 영어 독해와 작문 학번 : 이름 : 0

EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강 9번

MI :

Babies use statistical learning to make predictions about the world, guiding their actions. Like little

statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate new

evidence from the environment, and perform tests. In one creative study by the developmental

psychologist Fei Xu, ten- to fourteen-month-old children first expressed a preference for pink or black

lollipops, then were shown two candy jars: one containing more black lollipops than pink, and one with

more pink than black. The experimenter then closed her eyes and drew one lollipop from each jar so

infants could see only the stick, not the color. Each lollipop was placed into a separate, opaque cup

with only the stick showing. Infants crawled to the cup that was statistically more likely to contain their

preferred color, because it came from a jar where that color was in the majority. Experiments like this

demonstrate that infants are not merely reactive to the world. Even from a very young age, they

actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe and learn, to maximize the outcomes

they desire.

statistical contain demonstrate desire

probability infant reactive
integrate crawl maximize

[Analysis]

Like little statisticians, they form hypotheses, assess probabilities based on their knowledge, integrate

new evidence from the environment, and perform tests.

➔ 꼬마 통계학자처럼 [그들은 가설을 세우고, 자신의 지식에 기반하여 확률을 평가하며, 환경의 새로운 증거를 통합하고, 테스트를

수행한다. ]

Even from a very young age, they actively estimate probabilities based on patterns that they observe

and learn, to maximize the outcomes they desire.

➔ 심지어 아주 어린 나이부터, [아기들은 원하는 결과를 최대화하기 ] 위하여, 적극적으로 [자신이 관찰하고

학습한 패턴을 바탕으로 하여 확률을 추정한다. ]

 2025학년도 효양고등학교 3학년 영어 독해와 작문 학번 : 이름 : 0

EBS 수능특강 영어독해연습 4강 10번

MI :

David Howes, a professor of anthropology, notes the frequent association in different cultures

between scents and rituals of transition, such as funerals or rites of passage. He suggests that scent

is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because it so frequently

accompanies and marks other types of physical transition, as when cooking smells signal the

transformation of raw ingredients into food. While scents tend to escape spaces and spread out of

human control, our experience of them is frequently liminal, as we notice scents far more strongly

when first entering their range. You smell baking bread strongly as you enter a house, but after a

few minutes inside, you may no longer be able to smell it even with deliberate effort, a physical

process known as olfactory adaptation or exhaustion. It takes an overwhelming smell to retain our

notice after a period of constant exposure. Smells signal transitions through space as well as

changes of state, and are thus used to mark socially important moments of change.

association funeral mark adaptation

scent symbolically raw overwhelming

transition accompany deliberate retain

[Analysis]
He suggests that scent is felt to be symbolically appropriate for moments of social transition because

it so frequently accompanies and marks other types of physical transition, as when cooking smells

signal the transformation of raw ingredients into food.

➔ 그가 언급하기를, [냄새는 사회적 전환의 순간에 상징적으로 적절하다고 느껴지는데, ] 왜냐하면

요리하는 냄새가 [ 원재료가 음식으로 전환되는 것을 알릴 때처럼 냄새는 다른 유형의 물리적 전환을

수반하고 표시하는 경우가 아주 많기 ] 때문이라고 한다.

Smells signal transitions through space as well as changes of state, and are thus used to mark

socially important moments of change.

➔ 냄새는 [상태의 변화뿐만 아니라 공간의 전환을 ] 나타내며, 이

때문에 [ 사회적으로 중요한 변화의 순간을 표시하는 데 사용된다 .]