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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Content Page Number

Information Sheet 1.3 Types of Media…………………………………….……………..…….……………….3

Information Sheet 1.3-1 Characteristics of Different Types of Media………..………….………......4

Self-Check 1.3-1……………………………………………………………………….……………………………….8
Activity Sheet 1.3-1…………………………………………………………………….……………………….......9
Scoring Rubrics 1.3-1……………………………………………………………………….………………………..9

References……………………………………………………………………………………………………………...10

Acknowledgement…………….…………………………………………………………………..………………...11

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 Information Sheet 1.3
TYPES OF MEDIA

Content Standard:
The learner demonstrates understanding of media and information literacy (MIL) and MIL
related concepts.

Performance Standard:
The learner organizes a creative and interactive symposium for the community focusing on
being a media and information literate individual.

Learning Outcome:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. compare and contrast how one particular issue or news is presented through the
different types of media (print, broadcast, online)

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 Information Sheet 1.3-1
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEDIA

Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. classify contents of different media types;
2. define media convergence through current examples; and
3. compare and contrast how one particular issue or news is presented through the
different types of media.
Media is said to be a powerful force in the society. They are everywhere. Voluntarily or
involuntarily, millions of individuals are exposed to it. Twenty-four hours, seven days a
week, whether in television or radio, in newspaper or magazine, or through the internet,
people are affected by its enchanting media features.

Three Types of Media

1. Print Media
2. Broadcast Media
3. New Media

Print Media
Print Media is a typed of media used in mass communication in the form of printed
publications. The traditional form media involves ink and paper.
Examples of Print Media:
a. Book
b. Newspaper
c. Magazine
d. Poster
e. Brochure
Characteristics of Print Media
1. A proponent of Literacy- Print Media is essentially written media. One must able to
read to patronize print. By requiring literacy, print media also promote it.
2. Portable- Print media is the most portable platform of media . Its size and weight
allow people to carry it everywhere.
3. Independent form of media- Unlike other form of media, print does not require a
separate medium or technology to transmit or receive information.
4. Structure- Correct grammar and proper sentence construction is a must in print
media. Arranging material to follow a layout is required before publishing. The
structure is given emphasis in print media.

Broadcast Media
The term broadcasting refers to the airborne transmission of electromagnetic audio
signals (radio) or audiovisual signals (television) that are readily accessible to a wide
population via standard receivers.
a. Radio Broadcasting
Initially, radio has been further developed to aid in communication of the
military. Since it has broken the boundaries set by wires, radio has gone farther than
any communication medium has gone before. It became a necessity for ships and
naval fleets. Its strategic applications in the military made it a powerful tool during
the First World War.
When the war ended in the year 1918, the Golden Age of radio began. Many
manufacturing companies saw opportunities in mass marketing home radio receivers
for casual use. The first ever commercially owned radio station was KDKA owned by

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 the Westinghouse Electric Corporation OF Pittsburgh. They were the first to use radio
for entertainment to entice the public in purchasing home radio receivers.
b. TV Broadcasting
Unlike the radio, the invention of television was initially prompted by
commercialism. The earliest notable development was that of German inventor Paul
Nipko, where he was able to successfully transmit an image in 1884. Further
developments to Nipko’s mechanical system known as the rotating disk was made by
several other experts from all over the world. The 1930s began the age of TV
broadcasting to the public.

Characteristics of Broadcast Media

Though both are considered broadcast media, radio and television differ in terms of
the broadcast features or attributes.
Radio is a tool that uses voice, sound, and music. These three are called elements of
radio. Because it lacks visual elements, producers of information in radio bank on these
three elements to attract attention and convey the message.
Generally, there are two types of radio format in terms frequency.
1. AM (Amplitude Modulated) radio
2. FM (Frequency Modulation) radio
AM radio offers variety stations that feature different program formats.
1. Dramatic Program
2. Non-dramatic Programs
a. News and commentary c. Counseling e. Informative
b. Talk show d. Educational

In FM radio, the majority of the stations offer music and entertainment program
formats. FM Stations based their offerings on the type of audience they cater. Example,
stations that cater the lower mass audience may offer novelty music and stations that
target high-profile audience may offer classic music. The genre of music is important in FM
stations. It is basically one of the factors that listeners consider in tuning into a particular
radio station.
Television, on other hand, can be considered as the most powerful medium in the
mass communication. It has a complete feature. It offers both sight and sounds. It is more
convenient to the audience in terms of exposure and participation. Television has two main
elements.
1. Audio – Sound, music, and voice
2. Video or Visual – footage, graphics, and text
In the current setting in the country, television programs can be accessed through
the free channel and cable channel. The free channel offers a variety of TV programs that
can be accessed without paying for the networks of cable service provider. Cable channel
offers specialty programs that can be accessed by paying cable service provider. Television
program formats are almost similar to the program formats in radio.
1. Dramatic Format 2. Non-dramatic Format
a. Drama series a. News and public affairs program
b. Drama special b. Tal show, debate, discussion program
c. Sitcom c. Contest, quiz show, game show program
d. Educational program
e. Informative program
f. Variety shows program

The New Media: The World Wide Web

Where ordinary people can go on their computer screens and with a few clicks of a
mouse button, find a vast array of information and entertainment that originates all around
the world. Tim Berners-Lee invented it back in 1989.

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Characteristics of New Media
1. Networked Linkage: Vanishing of fixed place: Geographical separation is no longer
an issue with the new media. Through developments in computer networks,
information resources need not be stored on a single centralized server instead made
it possible to just connect the networks together.
2. Ubiquity: New media made information simultaneously present everywhere.
3. Digital: Because of its digital nature, information in the media became:
❖ Infinite, where duplication and multiplication of information are possible.
❖ Easily altered or edited
❖ Easily retrievable, and machine readable
❖ Frequently stored on magnetic or optical surfaces, which do not have a proven
permanence.
4. Space Binding and Distance Insensitivity: New media creates bridges across
continents. Information from anywhere in the world can be easily accessed
everywhere. The only problem is that the volume of information makes it difficult to
store them over time.
5. Geographical Insensitivity: Distance makes little difference in the time, cost or
speed of getting information.
6. Personalized: New media commonly exist in smart (computing) devices and
networks. As such, these systems can be instructed to customize or individualize
information for each user.
7. Prothesis and Telepresence: Studies show that personal gadgets like smartphones
and computers reveal a lot about its user. People’s dependence on new media has
affected their daily lives, making their devices become that they are.
8. Virtuality, Virtual Community: New media has created a social environment
without having the need for proximity.
9. Hypertext: Links documents together in such a way that one need not read
documents in a prescribed order; authors, styles and permissible rules of content
may vary as one reads linked documents; responsibility and control are diffused – as
is ownership of the resulting content; form and structure are easily changed,
composed on demand for individuals.
10. Interactivity: It seeks user input to perform functions based upon it. One example
would be the function of cookies that stores personal data and preferences as a tool to
decipher what type of information would be interesting to the user.
11. Push v. Pull: New media contrast with older forms in that users/audiences request
custom content and are not programmed to in the usual sense of television and the
press. Instead, content is “pulled” by the consumer, not “pushed” by the media
organization.
12. Convergent: Merged Modal Capabilities, multimedia, and multiple media. These
terms denote that formerly separate technologies (and the industries behind them) are
blending together with a digital common denominator.
13. “Smart” Server controlled functions, applications. Below are terminals of new
media:
❖ Hot Java and implications. The idea here is that one doesn’t have software locally,
but draws it in continuously updated form from the Internet. One may rent
software in the future, rather than buy a version outright.
❖ Web TV and implications the core idea here is an “appliance” computer for web
access. Costs are lowered by using home TVs as a display, commonly the most
costly part of a computer set-up.
❖ Secure modes and transactions central here are conducting financial and personal
transactions in privacy and free from possible fraud by the electronic intercept.

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 14. Wired, Wireless, Terrestrial and Satellite-based: While not strictly characteristic
of new media, the digital and smart character of new media make them more easily
configured for a variety of transmission methods.
15. Electromagnetic v Optical: Digitally based new media are more readily converted
to optical transmission (using pulses of light), which affords advantages over
conventional electronic transmission (using magnetic pulses). In brief, electromagnetic
systems are more fragile, are often bulkier for a given capacity, more subject to
interference, and often can be more easily tapped. Optic fibers deliver gains in capacity,
reliability and accuracy compared with traditional copper wire and microwave radio
technologies.

The Convergence of Media in the Age of Information

The age of information has posed threats to the traditional media platforms (print,
radio, and TV). In a time when Internet has become the media platform of choice for many
and traditional have expanded their horizons to keep up with the times. They have moved
outside their original medium format and explored other available media technologies. This
phenomenon is called the convergence of media.

Digital Print Media

There has been a considerable continuous decline in readership among all print
mediums throughout the years. Although print has remained to have a solid foothold in
society, the need to revolutionize their methods has never been more necessary than it is
today. This is why print has gone where their readers all went, online.
Newspaper businesses like the Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer, and the
Philippine Star have gone digital. These so called big three in the newspaper print sector of
the media are all running online news sites to supplement their daily prints. As a means of
reaching the smartphone population, these newspapers have also launched apps.
Magazines have also evolved and joined the digital revolution. Summit media, the
leading magazine publisher in the country have created its own digital arm to manage their
magazine websites and offered copies of their magazines on the digital bookstore.
Another example under this category is Rappler. Rappler is a native to the digital
print media sector. They bypassed traditional print and went straight ahead to the
cyberspace when they launched the first of January in the year 2012. This digital print
media publishes a variety of stories online that are similar to those published in traditional
magazines and newspapers.

Teleradio
The two mass media technologies of the industrial age which are radio and television
have formed an alliance in the form of Teleradio. Teleradio or television-radio is a program
that combines the visual aspect of television with AM or news radio. Filming of teleradio
happens in radio booths and simultaneously broadcast on radio stations, television
channels, and even online. One example of this media convergence is teleradio DZBB Super
Radyo an AM radio station run by the GMA network, airs a teleradio program entitled Saksi
sa Dobol B, a morning news and talk program daily. A simulcast of this program on GMA
News Channel, AM 594, and on www.gmanetwork.com, makes the program available to
consumers of varying media preferences.

Stream Media
Stream Media, in this context, refers to the transmission of television or radio content
online. In this scenario, allows these two traditional media players to broaden their reach to
Internet media consumers. It provides access to those who have limited or no access to
television and radio but is connected online.
A good example of stream media would be ABS-CBN’s IwantTV. This website allows
users to view episodes of the network’s program either for free or for a free (on-demand) and

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also live streams TV shows. This convergence of TV and Internet has made television
accessible even without an actual television.
Most radio stations have developed websites that host a streaming capability
although most of them stream live content only. One of the leading FM Radio Stations, Love
Radio 90.7 has a full-fledged website that streams their programs online and even offers
interest pieces.

Mass Media and Social Media

Social media websites are extremely popular in the society. Billions of people from all
over the world are connected to several social media websites and apps at any given time of
the day. Mass Media platforms sought to take advantage of these numbers and bring their
content to a wider audience. As such, most media companies in existence today, regardless
of their platform turn to social media to grow their patronage.
For example, news giving bodies understands the need for timely and relevant news,
which is why most of them give regular updates on social media websites like Facebook,
Twitter, and etc. Entertainment sectors of turn to social media to engage with their
consumers while gauging their response to their media offerings.

Self- Check 1.3-1

Multiple Choice: Select the letter that corresponds to the correct answer. Use a separate
sheet of paper for your answers.
1. What are the main formats of news media?
a. All of these are correct. c. Television
b. Radio d. Print (Newspapers and Magazines)

2. What is media convergence?

a. It is the decision of newspaper companies to partner with television news stations,
instead of just competing with them, in gathering and presentation of news.
b. All of these are correct.
c. It is the overlapping of broadcasting industry, print industry, and computer industry.
d. It is the direct consequence of the digitalization of media content and the popularization
of the Internet.

3. When did media convergence first appear?

a. 1980 b. None of these is correct. c. 1983 d. 1990

4. How do the media portray People with Disabilities (PWDs)?

a. All of these are correct. c. Laughable
b. As a burden. d. An object of curiosity or violence

5. Why is it important for media professionals to take part and step in the issue of
underrepresentation of PWDs in the media?
a. None of these is correct.
b. All of these are correct.
c. Where the media holds a high level of influence over the perceptions of the general
public, an underrepresentation or misrepresentation of disabled people has large social
implications.
d. Media examples containing disabled people have largely conformed to stereotypes.

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 Activity Sheet 1.3-1

Write an essay on how different Media Platforms require different style of reporting and why
writing for online media is different from print media. Use a separate sheet for your answer.
The essay must have an introduction, body, and conclusion.
The number of words must be 450-500.
The essay will be graded according to the rubric below.

Scoring Rubrics 1.3-1

Criteria Excellent (8 – 10 Good (6-7 points) Fair (3-5 points) Poor (0–2points)
points)
Focus & Details There is one clear, There is one clear, There is one topic. The topic and main
well- focused well- focused topic. Main ideas are ideas are not clear
topic. Main ideas Main ideas are clear somewhat clear.
are clear and are but are not well
well supported by supported by detailed
detailed and information.
accurate
information.
Organization The introduction The introduction The introduction There is no clear
is inviting, states states the main topic states the main topic. introduction,
the main topic, and provides an A conclusion is structure, or
and provides an overview of the paper. included. conclusion.
overview of the A conclusion is
paper. Information included.
is relevant and
presented in a
logical order. The
conclusion is
strong.
Voice The author’s The author’s purpose The author’s purpose The author’s purpose
purpose of writing of writing is of writing is of writing is unclear.
is very clear, and somewhat clear, and somewhat clear, and
there is strong there is some there is evidence of
evidence of evidence of attention attention to audience.
attention to to audience. The The author’s
audience. The author’s knowledge knowledge and/or
author’s extensive and/or experience experience with the
knowledge and/or with the topic is/are topic is/are limited.
experience with evident.
the topic is/are
evident.
Word Choice The author uses The author uses vivid The author uses The writer uses a
vivid words and words and phrases. words that limited vocabulary.
phrases. The The choice and communicate clearly, Jargon or clichés
choice and placement of words is but the writing lacks may be present and
placement of inaccurate at times variety. detract from the
words seems and/or seems meaning.
accurate, natural, overdone.
and not forced.

Sentence All sentences are Most sentences are Most sentences are Sentences sound
Structure, well constructed well constructed and well constructed, but awkward, are
Grammar, and have varied have varied structure they have a similar distractingly
Mechanics, & structure and and length. The structure and/or repetitive, or are
Spelling length. The author author makes a few length. The author difficult to
makes no errors errors in grammar, makes several errors understand. The
in grammar, mechanics in grammar, author makes
mechanics, understanding, mechanics, and/or numerous errors in
and/or spelling. and/or spelling, but spelling that interfere grammar,
they do not interfere with understanding. mechanics, and/or
with spelling that interfere
understanding. with understanding

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References:

Edward D. Gonzales, MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY, (Pasay City: JFS Publishing
Services, 2016),4-94.
“Models of Communication”, lumen, CST 100 Principles of Public Speaking, 2020,
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/vccs-cst100-17fa/chapter/models-of-
communication/ (June 30, 2020)
Celenegoh, “Is Shannon and Weaver’s (1954) model of communication complete?”,
Wordpress, July 19, 2017, https://celenegoh.wordpress.com/2017/07/19/is-
shannon-and-weavers-1954-model-of-communication-complete/ (July 1,2020)
Rathinaswamy, Jayaseelan, “David Berlo’s Model of Communication”, Blogspot, July 20,
2017 http://jayaseelansr.blogspot.com/2017/07/david-berlos-model-of-
communication.html (July 1, 2020)
Abrahams, Andrew, “10 Levels of Intimacy in Today’s Communication”, Overdrive
Interactive, August 20, 2009, https://www.ovrdrv.com/blog/10-levels-of-intimacy-
in-todays-communication/ (July 6, 2020)
https://www.saydaily.com/.image/c_limit%2Ccs_srgb%2Cq_auto:good%2Cw_410/MTM0O
Dg3OTkwOTMyNTc1NTA2/screen-shot-2015-12-03-at-22820-pmpng.webp (July 7,
2020)
https://pngtree.com/freepng/facebook-logo-social-media-icon_3572492.html (July 8,
2020)
https://palereddot.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/featured_paul_gilster-672x372.jpg
(July 8,2020)
“Essay Rubric”, readwritethink, International Reading Association/NCTE, 2013,
http://www.readwritethink.org/files/resources/printouts/Essay%20Rubric.pdf
(July 8, 2020)
“Reflection Paper”, studylib.net, 2013-2020,
https://studylib.net/doc/7132606/reflection-paper (July 8, 2020)
“Different Types of Media”,
http://osou.ac.in/eresources/Different%20types%20of%20media%20and%20reporti
ng.pdf (July 27,2020)
“Information Literacy Guide: Types of Information Sources”, University of Fort Hare,
December 8, 2015, https://ufh.za.libguides.com/c.php?g=91523&p=590868 (july
28,2020)
“Literature During the Spanish Period”, Linkedln Corporation, 2020,
https://www.slideshare.net/markvincentmillona1/literature-during-the-spanish-
period (July 29, 2020)

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 Acknowledgement

This Self-Learning Module was developed for Senior High School students of the K to 12
Curriculum with the assistance of the following persons:

This Self-Learning Module # 1.3 in Media and Information Literacy For Senior High
School was developed by the following personnel:

MODULE WRITER COVER PAGE DESIGNER

ARES JUDE MOYA MALINIS, ME MARYROSE LIGO REYES

SHS T-II SHS T-II
Polangui General Comprehensive Balogo National High School
High School Oas South District
Polangui North District

QUALITY ASSURERS

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS LANGUAGE EDITOR

EDISON L. MALLAPRE RICO B. CARINAN
EPS- I, LRMS T-II, PGCHS
SDO-ALBAY

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