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The document discusses the internal organization and functioning of a processor, detailing the steps involved in fetching and executing instructions. It explains the roles of the Program Counter, Instruction Register, and various registers in the execution process, as well as the data path and control signals necessary for operation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the fetch and execution phases in the instruction cycle.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
7 views28 pagesCoa Unit 3
The document discusses the internal organization and functioning of a processor, detailing the steps involved in fetching and executing instructions. It explains the roles of the Program Counter, Instruction Register, and various registers in the execution process, as well as the data path and control signals necessary for operation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of the fetch and execution phases in the instruction cycle.
Uploaded by
shivamshirbhate434Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 28
JAGADANIBFMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
Brecesstoq Oo &
AC Unel
Fuodamentet _ Lo
Te- execure a pmgeam , the peocessas
“fetches One AStruction at a Home & perferns ©
Bt
the operatios Specified - Enstructions ore. é
fetched from Succenstve memory \ocatioas
Unt ai peanch of a jump insttuctien is
Encountered .
- >
Program Counter &- _
The pecessar Keeps 4seck of Ane
address of the memory location Csaradaiag
whe eet OStuction +O be fetched usiag
ye __ Peegcac Counter jee, Pc.
After Fetcl sg on VAXeructioa._, ) the
contents of the PC. are Updated +o Paras
tothe n]ext i9Stauction in the Sequence.
A beanch instruction ome) load a
different VNatue late the Pc.
Tnspmction Regisier &-
Another bey Fedistes a the
pecessos Vs the iostwuction segistes ice. IR
Suppose tat ach _instwuctica
caspases 4 byjeg & Yhat Ws {Ss Stored in one
Memery Lserd. To execute an Wstuctiod |
Unit No:__
Page No sae nae
Name of Dept. :________ Name of Faculty :__
se j _— Subject : JAGADANIBHA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
“ye processor has 40. perform the Following
“these Steps
a. Fetch the cantens of ane memory
Roca necwipe comonomer SS contents
a this locatioA qre inter preted as aN Ads
Uction to be eaecuted. Hence, whey are
loaded fate the FR. - oes
re <— [orc]
Slay e_eemory Fs byte
2: Assuming that hy 0
, lOewement He cContems oF the -
“ads wesSable nt A
Pc bY 4) thab TS
Ree SS
out “the actions Specified
= 3. Carry J
bea the instruction ia the TR.
an cases whese an ingtsuchea
eccupies mare than oe usard 1, Step d G2.
must be repeated ag Many +?mes ag
Nec essary to fetch the Complete iAStruchoa.
These 450 Steps “are GRuanty
reterred 40 ag the Fetch Phase , Step 4%
conStitutes the eEaecuhoa phase
Unit No:__%
‘Semester : Subject : s Page No 2.
Name of Faculty :__
Name of Dept. : ~ Comte’ Signals
a Ae he
L Pc. } | [ Za wucrton |
Aagecs iF ae decodes G
ao MAR _& 7 Contto} logic
MH) a
be ( os Mok ~-e->
ata
Veves 7
Sa ey
Constank 4
Select
av) soe,
V) Sve 4)
Contest . |
(Snes
ee |
Favor
Aig @
datapath
t+ ———} Tene
Nal PrOcessoy
buy
Single - bus Orqariras Poa of +he
tosfde a Processot . JAGADANVIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
____ Intero at Or ganizaHon of Processor %-
_ Study these © (© pesadions \ Sdetei)
We fisst Oced te eaamine the internal
Sfgaqizatien fh ef tHe Processor .
be organized & Lote connected
of usays.
_ a} Siagle Ca aACAOA | bus es — [= lo
They can
in anariety
Figure @ shees a single bus orga-
Mraatioa o Pcessor unit. Tt shows how
he arithmetic & legic Uatt CAto) & a
he registers: are organized & Ime concected
Niaia S99 1e Common bua.
_27 Data & Addvess Uinea 3-
_ Figure © shoes +t+he externat
memert bus Cendected te emer] Odd FESS
megister CMAR) G Memory data segimen
CMOR). Resists MpR nas Hoo Va pads
_& eo euspuds.
>7 MDR aad MAR 4-00
qe
Data oy be. loaded \are MDR.
eather From He memory ‘buy or
Fram
she IDterqaL Processor bus» The slate
Stesed in “moe May - be _ Pleced ON Sithe,
eos. The S caqnected +3
the interact buy , & Pts output ts Connected
Fe |xtesnat buy -
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty :
Semester :
2
Unit No ;__3
Page No:__3
~ Subject : JAGADANVIBHA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
ay Goes tas
Th cents) ViN€S Of +he M/m
“bus ane Connected 4a the \ostrucHoas deced
G ceatel logic biecne, “this ualt Javea
“care of issuing the argoala Z coms 1g
the eperati of am the Goartts \aatde
the pescesser & fer \nter FACH Og Gsi-th the
SD Processor Registers 9-
_ Registers Ro theeugh ROH -4>
ase the CPO resistes. These resisters
iAclude generat purpese registers Q Specian
_Purpese seafsies Such ag Stack pointer Z
latex register & pointer. These Tegisters
are never Used For
BY ene jnstructen “fer alee Use by asthe
VastructHion . They ace used by poocesscs for
Ternpesary Storage
S? Multiplexes MUX 4-
The muttplexee MoX Selecta
einer the output of weaictere Yor a coastaat
eae eee cee CPt eee Be Amara amr
+ne Status of she Select iapus.
AL :
BESS s\ecisvac Ohno Caan
Name of Dept. :. — Name of Faculty;
. Q
Unit No :___>
4
Semester :__________ Subject: -——— Page No:__‘]_ JAGADAIVIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, YAVATMAL
iapat is A A A selects a
per when select input is 0.
"ag aa input A For the cHubsiplexet. The _
_ceastant number is used +o Jacrement the
Ceatent of the Psogram Counter. AS lastruchon
“@2cecunea Progsesses , lata are transfered
fam sae registee do another ofien passing
theagh the ALO te Pesfarm Some arxithme-
Hc 6 legic operation -
~ 3) dinstrudPon decoiea” KE canvas Legh
ett Ae : _ _
The instucton decodes & Contest logic
Mate FS respeasthle for imptemeniiag the
“actions specified ly the i9stouction leaded
ia she TR Tegistce The decodes Generaiea
the Centtel Signals needed to celect the
wesistesS \avelNea & divectt She boansfes of
dara.
“Data Path 4-
__ AM wegisters G the ALU ase Used
for Stecing & manipulating data. The data
registers , ALO & the interconnecting bus
are Catled ry Data Path -
can be euccutre d_ by Performing (one OF more
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty: Unit No:__>
%
Semester : Subject: _ Page No: JAGADAIVIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
OF the Fellevsing operations jo Same
Sy ecified | sSecquence |
. @ Transfee a userd of data Fram,
one Processor wesistes +o ansther as tALo.
© Perfor axithmetic of a legic 3
Operation GQ store
TEegister .
@ Feteh the Contents of a given
MIM \ocation & lead them Ore a Psocessos's
_Tegistess .
@ Store a werd of sata From oa
Poocessorig seqister inte a Qiven mlm Yecertion
Executfon of a Complete ZtnsteuctPon G-
et us. Jow put tegether
Sequence elementary — ‘operations Tequsk
exeue inSteuthon. Ceasider the 1
Add CRad , RA
wshich add +he Centents of a mim location
Peitted +o by Rs +e segiste Ra . Executog
this lostuctieon requires the Fellowsiag std ons
\. Feteh the instructed
2. Fetch the Fisst 6perand C the Contents oc
“the mle \ecation Paidies te by Rs.)
2%. Pesfomm the adaitHona.
4 Lead the result into Ra.
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty : Unit No :__®
Semester:_______-_ Subject : Page No:__& JAGADAIVIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, 1 YAVATMAL
Aves the sequence of Caattal
+o erfocen ese. operations Foe
he Siggle bus Aechijecutre oF Agure @.
> The \astucHon Fetch operation is initiates
by loading +he Cantenty oF the pe inte the
Man & sending a Read Signol . ec ce atents
are alse loaded Tate register Y 6 added
Lith Constage AUMber G by acHvaHag select
4 Vapar ee mutt plexee & add “topes SF ALO.
By eetvaring
TS Stoced in reg isjerZ
2) The Ccantent of reyistte 2 are transferred
ws Pe by activating Zour & Cin Signal. Now
Po os) Point te next Jostruction » Ate WME,
content of specified men
Sa MOR register .
, 32 The centent of MOR are joansterved
te the jastruchsean resister Cire) ef tne processor
The Stepa Hheugh 3 ConsHtutes the sastouch
220 fetch phase , ushich ig the same For au
loShrucheas. AL the StarHag of Step 4 Foshuchy-
—60 Aecoder \oterprets the Cantents of the IR.
This navies hye conte! civcuitry +o OcHR vate
+e Conttal Signals 4 theeugh HF, oshich
“censHture the execution Phase .
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty : Unit No:__>
Semester : — Subject : Page No -_“. JAGADAIVIBNA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
Contents of regists Ra are
“Awaas ferred te the “MAR by OCH yating Raour
MARin G ead Signal is achiyaled .
_ SY The “tanteny of register Qi are
Araasterred _Pejistet No ORV ering Rasut
RWB cau etes _WMFC™ signat 7 coments of
Specified locahien are available ia MOR,
are activated to Per Facey
oF Fegistee Y 6 MOR
_ +H The Content oF registe
Step Acton
Poor, MARin , Read, Selet4, Aad,
Zour, PCin | Niet ,
a
=—
% MORouk 7 TRin
4
>
6
Raouk ,» MARiqg , Read
Ricuk | Yin 7 WMEC a
__| MDR ouk Select ¥ i Add , Zia
Zouk Rin , Ena
fi
oe Gg Oats atte\ Sequence Far execution
of the Lo gnuct on AdaCRa),Ra .
Name of Dept, : Name of Faculty : Unit No:__
Semester « — Subject : eee Pape No §& JAGADAIVIBEMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, YAVATMAL
3-
_ _fosteuctPons, HF
Pse cessor have Some Mean of
Jiferatiag the Cetra SPgnaly Aeeved
iN the Ppesper Sequence .
—__Theve ase _tusc approaches Used _
fer Sach Aesigmaqg s gna
Hardusired Canto)
ae Micro— PSOIMamed Compa)
Seq Contedl, Corps! OnPt Ps
Ceasists of encedes / decades Gait C Ained
Aegic Ciseutt ) hich Voter pret TASH SU CHae
S&S Qenerates — coaieel SPgmka
The fixed Isgic Ciealt Usex Cegtents
Of _cooteel Sep Counter, laStruchod. seaiskee
seadivion cate flay “G@ esteraat iaput
Sigods \ekee MFC te Generate conted sigue
Constdes the Sequence of caoaize Signats
aiven ia Figuce ©. Each Step in this
Saqvence is Completed ws ane Clack Pesiad.
A Countes may be Used ioe Le ee
bs _ceotrel steps, as Showa TO Figure ©,
Eee
Name of Dept. :. Name of Faculty :___
Semester : — Subject :__ 1. Page No 4 JAGADANVIBHA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
an | Sop). —
a kete ce ES qoutes
[Exteccak |
eR
Cochition
codex
By Seperatfag the decedtag & Antodiag Fangio
we Cblata she More detailed block Viaqiam 14
fio ®. :
— the op-tode qq JR TS deeded & te IR
“YS on 4 bet then the YodsructPon decodes generates
24=\— \RNES; one fer each Vaskructiga
Alc to code WA TR Oa one ovtpat line
s high & ethers “are Set jo 0.
: The Step decoder provides Q seperate
Stqdats ne for each step, or Hme Slot iq the
%
i)
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty :___ Unit No :
Semester : — Subject :_. _ _ Page No: SAGADANIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
Hye output of “The inst
aa
“Werodee GATE Of a Sepesate trae for each
_Mathind pachuction =
a ; ae
Centsot__ Stqnals
3-4 a cose ——— =
ig .@ Separalfon of the ecediag &
Enoodtag funcifoas.
Name of Dept. « Name of Faculty : Unit No :__3.
Semester : _ Subject : JAGADAIVIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
An 84s of how Ontodee Generates Uh
in Coanttcl Stqoats fos the processor or Qani-
Siarioamae —ORven | Figue_ ©. this Ciscukt
_Yaplements the logic functfoo
No
This sq a te
Slot Ta for att gastructfon , dusfag Te for
AN UunrcoadiHonal branch PAstructPon & so on.
The logic functPon fer Zin %s derived
fxm the Csatral Sequence in Gaguse @
Contes) Sequence fur executicA of tHe jashu-
Hien.
_END = Tq.ADO + Ts. B8R4CTS-N + Tq. WN) BRN4
TAsteuct ea
fetch Acie by weSeHing the Coats] Step Counter
Ps Goctfag Value . Figure @® Conteins ans+thes
Centsel Sigqnot Catted RON.
When RonN=d , Ron 5 countes ig incyeme-
Akd Gne asi the end of every Clock cycle .
Vihen RON =O , the Countee Stops Counting.
This is Needed ushenevet the MFC stqnat
es issued, 4a avnke Proce ss or to watt .
The Contre| hardusare Shows Ta Fig ©
o © Can be Viewed ay a Slate Machtae that
Charges fFrem ene State to anothet in evety
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty : Unit No:__>
Semester « __ Subject : fecraeeas Page No:__\2. JAGADANVIBMA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
Sleck cycie, we pending | om the Contents af
regislee, the Coadti¥on Codes,
the ost
& the ~ eoctes nal Yopuss «
_ The outputs of the Staje enachine are,
SNe“ Conitel STgaalg. “The See uence of Sperati-
SOS carried out By ths enachine %s determined —
iby a the warttFag watrTag of the ogc elements,
hence the name “hard wired.” -
A controller Phot uses this appsoach can
Operaie at high Speed . Howevee, te haa ule
_ Comp
Mextbtlity, Gan
SA corm Sonplement “is limited.
Breach Add
th G ‘
a T
—_\/ :
45s __Zin = -
Fig. generatPon of the 25n|
control Sq eat for
oceeses 7 eee
_ processor _ | cary SPgoot
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty: Unit No:__>
Semester :. _— Subject : ne _. Page No \3 = JSAGADAIVIBMA
‘COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
_ Advantages of Hardwired Comled Unte 3-
Ort ts) Fast because Conteo} “Siqooks are
“Jenerated by tambinalional cireulls .
@® The- deloy Ya QeneratPon of Comtrol Signat
‘epends 09 number of gale.
Tt fs RF Ficient & cheap.
_Oisadvanteges of Hardwired Cankeel Galt 4.
. @ Bue 4o com eol gPqnals Shruchise Fg VEAY
Cranphenc -
a ® Bue +o CombinatPonat logfc cle cult opdattag:
the InstructPoa set is Impossible. ~ - -
: Mrcro — Programmed Conirel 4-
Micwe pogrammed coaival 4S a Scheme
‘a wali Gen signals ace “generated bye
peegam = Similae +e machine lang wage Peogeans,
This progeam is called aya MicrO- POJram;
“hence at is Oarned as mitre - Programmed
conte .
: A mice progeamy JS Cap SSS “2f Yecioux
mcso wreoulhines . A Mic - vOUHD]S IS (a ge}
of mics - ‘Instructions os COMI! words,
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty :___ Unit No:__ >
Semester : _ Subject :__ _. _Page No) 4 ___ sememavee,
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , YAVATMAL
Tel slet al
ast ae
NE fee |o¢ J Ja)
AJOJoo [oo fo
ofAlo fo jo fale
clolele jefelo
alofole lolol
ofo{4]o |o}4jo
Afofe}o [Ojele
of AfO]4 jojo]
2 _ a a= _ -
Fig Ee AN 2&9. OF mics —TOS}ruUCHONS
SAY Cooksot Weed CCW
© A comso\ woord _Cew) a Sequerre
of bits Meat Cocve poo Ss to a ce5tes]
Sigaals - a herefere each “step 9 the
come7\ Sequence at | Aq Vastsuction Ts
represented | I+ defines a4 OmMque Camb-
_igetioods of 4's O's \Q the an
e The Cw corres pons 19 to. the a
steps ¢ of eee Fig 392. qre Zea mar
Ot. We Weve assumeq aise ee
\S Coe ve presented by Select = 0 &
select 4 by Seed Sd _
eA CW is formed by Seiioq she
bits Cossesponding +c +he Siqoatg to be
Name of Dept. : Name of Faculty : Unit No:__>
| Semester : _ Subject :___ _ Page No \s
| oe . JAGADAIVIBMHA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, YAVATMAL
“a Slep Yo he Cooke)
yemaining +e 0 ays
Bs 3-4
6 The, _ONCD= Progeaen ts) Stored ina
KS peste remons C20 SUBIC e
_* The Contsol ontt opesates bj
Fetching the Mice - lostouctiogs Cassesprading
“4s dhe machine lnstructiva present ya an,
Rem the Coolel Store QZ generating Whe
_Csote\ Shere 4anecadiag the cantssl
Siggote by achyatiog the Conteal linea
Cessespending to the ¥ ee 6 eC
as Show _ a Bg_ at
i sy wae a | Tieatartens = ~ os =
Starta
KJ address
| genecatyr
= ee {=
Clock : = a Pc.
fig d¥ Basic egeciation coat fn eu
of micro. proqeanmed canto) | Store
Name of Dept. :.
Name af Faculty —
‘Semester : — Subject: PageNo:;_ 6 C—O ——————
JAGADAIVIBMA
~~ COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY, YAVATMAL
__
Semester : _ Subject — Page No) JAGADAIVIBMNA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY , VAVATMAL
excteroat Ve , Coad} i008 codes , oF poscthly
bits of the istrlction register, Should be
_Shecked as a condition for Branching 45
ake place .
. The yosbructit i900) Branth