Desired Learning Outcomes

At the end of the Lesson the student will

be able to:
1. compare Occupational Hazard from
Occupational Risk; and
2. distinguish the different hazards in a
workplace.
Review: Goals of Occupational Health (ILO/WHO)
“The promotion and maintenance of the highest
degree of physical, mental and social well-being of
workers in all occupations by…

PREVENTING PROTECTING PLACING worker in

workers from workers from tasks adapted to
getting sick, health risks, his ability.”
 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
“Conditions in the workplace that has the
potential to cause harm, including ill health and
injury, damage to property, product and the
environment”
 HAZARD AND RISK

⚫ HAZARD ⚫ RISK
- any source of - the chance or
potential damage, probability that a
harm or adverse person will be
health effects on harmed or
something or experience an
someone under adverse health
certain conditions at effect if EXPOSED
work. to a HAZARD.
 HEALTH RISK

• No Hazard = No Risk

• Hazard, but no Exposure = No Risk

Health Risk = Hazard x Exposure

 EXPOSURE
• Contact with a Hazard is called Exposure
• Exposure is a combination of
– Magnitude
– Frequency
– Duration
 OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS
Chemical Environmental
hazards (Physical)
Hazards

Ergonomic Biological
hazards
hazards

Work
organization
hazards
Safety Hazards
 1. SAFETY HAZARDS
The most common types of workplace hazards, include
unsafe conditions that can cause injury, illness and even
death.
• Spills or cords on the floor that could cause tripping
• Working from heights on things like ladders, scaffolds
or roofs that could cause falls
• Unguarded machinery or moving machinery parts that
a worker could accidentally touch
• Frayed cords, missing ground pins or improper wiring
that could cause electrocution
• Confined spaces
 2. BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS
Exposure to harm or disease from working with
animals, people or infectious plant materials.
• Blood and other body fluids
• Fungi/mold
• Bacteria and viruses
• Plants
• Insect bites
• Animal and bird droppings
(2) Biological Hazards:
Clostridium tetani
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Human Immunodeficiency Virus
 Clostridium tetani
An anaerobic bacterium producing a potent toxin called
tetanospasmin, a causative agent of TETANUS…

Health Effects
▪ Lockjaw
▪ Contraction of facial
and back muscles
▪ Respiratory failure
 Mycobacterium tuberculosis

▪ Chronic bacterial infection

▪ Caused by Mycobacterium
tuberculosis (tubercle
bacilli)

▪ Damages the lungs and

other body parts

▪ Fatal if not treated

properly
 TB Situation and the National TB
Program
• 9th among 22 high TB-
burdened countries
• 6th among 10 leading
causes of mortality in
the country
• 255,084 estimated
incident cases in the
country
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
causes AIDS --

Acquired and not hereditary

Immune system is affected
Deficiency due to the collapse of the immune system
Syndrome referring to the group of symptoms that
characterize a disease

Body fluids known to transmit HIV :

▪ Blood
▪ Semen
▪ Vaginal/Cervical Secretions
▪ Breast Milk
HIV enter the bloodstream thru --

▪ SEXUAL CONTACT - sex with HIV infected

partner
▪ INFECTED BLOOD AND BLOOD PRODUCTS -
transfusions of HIV-infected blood; puncturing of skin by
HIV-contaminated instruments

▪ MOTHER TO CHILD – infected mother can pass HIV to

baby (pregnancy, delivery or breastfeeding)
 HIV is NOT transmitted by--

hugging or kissing sharing utensils shaking hands

sharing pools or toilet seats animal bites

 3. ENVIRONMENTAL (Physical)
HAZARDS
-Factors within the environment that can harm
the body without necessarily touching it.
• High exposure to sunlight/ultraviolet rays
• Temperature extremes
• Constant loud noise
3) Environmental (Physical)
Hazards:

Noise
Vibration
Heat
Inappropriate Illumination
 Noise
Health Effects

❖ Hearing Damage
❖ Interfere with work
❖ performance
❖ Hypertension
❖ Hyperacidity
❖ Palpitations
❖ Stress-related disorders
 Vibration (segmental)

Health Effects
❖ Pain, numbness, tingling of hands
 Vibration (whole body)

Health Effects
❖ Spine disorders
❖ Muscular and joint disorders
❖ Gastrointestinal disturbance
 Extreme Temperature
Related Disorders Causes Clinical Features
to Heat Stress
Milaria rubra Malfunction of Itchy skin rashes
sweat glands
Heat Cramps Loss of water & Cramps in extremities
electrolytes

Heat Exhaustion Physical exertion, Dizziness, blurred vision,

loss of water & cold & clammy
electrolytes extremities
Heat Stroke Failure of Convulsions, muscle
temperature itching, delirium with hot
control center in & dry skin, body temp
brain >410
 Inappropriate Illumination
• Usual Complaints
❖ Visual Fatigue
❖ Double Vision
❖ Headaches
❖ Painful irritation
❖ Lacrimation- abnormal or excessive secretion of
tears due to local or systemic disease
❖ Conjunctivitis - an inflammation or swelling of the
conjunctiva (the thin transparent layer of tissue
that lines the inner surface of the eyelid and
covers the white part of the eye)
 4. CHEMICAL HAZARDS
Exposures to chemical preparation in the workplace.
Some chemicals are safer than others, but even common
items can cause illness, skin irritation or breathing
problems.
• Liquid cleaning products, paints, acids, solvents
• Vapors and fumes from welding or exposure to
solvents
• Gases like acetylene, propane, carbon monoxide and
helium
• Flammable materials like gasoline, solvents and
explosive chemicals
• Pesticides
(4) Chemical Hazards:

Organic Solvents
Asphalt
Lead
Cement
Wood Dusts
 Routes of Entry into the Body
Inhalation
(major route)

Ingestion

Skin Contact
 Organic Solvents
Sources
➢Paints
➢Varnishes
➢Adhesives
➢Preservation agents

Entry
➢Inhalation of vapors
➢Skin absorption
 Organic Solvents
Health effects
➢ Neurotoxic : Headache, dizziness, drunken feeling,
disorientation, confusion, progressive loss of
consciousness
➢ Reproductive : Spontaneous abortion, Infertility
➢ Liver : Cirrhosis, Cancer
➢ Respiratory : Pulmonary Edema
➢ Kidney : Glomerulonephritis
➢ Skin Effects : Irritative effects
 Asphalt
Sources
➢Paving
➢Roofing
➢Concrete work
Entry
➢Inhalation of fumes
Health effects
➢Headache, Skin rash, Fatigue, Throat and
eyes irritation, Cough and Skin Cancer
 Lead
Occupational Sources
➢ Welders
➢ Solderers
➢ Demolition workers
➢ Painters

Entry
➢ Inhalation
➢ Ingestion
 Lead
Health Effects
➢ Anemia
➢ High blood pressure
➢ Kidney damage (renal dysfunction)
➢ Miscarriages
➢ Brain damage
➢ Infertility
➢ Symptoms of fatigue, difficulty in
concentration, headache
 Blood Lead Concentration (µg/dL)
(Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry)

100 – 120 Encephalopathy;

Chronic nephropathy

80 Frank anemia

Female reproductive effects 60 Reduced hemoglobin

Increased urinary ALA; elevated 50 production; Neurological
coproporphyrins and Peripheral nerve symptoms; Altered testicular
dysfunction (slowed nerve conduction) 40 function
30 Increased blood pressure
Increased erythrocyte
protoporphyrin (men) 25 – 30
Increased erythrocyte
15 – 20 protoporphyrin (women)
ALA–D inhibition <10
 Cement
Occupational Sources
➢ Cement Mfg.
➢ Construction
Entry
➢ Inhalation
➢ Skin Absorption
Health Effects
➢ Skin - irritation
➢ Eyes – abrasion, irritation
➢ Eyes – irritation
➢ Respiratory Tract – irritation, small airway
disease, pneumoconiosis
 Wood Dusts
Occupational Sources
➢ Construction
➢ Lumber yard (Tableria)/ Saw mill
➢ Furniture Manufacturing, Sash Factory
Entry
➢ Inhalation
➢ Skin Absorption
Health Effects
➢ Irritation of nose, throat and lungs
➢ Allergic reactions in the nose, throat, and
lungs (asthma)
 SILICA and ASBESTOS DUSTS
Occupational Sources
➢ Construction
➢ Cement Manufacturing
➢ Demolition of old Asbestos roof
Entry
➢ Inhalation
➢ Skin Absorption
Health Effects
➢ Pneumoconiosis

➢ lung cancer
Scarring of lung from silica or asbestos

SILICOSIS ASBESTOSIS
Prolonged and chronic
exposure to asbestos
fibers or silica dust
increases the risk of
developing lung cancer

Tobacco smoke
increases the risk

Lung cancer
 5. ERGONOMIC (Physical) HAZARDS
Occur when the type of work, body positions and working
conditions put strain on your body. Long-term exposure
can result in serious long-term illnesses.
• Workstations or chairs that are not properly adjusted
• Frequent lifting
• Poor posture
• Awkward, repetitive movements
• Frequent use of force (push, pull, reach)
• Vibration
(4) Ergonomic Hazards
 Ergonomics
“The science of fitting jobs to the people who
work in them”

The The
Tool Workstation

The Environment Operator The

Organization

The Task
(Job Content/
Context)
Goal: Reduce musculoskeletal disorders
(MSDs) in workers when jobs involve…

1. Awkward postures
2. Forceful exertions
3. Repetitive movement
 1. AWKWARD POSTURES

Twisting

Kneeling/Squatting
2. FORCEFUL EXERTIONS
 3. MOVEMENTS

Repetitive
o same motion
pattern
o short cycle time

Extreme range of
motion
o Twisting
o bending
 Health Effects
o Musculoskeletal Disorders
o Carpal tunnel syndrome - is
a common condition that
causes pain, numbness, and
tingling in the hand and
arm.
o Neck-shoulder pain
o Low back pain
 6. WORK ORGANIZATION HAZARDS
Associated with things like general housekeeping,
employee workload, lack of control and/or respect
and burnout. These stressors can go unnoticed in
the short-term but have long-term effects.
• Overall working conditions (including restrooms)
• Intensity/pace
• Workplace violence
• Sexual harassment
 Examples of Hazards in Construction Industry
OCCUPATIONS HAZARDS
Carpenters Wood dust, heavy loads, repetitive
motion
Electricians Heavy metals in solder fumes,
asbestos dust, awkward posture
Painters Solvents, paint additives, toxic metals
in pigments
Demolition workers Asbestos, noise, lead, dust
Tile setters Solvents from adhesives, awkward
postures
Pipefitters, plumbers Lead fumes and particles, asbestos
 OCCUPATIONS HAZARDS

Masons Cement, awkward posture,

heavy loads
Drillers Noise, vibration, dust
Truck and equipment Noise, vibration, engine
operators exhaust
Highway and street Asphalt emissions, heat,
construction workers engine exhaust
Welders, solderers Welding emissions, metal
fumes, lead