Physical EDUCATION-XII

20. Practice and warm up Area

21. Security
22. Photographers
23. Approvals License and NOCs

Extension Activity

Working in groups, write a Press Release to be issued by your school regarding the
District Badminton Championship hosted by your school.

I. Tick the correct option

1. The Committee responsible for liaison with Print media is the ____________
Committee.
a. Technical
b. Logistics
c. Marketing
d. Finance

2. Purchase of sports equipment is a work of the ________________

Committee.
a. Technical
b. Logistics
c. Marketing
d. Finance

3. Publication of rules and regulations should be done ___________________.

a. Pre event
b. During event
c. Post event
d. Any time during the event

II. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. What should be the role of technical committee while organizing the

event.

2. Explain the role of marketing committee during the event.

9
Physical EDUCATION-XII

1.3 Fixtures & its procedures

In sports, an individual generally supports a particular team or player to win the

game. Winning helps that team or player reach the next round, and after a specified
number of matches, a player or a team wins the Championship. While watching a
tournament, you would have seen sometimes a player or team lose a game, and get
eliminated from the tournament. However, in some tournaments they remain in the
game despite losing. Why is this so? Basically, there are different types of fixtures in
different tournaments based on duration, cost, manpower, level, interest etc. that
you will study here.

1.3.1 Tournaments

Tournament is a series of games or matches played among players or teams to

determine the winner. It provides an opportunity to demonstrate skills, evaluate
one’s performance and motivate players to perform well, attract people towards
sports to make sports popular and provide healthy entertainment.

There are various types of tournament formats based on advancement or elimination

criteria of players or teams. Study the three tournament formats listed below.

Knock – Out Tournament: In a Knock-Out Tournament a player or team continues to

play matches until it is defeated. In this type of format, players or teams have to
consistently give their best performance to avoid elimination. Such a tournament
saves cost and time and makes each match intensive because of fear of elimination.
Since fixtures are drawn on the basis of lots, there is the possibility of a match
between two good teams or players even in the early stages. In this system a good
team can be eliminated even at the earliest stage due to getting defeated by chance
or by accident.

League or Round Robin: In League or Round Robin Tournament, a player or team

will play the matches that are allotted before the start of the tournament. Fixed
number of matches are given to players and teams. Players or teams will get equal
chance to play with each other. Thus, the true winner emerges from this format and
ranking can be prepared for all participating players or teams. However, this format
involves more money, time and facilities as compared to the Knock-Out Tournament
and there is no provision of seeding for extraordinary teams and players.

Combination: They are the combination of Knock-Out and League format. Depending
upon the need and importance of the tournament, Combination Tournaments can

10
 Physical EDUCATION-XII

be Knockout- League, League-Knockout, Knockout-League-Knockout etc. These

tournaments are conducted when there are (a) a large number of participants, (b)
participants are spread in different areas, (c) venues are in different zones/places
etc. In this format some of the demerits of Knockout and League Tournaments can
be eliminated.

1.3.2 Fixtures, Byes and Seeding

We have learned about three types of tournaments, Now we will study how we can
draw the fixtures. In sports, the term fixtures refers to the programme listing which
team (Team A) will play whom (Team B), where (venue), and when (time).

Definitions:

A fixture is “a sports event or its date.”

“A sports match that has been arranged for a particular time and place”

‘Fixture is a process of arrangement of the teams in systematic order in various

groups for competitive fights for physical activity’.

Thus, tie or fixture or heat include multiple and progressive matches. In athletics
and swimming the term Heats is used, in Tennis, badminton and other games we
frequently use the terms Ties or Fixtures. For any tournament, unbiased draws of
fixtures is a road towards the success. First, let us understand the words “bye” and
“seed”.

Bye - means a team is not required to participate in the primary round due to
allotment of draws. It should be given to any participating team through random
lottery system. In a tournament, bye is generally assigned to teams by the organizing
committee not to play a round due to one of the several reasons:

hh Uneven distribution of teams in tournament (In knock out tournament,

number of teams equals to power of two [e.g., 8, 16, 32, 64, ….] and in
League tournament, if there is an odd number of teams.
11
Physical EDUCATION-XII

hh Separate pooling of previous winners in same group to create even

competition,
hh to avoid one team from playing more matches on a single day than the
other, so creating disadvantage for some.

Definitions

The position of a participant in a tournament who is not paired with an opponent,

usually in the first round, and advanced to the next round without playing.

Something aside from the main course or consideration.

A sportsman in a tournament who is without an opponent.

The right to proceed to the next round of a competition without contesting the
present round, often through non-appearance of an opponent.

Seeding - is a process in which teams will be placed in such a manner that good
teams that have a ranking or previous year’s position etc. do not meet another
team at an early stage of the tournament. This procedure is generally implemented
to reduce the chance of elimination of good teams at an early stage. Procedure of
allotting seeding is the same as given for byes.

Definitions

The process or result of seeding players for competition.

To arrange or schedule, as competitive teams or players, so that the most skilled are
matched in the later rounds of play.

To scatter or distribute (the names of players) so that the best players do not meet
in the early part of a tournament.

To rank a player according to the perceived likelihood of his or her winning a specific
tournament

1.3.3 Procedure for Drawing Knock - Out Fixture

Step 1

To determine the total number of teams that will participate in the Knockout
tournament.

12
 Physical EDUCATION-XII

If the number of teams is: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, ….. (Number being a multiple of
Two) then there is no need of byes. You may see the procedure in Illustration : 1 and
2. If the number of teams is other than the given numbers, then byes will be given
as per draw of lot.

Step 2

To determine the total number of matches to be played in the tournament, following

formula will be used:

Total Number of Matches= Number of teams – 1 In case of 8 teams then 8-1= 7

matches (not including third place match)

If number of teams are 12 then

12-1= 11 matches (not including third place match) In case of 15 teams then 15-1=14
(not including third place match)

Step 3

The total number of teams are to be divided into two halves, namely Upper Half and
Lower Half.

If the total number of participating teams are even in numbers the Formula will be:

Number of teams
= Teams in Upper Half or Lower Half
2
12
If total number of teams is 12 then, = 6, i.e., 6 teams will be placed in Upper
2
Half and the remaining 6 will be placed in Lower Half.

If total number of participating teams are odd in numbers then Formula will be

Number of teams + 1
= Teams in Upper Half
2
Number of teams - 1
= Teams in Lower Half
2

If number of teams is 15 then

15 + 1
= 8 Teams in Upper Half
2

13