Page 5

Page 9

Ask them to give at least one reason why the ancient civilizations settled near the rivers.
Answer: Rivers offered a reliable source of water for drinking, irrigation, and transportation, which
were essential for agriculture and trade.
Page 11

Ask the students to give some examples of the advancements made by Mesopotamians.
Answer: The Mesopotamians made significant advancements in many areas, here are two examples:
Writing: The Mesopotamians developed one of the world's first writing systems, known as
cuneiform.
Agriculture: Mesopotamians were among the first to develop irrigation systems to water their
crops.
 1. What do you mean by the term civilization?
Answer: A civilization is a society, its culture and its way of life during a particular period of time or in
a particular part of the world.
2. Write the names of two centers of Indus valley civilization.
Answer: Harappa and Mohenjodaro were the two main centers of Indus Valley civilization.
3. Write three characteristics of Chinese civilization.
Answer: Three main characteristics of Chinese civilization are Confucianism, Imperialism and
Technology and innovation.
4. Write the names of four main crops cultivated in Indus valley civilization.
Answer: Four main crops that were cultivating in the Indus Valley civilization are wheat, barleys,
cotton and dates.
5. Write two reasons of the decline of Indus valley civilization.
Answer: Floods and earthquakes are two reasons of the decline of Indus valley civilization.

1. What do you know about the social life of the people of Indus Valley Civilization?
Answer: The social life of the people of the Indus Valley Civilization was based on a hierarchical
system, with rulers and priests at the top, followed by traders, artisans, and farmers. The society
was relatively equal. Men and women had access to education and participated in economic
activities. The cities were well-planned and had public buildings such as baths and bazars indicating
a well-organized and advanced society.
2. What were the main characteristics of Indus Valley Civilization?
Answer: The main characteristics of the Indus Valley Civilization:
o had well-planned cities with advanced systems of drainage, water supply, and sanitation.
o had a trade network with neighboring regions, including the exchange of goods such as
precious metals, beads, and textiles.
o practiced agriculture and had a irrigation system for farming.
o produced beautiful pottery, jewelry, and sculptures.
o had a hierarchical social structure with rulers, priests, traders, artisans, and farmers.
3. What do you know about the Chinese culture and trade in olden times?
Answer: In olden times, China had a rich culture that included philosophy, literature, and art. The Silk
Road was famous trade routes between China and other regions, including Europe, Africa, and the
Middle East. Chinese goods, such as silk, tea, and spices were highly valued for the traders from
other regions. In addition to trade, Chinese culture also spread through Buddhism and
Confucianism to neighboring regions. The Chinese also developed advanced technologies such as
papermaking, gunpowder, and printing, which had a significant impact on the world.

Write in their notebooks at least 2 reasons for the development of the Mesopotamian
civilization, using primary and secondary sources.
Answer: Two reasons for the development of the Mesopotamian civilization were:
According to primary sources, the Mesopotamian civilization developed due to the fertile land and
a water supply from the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. These rivers helped them to grow crops, which
led to the growth of cities.
According to secondary sources, the Mesopotamian traded in valuable goods such as textiles,
metals, and agricultural products, which made them wealthy and powerful.
Write in their notebooks at least one significant advancement made by Mesopotamians in their
opinion.
Answer: One significant advancement made by Mesopotamians was the development of the first
system of writing, called cuneiform. This advancement in writing had great impact on the
 development of human civilization and is considered one of the most important inventions in
history.
Write in their notebooks the reason for creating the Code of Hammurabi.
Answer: The reason for creating the Code of Hammurabi was to establish a set of laws and
punishments that would unite and stabilize the Babylonian society.
Write in their notebooks at least 2 examples of comparison between Mesopotamian and Indus
Valley architecture.
Answer:
Mesopotamian Indus Valley
Mesopotamian architecture was characterized by Indus Valley architecture used fired brick and
the use of mud-brick construction. stone construction.
Mesopotamian temples were typically large, Indus Valley architecture favored more modest,
imposing structures with intricate ornamentation. utilitarian buildings, such as granaries and bath
houses.

Write in their notebooks at least 2 examples of comparison between today’s trade and that of
the Mesopotamia.
Answer:
Mesopotamian trade Today’s trade
Mesopotamian trade was primarily conducted Today's trade is global and facilitated by modern
through land and water routes. technologies like the internet.
In Mesopotamia, trade was often controlled by Today’s trade is driven by market demand and
powerful merchant families or the state. supply, with a more decentralized system of
ownership and control.

Write in their notebooks at least one difference between Sumerians and Mesopotamians.
Answer: Sumerians were a specific people with a distinct culture and language, while
Mesopotamians were a more diverse group of peoples who shared a common geographical region.

Write in their notebooks at least 2 examples of the existence of other civilizations at the time of
Mesopotamia.
Answer: The ancient civilization of Egypt was existed with Mesopotamia, and developed alongside it
but with distinct cultural and political characteristics.
The Indus Valley Civilization was another ancient civilization that existed at the same time as
Mesopotamia and had its own unique cultural and technological achievements.

Answer: The ancient Egyptians were among the first people to establish trade routes between Africa,
Asia, and Europe.

Answer: Alexander the Great was a famous king and military leader of ancient Greece. He became king at the
age of 20 and led his armies on a conquest to create one of the largest empires in history, stretching from
Greece to India. He is remembered for his military tactics, his leadership skills.
 Ask them to give some examples of the war tactics used by Alexander to conquer a vast area.
Answer: Alexander the Great used several war tactics to conquer a vast area. His military tactics were
characterized by speed, surprise, and flexibility, which allowed him to adapt to different battlefields
and opponents.
Ask them to share some strategies which helped Rome to gain prosperity and raise an army.
Answer: Here are some strategies that helped Rome to gain prosperity and raise an army:
Rome gained wealth and resources by conquering neighbouring territories and uniting them into the Roman
Empire. Rome established a strong and professional army, a well-defined chain of command, and strict
discipline.

Answer: Here are two significant events from the timeline of Greek and Roman civilizations in the span of
Mesopotamia till the decline of the Roman Empire:
Athens became a major centre of trade, culture, and democracy in ancient Greece. Athens was involved in
several wars, which weakened the Greek city-states.
The Western Roman Empire experienced a long period of decline, involving political instability, economic
crises, and invasions by barbarian.
 1. When was Persian civilization formed?
Answer: The Persian civilization was formed in 550 BC.
2. Who was Alexander the Great?
Answer: Alexander the Great was a famous king and military leader of ancient Greece.
3. Write three contributions of Greeks for the world.
Answer: Socrates, western philosophy and Olympics.
4. Write two reasons of the decline of Roman civilization.
Answer: Political instability and economic challenges were the two main reasons of the decline of
Roman civilization.
5. What was the religion of Romans?
Answer: Romans worshipped many gods and goddesses.

1. Analyse the daily life and social customs of ancient Persians.

Answer: Analysis of the daily life and social customs of ancient Persians:
Daily life:
• Ancient Persians were mostly farmers. Agriculture was the basis of economy.
• They lived in simple houses made of mud and clay, and had gardens and orchards.
• They eat fruits, vegetables, bread, and meat such as lamb and beef.
• They also enjoyed music, dancing, and other forms of entertainment.
Social customs:
o The Persian society was hierarchical, with the king and his court at the top, followed by the
nobles, priests, and common people.
o Family was an important aspect of Persian life and the father was the head of the house.
o Persian women had rights and freedoms. They were allowed to own property, inherit
wealth, and participate in public life to some extent.
o The Persian religion was Zoroastrianism, which emphasized the importance of good deeds,
truthfulness, and ethical behaviour.
2. Describe how Romans developed into a republic.
Answer: The Etruscans had ruled over the Romans for hundreds of years. After getting freedom, the
Romans established a republic. The government was elected by the people to rule on their behalf.
The Roman monarchy was abolished around 509 BC. During a political revolution eventually, the
Roman Republic was established. The Etruscans were very rich and powerful people. They lived in
northern Italy and ruled the city of Rome. In 509 B.C., Romans rebelled against the Etruscan King
and established the Roman Republic
3. Identify the relationship between Greeks and Spartans.
Answer: Athens was an open society, while Sparta was a closed one. Athens had democracy whereas
Sparta was ruled by a group of people. A war broke out between Athens and Sparta. Both had many
differences. They were alike because slaves and women had no right to take part in government. In
Athens, women had very few rights, but they had more rights in Sparta. Athenian economy was
based on trade and art but Spartan society was based on farming and conquering.
Ask the students to discuss the timeline of the Aryan, Mauryan, Kushan and Gupta Kingdoms, and
describe at least one major characteristic of each regime.
Answer:
Aryans Mauryan Kushan Gupta
1500 BC to 500 BC 322 BC to 185 BC 30 AD to 375 AD 320 AD to 550 AD
Aryans were nomadic Ruled by Emperor The Kushans were Considered as a “Golden
people who gradually Ashoka, who converted known for their support Age" of Indian
settled in the Indian to Buddhism and of Buddhism and for civilization
subcontinent. promoted religious their trade with Rome
tolerance. and China.
Ask the students to study some resources and share some facts related to the Golden Age of Hindu
Rulers.
Answer: The Gupta period is considered a Golden Age because it was a time of peace, prosperity,
and cultural flourishing.
During the Gupta period, India made significant advances in science, mathematics, medicine, and
astronomy.
The great mathematicians Aryabhata and Varahamihira who developed the concept of zero in
mathematics, and the invention of the mathematical decimal system still in use today.
Ask them to share two points of comparison between the Indus Valley people and Aryans.
Answer:
Indus Valley People Aryans
The Indus Valley people had a highly developed The Aryans were nomadic who did not have a
urban civilization with advanced architectural and urban civilization.
engineering skills.
The Indus Valley people spoke an unknown Aryans spoke Sanskrit. Their literature and culture
language and their writing has not yet been have had a significant impact on Indian society.
deciphered.
Ask them to initiate a discussion on why Aryans were able to defeat Indus valley people.
Answer: There are not enough evidences that the Aryans defeated the Indus Valley people. In fact, it
is still not clear what caused the decline of the Indus Valley civilization.
Ask the students to discuss at least two characteristics of each to differentiate Maurya from the Nada
Kings.
Answer:
Maurya Nada Kings
The Mauryan empire was known for its efficient The Nada Kings were known for their wealth
and centralized administration. and lifestyles, with lavish palaces, gardens, and
jewellery
The Mauryan army was one of the most Nada Kings were able to maintain their power
powerful in the world at the time, and wealth within their own territory, they
were often unable to deal with external
threats.
Ask them to examine the reasons behind the rise and fall of the Mauryan regime.
Answer: The Mauryan empire was a powerful dynasty that ruled India. Here are some reasons
behind their rise and fall:
Rise Fall
Strong and efficient military leadership After the death of Ashoka, the dynasty was
united several smaller kingdoms into a weakened by the incompetent successors.
powerful empire. The Mauryan empire faced external threats from
Good administration helped the empire to invading armies and internal political anarchy.
efficiently govern a vast and diverse
population
Draw a T-chart to compare the Kushans with Guptas.
Answer: Kushan Guptas
• The Kushan empire was founded by • The Gupta empire was founded by an
nomadic Central Asian people. They Indian dynasty that emerged from the
migrated to the region of present-day region of present-day India.
Afghanistan and Pakistan. • The Gupta empire is considered a "Golden
Age" of India, with a flourishing of art,
• The Kushan empire was known for its
literature, science, and philosophy.
cosmopolitan culture and religious
• This period saw advances in fields such as
tolerance.
mathematics (including the concept of
• They supported Buddhism and helped in zero), astronomy, medicine, and literature.
creation of Buddhist art and literature. • The Gupta rulers also promoted Hinduism
and the arts.

1. What is the origin of Aryans?

Answer: The origin of Aryans is Iran and the northern Indian subcontinent.
2. Write the names of four Varnas of Aryans.
Answer: 1. The Brahmins 2. The Kshatriyas 3. The Vaisyas 4. The Sudras
 3. Who is the founder of Kushan dynasty?
Answer: The founder of Kushan dynasty was Kujula Kadphises.
4. Who is the founder of Mauryan dynasty?
Answer: The founder of Mauryan dynasty Chandragupta.
5. Who were Brahmins?
Answer: Brahmins were priests and were the highest ranking varna.

1. Differentiate Mauryan from the Nada Kings.

Answer:
Maurya Nada Kings
Maurya Empire was founded by Chandragupta The Nada Empire was founded by Mahapadma
Maurya. Nada.
Maurya Empire's capital was Pataliputra. The capital of Nada Empire was also Pataliputra.
The Maurya Empire was known for its strong Nada Empire did not have a powerful army.
military power.
The Maurya Empire had a well-organized Nada Empire was known for its decentralized
administrative system administration, which relied on local officials.
Maurya Empire was known for promoting Nada Empire did not have any particular religious
Buddhism. belief.
2. Explain the contributions of Chandragupta I.
Answer: Chandragupta I was an important ruler of the Gupta Empire in ancient India. His key
contributions are given below.
1. He expanded the Empire through military conquests.
2. He was a supporter of the arts, particularly literature and architecture.
3. He established a new era in Indian history, known as the Gupta Era, which started in 320 CE.
4. He introduced a new gold cointhat became the standard currency of the Gupta Empire.
5. He promoted Hinduism, and encouraged the spread of the religion throughout his empire.
3. Describe the social structure of Aryans.
Answer: The society was divided into warriors and priests. Women slaves were used for domestic
purposes. Aryan society was divided into four social classes called varnas. They were:
• The Brahmins ( were priests and were the highest ranking varna)
• The Kshatriyas (were rulers or warriors)
• The Vaisyas(were commoners including farmers, craftspeople and traders)
• The Sudras(were labourers and servants)
This caste system became more complicated, dividing Indian society into groups based on rank,
riches or occupation. Castes were family-based. If you were born into a caste, you would probably
stay in it for life. Life for the lower castes was very difficult. Those who had no caste were called
untouchables. Such people were deprived of all types of rights and facilities.
Answer: The name of the tribe of Hazrat Muhammad was Banu
Hashim.

Answer: Political freedom means having the ability to participate in the political process of a society
without fear of repression.

Answer: We learn humility, selflessness and justice from the life of Hazrat Muhammad ‫النبین‬ ٖ ‫(رسول ہللا خاتم‬
ٓ
)‫صلی ہللا علیہ والہ واصحابہ وسلم‬.
4. When and where was Hazrat Muhammad )‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬ ٖ ‫?(رسول ہللا خاتم‬
Answer: Hazrat Muhammad )‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ (رسول ہللا خاتم‬was born in Makkah
Mukarramah on 571 AD.
5. Explain how Islam came to Arabia?
Answer: Islam originated from the Arabian Peninsula, in Makkah Mukarramah in early seventh century A.D.
Hazrat Muhammad )‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ (رسول ہللا خاتم‬laid the foundation of first Islamic
state in Medina Munawara.
 How did Islam change Arabia?
Answer: Islam had a profound impact on Arab society, shaping its culture, values, and way of life.
6. Islam has a strong concept of justice. Explain how?
Answer: Islam preached equality and justice. Justice in Islam is based on fairness, impartiality, and
equality for all individuals, regardless of their social status, race, and religion.
7. Hazrat Muhammad )‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ (رسول ہللا خاتم‬was great visionary and a leader.
Give examples of His greatness.
Answer: Hazrat Muhammad )‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ (رسول ہللا خاتم‬was indeed a great
visionary and leader. Here are some examples of His greatness:
1. He established a just and equal society where all individuals were treated with respect and dignity,
regardless of their social status or background.
2. He taught the importance of education and knowledge and emphasized that seeking knowledge is a
duty for every Muslim.
3. He led by example and practiced what He preached. He was known for His honesty, integrity, and
kindness.
4. He promoted peace and harmony among different communities and advocated for the peaceful
resolution of conflicts.
5. He showed kindness towards all individuals and encouraged His followers to do the same.

1. Write the factors behind the rise of Islamic civilization.

Answer: The leadership of Hazrat Muhammad )‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ (رسول ہللا خاتم‬and the
spread of Islam, which created a unified community and provided a sense of identity and purpose. The rise
of Islamic civilization was due to a combination of factors, including strong leadership, intellectual and
cultural achievements, stable governance, linguistic and cultural unity, and strategic location.
2. Write a note on revelation of faith.
Answer: At forty years of age, it was during His meditation sessions in the Hira Cave that Hazrat Muhammad
ٓ
)‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ والہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ (رسول ہللا خاتم‬received His first revelation from Allah through the angel Jibrael
‫علیہ السالم‬. The revelations continue from this point onwards. This was the beginning of the Prophetic career of Hazrat
Muhammad
3. Who were the first four caliphs? Name them in the sequence they came and the dates of their rule.
Answer: The First four caliphs were:
1. The First Caliph of Islam - Hazrat Abu Bakr Siddique ‫تعالی عنہ‬ٰ ‫( رضی ہللا‬573AD —634AD)
2. The Second Caliph of Islam-Hazrat Umar Ibn ul Khatab ‫تعالی عنہ‬ ٰ ‫( رضی ہللا‬634AD – 644AD)
3. The Third Caliph of Islam - Hazrat Usman Ibn Affan ‫تعالی عنہ‬
ٰ ‫ہللا‬ ‫رضی‬ (576AD - 656AD)
4. The Fourth Caliph of Islam - Hazrat Ali Ibn Abi Talib ‫تعالی عنہ‬
ٰ ‫( رضی ہللا‬601AD-661AD)
4. Describe the events that led to the Muslims’ entrance in Makkah Mukarramah
Answer: The Muslim army was now very strong, and this was the largest Muslim force ever assembled till
that time. Abu Sufyan, the head of the Makkans, had realized the Islamic army was too strong for the
arrogant but weak Makkans. Muslim army entered Makkah Mukarramah in peace and without any
bloodshed. Thus, Makkah Mukarramah was taken by the Muslims in a bloodless battle.
5. Islam is a religion of mercy. Give examples from the life of Hazrat Muhammad ‫النبین صلی ہللا‬ٖ ‫(رسول ہللا خاتم‬
)‫ علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬to show His mercy.
Answer: On the day of the conquest of Makkah, Abu Sufyan, the head of Makkah Mukarramah accepted
Islam. After taking complete control of Makkah Mukarramah, Hazrat Muhammad ‫النبین صلی‬ ٖ ‫(رسول ہللا خاتم‬
)‫ ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬declared, "Even he who enters the house of Abu Sufyan will be safe, He who lays
down arms will be safe, He who locks his door will be safe", and this is exactly what happened. Everyone was
given a pardon and this even included Hinda, the wife of Abu Sufyan, who had Hazrat Hamza in the battle of
Uhad. Not even one personal revenge was taken. Such was the limitless mercy of Hazrat Muhammad ‫(رسول‬
)‫النبین صلی ہللا علیہ وآلہ واصحابہ وسلم‬
ٖ ‫ ہللا خاتم‬.