Hildegard E.
Peplau
presented by:
Von Frederick Henry E. Ambe
Stephanie M. Drenon
What will Discussed
Timeline
Biography
Interpersonal Relationship theory &
Assumption
Nursing process
Phases of the Nurses-Patient
Relationship
Roles of Nurses
Four Levels of Anxiety
Major Concepts
Application
TIMELINE
Born on September 1, 1909
Raised on Reading, Pennsylvania
Obtained a bachelor’s degree in 1943,
master’s degree in 1947, and
doctorate in 1994
Published a book in 1952
Died on March 17, 1999
BIOGRAPHY
Hildegard Peplau (1909–1999) was a
groundbreaking American nurse known for her
development of the interpersonal relations theory,
articulated in her influential book, "Interpersonal
Relations in Nursing" (1952). She emphasized the
importance of the nurse-patient relationship
through four phases: orientation, identification,
exploitation, and resolution. A strong advocate for
mental health, Peplau also helped establish the
American Nurses Association. Her work continues
to shape nursing practice and education today.
INTERPERSONAL
RELATIONSHIP
THEORY &
ASSUMPTIONS
It emphasized the give-and-take of nurse-client relationships that was seen by many as
revolutionary. Peplau went on to form an interpersonal model emphasizing the need for a
partnership between nurse and client as opposed to the client passively receiving treatment
and the nurse passively acting out doctor’s orders.
Nurse and the patient can interact
Both the patient and nurse mature as the result of the therapeutic interaction
Communication and interviewing skills remain fundamental nursing tools
Nurses must clearly understand themselves to promote their client's growth and avoid limiting
their choices to those that nurses value
NURSING PROCESS
Assessment
Data collection and analysis ( continuous)
May not be a felt need
Nursing Diagnosis Planning
Mutually set goals
Implementation
Plans initiated towards achievements of
mutually set goals
May be accomplished by patient, nurse, or
family
Evaluation
Based on mutually expected behaviors
May lead to termination and initiation of
new plans
Phases of the Nurses-
Patient Relationship
ORIENTATION IDENTIFICATION
PHASE PHASE
EXPLOITATION RESOLUTION
PHASE PHASE
ORIENTATION
PHASE
The nurse’s orientation phase involves engaging the client in
treatment, providing explanations and information, and
answering questions.
Problem defining phase.
Starts when the client meets a nurse as a stranger.
Defining problems and deciding the type of service needed.
Client ask and express
Nurse responds and help
IDENTIFICATION
PHASE
The identification phase begins when the client works
interdependently with the nurse, expresses feelings, and
begins to feel stronger.
Client works interdependently with the nurse.
Selection of assistance
Patient feels capable and belonging
EXPLOITATION
PHASE
In the exploitation phase, the client makes full use of the
services offered.
Client makes full use of the service offered.
Nurses aid the patient in exploiting all avenues of
progress
RESOLUTION
PHASE
In the resolution phase, the client no longer needs professional
services and gives up dependent behavior. The relationship ends.
Clients no longer need professional services
Where the nurse-patient relationship ends.
Roles of the Nurses
RESOURCE
STRANGER
PERSON
= receives the client in the
same way one meets a = one who provides
stranger in other life specific needed
situations. provides an information that aids in the
accepting climate that understanding of a
builds trust TEACHER problem or new situation
= who imparts knowledge
reference to a need or
interest
LEADER
COUNCELOR
= helps clients assume
= helps to understand and maximum responsibility for
integrate the meaning of meeting treatment goals in
current life to mutually satisfying way
circumstances; provides
guidance and
encouragement to make SURROGATE
changes
= helps to clarify domains
of dependence,
interdependence, and
dependence and acts on
client’s behalf as an
advocate
Four Levels of Anxiety
Mild Anxiety
Moderate Anxiety
Severe Anxiety
Panic Anxiety
What is Anxiety?
Anxiety was defined as the initial
response to a psychic threat
Mild anxiety
The person feels a slight uneasy or nervous feeling,
but it doesn’t interfere much with function. It can
motivate the person.
Moderate anxiety
The person feels more stressed and
has trouble concentrating, but can still
function and respond to the situation.
Severe anxiety
The person feels overwhelmed by the anxiety and
has difficulty focusing. They may feel physical
symptoms like increased heart rate and sweating.
Panic anxiety
The person experiences intense fear, their ability to
think or function is greatly impaired and may have
strong physical reaction like chest pain and rapid
heartbeat.
Major Concepts
MAN
Peplau defined man as an organism seeking to
alleviate tension from needs, while the clients is an
individual with a felt need
HEALTH
symbolizes the growth of personality and human
processes. promoting creative, constructive,
productive, personal, and community living
Major Concepts
ENVIRONMENT
Peplau suggested that nurses should consider a
patient’s culture when adjusting to the hospital
routine
NURSING
She viewed nursing as a Therapeutic,
Interpersonal process involving a Nurse-Patient
relationship, focusing on recognizing and
responding to health needs
Application
ASSESSMENT PLANNING
(ORIENTATION (IDENTIFICATION
PHASE) PHASE)
NURSING
DIAGNOSIS
IMPLEMENTATION EVALUATION
(EXPLOITATION (RESOLUTION
PHASE) PHASE)
Thank you for
your attention
