Lesson 1: Intellectual revolution that • Considered a golden age for
Defined Society. scholars but also a time of conflict
with religious authorities who
Definition & Importance opposed ideas that challenged
theological beliefs.
• Scientific Revolution – A
period in history (early modern Four Perspectives of Science
period) when developments in
mathematics, physics, 1. Science as an Idea – A collection
astronomy, biology, and of theories, explanations, and
chemistry transformed how observations about the natural
people understood nature. and physical world.
• Marked the emergence of 2. Science as Intellectual Activity
modern science and improved – Systematic, practical study of
methods of investigation, the world using observation and
experimentation, and experimentation.
observation.
3. Science as a Body of
• Considered a golden age for Knowledge – A field or subject
scholars but also a time of containing organized facts and
conflict with religious principles about the natural and
authorities who opposed ideas physical world.
that challenged theological
beliefs. 4. Science as Personal & Social
Activity – Human activities aimed
at understanding and improving
Definition & Importance
life, interwoven with daily living.
• Scientific Revolution – A
period in history (early modern
period) when developments in
mathematics, physics, Four Stages of the Scientific
astronomy, biology, and Revolution
chemistry transformed how
people understood nature. 1. Primitive Period – Accumulation
of survival-related knowledge
• Marked the emergence of (food, shelter, medicine) without
modern science and improved recording or applying the scientific
methods of investigation, method.
experimentation, and
observation. 2. Classical Period – Greeks and
Romans organized and recorded
knowledge; explored natural
phenomena.
3. Renaissance (14th–17th
Century) – Cultural “rebirth” that
rediscovered classical
philosophy, science, and arts.
4. Modern Times (18th Century–
Present) – Period from the
Enlightenment to today;
industrialization and modern
scientific advancements.
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–
1543)
• Father of Modern Astronomy.
• Heliocentric Theory – The Sun,
not the Earth, is the center of the
universe.
• Published De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium in 1543.
• Proposed two types of planetary
motion:
1. Venus & Mercury orbit inside
Earth’s orbit (closer to Sun).
2. Mars, Jupiter & Saturn orbit
outside Earth’s orbit (farther
from Sun).
• Copernican Revolution – Shift
from geocentric (Earth-
centered) to heliocentric (Sun-
centered) view.
2. Ego – Rational thought, reality-
Charles Darwin (1809–1882) oriented.
3. Superego – Moral values and societal
• Theory of Evolution by
rules.
Natural Selection – Organisms
evolve over time; the fittest
• Developed techniques like dream
survive and reproduce.
interpretation, free association,
and transference.
• Published On the Origin of
Species (1859).
• Focused on the influence of
human sexuality and unconscious
• Showed that traits and
desires on behavior, which was
adaptations develop to help
controversial at the time.
species survive in their
environment.
• Extended ideas to humans in
The Descent of Man, which was
controversial because it
challenged religious creationist
beliefs.
• Contributions:
1. Evolutionary Biology – Study
of changes in species over time.
2. Philosophy of Science –
Applying scientific reasoning to
living organisms.
Sigmund Freud (1856–1939)
• Founder of Psychoanalysis –
A method for treating mental
disorders through conversation.
• Psychoanalytic Theory of
Personality – Human behavior
results from interaction of:
1. Id – Instincts and desires.
Heredity; discovered laws of
Other Important Scientists & Their inheritance through pea plant
Contributions experiments (dominant and
recessive traits).
1. Hippocrates – Father of
8. Rudolf Virchow – Father of
Medicine; believed diseases
Modern Pathology; promoted the
have natural causes and the
concept that diseases arise from
body can heal itself.
cells; founder of social medicine.
2. Galen – Greek physician;
studied anatomy, conducted
physiological experiments on
animals; last great biologist of
antiquity.
3. Aristotle – Greatest Ancient
Scientist; founder of Zoology;
contributed to logic, biology,
physics, ethics, and politics.
4. Galileo Galilei – Father of
Modern Science; improved the
telescope, confirmed
heliocentrism, developed laws of
motion; called the father of
observational astronomy and
modern physics.
5. Andreas Vesalius – Founder of
Modern Human Anatomy; author
of De Humani Corporis Fabrica.
6. Louis Pasteur – Father of
Modern Microbiology;
discovered vaccination,
pasteurization, and microbial
fermentation.
7. Gregor Mendel – Father of
Lesson 2: Cradles of Early Science • Known as the "Mother Culture"
of Mesoamerica; influenced Maya
and Aztec.
Development of Science in • Famous for colossal basalt
Mesoamerica stone heads (rulers/ballplayers).
• Developed drainage systems,
practiced shamanism and ritual
bloodletting.
Maya Civilization
• Originated the Mesoamerican
• Lasted ~2,000 years; famous for ballgame.
astronomy and temple-based
astronomical observation. • Name “Olmec” means “rubber
people” (derived from use of
• Example: Pyramid at Chichen natural rubber).
Itza aligned with the Sun during
spring and fall equinoxes.
• Could predict eclipses and
used astrological cycles for
planting and harvesting.
• Developed two calendar
systems for time measurement,
rituals, and events.
• Agricultural advancements:
irrigation canals, terrace
farming, and crop diversity.
• Built looms for weaving, created
mica-based glitter paints,
produced rubber products
centuries before modern
patenting.
• One of the first to use
hieroglyphic writing and
developed a base-20 number
system.
• Olmec Civilization (1200–
400 BCE)
buildings.
3. Irrigation systems for various
terrains.
Inca Empire (13th–16th Century)
4. 12-month calendar for festivals
• Based in Cusco, Peru; largest and planting.
pre-Columbian empire.
5. First suspension bridges.
• Scientific achievements:
6. Quipu – knotted rope record-
1. Stone-paved roads. keeping system.
2. Earthquake-resistant stone 7. Advanced textiles, terrace farming,
buildings. freeze-dried foods, aqueducts, and
panpipe instruments.
3. Irrigation systems for various
terrains.
4. 12-month calendar for festivals
and planting.
5. First suspension bridges.
6. Quipu – knotted rope record-
keeping system.
7. Advanced textiles, terrace
farming, freeze-dried foods,
aqueducts, and panpipe
instruments.
Inca Empire (13th–16th Century)
• Based in Cusco, Peru; largest
pre-Columbian empire.
• Scientific achievements:
1. Stone-paved roads.
2. Earthquake-resistant stone
• Mathematics:
Aztec Empire (1345–1521 CE)
• Mohenjodaro ruler – standardized
measurements.
• Covered most of northern
Mesoamerica. • Aryabhata – trigonometric functions,
algebra, astronomy.
• Contributions:
• Brahmagupta – gravity as
1. Mandatory education for all
attraction, use of zero, decimal
children regardless of class or
notation.
gender.
• Madhava of Sangamagrama –
2. Chocolate production and cacao
founder of mathematical analysis.
as currency.
3. Antispasmodic medicine for
muscle relaxation during surgery.
4. Aztec calendar for rituals and
planting.
5. Canoe invention for water
transport.
6. Chinampa farming – rectangular
plots with canals for crop growth.
Development of Science in Asia
India
• Known for metallurgy – high-
quality steel admired by
Romans.
• Ayurveda – traditional medicine
system (since ~2500 BCE).
• Susruta Samhita – described
surgical and medical
procedures.
Book of Healing.
China
• Discovered contagious nature of
infectious diseases; introduced
• Influenced many Asian countries clinical pharmacology.
through culture and technology.
• Traditional medicine
(acupuncture, herbal remedies).
• Major inventions: compass,
papermaking, gunpowder,
printing.
• Other innovations: iron plough,
wheelbarrow, propeller,
bridge designs, seismological
detector, dry dock facility.
Development of Science in the
Middle East
• Golden Age of Islam (7th–13th
Century) – advances in the
scientific method through
experiments.
• Ibn al-Haytham – Father of
Optics; proved intromission
theory of light.
• Ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi – father
of algebra, algorithms; refined
numeral system with decimal
notation.
• Jabir Ibn Hayyan (Geber) –
father of Arab chemistry;
contributed to modern
pharmacy.
• Ibn Sina (Avicenna) – father of
early modern medicine;
pioneered experimental
medicine, clinical trials; wrote
The Canon of Medicine and The
Development of Science in Africa
Egypt
Advanced in astronomy, mathematics,
and medicine.
• Developed geometry for land
division and construction.
• Built pyramids, early dams, and
rectilinear structures.
• Known as a center of alchemy
(early chemistry).
• Practiced empirical medicine –
diagnosis, treatment, prognosis;
studied human anatomy and
pharmacology.
-yolac
asdawdasdij
