Model Curriculum for Three/Four Year Degree Course

(With Multiple Entry /Exit Option)

Based on NEP-2020

Zoology

Odisha State Higher Education Council, Bhubaneswar

Government of Odisha

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Semester Subjects

I Core I - Invertebrates: Protista to Echinodermata

Core II- Diversity of Chordates: Protochordates to Mammalia
II Core III- Microbiology
Core IV - Cell Biology
III Core V- Principles of Ecology
Core VI- Physiology: Controlling and Coordinating systems
Core VII- Fundamentals of Biochemistry
IV Core VIII- Endocrinology & Reproductive Biology
Core IX- Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates
Core X- Physiology: Life Sustaining Systems
V Core XI- Biochemistry of Metabolic Processes
Core XII- Principles of Genetics

Core XIII- Molecular Biology

VI Core XIV- Developmental Biology
Core XV- Taxonomy and Evolutionary Biology
VII Core XVI- Instrumentation and Techniques
Core XVII- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics
Core XVIII- Animal Biotechnology

Core XIX- Immunology

VIII Core XX- Aquatic Biology and Toxicology
Core XXI- Wildlife and Conservation Biology
Core XXII- Chronobiology & Animal Behaviour
Core XXIII- Research Project

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 Programme Outcomes
 To prepare the students for a career in Zoology.
 To prepare the students for Higher Education and Research in Zoology.
 To develop a conceptual understanding of the subject and to develop an
inquisitiveness in the subject.
 To enable the student to acquire basic skills necessary to understand the
subject and to master the skills to handle equipment’s utilized to learn the
subject.
 To generally promote wider reading on the subject and allied inter
disciplinary subject.

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 Semester I
Core I Invertebrates: Protista to Echinodermata

Programme Outcome:

 Understand the general characteristics o f non-chordate groups of organisms.

 Acquire knowledge regarding classification of the taxa with examples.
 Develop an understanding of important phenomena associated with each taxon.
 Acquire skills in identifying representative species of groups studied.
 Illustrate phylogenic distribution of lower groups of Non-chordates.
 Understand elaboration of coelomic evolution and metamerism on Coelomates with
their classification up to their class and excretion system in Annelidans.
 Recognize insect vision, respiration and metamorphosis in Arthropoda with reference
to Termites and in evolutionary significance of Onychophora with general
characteristics.
 Obtain an over view of the general features, respiration, Gastropodan evolution,
mechanism of torsion, and significance of larval life stages.
 Acquire knowledge on general characters and classification of Echinoderms and their
affinities with Chordates.
Course Outcome:

 Utilize information to understand the differences of the groups studied.

 Develop skills in examining diversity of the taxa.
 Develops skills in elaborating the general features and evolutionary significance of
the coelomate from Annelida to Echinoderms.
 Impactful visual understanding and enables the students to correlate the evolutionary
significance of each organism on the phylogenetic tree.
 Study on various general features and characteristics of body symmetry and
arrangement with various vision types, excretory systems and developmental stage
give a strong fundamental understanding on the subject on Coelomates.
Learning Outcome

Systematically understand the diverse group of organisms from Protista to

Cnidaria and Ctenophora
 Systematically understand the diverse group of organisms that make up
Phyla Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes.
 Understand the diverse organisms that make up Phyla from Annelida, Arthropoda
and Onychophora.
 Understand the diverse organisms that make up Phyla from Mollusca and
Echinodermata and significant processes associated.

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Unit 1: Protista to Cnidaria and Minor Phylum Ctenophora
General characteristics and Classification up to classes. Locomotion, Nutrition and
Reproduction in Protista, Life cycle and pathogenicity of Plasmodium vivax, Canal system
and spicules in sponges, Metagenesis in Obelia, Polymorphism in Cnidaria, Corals and coral
reefs, Evolutionary significance of Ctenophora.

Unit 2: Platyhelminthes and Nemathelminthes

General characteristics and Classification up to classes. Life cycle and pathogenicity of
Fasciola hepatica and Taenia solium, Life cycle, and pathogenicity of Ascaris lumbricoides
and Wuchereria bancrofti. Parasitic adaptations in helminthes

Unit 3: Annelida, Arthropoda and Onychophora

General characteristics and Classification up to classes. Evolution of coelom and
metamerism. Excretion in Annelida, Vision and Respiration in Arthropoda.
Metamorphosis in Insects. Social life in bees and termites. Onychophora: General
characteristics and Evolutionary significance.

Unit 4: Mollusca and Echinodermata

General characteristics and Classification up to classes. Respiration in Mollusca. Torsion and
detorsion in Gastropoda. Evolutionary significance of trochophore larva. Water-vascular
system in Echinoderms, Larval forms in Echinodermata

TEXT BOOKS
 Kotpal RL; Modern Textbook of Zoology – Invertebrates; Rastogi Publications -
Meerut; 2016 edition.
 Richard Brusca, W. Moore, Stephen M. Shuster. Invertebrates; OUP USA; 3
edition (19 January 2016).

SUGGESTED READINGS
 Richard Fox, Robert D. Barnes, Edward E. Ruppert, Invertebrate Zoology: A
Functional Evolutionary Approach, Brooks/Cole; 7th edition edition2003
 Barrington, E.J.W.Invertebrate Structure and Functions. II Edition, E.L.B.S. and
Nelson.
 Hyman, L.H. Invertebrate Series (Recent edition).
 Parker JJ and WA Haswel Textbook of Zoology. Vol I and II.
 Barrington, E.J.W. (1979). Invertebrate Structure and Functions. II Edition,
E.L.B.S. and Nelson.
 Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P., Olive, P. J. W., Golding, D.W. and Spicer, J.I. (2002).
The Invertebrates: A New Synthesis, III Edition, Blackwell Science.

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 Invertebrates: Protista to Echinodermata

Practical
1. Study of whole mount of Euglena, Amoeba and Paramecium, Binary fission and
Conjugation in Paramecium.
2. Study of Sycon (T.S. and L.S.), Hyalonema, Euplectella, Spongilla, Spicules and Spongin
fibers.
3. Study of Cnidarians Obelia, Physalia, Millepora, Aurelia, Tubipora, Corallium,
Alcyonium, Gorgonia, Metridium, Pennatula, Fungia, Meandrina, Madrepora.,
Ctenophore.
4. Study of Life cycle stages of Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium and Ascaris lumbricoides
(Slides/micro-photographs).
5. Study of Annelids - Aphrodite, Nereis, Heteronereis, Sabella, Serpula, Chaetopterus,
Pheretima, Hirudinaria.
6. Study of Arthropods – Crab, Limulus, Palamnaeus, Palaemon, Daphnia, Balanus,
Sacculina, Eupagurus, Scolopendra, Julus, Bombyx mori, Periplaneta americana, termites,
honey bees and Peripatus
7. Study of Molluscs and Echinodermat a- Chiton, Dentalium, Pila, Doris, Helix, Unio,
Ostrea, Pinctada, Sepia, Octopus, Nautilu.
Echinodermata - Pentaceros/Asterias, Ophiura, Clypeaster, Echinus, Cucumaria and
Antedon
8. Study of digestive system, nephridia of earthworm (Virtual), T.S. through pharynx,
gizzard, and typhlosolar region of earthworm, Mounting of mouth parts and dissection of
digestive system and nervous system (Virtual) of Periplaneta americana.
9. To submit a Project Report on any related topic.
Suggested Reading
 Verma PS and Srivastava PC. (2011) Advanced Practical Zoology. S Chand
Publication.
 S.S Lal. (2019) Practical Zoology (Invertebrate) Rastogi Publications.

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 Core II Diversity of Chordates: Protochordates to Mammalia
Programme Outcome:
 The students learn about the salient features, diversity and distribution of all
Chordates.
 To know the evolution of aquatic, amphibious and terrestrial vertebrates.
 To understand the importance of distribution of vertebrates in different realms.

Course Outcome:
 Understanding the origin, larval forms, distribution and adaptation of different
vertebrates.
 Accumulating the knowledge and understanding on the classification, affinities and
comparative anatomy of different vertebrates and their evolutionary significance.
 Learning the mechanism of flight and aquatic adaptations in birds and mammals.
 Obtaining knowledge pertaining to the distribution of animals particularly vertebrate
in different realms.
Learning Outcome:

 Gain understanding of Protochordates and origin of Chordates.

 Knowledge regarding characteristics and classification of Agnatha, Pisces, Amphibia,
and evolution of tetrapoda.
 Understanding characteristics and classification of Reptiles and Aves and their
connecting links.
 Comprehend characteristics and organization of mammals, in addition to their
distribution in zoogeographical realms.

Unit 1: Protochordates and Origin of Chordates

General characteristics and outline classification Chordata (Protochordata: Hemichordata,
Urochordata and Cephalochordata). Study of larval forms in protochordates; Retrogressive
metamorphosis in Urochordat; Dipleurula concept and the Echinoderm theory of origin of
chordates.

Unit 2: Agnatha, Pisces & Amphibia

General characteristics and classification up to order. Migration, Parental care in fishes,
Accessory respiratory organs in Pisces, Evolutionary significance of Dipnoi.
Amphibia: Origin of Tetrapoda (Evolution of terrestrial ectotherms); Parental care.

Unit 3: Reptilia & Aves

General characteristics and classification up to order. Affinities of Sphenodon; Poison
apparatus and Biting mechanism in snakes. Archaeopteryx- a connecting link; Flight
adaptations and Migration in birds.

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Unit 4: Mammals & Zoogeography
General characters and classification up to order; Affinities of Prototheria; Adaptive
radiation with reference to locomotory appendages. Zoogeographical realms, Theories
pertaining to distribution of animals, Plate tectonic and Continental drift theory,
distribution of vertebrates in different realms.

PRACTICAL
1. Protochordata: Balanoglossus, Herdmania, Branchiostoma, Urochordata, Sections of
Balanoglossus through proboscis and branchio-genital regions, Sections of Amphioxus
through pharyngeal, intestinal and caudal regions. Permanent slides of Herdmania
spicules, Doliolum, Salpa
2. Agnatha: Petromyzon and Myxine.
3. Fishes: Scoliodon, Sphyrna, Pristis, Torpedo, Chimaera, Mystus, Heteropneustes, Labeo,
Exocoetus, Echeneis, Anguilla, Hippocampus, Tetrodon/ Diodon, Anabas, Flat fish.
4. Amphibia: Ichthyophis/Ureotyphlus, Necturus, Bufo, Hyla, Alytes, Salamander.
5. Reptilia: Chelone, Trionyx, Hemidactylus, Varanus, Uromastix, Chamaeleon,
Ophiosaurus, Draco, Bungarus, Vipera, Naja, Hydrophis, Zamenis, Crocodylus. Key
for Identification of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes
6. Aves: Study of six common birds from different orders. Types of beaks and claws. Study
of feathers.
7. Mammalia: Sorex, Bat (Insectivorous and Frugivorous), Funambulus, Loris, Herpestes,
Erinaceous.
8. Power point presentation on study of any two examples representing two different
classes.. Submission of report on local species.

Text Books:
 Kotpal RL; Modern Textbook of Zoology –Vertebrates; Rastogi Publications -
Meerut; 2016 edition
 Young, J. Z. (2004). The Life of Vertebrates. III Edition. Oxford University Press.
 Tiwari SK (2006) Fundamentals of World Zoogeography, Sarup & Sons.

Suggested Readings:
 Pough H. Vertebrate life, VIII Edition, 2007 Pearson International.
 Hall B.K. and Hallgrimsson B. (2008). Strickberger’s Evolution. IV Edition.
Jones and Bartlett Publishers Inc.

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 Hickman CP, Roberts LS, Keen S, Larson A, I’AnsonH, Isenhour DJ Integrated
Principle of Zoology, 14th edition, 2008, McGrawHill publication.

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 Semester II
Core III Microbiology
Programme Outcome:
 Knowledge of microbial diversity and classification.
 To understand microbial culture, growth and reproduction.
 To understand the importance of viral pathogenicity, nature of viral transmission.
 To comprehend the importance of Anti-viral drugs and vaccines.

Course Outcome:
 Obtaining knowledge pertaining to future scopes and modern trends of microbiology.
 Understanding the experimental approaches to explore the origin of microbes.
 Uunderstanding the morphology, classification and significance of host-vector
relationship.
 Learning the mechanism of action of microbial toxins and pathogenicity.
 Obtaining knowledge on pathogenic manifestation of Oncoviruses & HIV.
Learning Outcome:

 Finding the historical background and modern experimental approaches to understand

the origin and development of microbiology.
 Analysing the general features, classification and pathogenicity of Archea and
Eubacteria.
 Deducing knowledge on role of microbes in agriculture and healthcare sector.
 Interpreting the mechanism of antibacterial and anti-viral their mode of action, and
importance of vaccines.
Unit-1
History and development of microbiology: Biogenesis and abiogenesis, Contribution of
Francesco Redi, Lazzaro Spallanzani, John Needham, Louis Pasteur, John Tyndall, Joseph
Lister, Robert Koch (germ theory), Edward Jenner and Alexander Fleming`s experiments on
discovery of Penicillin, Modern trends and future scope of Microbiology.

Unit-2
Microbial systems of classification: General features of Bergey's manual for classification
of microbes, Whittakar’s five kingdom concept, Carl Woese's 3 domain classification, Lynn
Margulis theory of endosymbiotic theory. General features of Archaea: Structure,
Nutrition.and Reproduction.
General features, pathogenicity of Mycoplasma, Rickettsia and Spirochaetes.

Unit-3
Isolation, culture and maintenance of microorganisms: Microbial growth, continuous
culture (chemostat), Factors influencing growth of microbes, Role of microbes in agriculture

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and healthcare industry. Reproduction of Eubacteria, Genetic recombination in bacteria
(Transformation, Conjugation and Transduction).

Unit-4
Virion and viroids: General characteristics and classification of viruses, morphology, nature
of viral transmission. Bacteriophage replication, Oncoviruses & HIV: structure, transmission,
pathogenicity and replication. Microbial toxins: types, mode of actions and pathogenicity
(Exo and Endo-toxin). Antibiotics and their mode of action, Anti-virals and vaccine.

PRACTICAL
1. Study on aseptic techniques in microbiology: various methods of sterilization process.
2. Preparation and formulation of microbial media and methods of inoculation.
3. Methods of isolation of bacteria: spread plate, streak plate, pour plate, serial dilution.
4. Sampling and quantification of microorganisms in air, water and soil.
5. Morphological identification of microorganisms from various habitats through simple
staining, differential staining, acid fast staining, spore staining.
6. Methods of microscopic measurements, micrometer (ocular and stage), haemocytometer.
7. Preparation of bacterial growth curve.

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 Core-IV Cell Biology

Programme Outcome:

 Introducing prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and their features, ultrastructure of

plasma membrane and mechanism of transport of molecules across plasma
membrane.
 To know the structure, function and properties of endomembrane & cytoskeletal
network system and cell organelles.
 To understand the importance of mitochondria in aerobes, the role of mitochondrial
electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation & mechanism of ATP synthesis.
 To study the structure and packaging of chromosome in nucleus, behaviour of
chromosome during cell division, cell cycle and its regulation.

Course Outcome:

 Understanding the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and the
mechanism of transportation across their membrane system.
 Understanding the role of cytoskeleton in maintaining structural frame work, cell
motility and cell organelles.
 Deciphering the role of mitochondria in cellular respiration and energy production.
 Obtaining knowledge on structure and function of nucleus, cell division and
regulation of cell cycle.
Learning Outcome
Understanding Cell junctions and mechanism of transportation across membrane.

 Obtaining knowledge on structural and functional aspect of cytoskeleton and

endomembrane system.
 Obtaining knowledge on nucleus, nucleosome and cell division and cell cycle
regulation.
 Knowledge about mitochondrial respiratory chain, chemi-osmotic hypothesis and
functions of peroxisome.
Unit 1: Overview of cells and plasma membrane

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells, Virus, Viroids, Mycoplasma, Prions, Various models of
plasma membrane structure. Transport across membranes: Active and Passive transport,

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 Facilitated transport. Cell junctions: Tight junctions, Desmosomes, Gap junctions.
Unit 2: Cytoskeleton & Endomembrane System
Structure and Functions: Microtubules, Microfilaments and Intermediate filaments;
Structure and Functions: Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Lysosomes.
Unit 3: Mitochondria and Peroxisomes
Mitochondria: Structure, Semi-autonomous nature, Endosymbiotic hypothesis;
Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain, Chemi-osmotic hypothesis. Peroxisomes.
Unit 4: Nucleus, Cell Division and Cell signalling
Structure of Nucleus: Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pore complex, Nucleolus; Chromatin:
Euchromatin and Heterochromatin and packaging (nucleosome); Mitosis, Meiosis, Cell
cycle and its regulation; GPCR and Role of second messenger (cAMP).

Text Books:
 Karp, G. (2010). Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. VI
Edition. John Wiley and Sons. Inc.
 De Robertis, E.D.P. and De Robertis, E.M.F. (2006). Cell and Molecular
Biology. VIII Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia.
Suggested Readings:
 Bruce Albert, Bray Dennis, Levis Julian, Raff Martin, Roberts Keith and Watson
James (2008). Molecular Biology of the Cell, V Edition, Garland publishing Inc.,
New York and London.
 Becker, W.M., Kleinsmith, L.J., Hardin. J. and Bertoni, G. P. (2009). The World
of the Cell. VII Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.
 Suvarna S, Lyton C, Bancroft JD (2013) Theory and practice of histological
techniques, Churchill Livingstone, Elsevier, UK
 Cooper, G.M. and Hausman, R.E. (2009). The Cell: A Molecular Approach. V
Edition. ASM Press and Sunderland, Washington, D.C.; Sinauer Associates, MA.

PRACTICAL
1. Understanding of simple and compound microscopes.
2. To study different cell types such as buccal epithelial cells, striated muscle
cells using Methylene blue/any suitable stain (virtual/ slide/slaughtered tissue).
3. Preparation of temporary stained squash of onion root tip to study various

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 stages of mitosis.
4. Study of various stages of meiosis in grasshopper testis
5. Preparation of permanent slide to show the presence of Barr body in human
female blood cells/cheek cells.
6. Preparation of permanent slide to demonstrate:
i. DNA by Feulgen reaction
ii. DNA and RNA by MGP
iii.Mucopolysaccharides by PAS reaction
iv. Proteins by Mercuric bromophenol blue/Fast Green
7. Demonstration of osmosis (RBC/ Egg etc.).

Suggested Reading:
1. Verma PS and Srivastava PC. (2011) Advanced Practical Zoology. S Chand
Publication.
2. S.S Lal. (2019) Practical Zoology (Invertebrate) Rastogi Publications.

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 Semester-III
Core-V Principles of Ecology

Programme Outcome:
 Understand the concept of an ecosystem, its attributes, factors and functioning.
 Learn about population attributes, growth patterns, strategies; regulation and
interactions.
 To appraise learners regarding various community characteristics.
 Comprehend biological data, learn graphical representation of data, sampling
techniques, grasp basic statistics.
 Acquire skills on plotting survivorship curves, quadrate method of determining
population density, diversity indices, techniques of preservation and mounting of
plankton, determination of ecological parameters.
Course Outcome:
 Utilize information to understand interrelations and working of an ecosystem.
 Demonstrate the ability to comprehend data, plot graphs, present data and apply basic
statistics.
Learning Outcome:

 Understand food chain dynamics and energy flow patterns.

 Gain knowledge about population dynamics.
 Understand community stratification and succession.
 Gain knowledge about representation of data, data processing and analysis.
Unit 1: Ecosystem and Applied Ecology

Ecology: Autecology and synecology, Types of ecosystems with one example in detail,
Food chain: Detritus and grazing food chains, Linear and Y-shaped food chains, Food web,
Energy flow through the ecosystem, Ecological pyramids Nutrient and biogeochemical
cycle with one example of Nitrogen cycle. Laws of limiting factors, Study of physical
factors- (Light, temperature).
Unit 2: Population
Attributes of population: Density, natality, mortality, life tables, fecundity tables,
survivorship curves, age ratio, sex ratio, dispersal and dispersion Exponential and logistic
growth, equation and patterns, r and K strategies. Population regulation - density-
dependent and independent factors, Population interactions, Gause’s Principle with

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 laboratory and field examples.
Unit 3: Community
Community characteristics: species richness, dominance, diversity, abundance,vertical
stratification, Ecotone and edge effect; Ecological succession with one example. Theories
pertaining to climax community.
Unit – 4: Biometry
Biological data, graphical representation of data (frequency polygon and histogram),
sampling techniques, measures of central tendency (Mean, median and mode), Measures of
dispersion (range, quartile deviation, mean deviation and standard deviation), Hypothesis
and hypothesis testing (Chi-square test, t- test).

Text Book:
 Odum, E.P. and Barrett, G.W., (2018). Fundamentals of Ecology, 5 th Edition
 Smith and Smith, Elements of Ecology, Global Edition; Pearson Education India;
ninth edition (14 May 2015).
 Myra Samuels, J. Witmer,A. Schaffner, Statistics for the life sciences, Prentice Halls,
Boston, 4th edition, 2012.
Suggested Readings:
 Kormondy, (2017). Concepts of Ecology, Updated 4/e, Pearson.
 Colinvaux, P. A. (1993). Ecology. II Edition. Wiley, John and Sons, Inc. Krebs, C. J.
(2001). Ecology. VI Edition. Benjamin Cummings.
 Ricklefs, R.E., (2000). Ecology. 5th Edition. Chiron Press.
 Dash M.C., Fundamentals of Ecology. Mc GrawHill
 Smith TM and Smith RL, Elements of Ecology, 8th Edition,Pearson education INC,
USA
 Miller, G.T. and Spoolman, S.E. (2017) Environmental Science, 14 th Edition.
Cengage Publication, New Delhi.
 Odum, E.P. and Barrett, G.W., (2018). Fundamentals of Ecology, 5 th Edition.
 Cengage Publication, New Delhi
 Web site: https://www.cbd.int/
 Baneerjee Pranab Kumar, Introduction to biostatistics, S Chand & Company; 3rd
Rev. Edn. 2006 edition
 Chainy GBN, Mishra G, MohantyPK, 2004, Basic Biostatistics, Kalyani Publisher.

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 PRACTICAL
1. Study of life tables and plotting of survivorship curves of different types from the
hypothetical/real data provided.
2. Determination of population density in a natural/hypothetical community by quadrate
method and calculation of Shannon-Weiner diversity index for the same community.
3. Study of an aquatic ecosystem: Phytoplankton and zooplankton collection, preservation
and mounting, Measurement of temperature, turbidity/penetration of light,
determination of pH, Dissolved Oxygen content (Winkler’s method), BOD, COD, Free
CO2, Hardness, TDS.
4. Report on a visit to National Park/Biodiversity Park/Wild life sanctuary.
5. Chi-square analysis using seeds/beads/Drosophila.
6. Problems on standard deviation.
7. Graphical representation of data (Frequency polygon and Histogram).
Suggested Reading:

 Practical Ecology by David Slingsby, Ceridwen Cook, Red Globe Press London.
 Practical Methods in Ecology by Henderson Peter A. John Wiley and Sons Ltd.
 Practical Ecology by Rao K S, K.S. Rao. Anmol Publications.

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Core-VI Physiology: Controlling and Coordinating systems
Programme Outcome:
 Develop an understanding of tissues and tissue systems with clarity on types and
functions of each.
 Acquire knowledge on the muscle and nervous system.
 Obtain information about various receptors, their functioning and understand the
mechanism of action.

Course Outcome:
 Acquire skills in differentiating tissues based on their structure and functions.
 Gain insights on the controlling and coordinating systems of the body.
Learning Outcome:
 Gain knowledge about tissue composition and function.
 Understand muscle types and mechanism of action.
 Understand functioning of different type of receptors.
 Acquire knowledge on osmoregulation and thermoregulation.

Unit 1: Tissues & Tissue system

Structure, location, classification and functions of epithelial tissue, connective
tissue, muscular tissue and nervous tissue. Structure and types of bones and cartilages,
Ossification, bone growth and resorption.

Unit 2: Muscle & Nervous System

Histology of different types of muscle; Ultra structure of skeletal muscle; Molecular and
chemical basis of muscle contraction. Introduction to CNS, PNS and ANS. Structure of
neuron, Types of neurons, Action potential and its propagation, Synapse and synaptic
transmission, Neuromuscular junction; Reflex action.

Unit 3: Physiology of Special senses

Sensory Neurons-types; Physiology and pathway- hearing and balance, Olfaction, Gustation
and Vision. Interoception – Nociceptors, Baroreceptors, Chemoreceptors, Thermoreceptors,
Osmoreceptors, Cutaneous Receptors.

Unit 4: Homeostasis
Homeostasis and body fluids, Sources of body water and loss, Control of homeostasis,
Homeostatic imbalances. Osmoregulation in fish, thermoregulation in Poikilotherms,
homeotherms and heterotherms.

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Text Books:
 Marieb EN and Hoehn K, Human Physiology, (2013), 9th edition, Pearson
Education, USA.
 Endocrinology, Hadley ME and Levine JE (2009), Pearson Education India; 6
edition.
 Textbook of Medical Physiology, Guyton & Hall, Elsevier, 12th edition, 2016.

Suggested Books:
 Victor P. Eroschenko. (2008). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional
correlations. XII Edition., Lippincott W. & Wilkins
 Martini F H, Nath J L and Bartholomew E F (2015) Fundamentals of Anatomy
and Physiology. Pearson Education Publication,
 Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. XI Edition.
Hercourt Asia PTE Ltd. /W.B.Saunders Company.
 Tortora, G.J. & Grabowski, S. (2006). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. XI
Edition John Wiley & sons.

Practical
Physiology: Controlling and Coordinating systems

1. Demonstration of the unconditioned reflex action (Deep tendon reflex such as knee
jerk reflex).
2. Study of permanent slides- Squamous epithelium, Striated muscle fibres, nerve cells
and others relevant to the theory.

3. Microtomy: Preparation of permanent slides.

4. Models of mammalian tissues (Any five) /photographs.

5. Effect of salt concentration on cells.

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Core VII Fundamentals of Biochemistry
Programme Outcome:
 To gain understanding of fundamentals of biochemistry and biological
macromolecules.
 To understand structure, classification, properties and significance of biomolecules.
 Acquire knowledge on nomenclature, classification and mechanism of enzyme action,
regulation and its kinetics.
Course Outcome:
 To understand the structure and biological importance of protein, carbohydrates,
lipids, nucleic acids and enzymes.
 Providing knowledge on types of amino acids and its polymeric form.
 Learning the structure and pairing of nucleotides, denaturation and denaturation
kinetics of DNA.
 Obtaining knowledge on enzymes and isoenzymes, specificity, inhibition, derivation
of Michaelis-Menten equation.
Learning Outcome:
 Gaining knowledge on different classes of biological macromolecules such as
carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
 Understanding the structure of proteins and its monomers.
 Learning the structure of nucleic acids, denaturation and renaturation kinetics of
DNA.
 Interpret the activities of enzymes and isoenzymes.

Unit 1: Carbohydrates & Lipids

Structure and Biological importance: Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, Polysaccharides and
Glycoconjugates; Structure and Significance: Physiologically important saturated and
unsaturated fatty acids, Tri-acylglycerols, Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Steroids.

Unit 2: Proteins
Amino acids: Structure, Classification and General properties of α-amino acids;
Physiological importance of essential and non-essential α-amino acids.

Proteins: Bonds stabilizing protein structure; Levels of organization in proteins;

Renaturation, Denaturation; Introduction to simple and conjugate proteins

Immunoglobulins: Basic Structure, Classes and Function, Antigenic Determinants.

Unit 3: Nucleic Acids

Structure: Purines and pyrimidines, Nucleosides, Nucleotides, Nucleic acids. Cot Curves,
Base pairing, Denaturation and Renaturation of DNA, Types of DNA and RNA,
Complementarity of DNA, Hypo and Hyperchromaticity of DNA.

20
Unit 4: Enzymes
Nomenclature and classification, Cofactors, Specificity of enzyme action, Isozymes,
Mechanism of enzyme action, Enzyme kinetics, Factors affecting rate of enzyme-catalyzed
reactions, Derivation of Michaelis-Menten equation, Concept of Km and Vmax, Lineweaver-
Burk plot, Multi-substrate reactions, Enzyme inhibition, Allosteric enzymes and their
kinetics, Regulation of enzyme action.

Text Books:
 Satyanarayan and Chakrapani, (2017) Biochemistry, Elsevier; Fifth edition
 Cox, M.M and Nelson, D.L. (2008). Lehninger’s Principles of Biochemistry, V
Edition, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.
 Jeremy M. Berg, Lubert Stryer, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto,
Biochemistry, 8th edition, 2015.
 Victor W., Rodwell, David A., Bender, Kathleen M., Botham, Peter J., Kennelly,
P. Anthony, Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, 31st edition.
Suggested Readings:
 Murray, R.K., Bender, D.A., Botham, K.M., Kennelly, P.J., Rodwell, V.W. and Well,
P.A. (2009). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, XXVIII Edition, International Edition,
The McGraw- Hill Companies Inc.
 Watson, J.D., Baker, T.A., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M. and Losick, R. (2008).
Molecular Biology of the Gene, VI Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Lab. Press, Pearson
Publication.
 Hames, B.D. and Hooper, N.M. (2000). Instant Notes in Biochemistry, II Edition,
BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd., U.K.
 Devasena T. (2010). Enzymology Oxford University Press; 1 edition
 Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2007). Biochemistry, VI Edition, W.H.
Freeman and Co., New York.

Fundamentals of Biochemistry

Practical:
1. Qualitative tests of functional groups in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.

2. Paper chromatography of amino acids.

3. Action of salivary amylase under optimum conditions.

4. Effect of pH, temperature and inhibitors on the action of salivary amylase/Urease/acid

or alkaline phosphatase

21
5. Demonstration of proteins separation by SDS-PAGE.

22
 Semester-IV
Core VIII Endocrinology & Reproductive Biology
Programme Outcome:
Insights on the history of endocrinology, study endocrine glands, hormones,
control and regulation
 Acquire knowledge on the various facets of the reproductive system and their
endocrine aspects.
Course Outcome:

 Essential clarity on endocrine gland structures, hormones, functions and their

regulation.
 Scientific knowledge base on reproductive health and endocrine control.
Learning Outcome:

 Acquire information on the history of endocrinology, endocrine glands, and

hormones.
 Gain an understanding of the Hypothalamo-hypophysial axis and regulation of
hormone action.
 Understand the endocrine aspects of reproductive system.
 Recognize different aspects of reproductive health and Assisted Reproductive
Technology.
Unit 1: Introduction to Endocrinology
A brief history of endocrinology, Types of endocrine glands (Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid,
Parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas), their histology, hormones, functions and disorders;
General characteristics of Hormones, Classification, Hormone receptors, Mechanism of
hormone action (steroidal and non-steroidal hormones) and tansduction .

Unit 2: Hypothalamo-hypophysial Axis and Regulation of Hormone Action

Structure of hypothalamus, Hypothalamic nuclei, Neurosecretions, Neurohormones and
their functions, Hypothalamo-hypophysial portal system, Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal
axis,

Hormone action at cellular and molecular level, Genetic control of hormone action.
Regulation-Feedback mechanisms.

Unit 3: Reproductive System-endocrine aspects

Testis: Histology; Spermatogenesis: kinetics and hormonal regulation; Androgen synthesis
and metabolism; Epididymal function and sperm maturation; Sperm transportation in male
tract; Ovary: Histology, folliculogenesis, ovulation, corpus luteum formation and regression;
Steroidogenesis and secretion of ovarian hormones; Reproductive cycles and their regulation,
Ovum transport in the fallopian tubes; Sperm transport in the female tract, fertilization,
prevention of polyspermy; Hormonal control-implantation and gestation, foeto-maternal
relationship; Parturition and Lactation.

23
Unit 4: Reproductive Health
Infertility in male and female: causes, diagnosis and management; Assisted Reproductive
Technology: sex selection, sperm banks, frozen embryos, in vitro fertilization, ET, EFT, IUT,
ZIFT, GIFT, ICSI, PROST; Modern contraceptive technologies; Demographic terminology
used in family planning.

Text Books:
 C. Donnell Turner (2012) General Endocrinology Pub- Affiliated East-West press
Pvt. Ltd.-New Delhi; 6th Edition
 Hadley, M.E. and Levine J.E. (2007). Endocrinology, 6th Edition. Pearson Prentice-
Hall, Pearson Education Inc., New Jersey
 Austin, C.R. and Short, R.V. (1982) Reproduction in Mammals. Cambridge
University Press.
 C. Donnell Turner (2012) General Endocrinology Pub- Affiliated East-West
press Pvt. Ltd.-New Delhi; 6th Edition
 Tandulwadkar Sunita R (2015) The Art & Science Of Assisted Reproductive
Technology, Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers

Suggested Readings:
 Stephen Nussey and Saffron Whitehead (2001). Endocrinology: An Integrated
Approach; Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers
 Tony M. Plant and Anthony J. Zeleznik (2015) Knobil and Neill's Physiology of
Reproduction, Academic Press

Endocrinology & Reproductive Biology

Practical:
1. Dissect and display of Endocrine glands in laboratory bred rat*.
2. Study of the permanent slides of all the endocrine glands.
3. Study and identification of endocrine disorders through images.
4. Compensatory ovarian/ adrenal hypertrophy in vivo bioassay in laboratory bred rat*.

5. Demonstration of Castration/ ovariectomy in laboratory bred rat*.

6. Estimation of plasma level of any hormone using ELISA.

7. Designing of primers of any hormone.

8. Examination of vaginal smear from live animals and examination of Human vaginal
exfoliate cytology.
9. Surgical techniques: principles of surgery in endocrinology. Ovarectomy,
hysterectomy, castration and vasectomy in rats. (*Subject to UGC guidelines)

24
10. Sperm count and sperm motility in rat.
11. Study of modern contraceptive devices.

12. Report on endocrine disorders in human.

13. Paper chromatographic separation of hormones.

14. Hypophysectomy in fish (Tilapia/catfish/ locally available fish)

25
Core IX Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates

Programme Outcome:
 Understand anatomical significance of organ system in vertebrates.
 Comprehend structure, function and various derivatives of Integumentary, Skeletal,
digestive, respiratory, circulatory, urinogenital and nervous system.
Course Outcome:

 Learner gains detailed overview of the anatomical resemblance amongst vertebrates

hierarchies.
 Acquires knowledge on cellular development of organ systems in the vertebrates and
linear progression of cellular derivatives during organogenesis.
 Understand the process of linear and vertical cellular evolutionary processes.
Learning Outcome:

 Acquire knowledge of the integument, and skeleton systems.

 Gain knowledge on the Gastro intestinal canal, associated glands, and respiration
system.
 Obtain knowledge of the Circulatory and Urinogenital systems and their evolution.
 Comparative study of mammalian nervous system & sense organs.

Unit 1: Integumentary & Skeletal System

Structure, functions and derivatives of integument (Scale, claw, nail, hair, feather and
dentition). Axial and appendicular skeleton, Jaw suspensorium, Visceral arches.

Unit 2: Digestive & Respiratory System

Alimentary canal and associated glands; Respiration through Skin, gills, lungs and air sacs;
Accessory respiratory organs.

Unit 3: Circulatory and Urinogenital system

General plan of circulation, evolution of heart and aortic arches; Succession of kidney,
Evolution of urinogenital ducts, Types of mammalian uteri.

Unit 4: Nervous System & Sense Organs

Comparative account of brain; Nervous system, Spinal cord, Cranial nerves in mammals.
Classification of receptors: Brief account of visual and auditory receptors in man. Chemo
and mechano-receptors

26
 Practical
1. Study of placoid, cycloid and ctenoid scales through permanent slides/photographs
2. Disarticulated skeleton of Frog, Varanus, Fowl, Rabbit.
3. Carapace and plastron of turtle /tortoise (Photographs, charts etc).
4. Mammalian skulls: One herbivorous and one carnivorous animal.
5. Study of structure of any two organs (heart, lung, kidney, eye and ear) through ICT
tools.
6. Project r e p o r t s u b m i s s i o n on I n t e g u m e n t a r y d e r i v a t i v e s .

Text Books:
 Kardong, K.V. (2005) Vertebrates’ Comparative Anatomy, Function and Evolution.
IV Edition. McGraw-Hill Higher Education
 Kent, G.C. and Carr R.K. (2000). Comparative Anatomy of the Vertebrates. IX Edition.
The McGraw-Hill Companies
 R. K. Saxena and Sumitra Saxena (2016). Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates 2nd
edition.

Suggested Readings:
 Hilderbrand, M and Gaslow G.E. Analysis of Vertebrate tructure, John Wiley and Sons
 Walter, H.E. and Sayles, L.P; Biology of Vertebrates, Khosla Publishing House

27
Core X Physiology: Life Sustaining Systems

Programme Outcome:

 Knowledge of critical physiological processes.

 Understand anatomical attributes of Digestive, Respiratory, Renal and Cardiovascular

system.

 Learn and develop an understanding of vital life-sustaining physiological processes.

Course Outcome:
 Appraise the significance of anatomical structures and physiological events.
 Apply information to understand the functioning of organisms.

 Demonstrate the ability to appreciate the occurrence of physiological actions.

 Understand interrelationships of life processes.

 Acquire practical skills in identifying different organs, and perform laboratory work
based on theoretical applications

Learning Outcome:
 Acquire knowledge on digestion, respiration, renal and heart physiology.
 Understand the composition of blood grouping, functions and Blood clotting.

Unit 1: Physiology of Digestion

Structural organization and functions of gastrointestinal tract and associated glands;
Mechanical and chemical digestion of food; Absorptions of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins,
water, minerals and vitamins; Hormonal control of secretion of enzymes in Gastrointestinal
tract.

Unit 2: Physiology of Respiration

Histology of trachea and lung; Mechanism of respiration, Pulmonary ventilation;
Respiratory volumes and capacities; Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood;
Respiratory pigments, Dissociation curves and the factors influencing it; Carbon monoxide
poisoning; Control of respiration.

Unit 3: Renal Physiology

Structure of kidney and its functional unit, Mechanism of urine formation, Regulation of
water balance, Regulation of acid-base balance, Homeostatic regulation of tubular
reabsorption and secretion.

28
Unit 4: Blood and Physiology of Heart
Haemopoiesis, Components of blood and their functions; Structure and functions of
haemoglobin, Blood clotting system, Blood groups: Rh factor, ABO and MN.
Structure of mammalian heart, Coronary circulation, Origin and conduction of cardiac
impulses Cardiac cycle; Cardiac output and its regulation, Frank-Starling Law of the heart,
nervous and chemical regulation of heart rate. Electrocardiogram, Blood pressure.

Practical:
1. Determination of ABO Blood group.

2. Enumeration of red blood cells and white blood cells using haemocytometer.

3. Preparation of blood smear for differential count.

4. Estimation of haemoglobin using Sahli’shaemoglobinometer.

5. Preparation of haemin and haemochromogen crystals.

6. Recording of blood pressure using a sphygmomanometer.

7. Examination of sections of mammalian slides: oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, ileum,

rectum liver, trachea, lung, kidney.

Text Books:
 Marieb E.N. and Hoehn K.N. (2009) Human Physiology. Pearson Education
Publication , 9th edition

 Tortora, G.J. & Grabowski, S. (2006). Principles of Anatomy & Physiology. XI

Edition John Wiley & sons.

 Guyton & Hall, (2016) Textbook of Medical Physiology. Elsevier, 12th edition.

Suggested Readings:
 Victor P. Eroschenko. (2008). diFiore’s Atlas of Histology with Functional
correlations. XII Edition. Lippincott W. & Wilkins.

 Vander A Sherman J. and Luciano D. (2014). Vander's Human Physiology: The

Mechanism of Body Function. XIII Edition, McGraw Hills.

 Moyes C.D., Schulte PM (2016), Principles of physiology, 2nd edition, Pearson

education, 3rd.

 Guyton, A.C. & Hall, J.E. (2006). Textbook of Medical Physiology. XI Edition.
Hercourt Asia PTE Ltd. W.B. Saunders Company.

29
 Semester-V
Core XI Biochemistry of Metabolic Processes
Programme Outcome
 Understanding of catabolism, anabolism and regulatory mechanism of intermediary
metabolism.
 To learn the processes of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism.
 To obtain knowledge on redox regulation and electron transport system.
Course Outcome:
 Gain overall knowledge and understanding on metabolic pathways and shuttle
systems.
 Gain knowledge on carbohydrate metabolism related processes.
 Understanding of β-oxidation and catabolism of amino acids.
 Understanding on mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
Learning Outcome:
 Gain knowledge on the compartmentalization of metabolic pathways.
 Understand role of intermediate and carbohydrate regulatory metabolism.
 Gain knowledge on β and omega oxidation of saturated fatty acids.
 Understand the role of mitochondria in energy production during electron transport.
Unit 1: Overview of Metabolism
Catabolism vs Anabolism, Stages of catabolism, Compartmentalization of metabolic
pathways, Shuttle systems and membrane transporters; ATP as "Energy Currency of cell";
coupled reactions; Use of reducing equivalents and cofactors; Intermediary metabolism and
regulatory mechanisms.

Unit 2: Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sequence of reactions and regulation of glycolysis, Citric acid cycle, Phosphate pentose
pathway, Gluconeogenesis, Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis.

Unit 3: Lipid and protein Metabolism

Β-oxidation and omega -oxidation of saturated fatty acids with even and odd number of
carbon atoms; Biosynthesis of palmitic acid; Ketogenesis
Catabolism of amino acids: Transamination, Deamination, Urea cycle; Fate of C-skeleton
of Glucogenic and Ketogenic amino acids.

Unit 4: Oxidative Phosphorylation

Redox systems; Review of mitochondrial respiratory chain, Inhibitors and un-couplers of
Electron Transport System.

30
 Practical
1. Estimation of total protein in given solutions

2. Measurement of SGOT and SGPT activit y.

3. Determination of GSH level in serum/tissue.

4. Measurement of GST activity.

5. To study the enzymatic activity of Trypsin/ Lipase.

6. To perform the Acid and Alkaline phosphatase assay from serum/ tissue.

7. Dry Lab (Virtual): To trace the labelled C atoms of Acetyl-CoA till they evolve as CO2
in the TCA cycle.

Text Books:
 Satyanarayan and Chakrapani, (2017) Biochemistry, Elsevier; Fifth edition.

 Cox, M.M and Nelson, D.L. (2008). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry, V

Edition, W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.

Suggested Readings:
 Murray, R.K., Bender, D.A., Botham, K.M., Kennelly, P.J., Rodwell, V.W. and
Well, P.A. (2009). Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry, XXVIII Edition, International
Edition, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc.

 Berg, J.M., Tymoczko, J.L. and Stryer, L. (2007).Biochemistry, VI Edition,

W.H. Freeman and Co., New York.

 Hames, B.D. and Hooper, N.M. (2000). Instant Notes in Biochemistry, II

Edition, BIOS Scientific Publishers Ltd., U.K.

31
Core XII Principles of Genetics
Programme Outcome:
 Obtain knowledge on the basic principles of genetics.
 To provide knowledge on the mechanism of sex determination and extra-
chromosomal inheritance.
 To learn the process of DNA recombination, transposons and transposable elements.

Course Outcome:
 Acquire knowledge on the fundamentals of Mendelian and non-Mendelian genetics,
chromosomal mapping and interaction of genes.
 Providing the knowledge and understanding on linkage, crossing over, sex
determination and role of extra-chromosomal inheritance.
 Obtaining knowledge on chromosomal aberration, cause and consequences of
mutations.
Learning Outcome:

 Understand principles of Mendelian genetics.

 Discern types of gene mutations and chromosomal aberrations with detection
methods..
 Gain an understanding of mechanisms of sex determination and extra chromosomal
inheritance.
 Understand the process of recombination and transposable genetic elements.

Unit 1: Mendelian Genetics, Linkage, Crossing Over and Chromosomal Mapping

Principles of inheritance, Incomplete dominance and co-dominance, Multiple alleles, Lethal

alleles, Epistasis, Pleiotropy, Sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters
inheritance. Polygenic inheritance with suitable examples; simple numerical based on it.

Linkage and crossing over, Cytological basis of crossing over, Molecular mechanisms of
crossing over including models of recombination, Recombination frequency as a measure of
linkage intensity, Two factor and three factor crosses, Interference and coincidence,
Somatic cell hybridization.

Unit 2: Mutations
Types of gene mutations (Classification), Types of chromosomal aberrations (Classification,
figures and with one suitable example of each), Molecular basis of mutations in relation to
UV light and chemical mutagens; Detection of mutations: CLB and sex- linked visible
attached X method.

32
Unit 3: Sex Determination & Extra-chromosomal Inheritance
Chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila and Man; Criteria for extra-
chromosomal inheritance, Antibiotic resistance in Chlamydomonas, Mitochondrial
mutations in Saccharomyces, Cytoplasmic inheritance in Paramecium.

Unit 4: Recombination in Bacteria and Viruses & Transposable Genetic Elements

Conjugation, Transformation, Transduction, Complementation test in Bacteriophage.
Transposons in bacteria, Ac-Ds elements in maize and P elements in Drosophila,
Transposons in human.

Practical
1. Study of Mendelian laws and gene interactions.

2. Linkage maps based on data from conjugation, transformation and transduction.

3. Linkage maps based on data from Drosophila crosses.

4. Study of human karyotype (normal and abnormal).

5. Pedigree analysis of some human inherited traits.

6. Experiments on epistatic interactions including test cross and back cross.

7. Experiments on probability and Chi-square test.

8. Study on sex linked inheritance in Drosophila.

Text Books:
 Benjamin Pierce, (2015) Genetics- A Conceptual Approach, 5th edition, WH
Freeman publication
 Klug, W.S., Cummings, M.R., Spencer, C.A. (2012). Concepts of Genetics. X
Edition.
Suggested Readings:
 Benjamin Cummings. Russell, P. J. (2009). Genetics- A Molecular Approach.III
Edition.
 Snustad, D.P., Simmons, M.J. (2009). Principles of Genetics. V Edition. John
Wiley and Sons Inc.
 Griffiths, A.J.F., Wessler, S.R., Lewontin, R.C. and Carroll, S.B. Introduction to
Genetic Analysis. IX Edition. W. H. Freeman and Co.
 Fletcher H. and Hickey I. (2015). Genetics. IV Edition. GS, Taylor and Francis
Group, New York and London.

33
Core XIII Molecular Biology
Programme Outcome:
 Detailed information on DNA structure, different forms, their properties and types of
RNA.
 Understanding mechanism of DNA replication and repair in prokaryotes and
eukaryotes.
 Gain knowledge on mechanism of transcription and translation in prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells.
 Acquire knowledge on post transcriptional modifications of RNA.

Course Outcome:
 Gain knowledge on details of Watson-Crick Model of DNA, RNA types .
 Understand the process of DNA replication, transcription, translation and their
regulatory mechanisms.

 Gain knowledge on genetic code & regulatory machinery.

 Understand gene expression and role of RNA interference elements.

Learning Outcome:

 Gain knowledge on the fundamentals of double helical structure of DNA,

denaturation and renaturation kinetics DNA, mechanism of replication and repair of
DNA.
 Acquire knowledge on process of transcription, translation and post-processing
regulatory mechanisms.
 Obtain knowledge on splicing mechanism, RNA editing, Processing of rRNA and
tRNA.
 Understand operon concept and regulation.

Unit 1: Nucleic Acids, DNA Replication & Repair

Salient features of DNA: Watson and Crick model of DNA, DNA denaturation and
renaturation kinetics, Cot curves, C-value paradox, Salient features of RNA

DNA Replication in prokaryotes and eukaryotes: Semi-conservative, bidirectional and semi-

discontinuous replication, Replication of circular and linear ds-DNA and RNA priming,
replication of telomeres.
DNA repair mechanism: Base and nucleotide excision repair in bacteria, Mismatch repair,
SOS repair.

34
Unit 2: Transcription & Translation
Transcription: RNA polymerase and transcription Unit, mechanism of transcription in
prokaryotes and eukaryotes, synthesis of rRNA and mRNA, transcription factors and
regulation of transcription.
Translation: Genetic code, Degeneracy of the genetic code and Wobble Hypothesis, Process
of protein synthesis in prokaryotes: Ribosome structure and assembly in prokaryotes, Fidelity
of protein synthesis, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase and charging of tRNA; Proteins involved in
initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptide chain; Inhibitors of protein synthesis;
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic translation.

Unit 3: Post Transcriptional Modifications and Processing of Eukaryotic RNA

Structure of globin mRNA; Split genes: concept of introns and exons, splicing mechanism,
alternative splicing, exon shuffling, and RNA editing, Processing of rRNA and tRNA.

Unit 4: Gene Regulation &Regulatory RNAs

Transcription regulation in prokaryotes: Principles of transcriptional regulation with
examples from Lac-operon and Trp-operon; Transcription regulation in eukaryotes:
Activators, repressors, enhancers, silencer elements; Gene silencing, RNA interference,
miRNA, si-RNA.

Text books:
 Karp G, Iwasa J, Marshall W. Karp's Cell and Molecular Biology, 9th Edition. John
Wiley and Sons. Inc. ISBN: 978-1-119-59816-9
 Krebs JE, Goldstein ES, Kilpatrick ST. (2018) Lewin’s Gene XII, Jones and Bartlett
Publishers, Inc. ISBN: 9781284104493.
 DeRobertis E. D. P. (2017) Cell and Molecular Biology 8 th Edition. ISBN: 10-
8184734506, 13-978-8184734508
 Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Kreiger M, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Amon A, Martin
KC. (2016) Molecular Cell Biology.8 th Edition. WH Freeman. ISBN: 10-
1464183392, 13-978-1464183393
Suggested Readings:
 Becker W. M., Kleinsmith L.J., Hardin J, Bertoni G.P. (2009). The World of the Cell.
VII Edition. Pearson Benjamin Cummings Publishing, San Francisco.
 Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2002) Molecular Biology
of the Cell, 4th Edition. ISBN: 10-0815332181, 13-978-0815332183
 Cooper G.M. and Robert E. Hausman R.E. The Cell: A Molecular Approach, V
Edition, ASM Press and Sinauer Associates.
 McLennan A., Bates A., Turner, P. and White M. (2015). Molecular Biology IV
Edition. GS, Taylor and Francis Group, New York and London.
 Lewin's Genes XII- by Jocelyn E. Krebs , Elliott S. Goldstein , Stephen T. Kilpatrick

35
 Molecular Biology
1. Study of Polytene chromosomes from Chironomous / Drosophila larvae.
2. Preparation of liquid culture medium (LB) and raise culture of E.coli..

3. Estimation of the growth kinetics of E. coli by turbidity method.

4. Preparation of solid culture medium (LB) and growth of E. coli by spreading and streaking.

5. Quantitative estimation of calf thymus DNA using colorimeter (Diphenylamine reagent) or

spectrophotometer (A 260 nm measurement).
6. Quantitative estimation of RNA using Orcinol reaction.

7. Study and interpretation of electron micrographs/photograph showing (a) DNA

replication, (b) Transcription and (c) Split genes.

36
 Semester-VI

Core XIV Developmental Biology

Programme Outcome:

 Understand the phases of development, changes, regulation and the concepts of

ageing and teratogenesis.
 Gain knowledge on In- Vitro fertilization and amniocentesis.
Course Outcome:

 Understand the basic concepts of gametogenesis, fertilization and embryogenesis.

 Gain knowledge on interferences in developmental biology.
Learning Outcome:

 Apprise the historical perspectives of Developmental Biology with the basic concepts.
 Understanding of the phases and changes associated with early, late and post-
embryonic development

Unit 1: Introduction to Developmental Biology, Gametogenesis & Fertilization

Historical perspective and basic concepts: Phases of development, Cell-Cell interaction,
Pattern formation, Differentiation and growth, Differential gene expression, Cytoplasmic
determinants and asymmetric cell division. Gametogenesis, Spermatogenesis, Oogenesis;
Types of eggs, Egg membranes; Fertilization (External and Internal): Changes in gametes,
Blocks to polyspermy.

Unit 2: Early Embryonic Development

Cleavage: Planes and patterns of cleavage, Types of Blastula, Fate maps (including
Techniques); Early development of frog and chick up to gastrulation; Embryonic
inductionand organizers.

Unit 3: Late Embryonic Development

Fate of Germ Layers; Extra-embryonic membranes in birds; Implantation of embryo in
humans, Placenta (Structure, types and functions of placenta).

Unit 4: Post Embryonic Development & Interferences in Developmental Biology

Metamorphosis: Changes, hormonal regulations in amphibians and insects; Regeneration:
Modes of regeneration, epimorphosis, morphallaxis and compensatory regeneration (with
one example each); Ageing: Concepts and Theories. Teratogenesis: Teratogenic agents
and their effects on embryonic development; In vitro fertilization, Stem cell (ESC),
Amniocentesis.

37
Text Books:
 Lewis Wolpert (2010). Principles of Development. II Edition, Oxford University Press.

 Gilbert, S. F. (2017). Developmental Biology, XI Edition, Sinauer Associates, Inc.,

Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts, USA.

Suggested Readings:
 Carlson, R. F. Patten's Foundations of Embryology.

 Kalthoff (2008). Analysis of Biological Development, II Edition, McGraw-Hill

Publishers.
 Verma PS and Agrawal VK, Chordata Embryology (2010) (S Chand Publication).

Developmental Biology

Practical:
1. Study of whole mounts and sections of developmental stages of frog through permanent
slides: Cleavage stages, blastula, gastrula, neurula, tail-bud stage, tadpole (external and
internal gill stages).
2. Study of whole mounts of developmental stages of chick through permanent slides:
Primitive streak (13 and 18 hours), 21, 24, 28, 33, 36, 48, 72, and 96 hours of incubation
(Hamilton and Hamburger stages).

3. Study of the developmental stages and life cycle of Drosophila from stock culture.

4. Study of different sections of placenta (photomicropgraph/slides).

5. Project report on Drosophila culture/chick embryo development.

6. Study of developmental stages by raising chick embryo in the laboratory.

7. Estimation of calcium in egg shell.

8. Estimation of carbohydrates and proteins in egg.

38
Core XV Taxonomy and Evolutionary Biology
Programme Outcome:

 Familiarize learners with concepts of Taxonomy.

 Gain overview of the beginning of life and evolutionary theories.
 Understand various physical forces or stress pressures during evolution.
 Gain knowledge on correlates of epigenetic changes in the cellular footprints of
animals and genetic lineages exerted through various physical forces.
 Comprehend the origin of evolution in Hominides with reference to Primates, validate
evidence of human origin by molecular and phylogenetic sequence analysis.
Course Outcome:

 Understand concepts of taxonomy.

Obtain knowledge of life initiation and its evolution through the chronological
landscape.
 Know the evolutionary relationship of organisms with response to various physical
forces leading to adaptive evolution.
 Strengthen student’s analytical approach to evolutionary relationships.

Learning Outcome:

 Acquisition of knowledge on concepts of taxonomy and species.

 Acquaint learners with theories of evolution, evidences, and the process of changes
over time.
 Gain knowledge on construction and interpretation of phylogenetic tree in relation to
evolution.

Unit 1: Concepts of Taxonomy

Importance & Applications of biosystematics; taxonomic characters, Hierarchy categories;
biological classification; Taxonomic procedures: collections, preservation, curetting,
identification, Keys; International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN): operative
principles, important rules; Zoological nomenclature; Chemo and sero taxonomy,
Cytotaxonomy, Numerical taxonomy, and DNA barcoding. Taxonomic publications: Kinds,
Major features of manuscript for publication.

Unit 2: Theories, Evidences of Evolution and Extinction

Life’s Beginnings: Chemogeny, RNA world, Biogeny, Evolution of eukaryotes. Historical
review of evolutionary concept: Lamarckism, Darwinism, Neo-Darwinism. Evidences of
Evolution: Fossil record (types of fossils, transitional forms, geological time scale,
evolution of horse), Sources of variations: Heritable variations and their role in evolution.
Extinctions, Back ground and mass extinctions (causes and effects), detailed example
of K-T extinction.

39
Unit 3: Process of Evolutionary changes
Population genetics: Hardy-Weinberg Law (statement and derivation of equation,
application of law to human Population); Evolutionary forces upsetting H-W
equilibrium; Natural selection (concept of fitness, selection coefficient, derivation of one
unit of selection for a dominant allele, genetic load, mechanism of working, types of
selection, density-dependent selection, heterozygous superiority, kin selection, adaptive
resemblances, sexual selection). Genetic Drift (mechanism, founder’s effect, bottleneck
phenomenon); Role of Migration and Mutation in changing allele frequencies.

Unit 4: Products of evolution, Species concept, Origin and Evolution of man

Micro evolutionary changes (inter-population variations, clines, races, Species concept,
Isolating mechanisms, modes of speciation-allopatric, sympatric, Parapatric. Adaptive
radiation/ macroevolution (exemplified by Galapagos finches). Origin and evolution of
man, Unique hominin characteristics contrasted with primate characteristics, primate
phylogeny from Dryopithecus leading to Homo sapiens, molecular analysis of human
origin. Phylogenetic trees, multiple sequence alignment, construction and interpretation of
phylogenetic trees.

Text Books:
 Principle of Animal Taxonomy; G.G. Simpson. Oxford IBH Publishing Company.

 Elements of Taxonomy. E. Mayer.

 The diversity of life (The College Edition), E.O.Wilson. W.W. Northern & co.

 Theory and Practice of Animal Taxonomy. V.C. Kapoor. Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co. Pvt. LTD.

 Advancement in Invertebrate Taxonomy and Biodiversity. Rajeev Gupta. Agrobios

International. Campbell, N.A. and Reece J.B (2011). Biology. IX Edition.
Pearson, Benjamin, Cummings.
 Rastogi B.B., (2018). Organic Evolution, MedTech; 3rdedition

Suggested Readings:
 B.K. and Hallgrimson, B. (2008). Evolution IV Edition. Jones and Barlett
Publishers.

 Douglas, J. Futuyma (1997). Evolutionary Biology. Sinauer Associates.

 Ridley, M (2004) Evolution III Edition Blackwell publishing Hall.

40
 Taxonomy and Evolutionary Biology
Practical
1. Study of equipment used in sample collection.

2. Use of taxonomic keys in identification.

3. Preservation and curation of specimens (Submission of 2 specimens collected and

preserved).
4. Study of fossils from models/pictures

5. Study of homology and analogy from suitable specimens

6. Study and verification of Hardy-Weinberg Law by chi-square analysis

7. Demonstration of the role of natural selection and genetic drift in changing allele
frequencies using simulation studies
8. Graphical representation and interpretation of data of height/weight of a sample of 100
humans in relation to their age and sex.

9. Construction of phylogenetic trees with the help of bioinformatics tools (Clustal X,

Phylip, NJ) and its interpretation.

Text Books
 Principles of Taxonomy by Ashok Verma.
 Evolutionary Biology with Practical by Tripurari Mishra.

41
 Semester VII
Core XVI Instrumentation and Techniques

Programme Outcome:

 The programme will impart the basic understanding on instrumentation and

techniques.

 Students will gain knowledge on working principles of scientific equipment’s.

 Programme strengthens student’s skills in handling laboratory equipment’s and

performing experiments.

Course Outcome:

 Insights into basic understanding of instruments and their operational principles.

 Students will gain knowledge on principles of centrifugation, and chromatographic

techniques like Paper chromatographic, TLC, Column chromatography (GC, GEC,
Ion-exchange, affinity and HPLC).

 Course will strengthen the learners on basic techniques on gel electrophoresis and
blotting.

Learning Outcome:
 Understand the basic principles of microscopy, spectrophotometer and radioisotope
techniques.

 Gain knowledge on principle and techniques of centrifugation and chromatography.

 Knowledge in electrophoresis and blotting technique.

Unit I:
Instrumentation and operation: Principle of Light, Fluorescence and Electron Microscopes
and their applications.

UV-Visible absorption Spectroscopy: Principle, instrumentation and application.

Principles of electrochemical techniques: Electrochemical cells and reactions, potentiometry
and voltammetry, pH electrode.

Radioisotope techniques: Measurement of radioactivity in biological materials (carbon

dating, Geiger-Muller counting and liquid scintillation counting).

42
Unit II:
Centrifugation techniques: Basic principles of sedimentation, Rotor types, Types of
centrifugation.
Chromatographic techniques: Principles of chromatography (Adsorption and Partition
chromatography), Planar chromatography (Paper and Thin-layer chromatography), Column
chromatography (Gas chromatography, Gel exclusion/permeation chromatography, Ion
exchange chromatography, Affinity chromatography, HPLC).

Unit III:
Electrophoretic techniques: Principle and applications of electrophoresis of proteins (SDS-
PAGE, native gels, gradient gels, isoelectric focusing gels and two dimensional gels) and
Nucleic acids (Agarose gel electrophoresis).

Unit IV:
Blotting techniques: Principle, Instrumentation and applications (Southern, Northern and
Western blotting). Flow cytometry; Basic principle, Instrumentation and application.

Text Book Reading:

 Principles and techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular biology- Wilson K and
Walker J (Cambridge University press)
 Biophysical Chemistry: Principles and techniques – Upadhyay A, Upadhyay K and
Nath N (Himalaya Publishing House).
 An Introduction to practical Biochemistry- David T. Plummer (Tata McGraw Hill).
 A Textbook of Biophysics- R N Roy (NCBA, New Central Book Agency)

SUGGESTED READING
 Mark F. Vitha. 2018. Spectroscopy: Principles and Instrumentation. Wiley, ISBN:
978-1-11943660-7.
 Kay Ohlendieck and Stephen E. Harding. 2017. Centrifugation and
ultracentrifugation. Basic principles of sedimentation.
 Baraem Ismail and Suzanne Nielsen. 2010. Basic Principles of Chromatography.
Food Science Texts Series, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-1478-1-27.
 Biochemistry Laboratory: Modern Theory and Techniques: United States Edition -
Rodney Boyer.

43
 Practical
Instrumentation and Techniques
1. Calibration of pH meter using standards and determine the pH of water samples.
2. Isolation of genomic DNA from animal tissue/blood.

3. Quantification and purity check of isolated DNA.

4. Agarose gel electrophoresis of DNA.

5. SDS PAGE (Demonstration).

6. Isolation of Mitochondria.

7. Study of Microscopic methods.

8. Study of Microtomy and Histological techniques.

9. Blotting (Demonstration).

44
Core XVII Biostatistics and Bioinformatics

Programme Outcome:


The programme gives the information to students on concepts of biostatistics and
bioinformatics.
 The knowledge of biostatistics gives the dynamics application of population
sampling methods and utilities through various methods and statistical tools.
 The study of bioinformatics will impart the deep knowledge on various informatics
tools and web resources for analysis of cellular biomolecules.
Course Outcome:

 To understand the various methods of sampling towards qualitative and quantitative

analysis of its distributions in population.
 Students will be acquainted with the measures of central tendency and dispersion
through mean, median and mode.
 Learners will be able to understand the function and application of probability
distribution, hypothesis testing and principal component analysis.
 This course will make the students understand the biological data bases through
various web resources by studying bioinformatics.
Learning Outcome:

 Studying this course student will utilize their knowledge of statistical analysis while
working with biological samples and applying its functional applicability through
bioinformatics.
 Students will be able to disseminate the concept of central tendency and dispersion,
measure of ranges, variance, and deviations.
 Learning outcome on probability theory and distribution will make the student
understand the concept of dispersion and its distribution, hypothesis testing and
principal component analysis.
 Students will gain the knowledge on utilizing bioinformatics web resources for
structural and functional analysis of biological macromolecules.

Unit-I
Introduction: definition and scope of biostatistics. Concepts of population and methods of
sampling. Simple random sampling, stratified sampling, systematic and clustered sampling.
Types of biological data: Qualitative and quantitative, cross sectional and time series, discrete
and continuous. Data Measurement scales: Nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio. Data
presentation: Tabular and graphical. Histogram and Frequency distribution, cumulative
frequency distributions and its graphical representation.

45
Unit-II
Basic concept of measures of Central tendency and Dispersion. Mean, Median and Mode.
Arithmetic, Geometric and Harmonic means. Measure of Range, Variance (sample and
population), Quartile deviation, Mean deviation, Standard deviation and their relative
measures.

Unit-III
Probability distributions: Normal (Dispersion percentage & Z-score) and bionomial
distribution. Inferential statistics: Hypothesis testing (Null hypothesis), p-value, Χ2 test, t-test
(one sample t-test and paired sample t-test). Principal component analysis.

Unit-IV
Introduction to bioinformatics and its web resources: NCBI, EMBL-EBI, ExPASy, etc.
Biological data resources, access and management. Various genome across the tree of life
and major sequencing projects. Data base to store and analyze DNA, RNA, protein sequences
and 3-D structures (motifs and domians). Local and Global Sequence alignment programs.
Genome and protein BLAST. Scoring matrices, E-value and Bit-score. OTUs and molecular
phylogenetics.

Text Book Reading:

 Basics Biostatistics- GBN Chainy (Kalyani publishers)
 Biostatical analysis- Jerrold H. Zar 5th Edition
 Introduction to Bioinformatics- Arthur M Lesk (Oxford University Press)

Suggested Reading:
 Welham, S. J, Gezan, S. A, Clark, S. J, Mead, A. 2014.Statistical Methods in Biology
[electronic resource]. Design and Analysis of Experiments and Regression Hoboken:
CRC Pres.
 Pavan Kumar Agrawal and Rahul Shrivastava. 2017. Bioinformatics Database
Resources chapter – 4. DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1871-6.ch004
 Basic Statistical analysis- Richard C. Sprinthall - 9th edition (Pearson)
 Fundamentals of Biostatistics- Bernard Rosner- 8th edition (Brooks/Cole)

Practical

1. Data presentation by histogram and frequency tables (diagrams and graphs).

2. Determination of Arithmetic mean, geometric mean and harmonic mean.
3. Analysis of problems on Mean, Median and Modes.
4. Analysis of problems on Χ2 test, t-test.
5. Analysis of problem on Assumption and validations of Hypothesis testing.
6. Use of bioinformatics tools (online) for analysis of sequence similarity of DNA, RNA
and Proteins.

46
Core XVIII Animal Biotechnology
Programme Outcome:

 Acquires knowledge on animal biotechnology.

 Gain knowledge of techniques in molecular biology and genetic engineering.

 Skills learners on methods of animal cell culture, Recombinant DNA technology and
gene therapy.

Course Outcome:

 Students gain understanding of cloning vectors, restriction enzymes, genomic and

cDNA libraries.
 Understand the process and applications of genetically modified organisms/ animals.

Learning Outcome:
 The study outcome will help the students in applying their knowledge of animal
biotechnology in biological research and pharmaceutics.

 Molecular techniques strengthen learners for extrapolating the functional relevance of

nucleic acid.

 Gain knowledge on transgenics and knockout mice.

 Acquire skills in animal cell culture and cloning, expression of transgenes,

recombinant protein production, and gene therapy.

Unit 1: Introduction to Animal Biotechnology

Concept and scope of biotechnology, cloning vectors: Plasmids, Cosmids, Phagemids,
Lambda Bacteriophage, M13, BAC, YAC and Expression vectors (characteristics).

Restriction enzymes: Nomenclature, detailed study of Type II, Construction of genomic

and cDNA libraries and screening by colony and plaque hybridization Transformation
techniques: Calcium chloride method and electroporation

Unit 2: Molecular Techniques

Blotting: Southern, Northern and Western blotting, DNA sequencing: Sanger method
Polymerase Chain Reaction, DNA Finger Printing and DNA microarray

Unit 3: Genetically Modified Organisms

Production of cloned and transgenic animals: Nuclear Transplantation, Retroviral
Method, DNA microinjection, Applications of transgenic animals: Production of
pharmaceuticals, production of donor organs, knock-out mice.

47
Unit 4: Culture Techniques and Applications
Animal cell culture, expressing cloned genes in mammalian cells, Molecular diagnosis of
genetic diseases (Cystic fibrosis, Thalassemia, Haemophilia and Sickle cell anemia),
Recombinant DNA in medicines: Recombinant insulin and human growth hormone, Gene
therapy.

Text Books:
 BD Singh, (2014) Biotechnology: Expanding Horizons, Kalyani Publishers

 U.Satyanarayana and U Chakrapani, (2014) Biotechnology, Books & Allied Ltd

 T.A. Brown. (2016) Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis: An Introduction. Wiley-
Blackwell. ISBN-10-9781119072560

 S.B. Primrose and R.M. Twyman (2006) Principles of Gene Manipulation and
Genomics. 7th Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN: 978-1-405-13544-3

 Richard J. Reece (2003) Analysis of Genes and Genomes. 8th Edition. ISBN: 978-0-
470-84380-2

Suggested Readings:
 Griffiths, A.J.F., J.H. Miller, Suzuki, D.T., Lewontin, R.C. and Gelbart, W.M.
(2009). An Introduction to GeneticAnalysis. IX Edition. Freeman and Co., N.Y.,
USA.

 Watson, J.D., Myers, R.M., Caudy, A. and Witkowski, J.K. (2007). Recombinant
DNA- Genes and Genomes- AShort Course. III Edition, Freeman and Co., N.Y.,
USA.

 Brown, T.A. (2015). Gene Cloning and DNA Analysis. 7th Edition, Academic
Press, California, USA.

Practical

Animal Biotechnology
1. Genomic DNA isolation from E. coli / Animal tissue

2. Plasmid DNA isolation (pUC 18/19) from E. coli

3. Restriction digestion of plasmid DNA / Lambda Phage DNA

4. Construction of circular and linear restriction map from the data provided.

5. Calculation of transformation efficiency from the data provided.

6. To study following techniques through photographs

a. Southern Blotting

48
b. Northern Blotting

c. Western Blotting

d. DNA Sequencing (Sanger's Method)

e. PCR

f. DNA fingerprinting.

49
Core XIX Immunology

Programme Outcome:

 Imparts the knowledge of immunological defense system of human body.

 Understand the type and functions of various immune cells.
 Learner gain knowledge on primary functions of immune system and role of
vaccine in combating disease.
Course Outcome:

 Knowledge on types and cells of immune system and their functions in

physiological defense against pathogens.
 Understand the functions of various antigens and immunoglobins in cellular
response.
 Learners gain knowledge of structure and function of cell surface and secreted
molecules.
 Understand naturally occurring allergens and their role in hypersensitive
reactions.
Learning Outcome:
 Gain of knowledge and expertise in the field of immunology to cater to the
functional applicability of immunological defence in health care management.
 Learner acquainted with structural components of immune cells with their
functions like antigenicity, immunogenicity and antigen antibody interactions.
 Understand the role of MHC, Cytokines, and Complement system in
immunological defence.
 Gain knowledge on immune cells eliciting hypersensitive reactions and types
of vaccines and production.

Unit 1: Innate and Adaptive Immunity

Cells and organs of the Immune system. Anatomical barriers, Inflammation, Cell and
molecules involved in innate immunity, Adaptive immunity (Cell mediated and humoral),
passive: Artificial and natural Immunity, Active: Artificial and natural Immunity.

Unit 2: Antigens and Immunoglobulins

Antigenicity and immunogenicity, Immunogens, Adjuvants and haptens, Factors
influencing immunogenicity, B and T-Cell epitopes, Immunoglobulins: Structure and
functions of different classes of immunoglobulins, Antigen antibody interactions,
Immunoassays (ELISA- Direct, Indirect, Competitive, Sandwich and RIA).

Unit 3: Major Histocompatibility Complex, Cytokines and Complement system

Structure and functions of MHC molecules. Endogenous and exogenous pathways of
antigen processing and presentation; Cytokines – Types, properties and functions,
Complement System -Components and pathways of complement activation.

50
 Unit 4: Hypersensitivity and Vaccines
Gell and Coombs’ causes of hypersensitive reactions, classification and brief description
of various types of hypersensitivities.
Vaccines -various types of vaccines, Advances in vaccine production.

Text Books:
 Abbas K. Abul and Lechtman H. Andrew (2017). Cellular and
Molecular Immunology. V Edition. Saunders Publication.

 Kindt, T. J., Goldsby, R.A., Osborne, B. A. and Kuby, J (2017). Immunology,

VI Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company.

 Fahim Halim Khan (2009). The Elements of Immunology. Pearson Education.

Suggested Readings:
 Peter J. Delves and Seamus J. Martin (2017) Roitt′s Essential Immunology, Wiley-
Blackwell; 13th edition.
 Immunology- Weir
 Lab manual in Biochemistry, Immunology and Biotechnology- Arti Nigam and
Archana Ayyagari (McGraw-Hill Education (India).

Practical
1. Study of lymphoid organs.

2. Histological study of spleen, thymus, skin and lymph nodes through slides/ photographs

3. Preparation of stained blood film to study various types of White blood cells.

4. ABO blood group determination.

5. Total WBC counting.

6. Differential count.

7. WIDAL Test.

8. Demonstration of ELISA.

9. Demonstration of Bone marrow smears to study Immune cells.

51
 Semester VIII
Core XX Aquatic Biology and Toxicology
Programme Outcome:
 Acquire knowledge on aquatic biomes
 Gain understanding of the fresh water and marine realm and the factors
influencing the systems.
 Obtain information on management of resources associated with such systems.
Course Outcome:
 Skills obtained in estimating environmental parameters in the laboratory.
 Taxonomic basis of identification established.
 Prepare the students for career in aquatic resources management and sustainable
utilization

Learning Outcome:

 Acquire knowledge about Ocean, sea floor profile and mangroves.

 Gain knowledge about beneficial bioactive compounds from marine system.
 Understand relationship between toxicant dose concentration and response.
 Gain knowledge about POP’s, contaminants and their mode of action.
Unit 1: Aquatic Biomes
Brief introduction of the aquatic biomes: Fresh water ecosystem (lakes, wetlands, streams
and rivers); Marine ecosystem (Differences between Seas and oceans, profile of floor, zones
(intertidal, oceanic, pelagic, benthic), estuaries- structure and types, coral reefs and
mangroves.

Unit 2: Fresh water and Marine Biology

Lakes: Origin and classification, Lakes and Ecosystem, Lake morphometry, Physico–
chemical Characteristics: Light, Temperature, Thermal stratification,
Dissolved Solids, Carbonate, Bicarbonates, Phosphates and Nitrates, Turbidity; dissolved
gases (Oxygen, Carbondioxide). Nutrient Cycles in Lakes-Nitrogen, Sulphur and
Phosphorous Streams: Different stages of stream development, Physico-chemical,
environment, Adaptation of hill-stream fishes.

Seas and Oceans: Physico-chemical environmental factors in a marine environment,

Adaptations of deep-sea organisms. Plankton, nekton, and benthos; Animal associations
in marine environment- Natural associations-community, commensalism, parasitism,
symbiosis in different groups; Marine Resources-algal, animal, mineral and Drugs.

52
 Unit 3: Toxicology
Introduction to Toxicology: Sub disciplines of Toxicology, Dose-Response graphs, acute
and chronic toxicity, Measurement of LD50 and LC50 values, Bioassay with examples
(Vertebrate and Invertebrate).

Unit 4: Mechanism of Toxicity

Mechanisms of Toxicity of OCIs, OPIs group of pesticides, Delivery, Absorption,
Distribution, Excretion, Biotransformation, Bioaccumulation, Biomagnification, Risk
Assessment, Hazard Identifications (Assessing Toxicity of Chemicals), POPs (Persistent
organic pollutants),Metals (Arsenic, Lead, Mercury).

Text Books:
1. Pawlowski: Physicochemical Methods for Water and Wastewater Treatment, 1 st
Edition.
2. Trivedi and Goyal: Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies Welch:
Limnology, Vols. I-II.
3. Techniques in Aquatic Toxicology, Vol-II (Gary K. Ostrader Edn.), Routledge, Taylor &
Francis Group, USA.
4. A textbook of Marine ecology – N B Nair and D M Thumpy

Suggested Readings:
1. Anathakrishnan: Bioresources Ecology 3rd Edition

2. Odum and Barrett: Fundamentals of Ecology, 5th Edition

3. Pawlowski: Physicochemical Methods for Water and Wastewater Treatment,1 st

Edition

4. Trivedi and Goyal:Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies

5. Welch: Limnology, Vols. I-II

6. George Karleskint, James Small, Richard Turner: Introduction To Marine Biology

7. John H Duffs.; Howard G J Worth.; (Editors). (2015). “Fundamental Toxicology”. 2nd

Edition Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry; UK, 516 pages

8. Environmental toxicology; John H. Duffs, 1980, Edward Arnold Publishers, New Delhi.

9. Elements of toxicology; J. P Shukla and Pandey, Radha Publishers, New Delhi.

10. Fundamentals of Aquatic Toxicology; Rand, G.M and Petrocelli, S.R.(Eds), (1985),
Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, Washington.

53
 Practical
1. Determine the area of a lake using graphimetric and gravimetric method.

2. Identify the important macrophytes, phytoplankton, zooplankton and benthos.

3. Determine the amount of Turbidity/ transparency, Dissolved Oxygen, Free Carbon

dioxide, Alkalinity (carbonates & bicarbonates) in water collected from a water body.

4. Instruments used in limnology/ marine Biology (Secchi disc, Van Dorn Bottle,
Conductivity meter, Turbidity meter, quadrat, grab sampler) and their significance.

5. A Project Report on a visit to a Sewage treatment plant/ Marine bioreserve/ Fisheries

Institutes/ one time field study.

54
 Core XXI Wildlife and Conservation Biology

Programme Outcome:
 Understand the significance of wild life conservation.
 Gain knowledge on wild life and the need of habitable environmental parameters.
 Acquire skills on conservation strategies and wild life management.
Course Outcome:
 Gains overview of wild life conservation strategies through various acts and
regulatory agencies.
 Strengthens learner’s towards understanding scientific approaches to evaluate health
status of wild animals and focus man-animal conflicts.
Learning Outcome:

 Acquire knowledge about the importance of conservation.

 Gain knowledge about implementation of wildlife laws.
 Understand methods of estimating population.
 Understand major conservation projects and maintenance of sanctuaries.
Unit 1: Introduction to Wildlife

Values of wild life: Positive and negative; Conservation ethics; Importance of conservation;
Causes of depletion; World conservation strategies, Conservation and protection Laws,
Wild animal of India and Odisha. Habitat analysis, Physical parameters: Topography,
Geology, Soil and water; Biological Parameters: food, cover, forage, browse and cover
estimation; Standard evaluation procedures: remote sensing and GIS.

Unit 2: Management of Habitats

Setting back succession; Grazing logging; Mechanical treatment; Advancing the succession
process; Cover construction; Preservation of general genetic diversity; Restoration of
degraded habitats, In-situ and Ex-situ conservation, Wild life Protection acts, Wildlife trade
and its related laws.

Unit 3 Population estimation

Attributes of population: Density, natality, mortality, sex ratio computation, Bayesian

models in abundance estimation (Spatial and Non Spatial); Faecal analysis of ungulates
and carnivores: Faecal samples, slide preparation, Hair identification, Census methods;

55
 Bio- telemetry; Care of injured and diseased animal; Quarantine; Common diseases of
wild animals.

Unit 4 Management planning of wildlife in protected areas

Estimation of carrying capacity; Ecotourism/ wildlife tourism in forests; Concept of

climax persistence; Ecology of perturbence, National parks & sanctuaries, Community
reserve; Important features of protected areas in India; Tiger conservation: Tiger reserves
in India; Management challenges in Tiger reserve.

Text Books:

1. The diversity of life (The College Edition), E.O.Wilson. W.W. Northern & co.

2. Gopal Rajesh (2011) Fundamentals of Wildlife Management, Natraj Publishers.

3. Caughley G and Sinclair ARE. (1994). Wildlife Ecology and Management. Blackwell
Science.

Suggested Readings:

1. Woodroffe R, Thirgood S and Rabinowitz A (2005) People and Wildlife, Conflictor Co-
existence? Cambridge University.

2. Bookhout TA (1996). Research and Management Techniques for Wildlife and Habitats,
5th Edition. The Wildlife Society, Allen Press.

3. Sutherland WJ (2000). The Conservation Handbook: Research, Management and Policy.

Blackwell Sciences.

4. Hunter ML, Gibbs JB and Sterling EJ (2008) Problem-Solving in Conservation Biology

and Wildlife Management: Exercises for Class, Field, and Laboratory. Blackwell
Publishing.

Wildlife and Conservation

1. Study of equipments used in sample collection (Compass, Binoculars, Spotting scope,

Range Finders, Global Positioning System, Various types of Cameras and lenses).

2. Study of museum specimens/ pictures (relevant to Wild Life).

3. Preservation and curation of specimens (Submission of 2 specimens collected and

preserved).

56
4. Determination of population density in a natural/ hypothetical community by quadrate
method and calculation of Shannon-Weiner diversity index for the same community.

5. Identification and Demonstration of different field techniques of fauna ( Odisha and

India)

6. Familiarization and study of animal evidences in the field; Identification of animals

through pug marks, hoof marks, scats, pellet groups, nest, antlers, animal sounds.

7. Trail / transect monitoring for abundance and diversity estimation of mammals and bird
(direct and indirect evidences).

8. Submission of field study report (national park/ reserve forest/ sanctuary).

9. Visit to Forest/ W i l d l i f e Sanctuary/ Biodiversity Park/ Zoological Park to study

animals and prepare a short report.

57
Core XXII Chronobiology & Animal Behaviour

Programme Outcome:

 Trace the origin and history of Ethology; appreciate significant contributions of

notable animal behavior researchers.
 Understand behavior patterns, comprehend the physiology underlying behavioural
expressions, and acquire knowledge regarding field and laboratory study of animal
behaviour.
 An understanding of social and sexual behavior.
 Relate cues to chronobiological events and understand biological rhythms and their
significance.
Course Outcome:
 Demonstrate the ability to comprehend and gauge animal behavior in context.
 Be able to evaluate behavior with the tools and techniques learned.
Learning Outcome:

 Acquisition of knowledge on ethology and significant contributions of researchers in

the field.
 Capability to effectively understand behavioral learning patterns
 A keen sense of observation, inquiry, and capability for understanding social behavior
 Understand chronobiological behavioral patterns.

Unit 1: Animal Behaviour

Origin and history of Ethology and Behavior as a discipline of science; Brief profiles of
Karlvon Frisch, Ivan Pavlov, Konrad Lorenz, NikoTinbergen; Tools and techniques of
behavioral studies; Proximate and ultimate behavior; Innate behavior, Instinct, Stimulus
filtering, Sign stimuli, and Code breakers.

Unit 2: Patterns of Behaviour

Stereotyped Behaviours (Orientation, Reflexes); Individual behavioral patterns; Instinct vs
Learnt Behaviour; Associative learning, classical and operant conditioning, Habituation,
Imprinting; Reproductive behaviour patterns- Sexual dimorphism, Mate choice, Intra-
sexual selection (male rivalry), Inter-sexual selection (female choice), courtship, mating
systems, parental care (fish, amphibians, birds, and mammals).

Unit 3 Social Behaviour

Social Behaviour: Concept of Society; Communication and the senses; Pheromones;
Altruism; Insects’ society with Honey bee as a n example; Foraging in honey bee and
advantages of the waggle dance. Hormones, drugs and behaviour.

58
 Unit 4: Chronobiology
Historical developments in chronobiology; Biological oscillation: the concept of Average,
amplitude, phase and period. Adaptive significance of biological clocks, Relevance of
biological clocks, Types and characteristics of biological rhythms: Short-and Long-term
rhythms; Circadian rhythms; Tidal rhythms and Lunar rhythms; Concept of
synchronization and masking; Photic- and non-photic zeitgebers; Circannual rhythms;
Photoperiod and regulation of seasonal reproduction of vertebrates; Role of melatonin.

Text Books:
 John A(2009) Animal Behaviour. 9thEdition, Sinauer Associate Inc., USA.

 Vinod Kumar (2002) Biological Rhythms: Narosa Publishing House, Delhi/

Springer-Verlag, Germany.

Suggested Readings:
 AK Pati. Chronobiology: The Dimension of Time in Biology and Medicine. PINSA
(Biological Sciences). Part B67 (6) 323-372, Dec., 2001.
 David Mc F. Animal Behaviour. Pitman Publishing Limited, London, UK.
 Manning A and Dawkins MS. An Introduction to Animal Behaviour. Cambridge
University Press, USA.
 Paul WS and John A (2013) Exploring Animal Behaviour. 6 th Edition. Sinauer
Associate Inc., Massachusetts, USA.
1. Jay C. Dunlap, Jennifer J. Loros, Patricia J. DeCoursey (Ed). 2004, Chronobiology
Biological Time Keeping: J, Sinauer Associates, Inc. Publishers, Sunderland, MA, USA.

Chronobiology and Animal Behavior

Practical
1. To study nests and nesting habits of the birds and social insects.
2. To study the behavioral responses of wood lice in dry and humid conditions.
3. To study geotaxis behavior in earthworms.
4. To study the phototaxis behavior in insect larvae.
5. Study and actogram construction of locomotor activity of suitable animal models.
6. Study of circadian functions in humans (daily eating, sleep and temperature
patterns).
7. Statistical analysis of animal behaviours.
8. Visit to Forest/ W i l d l i f e Sanctuary/ Biodiversity Park/ Zoological Park to study
behavioural activities of animals and prepare a short report.

59
 Core XXIII Research Project
Required List of equipments including software with appropriate cost and possible
vendors can be provided.
1. UV Spectrophotometer Systronics approximate cost 2.5 Lakhs.
2. pH meter Systronics approximately cost 15 thousand.
3. Magnetic stirrer with hot plate with digital speed indicator Remi appropriate cost 15
thousand.
4. Hot Plate
5. Digital Balance 1 lakh INR
6. Centrifuge Remi
7. Laminar air flow
8. Deep Freezer -20
9. Students' microscopes, Dissecting Microscope, Binocular microscope, Trinocular
microscope
10. Cyclomixers/Vortex Mixers
11. Water Distillation unit
12. Biological Incubator
13. Hot Air Oven
14. Micropipette/Autopipette set with variable volume (10 microlitres, 100 microlitres,
and 1 microlitre)
15. Water Bath with shaker
16. Semi-automatic Microtome
17. Horizontal and vertical electrophoretic system with power pack
18. Autoclave
19. Fermenter of capacity 3 L to 5 L
20. Thermal Cycler (PCR)
21. Museum specimens representing all the taxa under study.
22. SPSS Software for statistics
APPENDIX-2

SAMPLE QUESTION SET

UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -1.1.1 (Non-Chordates I: Protista to Pseudocoelomates)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Muscular swellings or lappets are typical of the larva stage……………..of Fasciola

hepatica.

60
 PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Write the unique features of Class Phytomastogophorea?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What is the evolutionary significance of Ctenophora?

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) How are helminths adapted to a parasitic mode of life?

OR

b) What are the typical features of Nemathelminthes?

61
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.3.3 (Principles of Ecology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) The process by which a plant or animal becomes established in a new habitat is known
as________.
PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) What are the difference between R and K strategies?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What do you understand by mode of a data series? State how is it calculated for
ungrouped and grouped data? Give a practical situation where you will recommend the
use of mode.
PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Why ecotone is known as the zone of stress? Explain with examples that why the
productivity is higher in transitional zones of ecosystem

OR

b) Define survivorship curve. Describe the three general types of survivorship curves with
examples. How is the survivorship curve used?

62
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.4.1 (Physiology I)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) G proteins are made up of ------------------------------- subunits.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Differentiate between G-actin and F- actin.

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Why are skeletal muscle fibers fast contracting?

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Explain the four steps of cross-bridge cycle and add a note on ATP generation pathway
in a skeletal muscle.

OR

b) How does the stimulus pass through synaptic cleft? List the main events.

63
64
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.3.2 (Cell Biology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Microtubules are made up of long hollow cylinder of protein components known as

.
PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) What do you mean by semi-autonomous nature of mitochondria?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Describe how GTP hydrolysis destabilizes microtubule polymerization.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Describe the structure of nuclear envelope proteins and its function in cell division.

OR

b) Describe the various models of plasma membrane structure in brief.

65
66
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -1.2.1 (Chordates)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) There are two main groups of fish, namely ____________ and ____________ based
on the composition of the endoskeleton.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Specify the environmental factors might have led to the evolution of the tetrapod
limb?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What is the difference between the continental drift hypothesis and the plate
tectonics theory?

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Write in brief the significance of larval forms of protochordates in phylogenetic studies

of Chordates ?

OR

b) What is retrogressive metamorphosis? Describe in detail retrogressive metamorphosis

What
in Herdmania.

67
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.5.1 (Comparative anatomy of Vertebrates)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Surface of palm, soles, fingers and toes present with series of grooves and ridges for
exhibiting friction, grips and traction are known as ________.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) How many air sacs are present in avian respiratory system?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Compare pronephrous and mesonephrous kidney system in vertebrates.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Give an elaborative description of epidermal derivatives of skin in vertebrates.

OR

b) Give a comparative account of general plan of brain development in vertebrates.

What

68
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.5.2 (Physiology-II)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) The fraction of blood composed of packed red blood cells achieved using
centrifugation is known as __________.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Name the ions responsible for inhibition of trypsin secretion in pancreas.

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What is van`t Hoff`s law? Explain the osmolarity and osmotic pressure of a solution.
PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Explain in brief, the transport of oxygen and exchange of carbon dioxide in blood.

OR

b) State Frank- Starling law of heart and blood flow.

What

69
70
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.7.4 (Immunology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Dendritic cells act as ----------------------------.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Explain the biochemical mechanism of respiratory burst leading to intracellular killing

of microbes within the neutrophils.
PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Explain how neutrophils recognize pathogens and role of phagocytic cells in clearing
apoptotic cells.
PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Briefly discuss the activation process of haptens and adjuvants.

OR

b) Write a short note on Type-III Immune complex reaction.

What

71
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.8.3 (Chronobiology and Animal Behaviour)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Skinner box was designed to study----------------------------.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Explain the relation between circannual and circadian rhythm using the example of
birds.
PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Discuss the role of master genes (CLOCK and BMAL1) in regulating mammalian
circadian clock.
PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) What are the characteristics of stereotype patterns of behavior? Explain spatial

orientation with suitable examples?

OR

72
 b) Give a brief on non-photic zeitgebers and their role in entraining circadian rhythm.
What

UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.8.1 (Aquatic biology and Toxicology)

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Largest coral reef is in ---------------------.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Name the three major ecological groups in aquatic biome.

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Explain biotransformation of xenobiotics.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

73
Q 4. a) Explain the collection and preservation mechanism of phytoplankton

OR

b) State the characteristic features of estuary.

74
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.8.2 (Wildlife and Conservation Biology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Wildlife associated telemetry is also known as----------.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Discuss preservation of general genetic diversity methods.

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Describe grazing logging method for managing habitat.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Explain the applications of remote sensing and GIS in wildlife monitoring.

OR

b) Discuss In-situ conservations methods.

75
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.6.2 (Development Biology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) What is the main enzyme that plays a major role in formation of thymine dimer?

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) The primitive groove in chick is analogous to the amphibian blastopore. Justify?

PART-III

[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What is an embryonic inductor? Explain the role of the roof of the archenteron in

embryonic induction.

76
 PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Describe the structure of the placenta, and discuss its types and functions.

OR

a) Explain the changes that take place during the metamorphosis of frogs and the

hormonal regulation of the same.

77
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.6.3 (Taxonomy and Evolutionary Biology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all
units)

Q 1. a) Groups of morphologically identical but genetically different members are known as …………
species.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) What factors cause a genetic drift?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What are the operative principles of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature?

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) What are the different kinds of taxonomic publications. With suitable examples, bring out the
salient features of each.

OR

a) Explain Darwinism versus Neo-Darwinism.

78
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.3.1 (Microbiology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Entry of enveloped viruses into host cells is mediated by membrane fusion and ………...

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

79
Q 2. a) What are the major differences between transformation and transduction?

PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Explain the role of microbes in health care and agriculture with suitable examples.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Explain the different types of microbial toxins and their mode of action.

OR

a) Explain the significant features of Bergey's manual for the classification of microbes.

80
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.6.1 (Molecular Biology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) What is the main enzyme that plays a major role in formation of thymine dimer?

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Differentiate between B DNA and Z DNA?

PART-III

[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) With the help of suitable diagrams describe the mechanism of transcriptional

termination in prokaryotes.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Discuss the mechanism of gene regulation in Tryptophan Operon.

81
 OR

a) Explain the sequence of events during DNA replication in eukaryotes and explain the

role of various enzymes.

82
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.4.3 (Endocrinology & Reproductive Biology)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Grave’s disease is associated with …………..

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) How is polyspermy prevented?

PART-III

[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Discuss the techniques for assisted reproduction.

PART-IV

(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Explain the Hypothalamo-hypophysial Axis with reference to feedback regulation of

hormones.

OR

a) Explain the molecular mechanism of hormone action with reference to non-steroidal

hormones.

83
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.5.3 (Fundamentals of Biochemistry)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

84
Q 1. a) What is the total number of ATP molecules produced from ADP by glycolysis of one
glucose molecule?

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Differentiate between Glycogenolysis and Glycogenesis?

PART-III

[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Explain the Inhibitors and un-couplers of the Electron Transport System.

PART-IV

(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Give an account of β – the oxidation of saturated, even carbon fatty acid, along with its

energetics and regulation.

OR

a) Explain the process and purpose of ketogenesis.

85
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.4.2 (Fundamentals of Biochemistry)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) Individual monosaccharides are linked by …………………..to form polysaccharides

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) What are nucleosides and nucleotides?

PART-III

[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Explain the mechanism of enzyme action.

PART-IV

(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Explain the basic structure of Immunoglobulins. Discuss their classes and functions.

OR

a) Explain the structure and types of DNA.

86
 UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.5.4 (Principles of Genetics)
END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)
MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) In case of two gene interaction, the gene which is masking the expression of another is
called_____________ and the gene whose expression is masked is called_______________

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) Differentiate between back cross and test cross?

87
 PART-III
[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) Explain the types of chromosomal aberrations.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) Give an account of Chromosomal mechanisms of sex determination in Drosophila.

OR

a) Explain the process Linkage and crossing over.

UG (NEP) C-I ZOOL -2.7.1 (Instrumentation and Techniques)

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)

88
 MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
[1]
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units)

Q 1. a) In liquid scintillation counter, ……….is used to convert light into electrical signals.

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 2. a) How can we use Beer-Lambert's Law to determine the concentration of a solution?

PART-III

[5]
(At least two questions from any of the units)

Q 3. a) What is the principle of Southern Blotting? Explain the technique and its applications.

PART-IV
(At least two questions from any of the units) [8]

Q 4. a) What is the principle of chromatography? Describe the types of chromatography.

OR

a) How is a Fluorescence microscope different from an electron microscope? Discuss

their applications.

89
 UG (NEP) C I (ZOOL-2.7.3) ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY

END SEMESTER EXAMINATION (2024 BATCH ONWARDS)

MODEL QUESTION PATTERN
TIME: 3 hours FULL MARKS: 50
The figures in the right-hand margin indicate Marks.
PART-I Marks
(One mark each in the form of fill in the blanks/one word answer covering all units) [1]
Q 1. a) The process by which a foreign DNA is introduced into bacteria is called ______?

PART-II
[2]
(At least two questions from any of the units)
Q 2. a) Discuss Western blotting technique.
What is DNA microarray, and its applications?
[5]
PART-III
(At least two questions from any of the units)
Q 3. a) What is Polymersae Chain Reaction? Describe the principle and applications of PCR.
OR
b) Describe the process of Sanger method of DNA sequencing.
PART-IV [8]
(At least two questions from any of the units)
Q 4. a) Give the features of cloning and expression vector. Describe the process of expressing
of cloned genes in mammalian cells
OR
b) What is DNA Finger Printing? Give the process and applications of RFLP technique.

90
91