Development

Q1. What is development? What are two aspects of development?

Ans. Development is such a situation that can fulfill the aspiration or desires of people.
It is the progress or improvement in the lifestyle of the people.
Two aspects of development are:
(i) Different people can have different development goals.
(ii) What may be development for one may not be development for others.
Q. No. 2) State any two goals of development other than income.
Ans. The two goals of development other than income are:
(i) freedom
(ii) security.
Q. No. 3) Why do different people have different notions of development?
Explain.
Ans. It is because the life situations of people are different. People see things that are
most important for them or that can fulfill their aspirations or desires. For example, the
development goal of a boy from a rich urban family would be to get admission to a
reputed college whereas the development goal of a girl from a rich urban family would
be to get as much freedom as her brother.
Q4. What may be development for one may not be development for the other.'
Explain by giving examples.
Or
With the help of an example show two groups who may have different notions of
development.
Or
Why could different person have different notions of country's development?
Explain with examples.
Ans . It is true that development for one may not be development for the other.
(i) More wages means development for a worker, but it can go against the
entrepreneur.
(ii) A rich farmer or trader wants to sell food grains at a higher price but a poor worker
wants to purchase it for low prices.
(iii) Construction of a dam means more and cheap power, but people, who will lose
their habitat will demonstrate.
(iv) To get more electricity, the industrialists may want more dams. But this may
submerge the agricultural land, and disrupt the lives of the people.
Q5. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different
countries? What are the limitations of this criterion ?
Ans. The World Development Report, 2019, brought out by the World Bank has given
the following criteria in classifying countries :
(i) Rich or High income countries: Countries with the per capita income of US $49,300
per annum and above in 2019, are called rich countries.
(ii) Poor or Low income countries: The countries with the per capita income of U$ 2500
or less, are called low income countries.
iii) India's position: India comes in the
category of low middle income countries because its per capita income in 2019 was
just US $ 6700 per annum.
(iv) Developed countries: The rich countries,
excluding countries of Middle East and certain other small countries, are generally
called the developed countries.
Limitations :
(i) It covers only the economic aspect ignoring peace, health, environment, education,
longevity, etc.
(ii) The method does not provide us the distribution of income between the rich and the
poor.
Q6. What are the limitations of the per capita income criteria of development ?
Or
What is Per Capita Income? Can it be regarded as the sole indicator of economic
development of a country? Give four valid arguments to support your answer.
Ans.
(i) Per capita income is the average income of a country. It is the total income of the
country divided by its total population.
(ii) Per capita income criteria takes into account only the economic aspect of life and
ignores the social, aspect of life.
(iii) The criteria ignores education, health, life expectancy, sanitation etc.
(iv) The criteria also ignores non-material things like peace, pollution free environment,
democracy, etc.
iv) it does not tell us how the income distributed among the people. some may be very
rich but the masses maybe poor. It hides disparities.
Q7. Describe briefly any five conditions or aspects that you would consider before
accepting a job.
Ans. (i) These include factors such as facilities for families, working conditions, or
opportunity to learn.
(ii) In another case, a job may give fewer wages but may offer regular employment that
enhances a sense of security. Another job, however, may offer high wages but no job
security and also leave no time for family.
(iii) The terms of employment are as per government rules and regulations.
(iv) The enterprise also gives several other benefits like paid leave, provident fund,
gratuity, etc.

(v) The employer also makes provisions for medical benefits and a safe working
environment.
Q8. "Average income is an important criterion for development." Explain.
Answer:
(i) Average income gives us an idea what an average person is likely to get out of the
total national income.
(ii) Average income is used to classify the countries into rich, poor or developing nations.
(iii) Average income is used to make economic policies.
(iv) It is used to compare similarities and differences of the various parameters of
devlopment of different countries.

Q 9. Money cannot buy all the goods and services that one needs to live well".
Support the statement with three suitable examples.
Ans. It is rightly said because:
(1) Money cannot buy peace and democracy.
(2) Money cannot buy a pollution-free environment or good health.
(3) Money cannot ensure that you get unadulterated medicines.
(4) It may also not be able to protect you from infectious diseases.

Q10. Explain the concept of Human Development Index. Explain the three basic
components of measuring Human Development Index.
Ans. HDI stands for Human Development Index. This is the basis on which UNDP
compares countries.
The main criteria of measuring HDI according to UNDP Report are educational levels of
the people, their health status and Per Capita Income.
(i) Literacy Rate for 15+ years population: According to Human Development Report, it
measures the proportion of literate population in the 15 and above age group.
(ii) Life Expectancy at Birth: It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the
time of birth.
(iii) Per Capita Income: It is the total income of the country divided by its total population.
Q11. What is the significance of Human Development Index ?
Answer:
(i) HDI is used to measure level of development of a country.
(ii) It has been published by UNDP and according to it countries have been ranked.
(iii) It is a comprehensive approach which covers all the major aspects of life.
(iv) Apart from income, education, health status, life expectancy, etc., are considered for
measuring economic development of a nation.

Q12. Mohit is 28 years of age, has 65 kg of body weight and is 1.4 metres tall.
Calculate his BMI.Find out whether he is under nourished or over weight.Why ?
Or
What is BMI? How is it calculated?
Ans. (1) One way to find out if we are properly nourished is to calculate what nutrition
scientists call Body Mass Index (BMI).
(2) For calculating BMI, we have to take the weight of the person in kg and the height in
metres. Further, we divide the weight in kg by the square of the height. The number we
get is called BMI.
If this figure is less than 18.5 then the person would be considered undernourished.
However, if this BMI is more than 25, then a person is overweight.
(3) The weight of Mohit 65 kg Height = 1.4 metres .. BMI = Weight in kg /(Height in
Metres)2
BMI =65/ (1.4)2
65X25/49
1625 /49
= 33.16 In this way, Mohit is overweight because his BMI is more than 25.
Q13. 'Sustainable Development is a crucial step for the development of a country'.
Explain with suitable examples.
Or
What is sustainability of development?
Why is the issue of sustainability important for development? Explain with
example.
Ans. (1) Sustainable development may be defined as development that meets the needs
of the present generation without compromising the ability of the future generations to
meet their own needs.
(2) Sustainability is important for develop-ment because :
(i) Overuse of resources alarms that reserves will last for only a few more years.
(ii) India depends on importing oil from abroad since it does not have enough stocks of
its own.
(iii) Rapid up economic growth and industrialization has led to the reckless exploitation
of nature resources.
(iv) Sustainability is important for economic development in future.
(v) It promotes an efficient use of natural resources.
(vi) to achieve sustainable development we should use eco friendly technology and
enforce environmental laws strictly.
Q14. Why does Kerala have a better Human Development Index ranking in
comparison to Punjab? Explain with three reasons.
Ans. Kerala has a better Human Development Index ranking in comparison to Punjab.
The three reasons are:
Kerala has better provisions of health facilities and therefore the IMR in Kerala is very
low.
Kerala has better educational facilities. Therefore, the literacy rate is high there and the
net attendance ratio is also high.
Kerala has better provisions for PDS.
Q15. Explain importance of sustainable development with reference to
groundwater example
Ans. Sustainable development means development should not compromise with the
needs of present generation..In case of groundwater, we need to use the groundwater
resources very wisely and judiciously..as it is a natural resource replenished by
nature..we should conserve it for the future generations as they are under a threat....and
steps should be taken to conserve them otherwise they will be exhausted in the near
future.
Efforts should be made not to overuse or degrade the quality of water. Recent evidence
shows that groundwater is under serious threat of disappearance. If suitable steps are
not taken, it can pose serious consequences.
Q16. Consequences of environmental degradation do not respect national or
state boundaries." Justify the statement.
Answer:
(i) Consequences of environmental degradation 0 do not respect national or state
boundaries. This issue is no longer a regional or national issue.
(ii) Our future is linked together. Sustainability of development is essential for all the
mankind and it is our common responsibility to save the environment.
(iii) These days it is a matter of discussion among different countries of the world.
(iv) Global warming, acid rain, etc., are not to be controlled by one nation. It is a global
matter of thinking and finding the solutions.
Q17. Why are public facilities needed for the development of the country ? Explain
3 public facilities
Ans. Public facilities are essential for the development of a country as they provide the
necessary infrastructure and services that support the well-being of its citizens and
promote economic growth. They ensure that basic needs are met, enhance quality of
life, and facilitate social and economic activities. Here are four important public facilities
and their significance:
Education Facilities: Schools, colleges, and universities are crucial for providing
education and skill development.
Healthcare Facilities: Hospitals and clinics are necessary for maintaining public health.
Transportation Infrastructure: Roads, railways, and airports are vital for connecting
different regions of a country. Efficient transportation systems facilitate trade, tourism,
and mobility, which are essential for economic development.
Q18. Human development is the essence of social development.’ Explain.
Answer: (i) Human development focuses on the people.
(ii) It is concerned with the well-being of the people, their needs, choices and aspirations.
All these help in building a right kind of society.
(iii) It is all about the enlarging or widening the choices for the people. It is the building
of human capabilities, such as to lead a long and a healthy life, to have education,
information and knowledge, to have opportunities of livelihood, etc.
(iv) Human development focuses on the expansion of basic choices.
Q. What is infant mortality rate ? Suggest two measures to keep the infant
mortality rate low.
Or
What is the meaning of ‘Infant Mortality Rate ’ (IMR) ? Give two main reasons for
low IMR in Kerala.
Answer: (1) The number of children that die before the age of one year per 1,000
children born alive in a particular year is called Infant Mortality Rate.
(2) Measures to keep Infant Mortality Rate low :
(i) Provision of basic health.
(ii) Provision of proper educational facility.
(iii) Proper functioning of Public Distribution System