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 R enaissance,
R evolution and
Third Edition

R eform ation

OXFORD
h is t o r y R enaissance, 11
Third Edition
[R evolution and
I R eform a tion I
 Contents
Introducing KS3 History C hapter 3:
A journey through time from 1509 to 1745 L if e in T u d o r t im e s
3.1 A Who's who? 40
C hapter 1: 3.1 B Who's who? 42
H e r e c o m e th e T u d o r s 3.2 What wereTudor schools like? 44
1.1 A What was Britain like in 1509? 8 3.3A How did people have fun in Tudor times? 46
1.1B What was Britain like in 1509? 10 3.3B How did people have fun in Tudor times? 48
1.2 What was young Henry VIII like? 12 3.4 And now for your Shakespeare lesson... 50
1.3 Henry VIII, his first wife and his big problem 14 3.5 Shakespeare or Fakespeare? 52
1.4 Who'd want to marry Henry VIII? 16 3.6 Fashion victims 54
1.5 What did Protestants protest about? 18 3.7 Come dine with me! 56
1.6 HISTORY MYSTERY: 3.8A Crimewatch 58
Why did the Mary Rose sink? 20 3.8B Crimewatch 60
1.7 Edward VI: the boy king 22 3.9 What did the Scottish boot, the Judas cradle
1.8 How bloody was Bloody Mary? 24 and the Spanish donkey have in common? 62
1.9 The nastiest nursery rhyme in the world! 26
1.10 Elizabeth's middle way 28 C hapter 4:
Assessing Your Learning 1 30 B r it a in a b r o a d
4.1 A How did Britain build an empire? 64

C h apter 2: 4.1 B How did Britain build an empire? 66

4.2 How was Britain involved in the slave trade? 68
A w o r ld o f d is c o v e r y
4.3 Blackbeard: the original pirate of
2.1 The man who wanted to know everything 34 the Caribbean 70
2.2A Exploring the world 36
2.2B Exploring the world
n
38
C hapter 5:
Q u e e n E liz a b e t h
5.1 Young Elizabeth: what was she like? 72
5.2 What did Queen Elizabeth look like? 74
5.3 Why did Queen Elizabeth kill her cousin? 76
5.4A Match of the day: England versus Spain 78
5.4B Match of the day: England versus Spain 80
Assessing Your Learning 2 82

Cm
Chapter 6: C hapter 9:

Contents
E x it th e T u d o rs, e n t e r th e T h e R e s t o r a t io n
S tu a rts 9.1 Who was the Merry Monarch? 120
6.1 The scruffy Stuart! 84 9.2 Bring out your dead! 122
6.2 Remember, remember the fifth of November! 86 9.3 Ring a ring o'roses 124
6.3 HISTORY MYSTERY: Were the gunpowder 9.4A Who started the Great Fire of London? 126
plotters framed? 88
9.4B Who started the Great Fireof London? 128
6.4 Which witch is which? 90
9.4C Who started the Great Fireof London? 130
6.5A Why do Americans speak English? 92
9.5 What about the women? 132
6.5B Why do Americans speak English? 94
9.6 Can you cure King Charles II? 134

Chapter 7: C hapter lO:

E n g la n d a t w a r W h o r u le s ?
7.1 Why did the English start fighting each other? 96
10.lAThe Glorious Revolution 136
7.2 Match of the day: Roundheads versus Cavaliers 98
10.1 BThe Glorious Revolution 138
7.3 Prince Rupert: mad Cavalier or sad Cavalier? 100
10.2 Exit the Stuarts... enter the Georgians 140
7.4 What was new about the New Model Army? 102
10.3 The Battle of Culloden 142
7.5A Why was King Charles I sentenced to death? 104
7.5B Why was King Charles I sentenced to death? 106
C hapter 11:
7.6 Charlie for the chop! 108
H o w d id B r i t a i n c h a n g e ?
Chapter 8: 11.1 AWhat does Robert know that John didn't? 144
11.IB What does Robert know that John didn't? 146
C rom w ell's C o m m o n w e a lt h
11.2AA changing nation 148
8.1 The man who banned Christmas 110
11.2B A changing nation 150
8.2 Cromwell: curse of Ireland? 112
Assessing Your Learning 3 152
8.3 Cromwell: hero or villain? 114
8.4A Whatever happened to Cromwell's head?116
8.4B Whatever happened to Cromwell's head?118 Glossary 154
Index 157
Acknowledegments 159
Introducing* K S3 H isto r y
T h in k in g1a bou t H is to r y person. However, by this tim e this book ends (in 1745)
Before exploring this book, take a few minutes to think there was one monarch w ho ruled over England, Wales,
about these questions. Ireland AND Scotland... a United Kingdom. And he
was from Germany! Parliament was also much more
• What do you think history is?
powerful than it had ever been before.
• What have you learned in History lessons before?
So you must be wondering how these things changed,
Did you enjoy the lessons or not? Think about why
and why they changed, and when. This book will take
that is.
you on that journey of discovery... and hopefully turn
• Have you read any books about things that you into a top historian on the way!
happened a long tim e ago? Have you watched any
H o w d oes th is book f i t in ?
television programmes, films or plays about past
This book will get you thinking. You will be asked to
events? Which ones?
look at different pieces of evidence and to try to work
S o w h a t is h isto ry ? things out for yourself. Sometimes, tw o pieces of
History is about what happened in the past. It's about evidence about the same event w on't agree w ith each
people in the past, what they did and why they did it, other. You m ight be asked to think of reasons why that
w hat they thought, and what they felt. To enjoy history is. Your answers m ight not be the same as your friend's
you need to have a good imagination. You need to be or even your teacher's answers. The im portant thing is
able to imagine w hat life was like long ago, or what it to give reasons for your thoughts and ideas.
may have been like to be involved in past events.
H o w to u se th is book
W h a t a bou t m y H is to r y lesso n s? Features o f the Student Book, are explained here and on
Your lessons are designed to show you how, why and the opposite page.
when things have changed through time. For example,
K ey to ico n s
in the year this book starts (1509) the English king had
lots of power and ruled over Wales and large parts
o f Ireland to o ... but not Scotland. He had to consult
g
Source
m
Film
3 ® o
Worksheet History skills Literacy Numeracy
©
Parliament if he wanted to introduce new laws or raise bank activity
taxes, but the king was still an incredibly powerful r y
H is to r y sk ills
Be a Top Historian
Sometimes the tasks, ideas and
sources will challenge you to
Depth Study think and act like a top historian
and stretch your skills and
In each book, there
abilities.
is a mini depth
study that focuses What Happened When?
on a significant
This gives you an idea of what
event or concept.
else is going on in the world
These sections give
(perhaps in another country
you the chance to
on a different continent) at the
extend and deepen
same sort of time as the period
your understanding
you are studying in the lesson.
of key moments in
It could also focus on a specific
history.
V_______________ y topic and make links across
time, showing how things are
connected.
v
 (------------------------------------------------------------------------------ \
Mission Objectives Wise Up Words
All lessons in this book start by setting you 'Mission Objectives’. Wise Up Words are the really important key words
These are your key aims that set out your learning targets for the and terms that are vital to help you understand
work ahead. At the end of the each lesson you should review the topics. You can spot them easily because they
these objectives and assess how well you've done. are in bold red type. Look up their meanings in
a dictionary or use the glossary at the back of the
book. The glossary is a list of these words and
I their meanings.

<• >
Hungry for More?
You might be asked to extend your knowledge
and research beyond the classroom.This is a time
to take responsibility for your own learning. You
might be asked to research something in the
library or on the Internet, work on a presentation,
or design and make something. Can you meet
the challenge?
s____________________________________ -

Fact! History 16 W h y d id th e
Mystery M a r y R o s e sin k ?
These are the funny, fascinating and amazing
little bits of history that you don't usually get to
hear about! But in this series, we think they're
just as important - they give you insights into
topics that you'll easily remember.

History Mystery
These sections give you an opportunity
to pull all your skills together and
investigate a controversial, challenging
or intriguing aspect of the period, such
as how the Mary Rose sank or whether
the gunpowder plotters were framed.
Work
Work sections are your opportunity to demonstrate your
knowledge and understanding. You might be asked to:
• put events in chronological order
• explain how and why things changed over time
A ssessin g' Y ou r L earning' 2
In v e s t ig a tin g- E liz a b e t h s im a g e
QueenElizabethwasverykeentocreateanimageof hecselfthat wouldimpresspeople.
• work out why two people have different views about the
controlledanypicturesor paintingsofherselfsothat shedidn't lookold, weakor ugly! She
alsomadesurethat anypicturesof her werefilledwithsymbolsandspecial messagesto
same event
• discover what triggered an event... and uncover the
consequences.

Assessing Your Learning

In the book, there are three extended
assessments.These are opportunities for
you to showcase what you have learned
about the topic and to put your research
and analysis skills to the test. Some are
more creative, while some will focus on
extended writing or looking at sources.
A jo u rn ey th rou g’
h tim e fr o m 1509 to 1745
This book covers the years 1509 to 1745: the tim e
of the Tudors, the Stuarts... and the beginning of
the Georgian period. Some o f the world's most
famous people lived at this tim e and some of
history's most remembered events took place.
This book highlights these memorable people
Henry Tudor becomes the
and events as it takes you on a journey through first Tudor king - Henry VII
this remarkable time. The period from 1509 to
1745 was one o f great, and lasting, changes too, f> i ' 11
particularly in relation to religion and the power Guy Fawkes and the I 1603
o f Parliament. And many people's views o f the gunpowder plotters try to
blow up Parliament
f/ >
world changed dramatically as explorers and dV
traders discovered new routes to new lands, James VI of Scotland
becomes James I of
and new ideas and inventions changed the way
England too and unites
people did things. the two kingdoms

The tim eline on these pages picks out some of

these big events, well-known people, new ideas,
changes and discoveries. Read it carefully!

First successful English

Act of Union between settlement is set up in
England and Scotland; one North America
Parliament in London runs
both countries

The last Stuart, Queen Anne,

dies, the throne passes to her
nearest Protestant relation,
English Civil War begins
who becomes George I; and
so the Georgian era begins The Glorious Revolution:
James II is replaced by King
William and Queen Mary

English Bill of Rights: all

monarchs, who must
be Protestant, to rule in
Great Fire of London
partnership with Parliament
 Henry VII dies and
his son, Henry VIII, Henry VIII forms an Elizabeth I begins her
becomes king 44-year reign
independent Church
of England

English trading in
The English defeat the
India begins Spanish Armada

First performance
of a play by William
Shakespeare

England becomes
involved in the
African slave trade

W ork
1 a How do the Tudor, Stuart and Georgian periods of
history get their names?
b Have you studied any of these periods of history
before? If so, make a list of the events and people you
can remember. If not, look through the timeline and list
the people and events you have heard of before.

2 Finding out which year is in which century can be difficult.

The easiest way is to cover up the last two numbers in the
year and add one to the first two numbers. For example,
1562 is in the sixteenth century (cover up the 62 and add
Charles I is executed 1 to 15 to make 161).
a Which century are the following years in?
Cromwell's conquest i 1649 iii1665
of Ireland ii 1707 iv1558
b Which century were each of the following events in?
i The Glorious Revolution
ii The Great Fire of London
iii First performance of a Shakespeare play
iv Death of Henry VII
v James I unites Scotland and England
c Now put the five events above in the correct
Parliament, followed by
Restoration of the Oliver Cromwell, rules chronological order (the order in which they
monarchy under Charles II instead of a monarch happened, from first to last).
 What was Britain like
in 1509?
This book is about the people and events M ission O bjectives
of Britain between 1509 and 1745, a time of
great change. For you to see how important • Examine Wina t B rita in Was lik e in 250^.
these changes were, you must first find out
• Summarize En^londV relationship With its
about Britain in 1509. Then, towards the end
neighbouring countries-
of this book, you will be asked to compare
the Britain of 1509 with the Britain of 1745. • C o n tr a s t Br it ai n in 250T With Br it ai n today.

I am King h e n r y VIII. tAy A baron England and Scotland are Like m os t o f t h e popula tio n,
father, he nry Vll, Was separate countries. The English We are poor and live in th e
tine firstTudor m o n a r c h , and the Scots have fought a countryside. Some o f th e
h e r u le d -for o v e r 20 lot over the years. I think of land is used f o r growing crops
y e a r s a n d h a s j u s t d ie d , the English as the ‘old enemy' or grazing sheep, bu t m os t is
he le ft me in c h a r g e of and truly hate them! There are Woodland or Wasteland. We liV(
a p e a c e f u l c o u n t r y W ith aboc/f half a million Scots. on W hat We grow. I f We grow
p l e n ty o f m o ney. m ore t h a n We need, We sell
i t a t t h e lo c a l m a r k e t in t h e
n e a re s t to w n . WosttoWnS are
? till q u it e Small b u t a fe w are
King Henry VIII growing fast. Only 10 per c e n t
o f people live in t h e toWnS.
We lords' a n d b a ro n s a r e r i c h There are a b o u t ! million
I am King /ienryV
and p o w e rfu l. We oWn l o ts o f people Who live in England no
new Wife. I^\y name is
l a n d a n d s o m e t i m e s h e lp t h e
Catherine and Vm a
kin g t o m a k e d e cisio ns, t ^ o s t
princess from an area
o f uS a i m t o W ork W ith t h e n e w
called Aragon in Spain
king r a t h e r t h a n a g a i n s t Such a
I Was once married to
ric h and p o w e rfu l man.
Henry ? older brother
Arthur... but Arthur A Scotsman
died several years ago.

Catherine of Aragon There is only one religion in

Britain ~~ Christianity. The Bead
Over the years, English k in g S of the Church is the Pope, Who
have tried to c o n tro l us but live? in Rome. Religion is a very
have fa ile d . They have only important part of people? live?.
m anaged to control part of
this country. About 800,000
people live here.

We politician? are very busy.

We pass law s a n d c o l l e c t taxes.
In fact t h e king m u s t g e t o u r
a g r e e m e n t i f h e Wants a n y
t a x m o ney, so We c a n be q u i t e
p o w e rfu l a t tim e s!
The English control most
of Wales but some areas
are sir'll run by independent I am a student atthe
Welsh princes like me. University of Oxford. We
live in exciting times. New
There are only abovt
200,000 people in Wales. printed book? spread ideas
about art, m e d icin e and
re lig io n . Some of the idea?
A Welshman ■ 1 ,\/ o f the ancient Greeks
A student and Romans have been
published too... and are
fascinating us all!
1 H e re com e the T u d ors
A politician
 English land ruled W is e U p W o rd s
□ by the English king

Irish land ruled by

independent population
□ English lords, with
English laws

Irish land ruled

mostly by the English
king, with Irish laws
Work
W elsh land ruled
mostly by the English
king, with Welsh
1 Write out the paragraph below, choosing one answer
laws from each pair of brackets.
Welsh land ruled by the
English Prince o f In 1509, the King of England was (Henry Vll/Henry
Wales, with English laws
VIII). He also controlled most of (Wales/Scotland) and
part of Ireland. (Wales/Scotland) was an independent
country. Some land was used for (fishing/farming) but
most of it was wasteland or (woodland/Disneyland).
Nine out of (ten/nine) people lived in the (towns/
countryside) and grew their own food. If they grew
(more/less) than they needed, they might go and sell
it at the local (supermarket/market).

2 ^ j| Draw a bar chart to show the population of

England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales in 1509.
was the only
part o f France still llH I Make sure you add a title.
ruled by England

SOURCE A: Britain in 1509. England's king, Henry VIII

was known as King of England, Lord of Ireland and Prince
of Wales. SO U R C E B: What was Britain like?

KING AND PARLIAMENT THE KNOWN WORLD

England and Scotland had North and South America, CLOTHING
FOOD AND DRINK their own kings Europe, the west coast of Clothing was a sign of status,
Africa, India and the east as it is today; only the very
coast of China known to wealthy wore expensive fabrics

TRANSPORT
The rich travelled on
horseback and by cart; the
poor walked! Roads were in
very poor condition
r COMMUNICATION r RELIGION '
Mainly by word of mouth One common religion -
y fh L QJ> Christianity.The Pope in FURNITURE
Rome was the Head of the / / Solid and
Christian Catholic Church \ \ )) wooden, few
chairs

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
1.1B W h a t w a s B r ita in lik e in 1509?

E v e ry d a y life
The sources on these pages show you w hat life was
like in the early 1500s. Look through them carefully.

SO U R C E C: A fete at Bermondsey, near London in the

1500s, showing townspeople of all classes of society.

SO U R C E A : Common industries in Britain in 1509. As you

can see, cloth making was one of Britain's most important
industries and nearly every town would have had a group of
spinners, weavers and dyers.

W hat H appened W hen?

In 1509, the same year that Henry VIII
became King of England, a German man called
Peter Henlein invented an early version of the pocket
watch. It was called the'Nuremberg Egg'and was a
small, drum-shaped object with an hour hand only.
V____________________________________

1here were about 8 million sheep in Britain in the early

1500s and only about 3 million people! The sheep
were kept mainly to supply the cloth industry.
V______________________________________________/

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 There are old men living in my village Find out the populations of England, Scotland, Ireland and
who have noticed three things to be Wales today. Draw another bar chart using these figures.
greatly changed. One is the many
Underneath it, write a paragraph comparing the two bar charts.
chimneys recently erected. The second
is the beds. Their fathers used to sleep • Does England still have the largest population in Britain?
on straw on rough mats covered only • What is the second most populated country in Britain?
with a sheet and a good round log
under their heads. Pillows were only
for women in childbed. The third is the
___________________________________________________
change from wooden plates to pewter
ones and from wooden spoons to
silver or tin.' The currency was pounds, shillings and pence.The '£'(a fancy L) was used
for pound (from the Latin'Libra') meaning a pound in weight,'s'was used
A S O U R C E D: Written by for shilling (an ancient English value) and 'd'was used for penny (from the
William Harrison, who lived in Essex Latin'denarius'). The penny was the basic unit of currency. Twelve pence
in the 1500s. made a shilling and 20 shillings made a pound, so there were 240 pence to
the pound. In the early 1500s, a farm worker could make a shilling a day -
and bread (the main food) cost half a penny per loaf.
V_______________________________ /

W ork
1 Look at Source C.
a Can you see:
i theTowerof London in
the background?
ii two dogs fighting?
iii four people holding large
pies?
iv two men playing violins?
v a woman breastfeeding
her baby?
b What can you tell about life in
the 1500s from this painting?

2 Look at Source D. According

to the old men living in William
Harrison's village in the 1500s,
what were the three things that
had changed most in recent
times?

3 Divide a page into two columns.

Write'Britain in 1509'at the top
of one column and'Britain now'
at the top of the other. List all
the ways in which Britain in 1509
was different from Britain today.
Choose what you think are the
three most important differences
and write a sentence or two
explaining why you made your
choices.

1 H ere come the Tudors

 W h at w a s young*
H en ry V I I I like?
Everybody has heard of Henry VIII. Most people think they know a m is s io n Objectives
few things about him too. They usually say:
• He was a big fat bloke.
• Examine HoW young Henry V III
• He had six wives... or was it eight?
Spent His t i m e and money.
• He beheaded most of his wives.
• Judge Ho\w religious He Was as
Some of these statements are true. Henry did have six wives but he
didn't chop the heads off most of them, although he did behead a young man.
two! As for him being a big fat bloke - well yes, he was - but only
for the last few years of his life. In fact, on his 45th birthday, Henry
was the same size as he was when he became king!

A n ew T u d o r k in g
Henry's father, Henry VII, was
unpopular towards the end o f his
reign because he taxed people
heavily. When he died and Henry
VIII became king in 1509, there
were w ild celebrations. The new *\
He loved jousting.
king was tall, handsome and full of J
energy.The diagram on this page
shows why many people th o u g h t
he was ideally suited to be king.

Henry loved
entertaining.

He enjoyed
hunting.

Henry VIII employed someone to

wipe his bottom! He was officially
SO U R C E A : A portrait
called the Groom of the Stool. It of Henry VIII showing him
was a much prized job because in his late twenties.
the employee got to spend so
much time with the king! ~\
V___________ J He spoke four languages.
1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
H enry th e G rea t?
As you will learn, many fantastic facts surround the ■Wise U p W o rd s
life of Henry VIII. For example, Henry was desperate
to become known as a'super king'and even liked to Catholic excommunicate Pope
call himself'Henry the Great'. But although he is most
famous for his wives, the most im portant events in
Henry's life were the religious changes he made. Not I t a ll g’
o e s wrong*
only did they affect religion in Henry's time, they However, by 1533, Henry had fallen out w ith the
changed religion in England and Wales for good. Pope, who excom m unicated him, meaning he was
expelled from the Catholic Church. This was a very
H enry th e g o o d C a th olic serious punishm ent at the tim e because it meant that
Henry was a very religious man and, like most people the person could not talk to a priest about their sins.
in the country at the time, he was Catholic. He visited If a priest did not forgive you for your sins, then you
church at least three times a day and even wrote a w ouldn't get to heaven. So how did Henry VIII and the
book supporting the Pope, w ho was the Head o f the Pope fall out w ith each other? What had Henry done
Catholic Church. Henry was such a good Catholic that that was so terrible that he received the worst kind of
in 1521, the Pope rewarded him w ith the title Fidei religious punishment? The next few pages chart an
amazing story.
Defensor, which means Defender of the Faith. Henry
loved this title and was very proud of it - and so were
many other kings and queens. You can still see the
letters FD or'Fid. Def.'on British coins today.
Henry loved to bet on anything - cards, dice, tennis,
wrestling or jousting. He used to win (and lose) the
equivalent of thousands of pounds every day. Henry
also loved to dress in the smartest, most expensive
clothes. His silk shirts, gold buttons and jewel-encrusted
jackets would have cost a fortune. So, too, would his
legendary parties, held at any of Henry's 55 palaces.
V_____________________ y

W ork

The Big Write!

Your task is to write a profile of the young

King Henry VIII.

Search through the text to find out

details about the young king, using the
following subheadings to guide your
writing:
• Henry the athlete
• Henry the good Catholic
• Henry the big spender.

Finally, write your own opinion in answer

to the following question,'Should the
young King Henry have been called
Henry the Great?'
SO U R C E B: Can you see'F.D.' on this £ 1coin?
1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs 3
 H en ry V III, h is fir s t w ife
and h is big* problem
Henry's problems with religion started with his
m is s io n O b je ctiv e s
love life. His first wife was a Spanish princess called
Catherine of Aragon. He first met her in 1501 when
she came to England to marry his big brother Explore h o w and Why Henry V I I I fe ll
Arthur! So how did Henry end up marrying her? o u t With t h e Pope.
What problems did this cause? And what did his • Examine hoW t h i f a f fe c te d t h e life
relationship with Catherine mean for the future of o f Henry and re lig io n in t h e whole o f
religion in England? England.

H e n r y m a r r ie s h is d ea d
brother's wife! 1 Henry desperately 2 By 1527, Henry thought Catherine
wanted a son. was too old to have any more
A marriage between Prince Arthur and
children. Henry wanted to divorce
Princess Catherine would mean friendship Catherine. He'd fallen in love with
between England and Spain. However, another woman too - Anne Boleyn!
Arthur died only a year after the marriage.
To avoid sending w idow Catherine home Catherine
gave birth to
to Spain and upsetting her father, Henry six children,
VII arranged for his second son, Henry, to but only
marry her.The wedding took place in 1509, one, a girl
the same year that King Henry VII died. called Mary,
survived.
Seventeen-year-old Henry became King
Henry VIII and Catherine o f Aragon was his 3 Henry got his lawyers to look 4 The Pope was
first queen. secretly into whether his the only man
marriage to Catherine was who could
H e n r y in lov e legal or not. give Henry
Henry and Catherine were a popular and the divorce he
wanted... but
loving couple. In 1513, whilst Henry was in
he refused!
France, Catherine ran the country for him.
The
Her army even beat a Scottish army at the marriage
Battle o f Flodden. Catherine brought Henry was found
a present home from the b a ttle ... the to be legal
- but Henry Henry hated the fact that the
dead King o f Scotland's coat, still stained
still wanted Pope had this power over him...
w ith his blood! his divorce. but he had a plan.

Henry and Catherine were happily married

5 Henry ignored the Pope.
for nearly 20 years. Henry once said, 'If I He made himself Head
were still free, I would choose her for a wife of the Church of England
above all others' What a romantic man! instead of the Pope.
The Pope was furious
But the marriage didn't last. As we all know,
but Henry could do as
he had five more wives after Catherine... he pleased.
so what w ent wrong? Read through the
cartoon carefully to discover why Henry
and Catherine's marriage ended.

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
Henry ch a n g es a n a tion
Henry's desire for a baby boy began a series o f events that
W is e Up W o rd s
altered religion in England forever. In one move, he had
Dissolution Reformation
his divorce and made himself more powerful. The Pope in
Rome no longer had the English Church under his control
- Henry did - and all its wealth too! To this day, the Head
of the Church of England is the king or queen.

Yet despite this change o f Church leader and the closing

of the monasteries, Henry only really made one other Historians like to give titles to major historical
major religious change. From 1538, he ordered that every changes! Henry's changes to the Church are
church must have an English copy of the Bible. At last, known as the English 'Reformation' because
ordinary people could understand what their religion was Henry was reforming (another word for changing)
teaching them. the English Church.
When he dosed down the monasteries, it was
known as th e 'Dissolution'of the monasteries.
6 In early 1533, Henry gave 7 Henry married his second Dissolution is another word for breaking up.
himself the divorce he wife, Anne Boleyn, in V___________________ ^
desired. 1533. She was already
pregnant.
W ork
1 The following are all important dates from Henry's
marriage to his first wife:
• 1533 -1527- 1513* 1501 • 1509
Write each date, in chronological order, on
a separate line. Beside each date, write what
happened in that year. Be careful - many things
happen in one of the years!

2 Why did Henry marry Catherine of Aragon?

How might this be seen as unusual by today's
Anne gave birth to a girl,
standards?
Elizabeth, in September 1533.
Henry could now marry Henry was very disappointed. 3 Which of the following statements do you think
Anne Boleyn. Why? was most important in making Henry want a
divorce from Catherine of Aragon? You might
8 Some of the monks in 9 The monasteries were very
want to put them in order - from 'most important
England didn't support wealthy and the king made
Henry's new Church of a good profit. reason'down to'least'.
England.They supported • Henry was bored with Catherine.
the Pope. • Henry wanted to have a son.
• Henry loved Anne Boleyn.
• Henry disagreed with the Pope over religion.
Give reasons for your answer.

4 a Why did Henry want a son?

b What do you think about his reason?

5 Why did Henry close down the monasteries? Give

But the Pope was furious again. more than one reason.
Not only had Henry ignored him
So he closed down all the
6 Write a sentence or two to explain the following
and closed all of the Catholic
monasteries and the land was monasteries in England, but he words:
sold. had now stolen all their treasures. • Reformation • Dissolution

1 H ere com e the Tudors L5

 W ho d w ant to m a rry
H en ry V III?
Henry VIII had more wives than any other British M issio n O b je ctiv e s
king. Being his wife must have been a very tricky
business. They may have enjoyed a luxurious
Explain Why h en ry m a rrie d so many Women-
lifestyle, but there were enormous risks involved.
Examine w h a t happened to each o f his Wives.
So which wife did he accuse of being a witch?
Who did he divorce for being too ugly? And who Advise his sixth Wife on hoW to survive being
did he have executed for having a boyfriend m a rrie d to henry.
before she met him?

Your task is to look through the tangled love life of Let's start by looking at the ageing king...
Henry. Imagine that you are a friend of Katherine • 52 years old.
Parr. She is a sensible, intelligent and kind 31 -year-
• Cruel, bad tempered and paranoid. Once he was so
old w idow and 52-year-old King Henry wants to
convinced that someone would try to kill him as he
marry her. She would be Henry's sixth wife. Despite
slept that he instructed a bricklayer to brick him into his
her family's pleasure that the king has chosen her,
bedroom at night!
she is a little bit worried, perhaps frightened. The
• So fat that he had to be put onto his horse w ith a hoist.
marriage date has been set for 12 July 1543. Your
job, as her friend, is to give her advice. Carefully • He complained about headaches, fever, smallpox and
read about each of Henry's previous wives and malaria. His legs were covered w ith ulcers, which later
what w ent wrong for them. How m ight Katherine turned to gangrene. One visitor wrote that Henry'had
be able to keep the king happy? What shouldn't the worst legs in the world'.
she do? Now read about his five form er wives.

C atherine o f A ragon : A nne Boleyn:

W ife N um ber 1:1509-1533 W ife N um ber 2:1533-1536
• She was Catholic. • She was Protestant.

• A Spanish princess, once married to • She was young, attractive and very
Henry's older brother, she brought fashionable.
friendship with Spain. • She made Henry wait until it was
• She was clever and popular. clear they were going to marry before
consummating their relationship.
• All her male babies died, which angered Henry, who wanted
a male heir; she had a daughter called Mary who survived. • She had a daughter, Elizabeth. Henry sulked for weeks
because he wanted a boy.
• Henry thought Catherine was old and boring when she
reached her forties. He divorced her. • Miscarried a baby boy in 1536.
• Henry accused Anne of being unfaithful with five other men.
Despite having no proof, Henry had her beheaded in 1536.

e g g ___________ ^ __________________________________
Henry had a party to celebrate Catherine's death
in 1536 (there were rumours at the time that she'd Anne was born with an extra finger on one hand.
been poisoned). He even wore yellow clothes, the People said that this was a sign that she was a witch.
traditional colour of celebration! Anne made enemies easily.
V_________________ __________________/ V__________________________________________
1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 J a n e S eym ou r: W is e U p W o rd s
W i f e N u m b e r 3:1536-1537
• She was Protestant. co n s u m m a te g a n gren e m iscarry
• She was calm, gentle and caring. She tried hard to
be friends with Henry's daughters.
• She would not consummate their relationship until
they were married.
A n n e o f Cleves:
• She had a son, Edward. Henry was delighted - a W i f e N u m b e r 4 :154 0
boy at last!
• She was Protestant.
• Jane died of an infection a few days after the birth.
• Cleves was an area of what is
now Germany, close to Flanders
and France. Henry married Anne
^ __________________________________ because it brought friendship
between England and this powerful
European region.
W hen H enry died, he was burie d w ith Jane in Saint
George's Chapel in W indsor Castle. • She was serious and unfashionable.
V__________________________________________ ) Friends tried to teach her some of
Henry's favourite card games but
she didn't understand them.
• Henry had seen a painting of her
and liked what he saw. However,
when he saw her in person, he
described her as a fat'Flanders
C a th e r in e H o w a rd : mare [horse]'.
W i f e N u m b e r 5: • Henry divorced her.
1540-1542
• She was Protestant.
• She was young, lively and very pretty.
• She flirted with lots of men... and Henry found out.
She once finished off a letter to her lover with the words, Henry's s ix-m o n th m arriage to
'Yours as long as life endures'. Henry was furious. A nne was never c o nsu m m ated .
• Henry also found out that she had several serious boyfriends A fte r th e divorce, A n n e was
before she met him. A queen should not have a past given land, m o n e y and th e
like this!
rather strange official title o f th e
• She was executed. 'King's sister'.
V

W ork
W hen C atherine H ow ard fo u n d o u t she was g o in g
to be beheaded, she ran s h o u tin g and scream ing
The Big Write!
tow ards H enry to beg his forgiveness. He locked th e
d o o r and ignored her. Her cryin g g h o st is still said to N ow w rite Katherine Parr a letter, g iv in g her advice
hau nt th e same co rrid o r at H a m p to n C o u rt Palace. a b o u t her fo rth c o m in g m arriage. In yo u r le tte r include:
V____________________ y i details o f Henry's previous five marriages.
• W h a t a ttracte d H enry to each o f his wives?
• W h a t w e n t w ro n g w ith each marriage?
H u n gry • W h a t h ap p e n e d to each o f his wives?
W hat h ap pened to Katherine Parr?
for M ore? ii to p tip s on h o w to keep H enry h ap py and
Find o u t a b o u t her life w ith H e n ry ... interested in her. R em em ber h o w o ld he is and
and after.
V_____________________________ J w h a t sort o f w ife he needs now.

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 W hat did P rotesta n ts
p rotest about?
Have you been to a church or other place of worship in the last few
M issio n O bjectives
days... or weeks... or months? Have you prayed recently, chatted
to the local vicar or religious leader, or been on a journey to the
Explain Winy some people
nearest cathedral?
criticized tine C a th o lic Clnurcln.
For some people today, it is very difficult to imagine the
importance of the Church in everyone's lives years ago. Today, lots • Examine InoW Protestants g o t
of people visit a church only for weddings, christenings or funerals. t h e i r name and Wlnattlney
It was very different in Tudor times. There were no televisions, believed.
cinemas or shopping centres. There weren't too many books or
organized sports matches either. Houses weren't full of carpets,
comfy chairs and sofa beds. However, there was the local church -
a welcoming meeting place, a place to enjoy summer fairs, have a
chat with friends and, of course, worship God.

T h e im p o rta n ce o f r e lig io n
In Tudor times, everyone believed in God.They used C riticism No. 1
religion to explain things they didn't understand. Nasty The Church was too rich!
The Church owned about one-third of all the land in
illnesses or infections were seen as punishm ent from
England. An ordinary peasant had to give 10 per cent of
God. If the harvest was bad, it was because God wished
their harvest (a tithe) to the priest every year. Some felt that
it so. They also believed that heaven and hell were the bishops, priests and monks lived in luxury whilst the
real places. If you led a good life on earth and prayed poor suffered.
regularly, then you w ould probably go to heaven when
you died. However, if you were a bad person who
com m itted crimes and didn't attend church regularly, Criticism No. 2
then you would definitely end up in hell. The priests didn't lead a very'holy'life.
Spreading* th e w o r d Some priests had a few jobs and neglected their work.
Villagers once told the Bishop o f Hereford:
By 1500, there were thousands o f books available
The priest puts his horses and sheep in the churchyard...
to read on many topics. There were lots o f books
He was away for six weeks and made no arrangements for a
on religion and copies o f the Bible were available in substitute. Sir John [the priest] spends his tim e in the taverns
English rather than Latin by 1525. For the first time, and there his tongue is loosened to the scandal o f everyone.
ordinary men and wom en could read the Bible for He is living w ith a woman, Margaret, and he cannot read nor
write and so cannot look after the parishioners'souls.'
themselves instead of having to go to church and
listen to what the priest told them. Some people Ordinary people thought some priests were not setting a
very good example to the people in the village or town.
started to think very deeply about the Church and
wonder whether everything they had ever been told
was entirely correct.
Criticism No. 3
Some people began to criticize the Church. They Ordinary people couldn't understand the church
still believed in God; they just felt that there m ight services.
be different ways o f worshipping him. Look at the Church services were held in Latin. People said they found it
following four main criticisms o f the Church at this time. difficult to feel close to God if they couldn't understand what
was being said in church.

1 H ere com e th e T u d ors

 ■Wise U p W o rd s

indulgences Protestants purgatory tithe

SO U R C E B:
Martin Luther's
protest against
the Pope changed
religion forever.

SOURCE A: A print of the execution of William Tyndale.

The Catholic way to worship:
He was executed for translating the Bible into English so that
• The Pope is Head of the Catholic Church and is
ordinary people could read it, which was illegal at this time.
chosen by God.
• The Bible and prayer books are written in Latin.
Criticism No. 4 • A church should be a bright and colourful place to
Poor people couldn't afford 'indulgences'. worship God, with pictures on the walls, stained-
When a person died, they went to heaven or hell. It was glass windows, a large stone altar, silver cups and
thought people passed through a place called purgatory crosses, and priests in magnificent robes.
on the way to heaven. In purgatory, people believed you V_____________________ _ _ _____________________ /
were punished for any sins you may have committed
whilst you were alive. It wasn't meant to be a nice place to
stay for very long. So when you were alive, you could buy
■\
Indulgences'from a bishop. This meant that you travelled
through purgatory quicker. Rich people could buy lots The Protestant way to worship:
of indulgences. Poor people didn't think it was fair. They • A country's monarch should be the Head of the
thought that they were being punished for being poor. Church.
• The Bible and prayer books should be in a language
In 1517, a German monk called Martin Luther wrote that the worshippers understand - not in Latin.
out a long list o f criticisms of the Catholic Church and • A church should be a plain and simple place to
nailed it to his local church door. Remember - when worship God. Money shouldn't be wasted on
we talk about religion at this time, the vast m ajority of decorations or robes for the priest.
people were Catholics. And this was the official religion
V.
of all European countries. So, people at the tim e were
W ork
Christians, but they believed in worshipping God in a
particular way - the Catholic way. (See the Fact! boxes.) 1 In your own words, explain why religion and the
Church played such an important part in people's lives.
Luther wanted the Catholic Church to change and
2 Explain the origin of the word'Protestant'.
soon his ideas and beliefs attracted many followers.
By 1529, the followers were known as Protestants 3 The year is 1517. Imagine you are Martin Luther,
because they protested against the Catholic Church. angry with the Catholic Church. Using the
Now there were tw o religious groups in Europe who information on these pages to help you, write your
believed in a Christian version of God - the Catholics own list of criticisms of the Church. You could try to
and the Protestants. Elowever, both wanted to worship make your work look old by staining it with a used
teabag.
God in slightly different ways.

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs .9
 1.6 Why did the
Mary R o se sink?
The M a r y Rose was Henry Vlll's
favourite warship. It was completed in
1511 and is thought to be named after his
younger sister Mary and the famous Tudor
symbol of the rose. In July 1545, England and
France were at war and the French sent a huge fleet
of warships, full of French soldiers, to invade England. The English navy,
including the M a r y Rose, was sent out to fight them. Henry himself even
stood and watched the action from Southsea Castle, in Portsmouth.
However, when the M a r y Rose fired her cannons at the French ships and
turned to fire again... disaster struck!The ship began to sink.There was
panic on board as men began to scramble to get off the sinking ship.
Many of her crew couldn't swim and over 400 of them drowned.
Evidence C
The French invasion itself was a failure but the French soon claimed From a TV d o c u m e n ta ry b ro a d c a s t in 2003

a victory of sorts. They said they had sunk the M a r y Rose. A French a b o u t th e Mary Rose.
admiral wrote:
'Fortune followed our fleet. The M a r y Rose, one of their best ships, was 'When the M a ry Rose sank in 1545, she
sunk by our cannon and of the five or six hundred men which were on had all the latest weapons on board...
was the ship too heavy and unstable?
board, only five and thirty escaped.'
Our experts have worked out that the
So was this true? Did the French sink the Mary Rose? If not, then why weight of the new guns had made the
did she sink? It's time to be a History Mystery detective, so study the ship unstable... but the weight alone
was not enough to sink her.'
evidence carefully.

SOURCE! A:
A p a in t i n g o f t h e Evidence A
Mary Rose. A le xzan dra Hildred, a m a rin e expert,
ta lk in g a fte r a n a lysin g th e ship. In Evidence D
1982, th e ship was b ro u g h t ba ck up
P art o f a le tte r w ritte n b y Sir Peter Carew,
to th e surface a n d preserved in a
y o u n g e r b o th e r o f Sir George Carew.
m useum . S adly th o u g h , h a lf th e ship
George was o n board, in cha rge o f the
h a d rotted.
ship w h e n it sank.

There are no gaping holes ‘‘there were 700 men aboard ship, th t
in the ship where a French usuaf crew o f 415 pfus 300 heavify
shot might have hit... but armed soldiers were concentrated in
we've only got half a ship, the 6ow a n d the stern fr o n t a n d 6ack
so we can't say any damage o f the ship], I saw the ship heef over
happened in any other place.
as she tu rned a n d onfy 36 were saved.
We don't know what damage
might have been done.'

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 W is e U p W o rd s

History Mystery
Evidence E
W ritte n by one o f th e m en w h o h e lp ed to c u t the
gun-port unstable
new gun-ports in 1536.

‘‘The new gun-ports were cut, Cow down, in each

Evidence G
side o f the ‘M a ry fRose to tahe big guns. I t was
From th e arch a e o lo g ists' re p o rt a fte r th e ship was
hard to make them watertight. I t seemed odd
recovered in 1982.
to be cutting holes Cow in the side o f the ship. I
remember saying that I hoped the ship wouCd not
‘The ship fa c e d towards the harbour when she was
Cean over w ith its gun hoCes Ceft open. ’
discovered. H e r position, in conjunction w ith the
evidencefro m the guns recovered, suggests she santjas
she was executing a turn whiCe engaging the enemy. ’

Evidence F
From a TV d o c u m e n ta ry bro a d ca st in Evidence H
2003 a b o u t the M a ry Rose.
This is one of the human skulls recovered from the ship
when it was brought back up to the surface in 1982.
'When the archaeologists
Analysis of the skulls has shown that the majority of the M
recovered the M a ry Rose, all
sailors were not British, but from southern Europe. It
the main gun-ports were fitted
has been argued that this might have meant that they
with lids.To their surprise, the
lids were bound [tied] open,
couldnt have properly understood the instructions of If.
indicating that they could have
the English-speaking captain. In fact, Sir George Carew 3k '
(one of the admirals on board) apparently complained
been open when she sank.'
that he couldn t control the crew. Could this have been
because they didn't understand his language?

W ork

I_I Well, history detective, now you have the difficult heavy and unstable, why was it so? Write down what
task of working out why the Mary Rose sank. You must you have discovered.
search through all the evidence and work out your theory. Step 3 Think - could the open gun-ports have sunk
Here are some of the main theories for you to consider. the Mary Rose? Find evidence to support this theory.
1 The French sank her. Why might they have been left open? Could the
2 The ship was too heavy and unstable. crew's behaviour have anything to do with it?
Why were the gun-ports so low in the water in
3 The crew were difficult to control and would not
the first place? Make notes on the evidence
follow orders.
you have found.
4 The gun-ports were left open.
Finally, you must deliver your verdict. Why did
Step 1 Find any evidence that the French sank the ship.
the Mary Rose sink? Write a short paragraph
Does any evidence support the French claim? Can you
to outline your theory. Be sure to use some
find any evidence that shows this theory to be unlikely?
of the evidence you have found to back
What is your opinion? Make a note of your findings.
up your ideas. Why not imagine that you J
Step 2 Find evidence that the ship was too heavy or are writing the report for Henry VIII?
unstable. Does any evidence support this idea? If it was

mm , A
1 H e re cjpme th e T u d o rs
 E d w a rd VI:
the hoy king1
Despite six marriages, Henry VIII left only three children behind M iss io n O b je ctiv e s
when he died on 28 January 1547. Edward was nine, Elizabeth was
13 and Mary was a woman of 30. Henry had absolutely no doubt
Explain h o w and Why Henry's
as to who he would leave in control of the country: the nine-year-
Son changed religion in
old, of course! The young prince may have been the same age as a
England.
Year 5 student - but he was male! Henry believed this made him a
much better choice as ruler than his older sisters. So what kind of Decide What kind o f boy
king was young Edward? Which faith did he follow? And what did Edward V l Was.
this mean for the way people worshipped God?

Sanctuary lamps kept

C h a n g e s in r e lig io n permanently alight to show the
As you have learned, Rood screen (to separate —r //A 1—Lan.
Henry VIII had made priest from worshippers) Pictures to W “V S
some im portant changes explain Bible
Irf (— ^
1 stories
to religion. He had closed p V
all the monasteries (and ^ J 1A l t, \ i L jjp ^ 3
taken their money),
allowed the Bible to be
read in English (not Latin)
and, most im portantly,
made himself, and future
kings and queens, Head
of the Church o f England
(instead o f the Pope).
Henry didn't make any
more major changes to
religion and most people,
including the king, still
though t of themselves as
Catholic.
S O U R C E A : Inside a
However, Henry's son Catholic church.
Edward believed deeply Catholic priests could not marry, but Protestant
in the Protestant faith. As a Protestant, he th o u g h t that priests could.
the Catholic Church made people worship God in the
wrong way. He felt that God should be worshipped R e lig io u s tu rm o il
in a plain and simple manner. As he was Head o f the Many people, especially in the countryside, didn't like
Church, he could alter it in any way he wished. Look at all the changes to the way they worshipped. They
the tw o illustrations. Source A shows what a Catholic loved the old services and churches, and in some areas
church would have looked like. Source C shows how it there were rebellions. The leaders of one rebellion in
w ould have changed when Edward ordered people to Cornwall saw just how ruthless young King Edward
worship as Protestants. could b e ... he sent in his soldiers to hang the rebels
from the nearest trees!
1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 ■Wise U p W ord s
■\
King Edward VI could be obituary tuberculosis
a cruel and vicious boy.
He executed his uncle
for accidentally killing his
favourite pet! His uncle
was trying to kidnap him,
though...
H u n gry
Close to his
for m ore?
death, Edward
named his V
15-year-old cousin, Lady
Jane Grey, as next in line to the
throne. She later became known
as the'Nine days queen'.
• Who was she?
• Why did Edward choose her?
• How did she get her
nickname?
• What happened to her?
V______________________ /
w
r 1
YV \
W ork
1 Why do you think Edward
Stained glass smashed became king after his father's
and replaced with death and not Mary or Elizabeth?
plain glass
2 a Describe what you would
Pulpit for have seen if you had entered
preaching the a Catholic church before 1547.
new English b Now imagine you visited the
services
same church after Edward
had made his Protestant
Rood screen changes and describe what
removed you see.
SO U R C E C: Protestant churches and ways 3 Design and write
of worshipping were much more simple.
P o o rly b oy an obituary for King
Edward had always been a sickly child and constantly in need o f a doctor's Edward VI. An o b itu a ry briefly
attention. He used to have his bedroom walls washed down three times tells of some of the most
a day to keep him free from disease. But by the age o f 15, he was dying of important events, achievements
and the personality of the person
a lung disease called tuberculosis. His hair fell out, his nails came o ff and
who recently died. Begin with
his fingers and toes began to loosen and drop away at the joints. Edward
Edward's birth on 12 October
died on 6 July 1553. He had no children, so, after Lady Jane Grey had ruled
1537 and end with his death on
for only nine days, his older half-sister Mary became the new queen. She
6 July 1553 at the age of just 15.
was a deeply religious Catholic. Protestant England was about to change!

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
1.8 How bloody was
Bloody Mary?
Nicknames are sometimes used between friends m is s io n O b je ctiv e s
who know each other very well. Other times, they are
used by people to be nasty. Queen Mary had a very • Examine hoW and W hy Bloody tA ary

nasty nickname: Bloody Mary. But why? What could go t her nickname.
she have done to be remembered in such a horrible • Decide whet her she deserved her
way? And did she deserve it? nasty nickname.

A n e w queen
Mary was Henry Vlll's eldest child. When she became
queen in 1553, Mary was unmarried, 37 years old and
a strict Catholic. Some people were delighted to have
Mary as queen. They didn't like all the religious changes
that had taken place in Edward's reign.They looked
forward to a tim e when Mary would bring back the old
Catholic ways.

Soon after becoming queen Mary married the Catholic

King Philip of Spain. But this was seen as a bad move.
Philip and the Spanish were very unpopular in England
and many wondered whether the Spanish king would
start interfering in the running o f the country.

R e lig io u s changes... again!

As soon as she was crowned, Mary started to undo all ‘J if f the peopfe o f London rejoiced a nd made many
great fires. They set out ta6fes a nd feasted. ’
the changes her father and brother had made.

• England was officially made a Catholic country A SO U R C E B: From a diary written at the time,
once more. celebrating the arrival of the new queen.
• The Pope controlled religion again.
7 wiffspare the fife o f Lady Jane. ’
• The churches were redecorated w ith stone altars,
brightly painted walls, statues and gold crosses.
• Married priests were made to leave their wives A SO U R C E C: Lady Jane Grey was named queen by
the previous king, Edward VI. She didn't last long at all.
(because Catholics believe priests should be
Mary's troops marched into London and arrested her. Mary
unmarried). promised not to kill Jane but soon ordered the execution of
• Church services and prayer books were in Latin her, her husband and other family members!
once more.
‘J lbout 300 peopfe were burned to death affover the
Mary's changes didn't please the Protestants, who
country because they refused to worship the Cathofic
were becoming fed up o f this religious see-saw. Her way. M ost o f these were humbfe shopkeepers, carpenters,
message to them was simple - change religion or be farm ers a nd housewives. ’
punished! You m ight now see how Mary acquired her
nickname. Now look through the sources and start to A SO U R C E D: From History Alive 1 1485-1714,
build an opinion of Mary. by Peter Moss, 1980.
B 1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 Si corpus mrttm
\ummtean™
. r ilA
!}^n
l I i t f l l L f o t 1* 8W-
m, ■arise U p W ord s

m artyr

.. when 'Ma ry died, a d the

churches o f London d id ring, and
at night d id maf(e bonfires an d set
tabfes in the street a n d d id eat and
drin h gn d be merry... ’

A S O U R C E H: From a diary written

at the time of Mary's death.

‘
Mary was a deepCy redgious
woman a n d devoted to the same
Cathode fa ith as her mother. J4.CCo f
S O U R C E E: The burning of Latimer and Ridley, two
the monarchs that havefoCCowed
Protestants who refused to become Catholics. A person who is
her have been (Protestants, so
prepared to die for what they believe is called a martyr.
M ary’ s history has been written by
(Protestant historians. They have not
been hind to her. ’
‘‘
There were burnt 5 bishops, 21 ministers, 8 gentCemen,
84 workers, 100farmers, servants andCabourers,
26 wives, 20 widows, 9 girCs, 2 boys a n d 2 infants. ’ A S O U R C E I: An extract from a
modern history book.

A S O U R C E F: From an essay on the history of Norfolk.

W ork
1 a rv D ivide y o u r page in to tw o co lu m n s :'B lo o d y
“ M a ry 'a n d 'U n lucky Mary'. Read th ro u g h
Sources B-l and d ecide if you th in k th e y suggest
300 S O U R C E Q-.Mary w h e th e r M ary deserved her n ickn am e or not. If
was top of the league of you th in k a source does, w rite a b rie f d escrip tio n
horrible burnings. Flowever, o f it in th e 'B lo o d y M a ry 'c o lu m n . If you th in k a
she wasn't the top Tudor source doesn't, w rite a b rie f d e s c rip tio n o f it in th e
200 executioner - her father was. 'U n lucky M a ry 'c o lu m n ,
In Flenry's reign, over 70,000 b Overall, d o you th in k M ary deserves her nasty
ro people were executed.
01 nicknam e? Give reasons fo r y o u r answer.
T3
0
T3
2 Sources B and H w ere w ritte n by th e same person.
01 100
C
i—
81 H ow had p u b lic o p in io n chan ge d d u rin g Mary's tim e
3
.O as queen?
■
—
01
-Q
£ 3 Read Source F.
a W hy m ig h t you n o t be able to tru s t e verythin g th a t
M a ry H en ry H en ry E liz a b e th is w ritte n in Foxe's book?
(reigned V T II V II (reigned 44 b Do you th in k th is b o o k was p ub lish ed d u rin g
5 years) (reigned (reigned years) Mary's reign? Give reasons fo r y o u r answer.
37 years) 23 years)

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 The nastiest nursery
rhyme in the world!
You've all heard it. Most of you will have sung it. Mothers M iss io n O b je ctiv e s
sing it to babies; children sing it in nursery classes and in the
playground. It sounds like a nice, friendly rhyme about a girl
• Examine t h e hidden meaning
called Mary. But would you sing it if you really knew what
o f t h e popular nursery r hyme
each line was about? The poem is definitely about someone
called Mary... but she's not a little girl! The Mary in the rhyme M a r y , Wary, qui te c o n t r a r y ’.

is rumoured to be Bloody Mary, queen from 1553 to 1558 and • De ci de w h a t religion t h e

famous for ordering the burning of over 300 people. So what Writer o f t h e r hy me Would
could the rhyme be about? What do all those strange words ha\ie b e lo n g e d to .
mean? And who would have written such a thing?

Read through the poem below carefully and then look

through the fact boxes on these pages. Try to match
them with each line. Prepare to be astonished! After Mary was rumoured to have had some children, but
you have read these pages you m ight think twice each little girl was stillborn. Mary was supposed to
about singing the rhyme again. have had them buried secretly in a long row of graves.
V____________________________________
Mary, Mary, quite contrary,
J-fowdoes your garden grow?
Witfi sifver Beds
‘And' cocB.fesf.eds,
Andyretty maids ad in a row.

\
Mary enjoyecd listening to the sound of church bells,
This music w as unfashionable at the time.
V J

------------------------------------------------------------------ A
Mary longed for a baby. She was delighted when she
thought she was pregnant soon after marrying her
husband, King Philip of Spain. However, she soon
found out that she wasn't pregnant at all; her stomach
pains were in fact the symptoms of a terrible disease,
possibly cancer. One line of the rhyme ridicules the
fact that nothing will grow inside her.
V J
1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 B e a Top W is e Up W ord s
Mary's husband wasn't very H istoria n
cuckold ridicule stillborn
loving. King Philip hardly ever Top historians often have
saw her during their marriage. different views about
Also, he had affairs with lots significant people in history. It's
of other women. At the time, perfectly OK to have a different Nasty, isn't it?
if your husband or wife was opinion from someone else as Have you worked it out? Can you
seeing other people behind long as you can explain your
match the five fact boxes to the
your back you might be known views. Why do you think a
five lines o f the poem? Can you see
as a cuckold. Which line do you Catholic and a Protestant might
how cruel the rhyme is? It must
think this is referring to? have different opinions of
Queen Mary? have been made up by someone
w ho really hated Mary. What you
may have th o u g h t was a harmless
nursery rhyme about a girl called
'Contrary'means'opposite'. If a person is contrary, it Mary is really a hateful, spiteful
often means that they take a different view just for rhyme about an awkward woman
the sake of it. Mary was accused of being awkward w ith an unfaithful husband, an
because she wanted to change England back to unpopular taste in music and
a Catholic country so soon after it had become a stillborn children!
Protestant one.

This isn't the only cruel or nasty nurseryj

rhyme.'Jack and Jill'doesn't have a
very happy ending,'Rock a bye baby'
ends in disaster and as for poor old 'Humpty
Durmpty'... And we sing all of these to little babies. Try
to find out more about some famous nursery rhymes.
'Ring a ring o'roses','Humpty Dumpty' and 'Little Jack
Horner'all have fascinating stories surrounding them.

W ork
1 a Copy out each line of the nursery rhyme but leave
some space underneath it.
b Underneath each line, explain what it really means,
in your own words.

2 Do you think the writer of the rhyme was a Protestant

or a Catholic? Explain your answer.

3 This rhyme was once described as a 'lot of old, nasty

gossip'. What do you think this means? Explain your
answer carefully.

4 Imagine you are the person who wrote the

poem. Try to justify why you wrote such a
spiteful poem. Use what you have learned about
Mary to help you.

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
 Elizabeth's m iddle w ay
On 17 November 1558, Mary I died. Her marriage to Philipll
of Spain had produced no children, so her half-sister M issio n O b je ctiv e s
Elizabeth became the new queen. Elizabeth had spent much
of her life as third in line to the throne and was lucky to have A n a l y s e Aok/ E l i z a b e t h tried t o end
survived Mary's reign - Elizabeth's mother (Anne Boleyn) religioc/S' t u r m o i l in T u d o r England.
had taken the place of Mary's mother (Catherine of Aragon)
• Recall w h ic h f a i t h Elizabeth
as Henry's wife, after all! When Elizabeth heard of her half-
belonged to.
sister's death, it is reported that she fell to her knees and
said, This is the Lord's doing and it is marvellous in our eyes.' • Explain hoW this caused a n o th e r
So which faith did Elizabeth follow? What changes did she C a th o li c clampdoWn.
make? And what did her arrival on the throne mean for the
way people worshipped God in England?

T h e r e lig io u s settlem en t Elizabeth was not a religious fanatic and wanted to

Elizabeth was going to return the country to the avoid the extremes o f both Protestants and Catholics.
Protestant faith but had no intention of repeating the That way, she hoped she would please most people
chaos caused by her half-brother and half-sister. and keep the country a peaceful place! Her ideas were
known as her Religious Settlem ent.
A compromise with the Catholics
Bishops were kept
to please Catholics
but services were
in English to please
Protestants.

Elizabeth made herself Governor,

not Head, of the Church of
England in order to please
the Catholics. This meant that
Catholics - if they wanted to -
could still think of the Pope as
Head of the Church.

The Catholic service was

changed to please the
Protestants but strict
Catholics, who didn't
Priests were allowed want to attend the
to marry to please the new services, weren't
Protestants and a revised severely punished.
prayer book replaced the However, they had to
one from Edward's reign pay a fine for staying
that was so hated by at home and became
Catholics. known as recusants.

1 H e re come th e T u d o rs
Did th e ‘
m id d le way' w o rk ?
Although it pleased most people, extrem ists on both
W is e Up W o rd s
sides were left deeply unhappy by Elizabeth's ideas.
extremist recusant Religious Settlement
Very strict Protestants, known as Puritans, didn't want
to compromise w ith Catholics.They wanted to destroy
the Pope and his whole religion. Strict Catholics
believed that the Protestants were doing the work of
the Devil and were damning the whole country to
hell. In fact, the Pope claimed that Elizabeth was the The penalty for sheltering a Catholic priest was death
but many Catholics saw it as their religious duty to
daughter of a'sorceress'and excommunicated her!
keep their way of worship alive. Some priests hid up
He also called her a'servant o f crime'and ordered the
chimneys, but Walsingham's men started lighting fires
people of England not to obey her! This made it very
every time they searched a house. The soldiers would
difficult for Elizabeth to tolerate Catholics, as any one
often stop in suspected houses for days, listening for
of them could be plotting her death! As a result, she the slightest noise that would betray a hidden priest.
decided to make life a little tougher for the Catholics. v _____________________ y

The C a th olic cla m p d ow n

Elizabeth's chief spy, Sir Francis Walsingham, kept B e a T op H istoria n
a close eye on all the im portant Catholics using Your History studies will be full of new,
informers and secret agents. New laws were passed intriguing, difficult (and often exciting) words and
which meant that Catholic priests would now be tried phrases, such as 'recusant', 'excommunicate' and
and executed for treason.The fine that recusants had 'regicide'. Top historians must try to learn these words
to pay was heavily increased in order to force them and use them correctly when talking or writing.
Why not keep a 'Key Words book' or a 'Glossary of
to leave the country, but many were throw n in prison
Important Words'so you have them all together?
when they ran out o f money. However, the prospect of
being executed was not enough to stop many Catholic
priests and they continued to hold their Catholic W ork
services in secret. Some were kept hidden in special
hiding places called 'priest holes'to avoid detection. 1 Explain what the word 'compromise' means.
But Elizabeth's long reign of 44 years meant that there
2 Copy the following sentences into your books.
was to be no Catholic comeback and the Protestant
• Elizabeth made herself Governor of the Church of
faith was firm ly established. Indeed, this nation remains
England.
officially a Protestant country to this day.
• Bishops were allowed to stay in their jobs.
• Priests were allowed to get married.
• Edward Vi's prayer book was replaced.
• Recusants were allowed to miss church services.
After each sentence, write 'Catholic' if it was meant to
keep Catholics happy, or'Protestant'if it was designed
to please Protestants.

3 a What do you think is meant by the term'middle

way'?
b Did Elizabeth's middle way work? Write a paragraph
explaining your answer (you might want to
mention the Pope!).1

4 Look at Source A.
a What was a priest hole?
b Why were they needed?

1 H e re com e th e T u d o rs
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