Hot Topics & Frequently Questions

About Social Studies

Vocabulary (meaning)
1. Party - Faction
2. Note - A brief record of points or ideas written sown as an aid to memory
3. Executing - to carry out fully
4. Relief - Removal or lightening of something painful, troubling, burdensome, or dangerous
5. Co-opted - To choose or elect as a member
6. Branch Synonym - Division
7. Confrontation - Peace for the Crisis

Notes of Hot Topics

Civics & Government
Difference Between Power of Federal & State
The United States has a federal system of government, which means that power is
divided between the federal government and state governments. The federal government
has enumerated powers such as the power to levy taxes, regulate commerce, establish a
uniform law of naturalization, establish federal courts, establish and maintain a military,
and declare war. The states have reserved powers such as the power to regulate intrastate
commerce, conduct elections, and provide for public safety, health, and welfare. Both the
federal government and the states have concurrent powers such as the power to levy
taxes, set up courts, and spend and borrow money. The balance of power between the
federal government and the states has varied over time as the needs of society have
changed.

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 Branches of U.S. Government
The United States government has three branches: the executive, legislative, and
judicial. The legislative branch is responsible for making laws, the executive branch is
responsible for enforcing laws, and the judicial branch is responsible for interpreting laws.
The Constitution of the United States divides the federal government into these three
branches to ensure that no individual or group will have too much power. Each branch of
government can change acts of the other branches, and the system of checks and
balances ensures that no one branch becomes too powerful.

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Legislative
The legislative branch is made up of the House and Senate, collectively known as
the Congress. The legislative branch makes all laws, declares war, regulates interstate and
foreign commerce and controls taxing and spending policies.
Federal – Senate (2 Senators per state) and House (435 voting, 6 nonvoting members,
based on state population)
State – Bicameral legislative body with House and Senate (except Nebraska, with only
Senators)
Local – City councils, varying in size and in structure

Judicial
The Judicial Branch, under Article III of the Constitution, interprets, explains, and applies
the laws. This branch does so by hearing and making decisions on various legal cases in
court.
Federal – Supreme Court (9 justices, nominated by the President and approved by the
Senate lower federal courts handle appearls, tax, bankruptcy, etc)
State – State Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, trial courts, juvenile courts, family
courts
Local – Municipal courts with specified jurisdictions
 Executive
The executive branch consists of the President, their advisors, as well as various
departments, and is responsible for enforcing the laws of the land.
Federal – President, Vice President, and 15 Cabinet Members
State – Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and State Cabinet Members
Local – Mayor or City Council

Presidential Succession Order

The United States presidential line of succession is the order in which the vice
president of the United States and other officers of the United States federal government
assume the powers and duties of the U.S. presidency upon an elected president’s death,
resignation, removal from office, or incapacity. The order of succession is set by the
Presidential Succession Act of 1947, as amended, and includes the vice president, the
speaker of the House of Representatives, the president pro tempore of the Senate, and the
Cabinet secretaries.

Limited Government, Representative Government & Separation of powers

Limited government is a political system in which the power of the government is
restricted by law, usually in a written constitution. Representative government is a system in
which citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. Separation of
powers is a system in which the government is divided into three branches: legislative,
executive, and judicial, each with its own distinct powers and responsibilities. The Bill of
Rights is a document that outlines the basic rights and freedoms of citizens, such as
freedom of speech, religion, and the press, and the right to bear arms. It is an essential
component of the US Constitution and serves to limit the power of the government by
protecting individual liberties.
 How can benefits the States, when AOC amends the constitution?
Amending the Constitution is a complex process that requires the support of many
people and institutions. If AOC were to amend the Constitution, it would require a two-
thirds majority vote in both the House of Representatives and the Senate, as well as
ratification by three-fourths of the states. The benefits of amending the Constitution are
that it allows for changes to be made to the document that reflect the needs and values
of the people. This can help to ensure that the government remains responsive to the
needs of the people and that individual rights and freedoms are protected. However,
amending the Constitution is a difficult process, and it can take a long time to achieve the
necessary support.

Article 2 of the U.S. Constitution

Article 2 of the U.S. Constitution pertains to the executive branch of the government,
including the presidency. It outlines the powers and responsibilities of the President,
including the authority to serve as Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and the ability
to make treaties with the advice and consent of the Senate. The President is also
responsible for appointing federal judges and officials, and ensuring that the laws are
faithfully executed. And Vice President, the process for electing them, and their duties and
powers. The Vice President serves as President of the Senate and takes over as President if
the President is unable to fulfill their duties.

Constitution vs. Article of Confederation

The Articles of Confederation were the first governing document of the United
States, ratified in 1781. The Articles created a loose confederation of independent states
with limited powers. Under the Articles, each state was its own sovereign entity and had
most of the rights reserved for a national government, such as creating taxes and
declaring war. The central government under the Articles could only pass laws over foreign
affairs, maintain an army and navy, and settle disputes between states.
The Constitution, on the other hand, replaced the Articles of Confederation as
the country’s governing document in 1787. It outlines a stronger national government with
clear divisions of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The
Constitution also includes the Bill of Rights, which outlines the basic rights and freedoms of
citizens and serves to limit the power of the government by protecting individual liberties .
The Constitution is considered to be the supreme law of the land, and any laws
or actions that conflict with it are considered to be unconstitutional. The Articles of
Confederation, on the other hand, were replaced by the Constitution and are no longer in
effect.
 What does the senate do about foreign policy?
The Senate plays a crucial role in shaping US foreign policy. According to the
Constitution, the Senate has the power to approve treaties and appointments made by the
President, with a two-thirds majority vote. The Senate also participates in joint resolutions
dealing with foreign policy and takes part informally in other foreign policy activities. The
Senate Foreign Relations Committee has a special role to play because the Senate must
approve all treaties and nominations to key foreign policy postings and make decisions
about legislation in the foreign policy arena.

Difference Between Federalist & Anti-federalist

In U.S. history, Federalists wanted a stronger national government and the
ratification of the Constitution to help properly manage the debt and tensions following
the American Revolution. They favored central banking and central financial policies. On
the other hand, Anti-Federalists were those who opposed the development of a strong
federal government and the ratification of the Constitution in 1788, preferring instead for
power to remain in the hands of state and local governments. During the ratification
debates over the U.S. Constitution in the late 1780s, two primary groups emerged: the
Federalists and the Anti-Federalists. Federalists supported the Constitution and advocated
for a strong central government to address national issues, while Anti-Federalists were
concerned about centralized power infringing upon individual rights and state powers. The
addition of the Bill of Rights helped ease Anti-Federalist concerns, and the Constitution
was ratified in 1788. Both groups played crucial roles in shaping the early political
landscape of the United States. They felt that states were free agents that should manage
their own revenue and spend their money as they saw fit. Anti-Federalists were closely tied
to rural landowners and farmers who were conservative and staunchly independent 12. The
most important parts of this debate were decided in the 1700s and 1800s in U.S. history,
and the Federalist Party dissolved centuries ago, but the battles between federalist and
anti-federalist ideologies continue into the present day in left and right wing American
politics.

Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights was added to the U.S. Constitution to address concerns about
individual liberties and protect citizens from potential government abuses. It consists of the
first ten amendments and guarantees fundamental rights such as freedom of speech,
religion, and the right to a fair trial. It was written to address the objections raised by Anti-
Federalists and to extend “the ground of public confidence in the government”. For GED
frequently asked questions, understanding that the Bill of Rights was added to ensure
individual freedoms and limit government power is key.
 History
Timeline of U.S. History
The U.S. timeline of history for GED frequently asked questions can be
summarized as follows:

1607: Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement, is established.

1776: Declaration of Independence is adopted.
1787: U.S. Constitution is drafted.
1789: Constitution goes into effect, George Washington becomes the first President.
1861-1865: Civil War between Northern and Southern states.
1863: Emancipation Proclamation declares freedom for slaves.
1865: Civil War ends; 13th Amendment abolishes slavery.
1920: 19th Amendment grants women the right to vote.
1929: Great Depression begins.
1941: U.S. enters World War II.
1954: Brown v. Board of Education desegregates schools.
1960s: Civil Rights Movement seeks equal rights for African Americans.
1969: Apollo 11 lands the first humans on the moon.
2001: 9/11 terrorist attacks.
2008: Barack Obama becomes the first African American President.
2020: COVID-19 pandemic.

These key events provide a concise overview of U.S. history for GED purposes.

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 The Reconstruction Era
The Reconstruction Era in U.S. history (1865-1877) followed the Civil War. Its main
goals were to rebuild the Southern states, ensure civil rights for newly freed slaves, and
reintegrate them into society. Key points include the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments,
addressing slavery, equal protection, and voting rights. However, Reconstruction faced
challenges like resistance from Southern whites and the rise of discriminatory laws (Jim
Crow).

The 2000 U.S. election

The 2000 U.S. election was hotly contested between George W. Bush and Al Gore,
with the outcome ultimately decided by the Supreme Court in Bush v. Gore. The key issue
was the recount in Florida, where ballot irregularities and hanging chads emerged. In a 5-
4 decision, the Supreme Court stopped the recount, awarding Florida's electoral votes to
Bush and securing his presidency. This decision sparked debates on the Supreme Court's
role in elections and raised concerns about the fairness of the electoral process.
Understanding this event is crucial for GED, including the recount controversy, Supreme
Court decision, and its impact on the election's outcome.

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 allowed residents of the territories to decide on
the issue of slavery, leading to violent clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers
in Kansas. This act intensified tensions between North and South, ultimately contributing to
the Civil War. Understanding the Kansas-Nebraska Act is important for GED study as it
played a significant role in the expansion of slavery and the sectional conflict that
preceded the war. Proposed by Senator Stephen Douglas of Illinois, this controversial bill
raised the possibility of extending slavery into previously banned territories, fueling the
heated debate over slavery in the United States.

The first Secretary of the Treasury in 1789 (First & second event)
Alexander Hamilton was appointed by President George Washington as the first
Secretary of the Treasury in 1789. The first significant event was Hamilton's financial plan,
including establishing a national bank and assuming state debts. The second event was the
congressional approval of these measures. The cause was the need to address the nation's
financial challenges after the Revolutionary War. The effects included the establishment of
key financial institutions and the foundation for economic stability. For GED, understanding
Hamilton's role, financial plan, and its approval are essential aspects of early U.S. history.
 Treaty of Versailles
President Wilson approved the Treaty of Versailles, but the Senate rejected it. The
Senate's role is to advise and consent to international agreements as outlined in the U.S.
Constitution. It has the power to approve or reject treaties, ratify or reject presidential
appointments, and conduct investigations. Understanding this separation of powers is
crucial for GED questions related to the U.S. government's foreign relations and treaty-
making process. The President negotiates treaties, but the Senate must approve them by a
two-thirds majority. This process ensures checks and balances in international agreements.

African American Migration

The Great Migration, a significant event in the history of Black Americans, saw
over 6 million people relocate from rural South to urban cities from 1916 to 1970. Economic
hardships and segregationist laws drove this migration, and it facilitated the growth of the
urban industrial economy. The migration also fostered new Black communities and
businesses, fostering pride and self-sufficiency among Black Americans. Approximately
5,000 Black soldiers served in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War.
1. African American Migration:
Main Idea: African American migration refers to the movement of Black
populations, notably the Great Migration from the South to the North in the early
20th century.
Evidence: Census data, historical records, and demographic shifts demonstrate
the scale of African American migration.
2. Economic Impacts of Migration:
Main Idea: The migration led to urbanization, increased job opportunities in
northern industries, and the growth of Black urban communities.
Evidence: Economic data, employment records, and the development of Black
neighborhoods like Harlem.
3. African Americans in the Military during the Revolutionary War:
Main Idea: African Americans served in the Revolutionary War for various reasons,
including a desire for freedom and the promise of emancipation.
Evidence: Historical documents, such as military records, personal narratives, and
enlistment rosters, highlight their contributions.
For GED, understanding these aspects of African American history provides insights into
migration trends, economic impacts, and their role in pivotal historical events like the
Revolutionary War.
 Declared war on Japan
Franklin D. Roosevelt declared war on Japan after the attack on Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941. The main reason was the surprise military strike by Japan, which caused
extensive damage to the U.S. Pacific Fleet and led to the loss of American lives. The attack
prompted the United States to enter World War II, aligning with Allied forces against the
Axis powers. Understanding the significance of the Pearl Harbor attack and the U.S.
response is crucial for GED questions related to World War II.

Letter from Birmingham Jail

Martin Luther King Jr.'s "Letter from Birmingham Jail" was written in response to his
arrest during the Birmingham campaign against segregation in 1963. The first event was
King's participation in nonviolent protests against racial segregation, leading to his arrest.
The second event was the publication of the letter in 1963, addressing criticism from fellow
clergy for his activism. This powerful letter defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance
and became a pivotal document in the Civil Rights Movement. Understanding these events
is essential for GED questions on civil rights and activism in the 1960s.

USSR & U.S.

During the Cold War, the relationship between the Soviet Union (USSR) and the
United States was marked by tension and competition. The cause of the U.S. response to
the growing military power of the USSR was the perceived threat of Soviet expansionism
and nuclear capabilities. The effect was the development of the arms race, with both
nations building up their military arsenals.

The Cuban Missile Crisis

The Cuban Missile Crisis concluded in 1962 when the United States and the Soviet
Union reached an agreement. The U.S. agreed to remove missiles from Turkey, and the
Soviets agreed to dismantle their missile bases in Cuba. This resolution averted a potential
nuclear conflict and marked a thaw in Cold War tensions. Understanding the resolution of
the Cuban Missile Crisis is important for GED questions related to Cold War diplomacy and
crisis management.

The Whig Party

The Whig Party was a political party in the US from the early 1830s to the mid-
1850s, opposing the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party. They
supported a strong federal government, infrastructure development, and a national banking
system. They were also known for their opposition to the expansion of slavery into new
territories. Understanding the Whig Party is relevant to US history, particularly regarding the
political landscape of the 19th century, and could be a topic covered in GED US History
questions, focusing on their platform, key leaders, and their role in events leading up to the
American Civil War. The Whig Party was active from 1834 to 1854 and included four
presidents: William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, John Tyler, and Millard Fillmore.
 The Marshall Plan
The Marshall Plan, also known as the European Recovery Program, was a U.S.
initiative proposed by Secretary of State George C. Marshall in 1947 to aid Western
European countries economically after World War II. Its aim was to prevent the spread of
communism and promote post-war reconstruction by providing financial assistance for
rebuilding infrastructure, stabilizing economies, and fostering political stability. The plan
provided over $15 billion and was a significant aspect of U.S. foreign policy during the Cold
War.

The Declaration of independence

The Declaration of Independence is a foundational document in American history,
adopted on July 4, 1776. It asserted the 13 American colonies' independence from British
rule. Drafted primarily by Thomas Jefferson, it emphasized natural rights, equality, and the
idea that governments derive their power from the consent of the governed. The
Declaration listed grievances against King George III, stating that the colonies had the right
to self-governance. Its principles influenced the formation of the United States and are
central to American ideals of freedom and democracy.

The American Revolution

The American Revolution was a conflict between the 13 American colonies and
Great Britain, lasting from 1775 to 1783. It played a crucial role in establishing the United
States as an independent nation. Causes included colonial discontent with British policies
and taxation without representation. Key events like the Battles of Lexington and Concord
and the Siege of Yorktown shaped the conflict. The Declaration of Independence (1776)
formalized the colonies' break from British rule. The Treaty of Paris (1783) ended the war,
recognizing the U.S. as an independent nation. The Revolution laid the foundation for the
U.S. Constitution and its principles of self-governance.

The G.I. Bill

The GI Bill, also known as the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, provided
benefits to World War II veterans to aid their transition to civilian life. These benefits
included education, training, home loan guarantees, and unemployment compensation. The
education provision was significant, as it helped millions of veterans attend college or
vocational training, contributing to post-war economic growth and an educated workforce.
The GI Bill also facilitated veterans' access to low-cost home loans, leading to the
suburbanization of America and the growth of the middle class. Overall, the GI Bill had a
transformative impact on American society, promoting social mobility, homeownership, and
higher education accessibility, and is considered a major factor in the post-war economic
boom.
 Presidential speeches
Obama's speeches (summarized)

About Obama
Barack Obama, the first African American President of the United States, oversaw
important events such as the implementation of the ACA, the killing of Osama bin Laden,
the Iran Nuclear Deal, and the legalization of same-sex marriage. He delivered notable
speeches and signed crucial bills into law, including the ACA and the Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay
Act.
Inaugural Address (2009)
President Barack Obama's inaugural address on January 20, 2009, marked the
beginning of his presidency.
1. Theme of Unity: Obama emphasized unity and a collective commitment to addressing
challenges, calling for a new era of responsibility.
2. Economic Challenges: Acknowledged the economic crisis at the time and outlined the
need for a coordinated effort to overcome it.
3. Hope and Change: Reiterated his campaign themes of hope and change, expressing
optimism about America's ability to overcome difficulties.
4. Foreign Policy: Discussed the importance of diplomacy, engagement, and respect in
foreign relations, signaling a shift from the policies of the previous administration.
5. Call to Service: Encouraged citizens to contribute to the betterment of the nation,
emphasizing shared responsibility and civic engagement.

Standing Rock Sioux Reservation Speech

President Barack Obama's speech at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation on June
13, 2014, highlighted key points related to Native American issues and the broader principles
of democracy:
1. Tribal Sovereignty: Emphasized the importance of respecting tribal sovereignty,
recognizing the unique political status of Native American nations.
2. Self-Determination: Advocated for self-determination, empowering Native American
communities to make decisions about their own governance and future.
3. Economic Development: Discussed the need for economic development initiatives that
respect tribal traditions and values, fostering sustainable growth.
4. Education: Addressed the challenges in Native American education and expressed a
commitment to improving educational opportunities for Native American youth.
5. Environmental Stewardship: Recognized the importance of environmental
conservation and expressed support for responsible management of natural resources.
These points underscored President Obama's commitment to a government-to-
government relationship with Native American tribes and his recognition of their rights,
needs, and contributions.
 About Tribal Leaders
Obama’s speech: President Obama addressed hundreds of tribal nation
representatives at his last White House Tribal Nations Conference. He said he had heard
them, seen them and hoped he had done right by them. He also said he would continue
to work on tribal issues after leaving office.
Tribal leaders’ reactions: Many tribal officials praised Obama for enhancing their
influence in Washington by signing an executive order that required every agency to
consult with the tribes. They also expressed concern that the next administration might
not follow the same direction.
Pipeline controversy: The page mentions the dispute over the Dakota Access pipeline,
which the Standing Rock Sioux Tribe opposes because it could threaten their water and
ancestral sites. The administration has temporarily halted the project to consult with the
tribe, while an energy-industry coalition has criticized the decision. Obama said he had
made his voices heard.

Don’t Give Up Speech (from Youtube videos)

Obama encourages people not to give up on changing the ways of Washington, despite
it being harder than expected. He urges everyone to keep fighting for affordable
healthcare and to work together to bring down costs and end thworst practices of the
insurance industry.
Encouragement to Keep Fighting for Change Some may feel discouraged by the
difficulty of changing Washington's ways. Encouragement to keep pushing for change
and not give up. Commitment to continue working with Democrats and Republicans to
improve healthcare. Determination to not walk away from the fights for change.

Economic 2011
President Obama delivered a notable economic speech in September 2011 as part
of his efforts to address the economic challenges facing the United States. In this speech,
he emphasized the need for comprehensive measures to regulate the economy and spur
growth. Key points include:
Jobs Bill: Obama proposed the American Jobs Act, outlining measures to create jobs
and stimulate economic recovery. The bill included infrastructure investments, tax cuts,
and aid to states to prevent public sector job losses.
Tax Reforms: The speech highlighted Obama's push for tax reforms, calling for higher
taxes on the wealthy and closing corporate loopholes. The goal was to ensure a fair
distribution of the tax burden.
Financial Regulation: Obama reiterated the importance of financial regulation to
prevent another economic crisis. He emphasized the need to hold financial institutions
accountable and ensure responsible behavior.
 President Abraham Lincoln
President Abraham Lincoln served as the 16th President of the United States from
1861 to 1865. He is best known for his leadership during the American Civil War and his
efforts to preserve the Union. Lincoln is also celebrated for his role in ending slavery in the
United States.
Famous Speeches:
1. Gettysburg Address (1863): A brief but powerful speech given at the dedication of the
Soldiers' National Cemetery in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Lincoln emphasized the
principles of equality and freedom.
2. Emancipation Proclamation (1863): Although not a speech, this executive order
declared all slaves in Confederate-held territory to be free, a significant step toward
the abolition of slavery.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. The Civil War (1861-1865): Lincoln navigated the nation through its most tumultuous
period, the Civil War, which was fought between the Northern states (Union) and the
Southern states (Confederacy) over issues including slavery and states' rights.
2. Assassination (1865): Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth on April 14, 1865,
just days after the end of the Civil War, while attending a play at Ford's Theatre in
Washington, D.C. His death had a profound impact on the nation.
GED Frequently Asked Questions:
1. Role in U.S. History: Lincoln played a pivotal role in preserving the Union and abolishing
slavery, making him one of the most revered U.S. presidents.
2. Speeches on GED: Lincoln's speeches, particularly the Gettysburg Address and
Emancipation Proclamation, are often studied on the GED as examples of impactful
and historic documents.
3. Civil War on GED: Questions about the causes and consequences of the Civil War may
appear on the GED, with Lincoln's leadership and the Emancipation Proclamation being
relevant topics.
4. Assassination on GED: The circumstances and consequences of Lincoln's assassination
may be discussed on the GED as a significant event in U.S. history.

The First Inaugural Address

The First Inaugural Address delivered by President Lincoln on March 4, 1861. In this
address, Lincoln sought to ease tensions between the North and South and prevent the
outbreak of civil war. Key points include:
1. Union Preservation: Lincoln emphasized his commitment to preserving the Union,
urging unity and peaceful resolution of differences.
2. Constitutional Legitimacy: He argued that secession was unconstitutional, stating that
the Union was perpetual and could not be dissolved by individual states.
3. Avoidance of Conflict: Lincoln expressed a desire to avoid bloodshed and urged both
sides to seek reconciliation through dialogue rather than resorting to armed conflict..
 President George W. Bush

President George W. Bush served as the 43rd President of the United States from
2001 to 2009. Here are brief details about his role in U.S. history, key speeches, and notable
events:
Role in U.S. History:
1. 9/11 and War on Terror: Bush's presidency was profoundly shaped by the terrorist
attacks on September 11, 2001. He led the country in the subsequent War on Terror,
including the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003.
2. No Child Left Behind Act: Bush signed the No Child Left Behind Act in 2002, aiming to
reform education policies by setting standards and measures for student performance.
Famous Speeches:
1. Address to the Nation after 9/11 (2001): In this speech, Bush addressed the nation
after the September 11 attacks, expressing resolve and outlining the U.S. response to
terrorism.
2. Second Inaugural Address (2005): Bush's second inaugural address highlighted
themes of freedom, democracy, and the spread of liberty, outlining a vision for U.S.
foreign policy.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. Iraq War (2003): One of the defining events of Bush's presidency was the invasion of
Iraq, driven by concerns about weapons of mass destruction. The decision and
subsequent challenges became highly debated.
2. Second Inauguration (2005): Bush's second inauguration marked the beginning of his
second term and featured an address outlining his vision for democracy and freedom.

War on Terror on GED: Expect questions related to the War on Terror, the invasion of
Afghanistan and Iraq, and the broader implications for U.S. foreign policy.

Education Policies on GED: The No Child Left Behind Act may be relevant to questions
about domestic policies, education reform, and presidential initiatives.

Post-9/11 Presidency on GED: Questions might focus on the impact of the 9/11 attacks
on Bush's presidency, including changes in national security policies.
 President George Washington
President George Washington played a foundational role in U.S. history, serving as
the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797. Here are brief details about his
role, speeches, and notable events:
Role in U.S. History:
1. Revolutionary War Leadership: Washington served as the Commander-in-Chief of the
Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, leading the colonies to victory
against British forces.
2. Constitutional Convention: Washington presided over the Constitutional Convention in
1787, where the U.S. Constitution was drafted, laying the groundwork for the nation's
government.
Famous Speeches:
1. Farewell Address (1796): In his Farewell Address, Washington emphasized the
importance of national unity and warned against the dangers of political parties and
foreign entanglements.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. Inauguration as the First President (1789): Washington's inauguration in New York City
marked the beginning of the first presidential term under the new U.S. Constitution.

Farewell Address
President George Washington's Farewell Address, delivered in 1796, is a crucial
document in U.S. history. Here are the main points and their relevance to potential GED
questions:
Main Points of the Farewell Address:
1. Unity and Political Parties:
Washington emphasized the importance of national unity and warned against the
divisive influence of political parties.
He cautioned that excessive partisanship could threaten the stability and harmony
of the young republic.
2. Foreign Entanglements:
Washington advised against permanent alliances and entanglements with foreign
nations.
He stressed the need for the United States to remain neutral in international
conflicts to avoid being drawn into unnecessary wars.
3. Preservation of the Constitution:
Washington urged a commitment to the principles of the U.S. Constitution and the
rule of law.
He emphasized the significance of the Constitution as the foundation of the nation's
government.
 John Locke's Philosophy
John Locke (1632–1704) was a prominent Enlightenment philosopher whose ideas
profoundly influenced political thought. His philosophy centered on concepts such as
natural rights, government by consent, and the social contract.
Individual Rights:
1. Natural Rights:
Locke argued that individuals possess natural rights—life, liberty, and property—by
virtue of their existence.
These rights are inherent and precede the formation of governments.
2. Role of Government:
Locke believed that governments are formed to protect these natural rights.
The legitimacy of government is derived from the consent of the governed.
3. Right to Revolution:
Locke asserted that if a government violates its contract by infringing on natural
rights, individuals have the right to rebel and establish a new government.
4. Limited Government:
He expressed the radical view that government is morally obliged to serve people,
namely by protecting life, liberty, and property. He explained the principle of checks
and balances to limit government power.
Separation of Powers:
Individuals give up their natural rights to judge disputes and enforce the law of
nature, and in thus giving up their individual rights they create the original powers of
government: the legislative and executive, a distinction that Locke uses to justify a
fundamental separation of powers.
Wealth and Inequality:
Locke’s view concerning the accumulation of wealth and the role of money in his
theory might be a topic of interest. He also discussed how he justifies the emerging
inequality among people.

President Ronald Reagan

President Ronald Reagan's Role in U.S. History: Ronald Reagan served as the 40th
President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. His presidency is known for conservative
policies, economic reforms, and a strong anti-communist stance during the Cold War.
Famous Speeches:
1. Brandenburg Gate Speech (1987): Reagan delivered a memorable speech in West
Berlin, calling on Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev to "tear down this wall," referring to
the Berlin Wall. This became an iconic moment symbolizing the end of the Cold War.
2. Evil Empire Speech (1983): In this speech, Reagan denounced the Soviet Union as an
"evil empire" and reaffirmed the United States' commitment to opposing communism.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. Reaganomics and Economic Policies: Reagan implemented economic policies known
as "Reaganomics," emphasizing tax cuts, deregulation, and reduced government
spending. These policies aimed to stimulate economic growth and curb inflation.
 President John F. Kennedy
John F. Kennedy served as the 35th President of the United States from 1961 until
his assassination in 1963. His presidency is notable for its emphasis on civil rights, the space
race, and the handling of the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Famous Speeches:
1. Inaugural Address (1961): Kennedy's inaugural address is remembered for the famous
line, "Ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country,"
emphasizing civic duty and public service.
2. Ich bin ein Berliner Speech (1963): Given in West Berlin, Kennedy declared solidarity
with the citizens of Berlin, expressing the U.S.'s commitment to freedom during the tense
Cold War era.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. Cuban Missile Crisis (1962): Kennedy's leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis, a 13-
day confrontation with the Soviet Union, is a historic event. His handling of the crisis is
often praised for avoiding nuclear conflict.

Alexander Hamilton’s Belief

Alexander Hamilton, one of the Founding Fathers and the first Secretary of the
Treasury, held several key beliefs that are relevant to GED social studies questions:
1. Strong Federal Government:
Hamilton advocated for a strong central government with increased powers,
emphasizing the need for a stable and effective national authority.
2. Economic Vision:
He believed in a strong, diversified economy and supported the creation of a
national bank to manage the government's finances and promote economic growth.
3. National Debt:
Hamilton believed that assuming the states' Revolutionary War debts at the federal
level would establish financial credibility and strengthen the union.
4. Industrialization and Manufacturing:
Hamilton was a proponent of industrialization and manufacturing, envisioning a self-
sufficient and economically robust nation.
5. Elite Leadership:
Hamilton favored a form of government led by educated and economically
successful elites, believing they would provide stability and wise governance.
6. Federalism and Government Powers on GED:
Questions may inquire about Hamilton's views on the power of the federal
government, especially in contrast to states' rights.
7. Economic Policies on GED:
Hamilton's economic vision, including the establishment of a national bank, may be
relevant to questions about economic policies and financial systems.
8. Role of Government on GED:
Expect questions exploring Hamilton's perspective on the role of government in
fostering economic development and maintaining stability.
 President Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson served as the third President of the United States from 1801 to
1809. He is best known for drafting the Declaration of Independence, doubling the size of
the country through the Louisiana Purchase, and his role in founding the University of
Virginia.
Beliefs:
1. Democratic-Republican Values:
Jefferson was a prominent figure in the Democratic-Republican party, emphasizing
states' rights, agrarianism, and limited federal government.
2. Individual Liberties:
He valued individual liberties and was a proponent of a strict interpretation of the
Constitution to limit federal power.
Famous Speeches:
1. First Inaugural Address (1801):
Jefferson emphasized unity, limiting government, and the importance of preserving
individual rights in his inaugural address.
2. Second Inaugural Address (1805):
He continued to stress the principles of limited government and the importance of
agricultural independence in his second inaugural address.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. Louisiana Purchase (1803):
One of the most significant events of Jefferson's presidency was the acquisition of
the Louisiana Territory from France, effectively doubling the size of the United
States.

Louisiana Purchase
1. Date and Context:
The Louisiana Purchase occurred in 1803 during Thomas Jefferson's presidency.
2. Territory Acquired:
The United States acquired a vast territory from France, doubling the size of the
country.
3. Reasons for Purchase:
Jefferson sought to secure access to the important port of New Orleans and the
Mississippi River, ensuring western expansion and trade.
4. Impact on the Nation:
The acquisition opened up new lands for settlement, facilitated westward
expansion, and contributed to the idea of Manifest Destiny.
 President Andrew Johnson
Andrew Johnson served as the 17th President of the United States from 1865 to
1869. He became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln and played a
significant role in the post-Civil War Reconstruction era.
Famous Speeches:
1. Veto of the Civil Rights Act (1866):
Johnson vetoed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, expressing his opposition to the federal
government's intervention in the rights of states to regulate civil rights.
Famous Event & Ceremony:
1. Impeachment (1868):
Johnson is the first U.S. president to be impeached by the House of Representatives.
He narrowly avoided removal from office after being acquitted by one vote in the
Senate.

Supreme Court Cases

Brown v. Board of Education (overturned)

Brown v. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark Supreme Court case that
declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to
be unconstitutional, overturning the precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). The
ruling stated that "separate but equal" educational facilities were inherently unequal,
violating the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment.
Impact:
Brown v. Board of Education overturned the legal basis for racial segregation in
public schools, paving the way for the desegregation of educational institutions and
becoming a catalyst for the broader Civil Rights Movement.

Texas v. Johnson
Texas v. Johnson is a landmark Supreme Court case that occurred in 1989. The
case centered around the constitutionality of flag desecration and whether it could be
considered protected speech under the First Amendment. The Supreme Court, in a 5-4
decision, held that burning the American flag as a form of political protest is a
protected expression of free speech, as established by the First Amendment.

Texas v. Johnson is relevant to questions about Supreme Court decisions that have
shaped the interpretation of constitutional rights, particularly those related to free
speech.
 Mapp v. Ohio
Mapp v. Ohio is a landmark Supreme Court case that took place in 1961. The
case dealt with the Fourth Amendment's protection against unreasonable searches and
seizures. The Supreme Court, in a 6-3 decision, ruled that evidence obtained through an
illegal search and seizure is inadmissible in state criminal proceedings, extending the
exclusionary rule to the states. Mapp v. Ohio is relevant to questions about Supreme
Court decisions that have influenced the interpretation and application of constitutional
rights, specifically in the context of criminal procedure.

Economic & Geohraphy

Inflation & Deflation
Inflation:
Inflation refers to the general increase in prices of goods and services over time,
resulting in a decrease in the purchasing power of a currency.
Causes: Common causes of inflation include increased demand, supply chain disruptions,
or monetary policies leading to an oversupply of money.
Effects: Inflation erodes the real value of money, affecting savers and fixed-income
earners. It can distort economic decision-making and create uncertainty.

Deflation:
Deflation is the general decrease in prices of goods and services, leading to an
increase in the purchasing power of a currency.
Causes: Deflation can be caused by reduced consumer spending, decreased money
supply, or economic downturns, leading to falling prices.
Effects: Deflation can discourage spending as consumers anticipate lower prices in the
future. It may lead to economic stagnation and make it more challenging to repay debt.

Difference between Inflation and Deflation

1. Price Movement: In inflation, prices rise over time, reducing the purchasing power of
money. In deflation, prices decrease, increasing the purchasing power of money.
2. Impact on Economy: Inflation is generally considered normal in a growing economy,
but hyperinflation can be problematic. Deflation, especially if severe, can signal
economic distress and lead to decreased spending.
3. Central Bank Response: Central banks often aim for a target inflation rate and may
use monetary tools to control inflation. Deflation is typically seen as a concern, and
central banks may take measures to stimulate economic activity.
 Economic Indicators Reflecting Inflation and Deflation

Consumer Price Index (CPI):

Inflation: An increase in the CPI indicates rising prices for a basket of goods and
services, reflecting inflation.
Deflation: A decrease in the CPI signals falling prices, indicating deflation.

Producer Price Index (PPI):

Inflation: Rising PPI suggests increasing costs for producers, potentially leading to
higher consumer prices.
Deflation: Falling PPI indicates reduced production costs, which may contribute to
deflationary pressures.

Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

Inflation: Strong GDP growth combined with rising prices may indicate inflationary
pressures.
Deflation: Economic contraction coupled with falling prices may signal deflationary
trends.

Wage Growth:
Inflation: Increasing wages can contribute to inflation as businesses pass higher labor
costs to consumers.
Deflation: Stagnant or declining wages may exacerbate deflationary pressures.

Interest Rates:
Inflation: Central banks may raise interest rates to curb inflation by reducing borrowing
and spending.
Deflation: Central banks may lower interest rates to stimulate borrowing and spending
during deflationary periods.

Housing Prices:
Inflation: Rising home prices can contribute to overall inflation, impacting the cost of
living.
Deflation: Falling housing prices may signal economic contraction and deflationary
pressures.
 Factor market and Product Market
Factor Market
1. Definition:
The factor market involves the buying and selling of factors of production, including
land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
2. Main Ideas:
Businesses purchase factors of production to create goods and services.
Individuals supply factors of production in exchange for income.
3. Direct Relation to GED Questions:
Questions may explore how the factor market is essential for income generation, job
creation, and the production of goods and services.

Product Market:
1. Definition:
The product market is where finished goods and services are bought and sold by
consumers.
2. Main Ideas:
Businesses sell products to consumers in exchange for revenue.
Consumers purchase goods and services for personal use.
3. Direct Relation to GED Questions:
Questions may inquire about how the product market influences consumer choices,
pricing, and the overall economy.

Relationship between Factor Market and Product Market

1. Interdependence:
The factor market and product market are interdependent. Factors of
production acquired in the factor market contribute to the production of
goods and services in the product market.
2. Circular Flow:
Resources move from households to businesses in the factor market, and
finished products flow from businesses to households in the product market,
forming a circular economic flow.
3. Income and Spending:
The factor market generates income for households, which is then spent in the
product market on goods and services, creating a cycle of economic activity.
 In which state would it be convenient to build a Factory?(likely)

The Economic Policy Institute provides a minimum wage tracker that shows the minimum
wage limits of each state in the US. The tracker is updated regularly and provides
information on the minimum wage limits of each state, as well as the minimum wage limits
of localities within each state.

However, it is important to note that the minimum wage limits of a state may not be the
only factor to consider when deciding where to build a factory. Other factors such as
the cost of living, availability of resources, and transportation costs should also be taken
into account. For example, if a foreign factory wants to build a factory in the US, it may
be more convenient to build it in a state with a lower minimum wage limit, but higher
availability of resources and lower transportation costs.

Renewable sources and Nonrenewable sources

Renewable sources, like sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat,
are virtually limitless, sustainable, and have a lower environmental impact than
nonrenewable sources. Nonrenewable sources, such as coal, oil, natural gas, and uranium,
are finite, have limited reserves, and take millions of years to form. Using nonrenewable
sources often has a higher environmental impact and contributes to climate change.
In the context of the GED exam, questions related to renewable and non-
renewable resources may ask about the advantages and disadvantages of each type of
resource, the environmental impact of using each type of resource, or the economic impact
of using each type of resource. For example, a question may ask about the impact of using
renewable resources on the environment or the impact of using non-renewable resources on
the economy 1.
 Additional Tips

Key Concepts in Social Studies for GED:

1. Bias:
Bias refers to the inclination or prejudice towards a particular perspective, often
influencing the presentation of information. It's essential to recognize and critically
assess bias in historical narratives and sources.
2. Opinion:
An opinion is a personal belief or judgment about a particular issue. In social
studies, distinguishing between facts and opinions is crucial for analyzing historical
events and perspectives.
3. Facts:
Facts are verifiable pieces of information based on evidence. They are essential in
constructing accurate historical narratives and understanding the objective reality
of events.
4. Cause & Effect:
Cause and effect explores the relationship between events, where one event (the
cause) leads to another event (the effect). Understanding these connections is
fundamental to analyzing historical processes.
5. First Event & Second Event:
First event and second event refer to the chronological order of historical events.
Analyzing the sequence of events helps establish causation and comprehend the
development of historical processes.
6. Main Purpose:
The main purpose pertains to the primary objective or intention behind a historical
document, speech, or event. Identifying the main purpose helps in contextualizing
and interpreting historical sources.
7. Point of Views:
Point of view reflects the perspective or stance from which a story or historical
account is presented. Considering various points of view enhances a nuanced
understanding of historical events.
8. Critical Thinking is Key:
Cultivate critical thinking skills. GED social studies questions often require you to
analyze information, draw conclusions, and evaluate historical perspectives.
Propaganda:
1. Definition:
Propaganda refers to the deliberate dissemination of information, ideas, or opinions
—often with a biased or misleading nature—aimed at influencing the attitudes,
beliefs, or behaviors of a targeted audience.
2. Purpose:
The primary purpose of propaganda is to shape public opinion or perception in
favor of a particular cause, ideology, political group, or individual. It can be used for
various motives, including persuasion, manipulation, or mobilization.
3. Techniques:
Propaganda employs various techniques to achieve its goals, such as:
Emotional Appeal: Eliciting strong emotions to sway opinions.
Name-calling: Using derogatory language to create a negative image of
opponents.
Loaded Language: Using words with strong emotional connotations.
Testimonials: Featuring endorsements or testimonials to build credibility.
Selective Presentation: Presenting information selectively to influence perception.
Stereotyping: Applying generalized and oversimplified characteristics to a group.
4. Historical Examples:
Propaganda has been employed throughout history, notably during wartime and
political campaigns. Examples include:
World War I and II Posters: Used to boost morale, encourage enlistment, and shape
public opinion.
Cold War Era: Both the United States and the Soviet Union engaged in propaganda
to promote their ideologies and discredit the other.
Political Campaigns: Propaganda is often used to influence voters and shape public
perception during elections.
Civics and Government—50%
You need to know about types of modern and historical governments.
You need to know the basic underlying principles of American democracy.
You need to know the structure of the U.S. government and how it works.
You need to know about individual rights and responsibilities of U.S. citizens.
You need to know about political parties, campaigns, and elections in the U.S.
You need to know about modern policies and debates in politics.
U.S. History—20%
You need to know what’s in key documents, like the U.S. Constitution and the
Declaration of Independence.
You need to know about the Revolutionary War and early U.S. history.
You need to know about the Civil War and the period of Reconstruction after the
war.
You need to know about Civil Rights.
You need to know about European settlement of the Americas.
You need to know about World War I and World War II.
You need to know about the Cold War.
You need to know about modern American foreign policy since 9/11.
Economics—15%
You need to know about key economic events in American history.
You need to understand relationships between politics and economics.
You need to understand economic ideas like markets, incentives, competition,
and profit.
You need to understand topics in microeconomics and macroeconomics, such as
supply and demand, monetary policy, government regulation, investment, and
unemployment.
You need to understand consumer economics, such as credit, savings, and
banking.
You need to know about economic causes and impacts of war.
You need to understand how economics influenced exploration and colonization.
You need to know about the scientific and industrial revolution.
Geography and the World—15%
You need to know about the development of classical civilizations, like Greece
and Rome.
You need to understand relationships between the environment and how society
develops, such as how technology and resources like water influence society.
You need to understand borders between people and nation, including reading
and understanding maps.
You need to understand human migration. When and why have people moved
from country to country or continent to continent? When and why have people
moved from the country to cities?
15/11/2023 7.11.2023 Crown 2:45PM
Social studies GED social Study
Ready -163 Ready 149 Real 164
Real -179
Which part of region would they like to make business Ans (south)
1. Note meaning
2000 election Ans ( Supreme court made the decision about the case)
2. Political party pie chart
Nazi holocaust ခေါ် FBI training Ans (potential of violototing rule of law make
3. Relief meaning restriction on itself )

4. Faction meaning Yes/No question

Separation of power ရွေး
5. Supreme court justices second event
Ans-( people blocked him from nomination) John Locke idea. Ans ( individual)

6.. US declare war on Japan .Yes or No ? Congress restrict president power in military ( Vietnam war)
Ans- ( Yes , Yes , Yes )
Little rock 9 Ans ( executive branch supporting judicial decision)
7. federalist Vs Anti-federalist. Which sentences is behind only federalist ?
Ans- ( government will exercise only the power given to it by constitution) Marshall plan opinion မေး
Ans ( possibly ပါတာ)
8. Executive, legislative, Judicial, support both graphs?
Ans- ( Legislative and executive could be succeed as president…) Cause and effect of urbanisation
Ans ( people increase = air pollution increase )
9. China civil War , communist won the war, and Korean War , cause and effect
question? Mapp and Ohio second event
Ans- ( As communism influenced the United States are interested in military Ans ( convicted to state court )
power expanding.)
Louisiana purchase / graph ပေး / conclusion ချ
10. Propaganda Ans : ( Us bought land to extend pacific)
Ans- ( Nixon )
Drive free way /greatest က်ုမေး
11. Which historical circumstance shapes the president limited the 2-terms in Ans( 5hour )
serving office
Ans- (king system of Monarch) Cuban Missile Crisis/ conclusion မေး
Ans : ( peace for the Crisis )

12.which case overturned brown Vs borad education Veterans ကိစ္စတွက်တာ (စစ်ပြန်တွေကိုတွက်တာ)

Ans- ( Plessy vs Furgus) Ans: 0.65 million

Co-opted meaning (elected as member)

13.why did Abramhim Lincoln changed his political idea?
Ans-( troop shortage) Branch meaning ( Division )

Obama speech ( Tridal leader )

14.which part of region would they like to make business
Ans- (south) Obama ရဲ့ တစ်ခါမှမမြင်ဖူးတဲ့ speech.

15. 2000 Election Article 2 (Bias question )

Ans- ( supreme court decision ကြောင့် Bush အနိုင်ရ ) Ans ( most leader support )

16.Martin Luther King second event African Americans/reconstruction ကာလကိစ္စ

Ans-( arrested) Ans ( migration )

17.George W.Bush - first speech and no child left behind Inflation ကိစ္စတစ်ပုဒ်မေးတယ် စာပိုဒ်နှစ်ခုပေးပြီ
Ans-(Government and citizen work together to...) အပေါ်ကဟာမှာပါပြီး အောက်ကဟာမှာ မပါတာ
Ans ( အပေါ်ကစာပိုဒ်မှာ deflation က threatening ဖြစိတယ်ပြောပြီး
18.Obama natural gas speech - what can conclude from graph အောက်ကဟာမှာ မပါတာ)
Ans-(president should regulate.. about natural gas due to natural gas using
increase) Point of view တစ်ခုမေးတယ်

19.Nabraska and Arkansas - What can reference form this passage? Taxas and Johnson ( what statement did they disagree with )
Ans-( Uncertainty conflict.....) Ans: Freedom of speech

20.the bill of economic right - what the main idea of passage?

Ans-( America's economic right must be protected)

21.What the difference of renewable and nonrenewable source?

Ans-( only renewable can replenish in human life time )

22. Which state do they take officially to ratify the constitution?

Ans-( Rhode island)

23. What is Thomas Paine's historical and property view shape Ans- ( ratifying US
constitution is a model for US , something...)

24. Market Economy

Ans-( Interdependent)
19/11/2023
Social studies
Ready -160
Real -185

1. Note meaning

2. Political party pie chart

Party Meaning

Supreme court justices second event

Ans-( people blocked him from nomination)

US declare war on Japan .Yes or No ?

Ans- ( Yes , Yes , Yes )

federalist Vs Anti-federalist. Which sentences is behind only federalist ?

Ans- ( government will exercise only the power given to it by constitution)

Executive, legislative, Judicial, support both graphs?

Ans- ( Legislative and executive could be succeed as president…)

China civil War , communist won the war, and Korean War , cause and effect
question?
Ans- ( As communism influenced the United States are interested in military
power expanding.)

Propaganda ပုံ၄ပုံပေးထား
Ans- ( Nixon )

Which historical circumstance shapes the president limited the 2-terms in

serving office
Ans- (king system of Monarch)

which case overturned brown Vs borad education

Ans- ( Plessy vs Furgus)

why did Abramhim Lincoln changed his political idea?

Ans-( troop shortage)

Which part of region would they like to make business

Ans- (south)

2000 Election
Ans- ( supreme court decision ကြောင့် Bush အနိုင်ရ )

Martin Luther King second event

Ans-( arrested)

George W.Bush - first speech and no child left behind

Ans-(Government and citizen work together to...)

Nabraska and Arkansas - What can reference form this passage?

Ans-( Uncertainty conflict.....)

the bill of economic right - what the main idea of passage?

Ans-( America's economic right must be protected)

What the difference of renewable and nonrenewable source?

Ans-( only renewable can replenish in human life time )

Which state do they take officially to ratify the constitution?

Ans-( Rhode island)

What is Thomas Paine's historical and property view shape Ans- ( ratifying US
constitution is a model for US , something...)

Market Economy
Ans-( Interdependent)