FACTORS AFFECTING THE INCOME OF BANANA FARMERS: A BASIS

FOR LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM

A Research

Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department

School of Our Lady of Atocha, Inc.

In-Partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the subject

Practical Research 2

By:

Cantor, Edlean Mae T.

Lucero, Gerbe P.

Liban, Leah Mae B.

Ramirez, Alexander Jayruz G.

Palos, Raychelle Lean S.

October 2022
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTIONS

Bananas are a staple fruit in the Filipino diet,

finding their way too many of their dining tables (Ramon,

et al., 2020) and others eat it when it's fried, even

coated with sugar that is called “banana cue”. Banana

farming is not new to the people specially on the farmers

in San Guillermo, Isabela. Bananas grow well in a

temperature range of 15 - 35 Degree Celsius. In banana

farming, they harvest it when the banana is still green,

and it takes a week to have a delicious banana. Banana

farmers need soil that has good drainage and fertility,

and cleaning the tree of withered leaves will help them

to have a big and good harvest. Bananas are the most

abundant plant in San Guillermo.

Banana is one of the high value agricultural crops

grown in Isabela. “Kasabbaan Festival”, is their

festival, according to the website of San Guillermo,

Isabela the “the character of the people in San

Guillermo, Isabela is like ripening of banana fruit as

it is refined into sweetness and creamed perfection’’,

and it is also being celebrated to pay tribute and

thanksgiving for the abundance blessings. This is being

held every 17th day of June, during the festival there

are many activities they use to celebrate it; this are

the colorful parade, beauty pageants, exhibitions, and

sports events. Agri trade fairs were regularly organized

to highlight the celebration where local agricultural

products were displayed. The fair provides a venue for

every barangay to introduce and market their own produce.

The local government aims to make the occasion as a

springboard for the promotion of the town as one of the

big contributors of agricultural and forest products in

the province. But even though there are plenty of bananas

in San Guillermo, banana farmers can only sell them for

a low price depending on what variety of bananas because

there are factors that affects the income of the farmers

which are: typhoons, surplus supply and small size of

the banana because of the lack of cleanliness and

fertilizers.

According to the Regional HVCDP focal person Carol

Albay “We have to be urgent in the implementation of

this project to provide [for] the urgent needs of our

people. With your help, let us work hand in hand so we

can hit our target and achieve our main goal, to increase

our farmers’ productivity and income,”. To help this

project, the researchers decide to have a livelihood

program focused on banana farmers in San Guillermo and

introduce some products made up from bananas.

The income of farmers is not enough for the cost of

their farm. It is not enough to support their families’

expenses. Some farmers give their bananas for bananas so

that their product will not be put in waste and rot.

According to the realization of Alfredo Alog of

Angadanan, Isabela "there is more income from planting

saba bananas than any other crops he has planted. The

good thing about saba is that it is a year-round crop

and harvesting is done weekly once the plants reach

bearing stage. This is more advantageous compared to

coffee which fruits only once a year. Besides, the

increasing demand for saba makes it an ideal crop to

grow. Saba, a cooking type of banana, is one of the main

sources of income especially for small hold farmers in

Isabela, which is the leading producer of banana in

Cagayan Valley. Together with lakatan, latundan and

bongulan, saba is identified as among commodities

included in the S & T Agenda of CVARRD and one of the

priorities in the National Banana RDE Program. This

resulted in the increased consciousness on banana

production and the adoption of technologies and

practices." As an appointed farmer scientist of the

Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and

Development (CVARRD) Consortium, Alfredo adopts improved

cultural management practices in saba production in his

science and technology-based farm in Angadanan. These

were included in the package of technology for saba which

he developed in partnership with Dr. Biley Temanel and

Dr. Florenda Temanel of ISU.

According to Dr. Biley Temanel, a banana expert from

Isabela State University, "early-maturing bananas offers

more advantage to banana farmers in Cagayan Valley as

the region is prone to typhoons. This variety also allows

a short-period of recovery of investment, which is

estimated at P86,000 per hectare during the first year."

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Banana is one of the most important fruit crops in

both domestic and export markets. Candava banana or saba

is the world's fourth most important staple next to rice,

corn, and wheat (Hernandez, 2008). Initially, farmers

used to allocate a small patch of land to grow bananas

by rural people but the area under its cultivation is

expanding and so, is the contribution of banana farming

on national AGDP (Agriculture Gross Domestic Product)

(ICIMOD, 2015).
 In the Philippines, using the metric system in

marketing any product in the country is embodied in the

Consumer Act of the Philippines (R.A. 7394), Chapter II,

Article 63 states that “the system of weights and

measures to be used for all products, commodities,

materials, utilities, services and commercial

transactions, in all contracts, deeds and other official

and legal instruments and documents shall be in the

metric system, in accordance with existing laws and their

implementing rules and regulations.”

According to the banana link website, “They are an

essential source of income and employment for many

households, as well as being a source of nutrition and

food security for more than 400 million people in

producer countries. However, only 15 to 20% of the

world’s banana production is traded internationally. The

largest producer India exports almost nothing, whilst

Brazil exports very little, keeping bananas for the

domestic market. According to Philippine Statistic

Authority, "Banana fruits in the region largely came

from the province of Isabela with more than half of the

total banana output in 2020 being produced in the

province. Cagayan province produced around one-fifth of

the total production while the rest were harvested from

Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya and Batanes. In terms of varieties

of banana produced in the region, almost three fourths

of banana production in 2020 was classified as banana

saba while almost fourteen percent was produced from the

latundan variety. The remaining varieties include

lacatan, bungulan, cavendish and other banana varieties

not elsewhere classified. These varieties contributed

only more than ten percent to the total banana production

in the region with cavendish production having the least

share"

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study is to identify the different

factors affecting the income of banana farmers.

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents

in terms of:

a. Age

b. Income

c. Education

d. Farm lot area

2. What are the practices regarding the affecting the

banana income?

3. What are the different products that can be produce

using banana fruit that can be a source of livelihood to

the people in the community?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help to establish an understanding

about the Business Process of the Banana farmers.

Furthermore, the result of the study will be a great

benefit to the following but not limited to:

Banana Farmers: In this study, the banana farmers

can create new products that can increase their income.

Barangay: In this study, the barangay will benefit

for the development of new products and a livelihood

program to its people.

Future Researcher: In this study, the future

researchers can contribute to the creation of another

livelihood in the specific barangay.

LGU: In this study, the local government unit (LGU)

can introduce another livelihood to its people that can

help the banana farmers to improve their income that

they can generate using the banana and turn them into

more useful products.

Researchers: In this study the researcher will be

able to gain more knowledge about the other products

that can be produced or manufactured with the surplus

production of bananas.

ASSUMPTION

1. The researchers expect to identify the factors

affecting the income of the banana farmers of San

Guillermo, Isabela.

2. The researchers will propose a livelihood program

using banana fruit by introducing different

processes in transforming the banana fruit into

different products which will be introduce and sold

in the market.

3. The researchers assume that the livelihood program

using banana will be feasible and could increase

the income of banana farmers.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted on twenty farmers of

bananas at Centro 2, San Guillermo, Isabela. This study

will be introduced in the months of January and February.

This serves as the researcher introducing a basis for a

livelihood program. The respondents will be the banana

farmers of the proposed barangay who know about Factors

Affecting the income of the banana farmers.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally:

Banana- an elongated usually tapering tropical fruit

with soft pulpy flesh enclosed in a soft usually yellow

rind.

Abundant - existing or available in large quantities

Kasabbaan Festival - The festival has been

traditionally celebrated simultaneously with the

commemoration of the founding anniversary of San

Guillermo, Isabela every 17th of June. More often the

festival will be a three-day celebration but sometimes

it lasts until five days.

Livelihood Program- Livelihood programs seek to

improve the state of life of the low-income sector by

giving jobs and business chances, health care access,

and other forms of assistance. These programs aim to

enhance community capacity to address the issues of

poverty.
 Income- a gain or recurrent benefit usually measured

in money that derives from capital or labor.

Farmer- a person engaged in agriculture, raising

living organisms for food or raw materials.

Metric System - The decimal measuring system based on

the meter liter and grams as units of length, capacity

and weight or mass.

Agribusiness -The term agribusiness is used to refer

to economic activities derived from or connected to farm

products. In other words, crop production, as well as

crop processing, transportation and distribution.

Surplus supply - An excess supply, economic surplus

market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which

the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than

quantity demanded, and the price is above the equilibrium

level determined by supply and demand.

Gross value- The wholesale price, or, if, there be no

1such price, the estimated value, with, in either case,

freight, landing charges, and duty paid beforehand

provided that, in the case of goods or merchandise

customarily sold in bond, the bonded price is deemed to

be the gross value.

San Guillermo - officially the Municipality of San

Guillermo, is a 4th class municipality in the province

of Isabela, Philippines. According to the 2020 census,

it has a population of 20,915 people. On June 17, 1967,

the municipality of San Guillermo was created by virtue

of Republic Act No. 4906,[5] sponsored by Melanio

Singson, the then-representative of Isabela's lone

district. San Guillermo was named in honor of Eugenio

Guillermo, the then-mayor of Angadanan. It took 15

barangays from Angadanan (i.e. Anonang, Colorado,

Calaoagan, Dipacamo, Peredo Edcor, Guam, Nakar, Palawan,

Progreso, San Francisco Norte, San Mariano Norte, San

Mariano Sur, Villa Rose, Villa Sanchez, and Villa

Teresita) and 4 from Echague (i.e. Aringay, Dingading,

San Francisco Sur and Sinalugan).

Conceptual Framework

These following concepts will be used by the

researchers for their future study:

Preservation- activity or process of keeping something

valued alive, intact, or free from damage.

-This is necessary in our study so that the

researcher knows what banana product will last longer.

Techniques - Ability to treat such details or use

skillful or efficient way of doing or achieving something

 -The researchers need to make another

product and make our project a success.

Manufacturing - It refers to a production of goods that

converts raw material, and its components into finished

merchandise.

-This is one of the things we will do to make another

product using banana fruit. The researchers want to

find out how to make raw materials into products.

Dehydration- Occurs when you use or lose more fluid than

you take in, and your body doesn’t have enough water

-The researchers will use it to make a product that

the researcher plans to make and to make things easier.

This will help the researchers to make dehydrated

products that will not rot.

Banana Peel- It is the outer covering of the banana fruit

called banana peel or banana skin

- Instead of throwing it away, researchers

can turn it into a useful product such as wine and

fertilizer that farmers will use on their farmland.

Producing- It refers to the process that is used to

convert raw material or semi-finished goods into

finished products.

-Applying this will help the researchers to

produce other products from raw materials.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

This study focuses on the factors affecting the income

of banana farmers. The researchers use the IPOO model to

gather information regarding factors affecting the

income of banana farmers.

The input consists of the profile of the banana

farmers: Age, Sex, Income, Education, and the Farm lot

area. While in the process, the Analysis of data is done

through Interviews and Questionnaires. The researchers

want to know the list of banana products that they can

use to have more income. The researchers want to know

the effects of the livelihood program on the banana

farmers that can improve their income and not waste the

surplus production on their banana farms.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT OUTCOME

1. What are Analysis of Different Effects of

data through: factors livelihood
the affecting the programs to
income of the banana
demographic
 Interview banana farmers.
profile of  Questionn farmers.
aire
the
 Data
respondents Analysis

in terms of:

a. Age

b. Income

c. Education

d. Farm lot

area

FEEDBACK
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents review of foreign literature,

local literature, foreign studies, and local studies

that are related to the banana farming that the

proponents made use of different reading materials (such

as thesis, articles, and other web articles) that will

help extending the knowledge of proponents. This is

followed by highlighting the research and contribute the

present study.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN RELATED LITERATURE

Local Related Literature

Banana is the most important fruit crop in the

Philippines (Department of Science and Technology

(DOST), 2020). According to World Atlas (2017), the

Philippines is the third-largest producer of bananas in

the world; 80% of the total production of the country

comes from the province of Davao, Northern Mindanao, and

Bukidnon. Moreover, according to the Observatory of

Economic Complexity (2020) Philippines exported $1.66B

of bananas which makes it the 2nd largest exporter of

bananas in the world and this product was the 7 th most

exported product in the country.

In addition to its health benefits, it employs many

Filipinos and has a significant economic impact on the

country. In fact, according to DOST, the members of the

Philippine banana industry include the farmers,

cooperatives, traders, exporters, and manufacturers.

Moreover, they have listed the three principal types of

bananas produced in the country, which are cavendish,

which accounts for 50% of the overall production,

Lakatan, which is regarded as a dessert banana, and Saba,

which accounts for 29% of the total production.

In 2022, however, the Philippine banana industry

faced both domestic and global concerns. According to

Tolentino (2022), the industry faces both recurrent and

new problems. These factors affect the productivity and

value of various banana types. Among the challenges and

problems cited in the report are growing stiff

competition, diseases that could wipe out the industry,

climate change, increasing production costs, and the

difficulty to expand plantations. The Department of

Labor and Employment exerts its best efforts to educate

itself on how to address this issue in order to address

it. In fact, they have established quantifiable goals

referred to as the Dole Promise in order to address the

problem in the agriculture industry.

Moreover, technology interventions are used to save

banana industry in the Philippines. According to

Generalao et.al. (2021), the Cavendish research team

collaborated with the DOST-Philippine Council for

Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research

Development (DOST-PCAARRD0 for technological

interventions. They developed three technologies to

control Fusarium Wilt Fungus Tropical Race 4, a disease

that negatively and significantly affects the banana

industry. Until now, they continue to work to address

the gaps and problems in the banana industry to aid the

economy of the Philippines.

Today bananas plantains are best known as a food

crop, almost every part of the plant can be used in one

way or another. It is both cheap and full of nutrients

are rich in nutrition, fiber, vitamins and minerals.

Various parts of the banana plant itself can also be

used for different purposes all over the world. In

Indonesia, the banana plant is used to make traditional

medicine and as animal feed. In indigenous systems of

medicine, pseudo stem juice is a well-known remedy for

urinary disorders, stomach troubles like diarrhea,

dysentery and flatulence; It helps in treatment for

removal of stones in the kidney, gall bladder, and

prostate. Banana leaves are used in eczema, as cool

dressings for blister and burns disease. Banana flowers

is used in dysentery and ulcer disease. Some of the other

by products made from banana includes values added

products from banana fruits like banana puree, banana

powder, banana catsup, banana flour, banana chips dried

banana fritter, banana vinegar, banana wine, banana jam,

banana jelly sweet coat (Yadav et al., 2016)

Different organizations and agencies collaborate

and made an effort to address the issue in the

agricultural industry. In fact, Department of

Agriculture has implemented The Philippine Rural

Development Project last 2021 to support farmers and

fisherfolk become productive through financial and

technical assistance. Through its implementation, local

government is empowered and is equipped with resources

that can help increase the agricultural competitiveness

and income of the country (World Bank, 2021).

Foreign Related Study

Organic products are becoming increasingly popular

worldwide. Therefore, the government should take

initiative in combination with scientists and

technologists to prepare banana bio-products and reach

the people in home and abroad, which in turn will

contribute to food security. Banana fruits and its plants

as a whole are a good source of bio-chemicals. Thus,

bio-pharmaceutical industries can collect bio-chemicals

from backyard industries and can save foreign remittance

of Bangladesh. It seems that this information will be of

immense help to the farmers, entrepreneurs, planners,

scientists as well as the Bangladesh government to take

proper initiatives for the betterment of the nation

(Mohiuddin et al., 2014).

In banana crops, after harvesting the bare pseudo

stem remains in several tons as a waste. Fiber can be

produced for the paper industry, fabrics or yarn industry

etc. But usually, they are disposed of by burning in

fields which creates another air pollution problem.

Larger amount of solid waste increases pollution load in

the environment. In this connection, present study deals

with the use of banana pseudo stem sap as a mordant to

utilize a large quantity of biomass. The remaining

material can be used as fiber, green manure, as a source

of carbohydrate for production of starch, sugar and

alcohol.

According to Kenneth Nyombi (2013), Increasing

banana prices, urbanization and infrastructure

development are likely to increase demand for bananas

and reduce the transportation costs. For banana farmers

to be able to increase their incomes, support from

government and other agricultural organizations is

crucial. This can be in form of farmer education through

on-farm demonstrations on research plots of new or

improved technologies.

According to Luske (2010) Input costs, low access

to market, low-input agriculture, dry climate, water

resource, and low incidence of pest and disease in the

Northern region of Peru facilitate organic banana

cultivation.

According to Quentin and Larsen (2013) New farmers

continued to adopt bananas, and those who had already

adopted them were in the process of expanding their

existing plantations. By the time of the evaluation,

more than two-thirds of the RIPAT farmers and 13 percent

of the non-RIPAT farmers grew the improved banana

varieties

As stated by Vigneswara, et al (2015), banana fibers

have a huge contribution for textile and packaging

industry. However, the banana stem forms a major source

of waste material. But today, most of banana fibers are

used for making ropes and cordage. They have

compositions, properties, and structures that are

suitable for using in industrial applications.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN RELATED STUDY

Local Related Study

According to Deluna (2016), agricultural crop

insurance is a risk management tool to counter shocks

and risks in banana production. It is a mechanism for

farmers to be protected from unexpected risks and a tool

for them to recover from the shocks experienced. The

Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC) is mandated

to provide insurance protection to the country's

agricultural producers, particularly the subsistence

farmers, against natural disasters and other perils.

This paper evaluated how agricultural insurance made an

impact to banana growers in terms of managing risks and

their well-being. The inputs, outputs and outcomes

relative to risk, agricultural investment, productivity

and access to credit are documented to provide options

and strategies in improving the agricultural crop

insurance in the country.

 The magna carta for small Farmers is a creditable

law aimed at improving the lives of the small farmers by

empowering them and harnessing their potentials and

abilities. The law encourages greater participation of

this marginalized sector in the government planning and

program and project implementation to contribute to

national economic development. The provision of

incentives in the form of infrastructure and other

physical assets, access to vital agricultural services

and capacity building provide an avenue for the small

farmers to improve their performance as drivers of

development in countryside. In the end, optimizing the

promised purpose of the law requires the government's

adherence to its provisions and the provision of the

necessary funding (Aquino, et al., 2013).

According to Lazo (2012), believed that increasing

marketing efficiency of banana will contribute more to

a higher standard of living to our banana farmers and of

greater national prosperity than any single activity in

our economic life because industrial growth of the entire

banana industry is dependent upon more equitable and

more efficient distribution and production. Expansion in

the future will thus directly depend on the ability of

banana farmers to distribute successfully what it has,

the capacity to produce and must be able to distribute

profitability the increased quantity of banana goods

which greater efficiency and growing technical know-how

can produce.

According to Magaoay (2010), recommended in his

study that improved marketing of agricultural products,

such as banana, should be planned like putting up a farm

cooperative to serve as solution to banana farmers income

shortage.

Moreover, livelihood programs are also provided.

Last 2015, the national government has established the

Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan (PAMANA) Program to

support T’boli farmers. Collaboration from different

government agencies, this program became possible which

helped the T’boli farmers by constructing roads which

makes it easier for them to transport their goods. It

will increase the productivity of the farmers and

increase the agricultural income (Official Gazette,

2015).
Foreign Related Study

Banana is cultivated in about 230,000 hectares of

land and fiber yields around 8.7 lakh tons. Though banana

fiber extraction is not done on any large scale at

present, banana fibers are reported to have been spun in

the jute spinning machinery and used handbags and other

fancy articles. Agro-based bio fibers have the

composition, properties and structure that make them

suitable for uses such as composite, textile, pulp and

paper manufacture. In addition, banana fiber-based

production processes, structure, properties, and

sustainability of these bio-fibers are to be identified

for various industrial applications (C. Vigneswaran et

al., 2015)

According to Bernard (2015), the livelihoods of the

banana farmers is declining because of the low banana

production which is the result of declining land

fertility, climatic changes, inappropriate land tenure

system which focus on the growth of population and lack

of clear government plans that involve farmers. Due to

lack of support from the government, the number of banana

farmers is decreasing. In spite of the decline of banana

wilt disease and the climatic changes. Banana farmers

still are depending on banana farmers on getting their

daily needs despite the fact there are the declining of

banana production still there are few productions.

The nutritional profile and acceptability of two

preparations of banana chips through baking and frying

and to assess nutritive value and the acceptability of

this product. The results obtained from this study

indicated that Sudanese banana cultivar (Dwarf

Cavendish) can be used for chips making. Fried banana

chips were found to be better quality and acceptability

when compared to potato chips. Baked banana chips were

lower quality and had weak acceptability compared with

both fried banana chips and potato chips. The study

proved the possibility of promoting the use of banana

that could had been wasted unnecessarily. The banana

chips product was found to be a source of energy and

minerals such as potassium and phosphorus, and its

processing as snack was found to be simple,

environmental, clean and can be produced at family level

given the necessary precautions (Abd Elmoneim o.

Elkhalifa et, al., 2014).

 “Sustainability in banana farming will be seen in

the condition of ownership of farmer asset assets in

cultivating banana agribusiness. In carrying out

livelihoods, the assets needed are not just one type.

For this reason, a combination of existing assets will

be required to improve people's welfare. The types of

assets that are more useful or supportive of one's

livelihood are different for each individual” (Andriani

D. et al, 2020).

“Assets include the availability and

accessibility of the community towards resources that

can support and support community livelihoods.”

(Andriani D., et al, 2020)

 CHAPTER III

METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Methodology

This chapter discuss the research methodology

utilized in this study. It will discuss the sample

selection, data gathering procedure, research instrument

used which will be significant in collecting data.

Moreover, it will discuss and explain the statistical

procedure which will be used to measure and analyze the

collected data for formulation of plausible conclusion

and implications.

Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive research

method which will help in understanding a situation and

phenomenon. This method will help the researchers

identify the factors affecting the income of the banana

farmers through using survey questionnaire which will be

distributed to selected respondents. The survey

questionnaire will consist of demographic profiling

which will determine the age, income, and farm lot area

of the farmers. Series of questions will then be asked

which will determine the farming practices of the banana

farmers, the products that can made through banana and

products that will last longer with the use of banana.

The data gathered will be analyzed using statistical

methods which will help the researchers to draw plausible

conclusion and solution that will help banana farmers.

Population and Sample

The respondents of the study are the banana farmers

in the San Guillermo, Isabela. The sample which will

represent the population will be the banana farmers in

San Guillermo, Isabela. There will be twenty possible

banana farmers to be selected to participate in the

study. All their response will serve as the primary

source of data; it will serve as a basis for formulating

conclusions which will benefit the whole population.

Data Gathering Procedures

The first step before going to the testing proper is

to make a request letter. Upon approval, the researcher

retrieves the request letter. Aside from this, the

researcher will develop tools and instrument; they will

use the allotted time for research project and vacant to

avoid distraction during class discussions. It will then

be validated by the research adviser, and appointed

ethics board, the principal other selected faculty

members in the administration.

Before administering the survey process, researchers

will inform selected respondents; they will present

details about the study and the purpose of conducting

it. It is compulsory to obtain their informed consent

before administering the questionnaire which will show

that the participants volunteer to participate without

threat. It will ensure that the data will be collected

will be factual and not manipulated by the researchers.

Their responses are considered primary data. The

survey questionnaire will be divided into two parts: the

first part contains the demographic profile of the Banana

Farmers, while the second part provides the

questionnaire for the different factors affecting the

income of banana farmers.

Statistical Treatment

To present, analyze, and interpret the data gathered

from the respondents, the researchers may utilize the

frequency counts, percentage, and weighted mean.

Frequency distribution/percentage will be calculated

by which will allow the researchers to determine the

profile distribution of the respondents.

Formula:

%= (f/n) x 100

Where:

F= frequency in the category

n= total number of responses

For better analysis and interpretations of the data

gathered, they will be subjected to statistic

tools as follows:

1. Simple Frequency Count

2. Simple Percentage Computation

3. Mean

Formula:

Mean = ∑f/n

Where:

F= frequency of each Likert item score

n= number of respondents
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INCOME OF BANANA FARMERS: A BASIS

FOR LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM

A Research

Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department

School of Our Lady of Atocha, Inc.

In-Partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the subject

Practical Research 2

By:

Cantor, Edlean Mae T.

Lucero, Gerbe P.

Liban, Leah Mae B.

Ramirez, Alexander Jayruz G.

Palos, Raychelle Lean S.

October 2022
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTIONS

Bananas are a staple fruit in the Filipino diet,

finding their way too many of their dining tables (Ramon,

et al., 2020) and others eat it when it's fried, even

coated with sugar that is called “banana cue”. Banana

farming is not new to the people specially on the farmers

in San Guillermo, Isabela. Bananas grow well in a

temperature range of 15 - 35 Degree Celsius. In banana

farming, they harvest it when the banana is still green,

and it takes a week to have a delicious banana. Banana

farmers need soil that has good drainage and fertility,

and cleaning the tree of withered leaves will help them

to have a big and good harvest. Bananas are the most

abundant plant in San Guillermo.

Banana is one of the high value agricultural crops

grown in Isabela. “Kasabbaan Festival”, is their

festival, according to the website of San Guillermo,

Isabela the “the character of the people in San

Guillermo, Isabela is like ripening of banana fruit as

it is refined into sweetness and creamed perfection’’,

and it is also being celebrated to pay tribute and

thanksgiving for the abundance blessings. This is being

held every 17th day of June, during the festival there

are many activities they use to celebrate it; this are

the colorful parade, beauty pageants, exhibitions, and

sports events. Agri trade fairs were regularly organized

to highlight the celebration where local agricultural

products were displayed. The fair provides a venue for

every barangay to introduce and market their own produce.

The local government aims to make the occasion as a

springboard for the promotion of the town as one of the

big contributors of agricultural and forest products in

the province. But even though there are plenty of bananas

in San Guillermo, banana farmers can only sell them for

a low price depending on what variety of bananas because

there are factors that affects the income of the farmers

which are: typhoons, surplus supply and small size of

the banana because of the lack of cleanliness and

fertilizers.

According to the Regional HVCDP focal person Carol

Albay “We have to be urgent in the implementation of

this project to provide [for] the urgent needs of our

people. With your help, let us work hand in hand so we

can hit our target and achieve our main goal, to increase

our farmers’ productivity and income,”. To help this

project, the researchers decide to have a livelihood

program focused on banana farmers in San Guillermo and

introduce some products made up from bananas.

The income of farmers is not enough for the cost of

their farm. It is not enough to support their families’

expenses. Some farmers give their bananas for bananas so

that their product will not be put in waste and rot.

According to the realization of Alfredo Alog of

Angadanan, Isabela "there is more income from planting

saba bananas than any other crops he has planted. The

good thing about saba is that it is a year-round crop

and harvesting is done weekly once the plants reach

bearing stage. This is more advantageous compared to

coffee which fruits only once a year. Besides, the

increasing demand for saba makes it an ideal crop to

grow. Saba, a cooking type of banana, is one of the main

sources of income especially for small hold farmers in

Isabela, which is the leading producer of banana in

Cagayan Valley. Together with lakatan, latundan and

bongulan, saba is identified as among commodities

included in the S & T Agenda of CVARRD and one of the

priorities in the National Banana RDE Program. This

resulted in the increased consciousness on banana

production and the adoption of technologies and

practices." As an appointed farmer scientist of the

Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and

Development (CVARRD) Consortium, Alfredo adopts improved

cultural management practices in saba production in his

science and technology-based farm in Angadanan. These

were included in the package of technology for saba which

he developed in partnership with Dr. Biley Temanel and

Dr. Florenda Temanel of ISU.

According to Dr. Biley Temanel, a banana expert from

Isabela State University, "early-maturing bananas offers

more advantage to banana farmers in Cagayan Valley as

the region is prone to typhoons. This variety also allows

a short-period of recovery of investment, which is

estimated at P86,000 per hectare during the first year."

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Banana is one of the most important fruit crops in

both domestic and export markets. Candava banana or saba

is the world's fourth most important staple next to rice,

corn, and wheat (Hernandez, 2008). Initially, farmers

used to allocate a small patch of land to grow bananas

by rural people but the area under its cultivation is

expanding and so, is the contribution of banana farming

on national AGDP (Agriculture Gross Domestic Product)

(ICIMOD, 2015).
 In the Philippines, using the metric system in

marketing any product in the country is embodied in the

Consumer Act of the Philippines (R.A. 7394), Chapter II,

Article 63 states that “the system of weights and

measures to be used for all products, commodities,

materials, utilities, services and commercial

transactions, in all contracts, deeds and other official

and legal instruments and documents shall be in the

metric system, in accordance with existing laws and their

implementing rules and regulations.”

According to the banana link website, “They are an

essential source of income and employment for many

households, as well as being a source of nutrition and

food security for more than 400 million people in

producer countries. However, only 15 to 20% of the

world’s banana production is traded internationally. The

largest producer India exports almost nothing, whilst

Brazil exports very little, keeping bananas for the

domestic market. According to Philippine Statistic

Authority, "Banana fruits in the region largely came

from the province of Isabela with more than half of the

total banana output in 2020 being produced in the

province. Cagayan province produced around one-fifth of

the total production while the rest were harvested from

Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya and Batanes. In terms of varieties

of banana produced in the region, almost three fourths

of banana production in 2020 was classified as banana

saba while almost fourteen percent was produced from the

latundan variety. The remaining varieties include

lacatan, bungulan, cavendish and other banana varieties

not elsewhere classified. These varieties contributed

only more than ten percent to the total banana production

in the region with cavendish production having the least

share"

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study is to identify the different

factors affecting the income of banana farmers.

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents

in terms of:

a. Age

b. Income

c. Education

d. Farm lot area

2. What are the practices regarding the affecting the

banana income?

3. What are the different products that can be produce

using banana fruit that can be a source of livelihood to

the people in the community?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help to establish an understanding

about the Business Process of the Banana farmers.

Furthermore, the result of the study will be a great

benefit to the following but not limited to:

Banana Farmers: In this study, the banana farmers

can create new products that can increase their income.

Barangay: In this study, the barangay will benefit

for the development of new products and a livelihood

program to its people.

Future Researcher: In this study, the future

researchers can contribute to the creation of another

livelihood in the specific barangay.

LGU: In this study, the local government unit (LGU)

can introduce another livelihood to its people that can

help the banana farmers to improve their income that

they can generate using the banana and turn them into

more useful products.

Researchers: In this study the researcher will be

able to gain more knowledge about the other products

that can be produced or manufactured with the surplus

production of bananas.

ASSUMPTION

1. The researchers expect to identify the factors

affecting the income of the banana farmers of San

Guillermo, Isabela.

2. The researchers will propose a livelihood program

using banana fruit by introducing different

processes in transforming the banana fruit into

different products which will be introduce and sold

in the market.

3. The researchers assume that the livelihood program

using banana will be feasible and could increase

the income of banana farmers.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted on twenty farmers of

bananas at Centro 2, San Guillermo, Isabela. This study

will be introduced in the months of January and February.

This serves as the researcher introducing a basis for a

livelihood program. The respondents will be the banana

farmers of the proposed barangay who know about Factors

Affecting the income of the banana farmers.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally:

Banana- an elongated usually tapering tropical fruit

with soft pulpy flesh enclosed in a soft usually yellow

rind.

Abundant - existing or available in large quantities

Kasabbaan Festival - The festival has been

traditionally celebrated simultaneously with the

commemoration of the founding anniversary of San

Guillermo, Isabela every 17th of June. More often the

festival will be a three-day celebration but sometimes

it lasts until five days.

Livelihood Program- Livelihood programs seek to

improve the state of life of the low-income sector by

giving jobs and business chances, health care access,

and other forms of assistance. These programs aim to

enhance community capacity to address the issues of

poverty.
 Income- a gain or recurrent benefit usually measured

in money that derives from capital or labor.

Farmer- a person engaged in agriculture, raising

living organisms for food or raw materials.

Metric System - The decimal measuring system based on

the meter liter and grams as units of length, capacity

and weight or mass.

Agribusiness -The term agribusiness is used to refer

to economic activities derived from or connected to farm

products. In other words, crop production, as well as

crop processing, transportation and distribution.

Surplus supply - An excess supply, economic surplus

market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which

the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than

quantity demanded, and the price is above the equilibrium

level determined by supply and demand.

Gross value- The wholesale price, or, if, there be no

1such price, the estimated value, with, in either case,

freight, landing charges, and duty paid beforehand

provided that, in the case of goods or merchandise

customarily sold in bond, the bonded price is deemed to

be the gross value.

San Guillermo - officially the Municipality of San

Guillermo, is a 4th class municipality in the province

of Isabela, Philippines. According to the 2020 census,

it has a population of 20,915 people. On June 17, 1967,

the municipality of San Guillermo was created by virtue

of Republic Act No. 4906,[5] sponsored by Melanio

Singson, the then-representative of Isabela's lone

district. San Guillermo was named in honor of Eugenio

Guillermo, the then-mayor of Angadanan. It took 15

barangays from Angadanan (i.e. Anonang, Colorado,

Calaoagan, Dipacamo, Peredo Edcor, Guam, Nakar, Palawan,

Progreso, San Francisco Norte, San Mariano Norte, San

Mariano Sur, Villa Rose, Villa Sanchez, and Villa

Teresita) and 4 from Echague (i.e. Aringay, Dingading,

San Francisco Sur and Sinalugan).

Conceptual Framework

These following concepts will be used by the

researchers for their future study:

Preservation- activity or process of keeping something

valued alive, intact, or free from damage.

-This is necessary in our study so that the

researcher knows what banana product will last longer.

Techniques - Ability to treat such details or use

skillful or efficient way of doing or achieving something

 -The researchers need to make another

product and make our project a success.

Manufacturing - It refers to a production of goods that

converts raw material, and its components into finished

merchandise.

-This is one of the things we will do to make another

product using banana fruit. The researchers want to

find out how to make raw materials into products.

Dehydration- Occurs when you use or lose more fluid than

you take in, and your body doesn’t have enough water

-The researchers will use it to make a product that

the researcher plans to make and to make things easier.

This will help the researchers to make dehydrated

products that will not rot.

Banana Peel- It is the outer covering of the banana fruit

called banana peel or banana skin

- Instead of throwing it away, researchers

can turn it into a useful product such as wine and

fertilizer that farmers will use on their farmland.

Producing- It refers to the process that is used to

convert raw material or semi-finished goods into

finished products.

-Applying this will help the researchers to

produce other products from raw materials.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

This study focuses on the factors affecting the income

of banana farmers. The researchers use the IPOO model to

gather information regarding factors affecting the

income of banana farmers.

The input consists of the profile of the banana

farmers: Age, Sex, Income, Education, and the Farm lot

area. While in the process, the Analysis of data is done

through Interviews and Questionnaires. The researchers

want to know the list of banana products that they can

use to have more income. The researchers want to know

the effects of the livelihood program on the banana

farmers that can improve their income and not waste the

surplus production on their banana farms.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT OUTCOME

1. What are Analysis of Different Effects of

data through: factors livelihood
the affecting the programs to
income of the banana
demographic
 Interview banana farmers.
profile of  Questionn farmers.
aire
the
 Data
respondents Analysis

in terms of:

a. Age

b. Income

c. Education

d. Farm lot

area

FEEDBACK
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents review of foreign literature,

local literature, foreign studies, and local studies

that are related to the banana farming that the

proponents made use of different reading materials (such

as thesis, articles, and other web articles) that will

help extending the knowledge of proponents. This is

followed by highlighting the research and contribute the

present study.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN RELATED LITERATURE

Local Related Literature

Banana is the most important fruit crop in the

Philippines (Department of Science and Technology

(DOST), 2020). According to World Atlas (2017), the

Philippines is the third-largest producer of bananas in

the world; 80% of the total production of the country

comes from the province of Davao, Northern Mindanao, and

Bukidnon. Moreover, according to the Observatory of

Economic Complexity (2020) Philippines exported $1.66B

of bananas which makes it the 2nd largest exporter of

bananas in the world and this product was the 7 th most

exported product in the country.

In addition to its health benefits, it employs many

Filipinos and has a significant economic impact on the

country. In fact, according to DOST, the members of the

Philippine banana industry include the farmers,

cooperatives, traders, exporters, and manufacturers.

Moreover, they have listed the three principal types of

bananas produced in the country, which are cavendish,

which accounts for 50% of the overall production,

Lakatan, which is regarded as a dessert banana, and Saba,

which accounts for 29% of the total production.

In 2022, however, the Philippine banana industry

faced both domestic and global concerns. According to

Tolentino (2022), the industry faces both recurrent and

new problems. These factors affect the productivity and

value of various banana types. Among the challenges and

problems cited in the report are growing stiff

competition, diseases that could wipe out the industry,

climate change, increasing production costs, and the

difficulty to expand plantations. The Department of

Labor and Employment exerts its best efforts to educate

itself on how to address this issue in order to address

it. In fact, they have established quantifiable goals

referred to as the Dole Promise in order to address the

problem in the agriculture industry.

Moreover, technology interventions are used to save

banana industry in the Philippines. According to

Generalao et.al. (2021), the Cavendish research team

collaborated with the DOST-Philippine Council for

Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research

Development (DOST-PCAARRD0 for technological

interventions. They developed three technologies to

control Fusarium Wilt Fungus Tropical Race 4, a disease

that negatively and significantly affects the banana

industry. Until now, they continue to work to address

the gaps and problems in the banana industry to aid the

economy of the Philippines.

Today bananas plantains are best known as a food

crop, almost every part of the plant can be used in one

way or another. It is both cheap and full of nutrients

are rich in nutrition, fiber, vitamins and minerals.

Various parts of the banana plant itself can also be

used for different purposes all over the world. In

Indonesia, the banana plant is used to make traditional

medicine and as animal feed. In indigenous systems of

medicine, pseudo stem juice is a well-known remedy for

urinary disorders, stomach troubles like diarrhea,

dysentery and flatulence; It helps in treatment for

removal of stones in the kidney, gall bladder, and

prostate. Banana leaves are used in eczema, as cool

dressings for blister and burns disease. Banana flowers

is used in dysentery and ulcer disease. Some of the other

by products made from banana includes values added

products from banana fruits like banana puree, banana

powder, banana catsup, banana flour, banana chips dried

banana fritter, banana vinegar, banana wine, banana jam,

banana jelly sweet coat (Yadav et al., 2016)

Different organizations and agencies collaborate

and made an effort to address the issue in the

agricultural industry. In fact, Department of

Agriculture has implemented The Philippine Rural

Development Project last 2021 to support farmers and

fisherfolk become productive through financial and

technical assistance. Through its implementation, local

government is empowered and is equipped with resources

that can help increase the agricultural competitiveness

and income of the country (World Bank, 2021).

Foreign Related Study

Organic products are becoming increasingly popular

worldwide. Therefore, the government should take

initiative in combination with scientists and

technologists to prepare banana bio-products and reach

the people in home and abroad, which in turn will

contribute to food security. Banana fruits and its plants

as a whole are a good source of bio-chemicals. Thus,

bio-pharmaceutical industries can collect bio-chemicals

from backyard industries and can save foreign remittance

of Bangladesh. It seems that this information will be of

immense help to the farmers, entrepreneurs, planners,

scientists as well as the Bangladesh government to take

proper initiatives for the betterment of the nation

(Mohiuddin et al., 2014).

In banana crops, after harvesting the bare pseudo

stem remains in several tons as a waste. Fiber can be

produced for the paper industry, fabrics or yarn industry

etc. But usually, they are disposed of by burning in

fields which creates another air pollution problem.

Larger amount of solid waste increases pollution load in

the environment. In this connection, present study deals

with the use of banana pseudo stem sap as a mordant to

utilize a large quantity of biomass. The remaining

material can be used as fiber, green manure, as a source

of carbohydrate for production of starch, sugar and

alcohol.

According to Kenneth Nyombi (2013), Increasing

banana prices, urbanization and infrastructure

development are likely to increase demand for bananas

and reduce the transportation costs. For banana farmers

to be able to increase their incomes, support from

government and other agricultural organizations is

crucial. This can be in form of farmer education through

on-farm demonstrations on research plots of new or

improved technologies.

According to Luske (2010) Input costs, low access

to market, low-input agriculture, dry climate, water

resource, and low incidence of pest and disease in the

Northern region of Peru facilitate organic banana

cultivation.

According to Quentin and Larsen (2013) New farmers

continued to adopt bananas, and those who had already

adopted them were in the process of expanding their

existing plantations. By the time of the evaluation,

more than two-thirds of the RIPAT farmers and 13 percent

of the non-RIPAT farmers grew the improved banana

varieties

As stated by Vigneswara, et al (2015), banana fibers

have a huge contribution for textile and packaging

industry. However, the banana stem forms a major source

of waste material. But today, most of banana fibers are

used for making ropes and cordage. They have

compositions, properties, and structures that are

suitable for using in industrial applications.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN RELATED STUDY

Local Related Study

According to Deluna (2016), agricultural crop

insurance is a risk management tool to counter shocks

and risks in banana production. It is a mechanism for

farmers to be protected from unexpected risks and a tool

for them to recover from the shocks experienced. The

Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC) is mandated

to provide insurance protection to the country's

agricultural producers, particularly the subsistence

farmers, against natural disasters and other perils.

This paper evaluated how agricultural insurance made an

impact to banana growers in terms of managing risks and

their well-being. The inputs, outputs and outcomes

relative to risk, agricultural investment, productivity

and access to credit are documented to provide options

and strategies in improving the agricultural crop

insurance in the country.

 The magna carta for small Farmers is a creditable

law aimed at improving the lives of the small farmers by

empowering them and harnessing their potentials and

abilities. The law encourages greater participation of

this marginalized sector in the government planning and

program and project implementation to contribute to

national economic development. The provision of

incentives in the form of infrastructure and other

physical assets, access to vital agricultural services

and capacity building provide an avenue for the small

farmers to improve their performance as drivers of

development in countryside. In the end, optimizing the

promised purpose of the law requires the government's

adherence to its provisions and the provision of the

necessary funding (Aquino, et al., 2013).

According to Lazo (2012), believed that increasing

marketing efficiency of banana will contribute more to

a higher standard of living to our banana farmers and of

greater national prosperity than any single activity in

our economic life because industrial growth of the entire

banana industry is dependent upon more equitable and

more efficient distribution and production. Expansion in

the future will thus directly depend on the ability of

banana farmers to distribute successfully what it has,

the capacity to produce and must be able to distribute

profitability the increased quantity of banana goods

which greater efficiency and growing technical know-how

can produce.

According to Magaoay (2010), recommended in his

study that improved marketing of agricultural products,

such as banana, should be planned like putting up a farm

cooperative to serve as solution to banana farmers income

shortage.

Moreover, livelihood programs are also provided.

Last 2015, the national government has established the

Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan (PAMANA) Program to

support T’boli farmers. Collaboration from different

government agencies, this program became possible which

helped the T’boli farmers by constructing roads which

makes it easier for them to transport their goods. It

will increase the productivity of the farmers and

increase the agricultural income (Official Gazette,

2015).
Foreign Related Study

Banana is cultivated in about 230,000 hectares of

land and fiber yields around 8.7 lakh tons. Though banana

fiber extraction is not done on any large scale at

present, banana fibers are reported to have been spun in

the jute spinning machinery and used handbags and other

fancy articles. Agro-based bio fibers have the

composition, properties and structure that make them

suitable for uses such as composite, textile, pulp and

paper manufacture. In addition, banana fiber-based

production processes, structure, properties, and

sustainability of these bio-fibers are to be identified

for various industrial applications (C. Vigneswaran et

al., 2015)

According to Bernard (2015), the livelihoods of the

banana farmers is declining because of the low banana

production which is the result of declining land

fertility, climatic changes, inappropriate land tenure

system which focus on the growth of population and lack

of clear government plans that involve farmers. Due to

lack of support from the government, the number of banana

farmers is decreasing. In spite of the decline of banana

wilt disease and the climatic changes. Banana farmers

still are depending on banana farmers on getting their

daily needs despite the fact there are the declining of

banana production still there are few productions.

The nutritional profile and acceptability of two

preparations of banana chips through baking and frying

and to assess nutritive value and the acceptability of

this product. The results obtained from this study

indicated that Sudanese banana cultivar (Dwarf

Cavendish) can be used for chips making. Fried banana

chips were found to be better quality and acceptability

when compared to potato chips. Baked banana chips were

lower quality and had weak acceptability compared with

both fried banana chips and potato chips. The study

proved the possibility of promoting the use of banana

that could had been wasted unnecessarily. The banana

chips product was found to be a source of energy and

minerals such as potassium and phosphorus, and its

processing as snack was found to be simple,

environmental, clean and can be produced at family level

given the necessary precautions (Abd Elmoneim o.

Elkhalifa et, al., 2014).

 “Sustainability in banana farming will be seen in

the condition of ownership of farmer asset assets in

cultivating banana agribusiness. In carrying out

livelihoods, the assets needed are not just one type.

For this reason, a combination of existing assets will

be required to improve people's welfare. The types of

assets that are more useful or supportive of one's

livelihood are different for each individual” (Andriani

D. et al, 2020).

“Assets include the availability and

accessibility of the community towards resources that

can support and support community livelihoods.”

(Andriani D., et al, 2020)

 CHAPTER III

METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Methodology

This chapter discuss the research methodology

utilized in this study. It will discuss the sample

selection, data gathering procedure, research instrument

used which will be significant in collecting data.

Moreover, it will discuss and explain the statistical

procedure which will be used to measure and analyze the

collected data for formulation of plausible conclusion

and implications.

Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive research

method which will help in understanding a situation and

phenomenon. This method will help the researchers

identify the factors affecting the income of the banana

farmers through using survey questionnaire which will be

distributed to selected respondents. The survey

questionnaire will consist of demographic profiling

which will determine the age, income, and farm lot area

of the farmers. Series of questions will then be asked

which will determine the farming practices of the banana

farmers, the products that can made through banana and

products that will last longer with the use of banana.

The data gathered will be analyzed using statistical

methods which will help the researchers to draw plausible

conclusion and solution that will help banana farmers.

Population and Sample

The respondents of the study are the banana farmers

in the San Guillermo, Isabela. The sample which will

represent the population will be the banana farmers in

San Guillermo, Isabela. There will be twenty possible

banana farmers to be selected to participate in the

study. All their response will serve as the primary

source of data; it will serve as a basis for formulating

conclusions which will benefit the whole population.

Data Gathering Procedures

The first step before going to the testing proper is

to make a request letter. Upon approval, the researcher

retrieves the request letter. Aside from this, the

researcher will develop tools and instrument; they will

use the allotted time for research project and vacant to

avoid distraction during class discussions. It will then

be validated by the research adviser, and appointed

ethics board, the principal other selected faculty

members in the administration.

Before administering the survey process, researchers

will inform selected respondents; they will present

details about the study and the purpose of conducting

it. It is compulsory to obtain their informed consent

before administering the questionnaire which will show

that the participants volunteer to participate without

threat. It will ensure that the data will be collected

will be factual and not manipulated by the researchers.

Their responses are considered primary data. The

survey questionnaire will be divided into two parts: the

first part contains the demographic profile of the Banana

Farmers, while the second part provides the

questionnaire for the different factors affecting the

income of banana farmers.

Statistical Treatment

To present, analyze, and interpret the data gathered

from the respondents, the researchers may utilize the

frequency counts, percentage, and weighted mean.

Frequency distribution/percentage will be calculated

by which will allow the researchers to determine the

profile distribution of the respondents.

Formula:

%= (f/n) x 100

Where:

F= frequency in the category

n= total number of responses

For better analysis and interpretations of the data

gathered, they will be subjected to statistic

tools as follows:

1. Simple Frequency Count

2. Simple Percentage Computation

3. Mean

Formula:

Mean = ∑f/n

Where:

F= frequency of each Likert item score

n= number of respondents
FACTORS AFFECTING THE INCOME OF BANANA FARMERS: A BASIS

FOR LIVELIHOOD PROGRAM

A Research

Presented to

The Faculty of Senior High School Department

School of Our Lady of Atocha, Inc.

In-Partial fulfillment

Of the requirements for the subject

Practical Research 2

By:

Cantor, Edlean Mae T.

Lucero, Gerbe P.

Liban, Leah Mae B.

Ramirez, Alexander Jayruz G.

Palos, Raychelle Lean S.

October 2022
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTIONS

Bananas are a staple fruit in the Filipino diet,

finding their way too many of their dining tables (Ramon,

et al., 2020) and others eat it when it's fried, even

coated with sugar that is called “banana cue”. Banana

farming is not new to the people specially on the farmers

in San Guillermo, Isabela. Bananas grow well in a

temperature range of 15 - 35 Degree Celsius. In banana

farming, they harvest it when the banana is still green,

and it takes a week to have a delicious banana. Banana

farmers need soil that has good drainage and fertility,

and cleaning the tree of withered leaves will help them

to have a big and good harvest. Bananas are the most

abundant plant in San Guillermo.

Banana is one of the high value agricultural crops

grown in Isabela. “Kasabbaan Festival”, is their

festival, according to the website of San Guillermo,

Isabela the “the character of the people in San

Guillermo, Isabela is like ripening of banana fruit as

it is refined into sweetness and creamed perfection’’,

and it is also being celebrated to pay tribute and

thanksgiving for the abundance blessings. This is being

held every 17th day of June, during the festival there

are many activities they use to celebrate it; this are

the colorful parade, beauty pageants, exhibitions, and

sports events. Agri trade fairs were regularly organized

to highlight the celebration where local agricultural

products were displayed. The fair provides a venue for

every barangay to introduce and market their own produce.

The local government aims to make the occasion as a

springboard for the promotion of the town as one of the

big contributors of agricultural and forest products in

the province. But even though there are plenty of bananas

in San Guillermo, banana farmers can only sell them for

a low price depending on what variety of bananas because

there are factors that affects the income of the farmers

which are: typhoons, surplus supply and small size of

the banana because of the lack of cleanliness and

fertilizers.

According to the Regional HVCDP focal person Carol

Albay “We have to be urgent in the implementation of

this project to provide [for] the urgent needs of our

people. With your help, let us work hand in hand so we

can hit our target and achieve our main goal, to increase

our farmers’ productivity and income,”. To help this

project, the researchers decide to have a livelihood

program focused on banana farmers in San Guillermo and

introduce some products made up from bananas.

The income of farmers is not enough for the cost of

their farm. It is not enough to support their families’

expenses. Some farmers give their bananas for bananas so

that their product will not be put in waste and rot.

According to the realization of Alfredo Alog of

Angadanan, Isabela "there is more income from planting

saba bananas than any other crops he has planted. The

good thing about saba is that it is a year-round crop

and harvesting is done weekly once the plants reach

bearing stage. This is more advantageous compared to

coffee which fruits only once a year. Besides, the

increasing demand for saba makes it an ideal crop to

grow. Saba, a cooking type of banana, is one of the main

sources of income especially for small hold farmers in

Isabela, which is the leading producer of banana in

Cagayan Valley. Together with lakatan, latundan and

bongulan, saba is identified as among commodities

included in the S & T Agenda of CVARRD and one of the

priorities in the National Banana RDE Program. This

resulted in the increased consciousness on banana

production and the adoption of technologies and

practices." As an appointed farmer scientist of the

Cagayan Valley Agriculture and Resources Research and

Development (CVARRD) Consortium, Alfredo adopts improved

cultural management practices in saba production in his

science and technology-based farm in Angadanan. These

were included in the package of technology for saba which

he developed in partnership with Dr. Biley Temanel and

Dr. Florenda Temanel of ISU.

According to Dr. Biley Temanel, a banana expert from

Isabela State University, "early-maturing bananas offers

more advantage to banana farmers in Cagayan Valley as

the region is prone to typhoons. This variety also allows

a short-period of recovery of investment, which is

estimated at P86,000 per hectare during the first year."

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Banana is one of the most important fruit crops in

both domestic and export markets. Candava banana or saba

is the world's fourth most important staple next to rice,

corn, and wheat (Hernandez, 2008). Initially, farmers

used to allocate a small patch of land to grow bananas

by rural people but the area under its cultivation is

expanding and so, is the contribution of banana farming

on national AGDP (Agriculture Gross Domestic Product)

(ICIMOD, 2015).
 In the Philippines, using the metric system in

marketing any product in the country is embodied in the

Consumer Act of the Philippines (R.A. 7394), Chapter II,

Article 63 states that “the system of weights and

measures to be used for all products, commodities,

materials, utilities, services and commercial

transactions, in all contracts, deeds and other official

and legal instruments and documents shall be in the

metric system, in accordance with existing laws and their

implementing rules and regulations.”

According to the banana link website, “They are an

essential source of income and employment for many

households, as well as being a source of nutrition and

food security for more than 400 million people in

producer countries. However, only 15 to 20% of the

world’s banana production is traded internationally. The

largest producer India exports almost nothing, whilst

Brazil exports very little, keeping bananas for the

domestic market. According to Philippine Statistic

Authority, "Banana fruits in the region largely came

from the province of Isabela with more than half of the

total banana output in 2020 being produced in the

province. Cagayan province produced around one-fifth of

the total production while the rest were harvested from

Quirino, Nueva Vizcaya and Batanes. In terms of varieties

of banana produced in the region, almost three fourths

of banana production in 2020 was classified as banana

saba while almost fourteen percent was produced from the

latundan variety. The remaining varieties include

lacatan, bungulan, cavendish and other banana varieties

not elsewhere classified. These varieties contributed

only more than ten percent to the total banana production

in the region with cavendish production having the least

share"

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The purpose of the study is to identify the different

factors affecting the income of banana farmers.

This study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. What are the demographic profile of the respondents

in terms of:

a. Age

b. Income

c. Education

d. Farm lot area

2. What are the practices regarding the affecting the

banana income?

3. What are the different products that can be produce

using banana fruit that can be a source of livelihood to

the people in the community?

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study will help to establish an understanding

about the Business Process of the Banana farmers.

Furthermore, the result of the study will be a great

benefit to the following but not limited to:

Banana Farmers: In this study, the banana farmers

can create new products that can increase their income.

Barangay: In this study, the barangay will benefit

for the development of new products and a livelihood

program to its people.

Future Researcher: In this study, the future

researchers can contribute to the creation of another

livelihood in the specific barangay.

LGU: In this study, the local government unit (LGU)

can introduce another livelihood to its people that can

help the banana farmers to improve their income that

they can generate using the banana and turn them into

more useful products.

Researchers: In this study the researcher will be

able to gain more knowledge about the other products

that can be produced or manufactured with the surplus

production of bananas.

ASSUMPTION

1. The researchers expect to identify the factors

affecting the income of the banana farmers of San

Guillermo, Isabela.

2. The researchers will propose a livelihood program

using banana fruit by introducing different

processes in transforming the banana fruit into

different products which will be introduce and sold

in the market.

3. The researchers assume that the livelihood program

using banana will be feasible and could increase

the income of banana farmers.

SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY

This study will be conducted on twenty farmers of

bananas at Centro 2, San Guillermo, Isabela. This study

will be introduced in the months of January and February.

This serves as the researcher introducing a basis for a

livelihood program. The respondents will be the banana

farmers of the proposed barangay who know about Factors

Affecting the income of the banana farmers.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

The following terms are defined operationally:

Banana- an elongated usually tapering tropical fruit

with soft pulpy flesh enclosed in a soft usually yellow

rind.

Abundant - existing or available in large quantities

Kasabbaan Festival - The festival has been

traditionally celebrated simultaneously with the

commemoration of the founding anniversary of San

Guillermo, Isabela every 17th of June. More often the

festival will be a three-day celebration but sometimes

it lasts until five days.

Livelihood Program- Livelihood programs seek to

improve the state of life of the low-income sector by

giving jobs and business chances, health care access,

and other forms of assistance. These programs aim to

enhance community capacity to address the issues of

poverty.
 Income- a gain or recurrent benefit usually measured

in money that derives from capital or labor.

Farmer- a person engaged in agriculture, raising

living organisms for food or raw materials.

Metric System - The decimal measuring system based on

the meter liter and grams as units of length, capacity

and weight or mass.

Agribusiness -The term agribusiness is used to refer

to economic activities derived from or connected to farm

products. In other words, crop production, as well as

crop processing, transportation and distribution.

Surplus supply - An excess supply, economic surplus

market surplus or briefly supply is a situation in which

the quantity of a good or service supplied is more than

quantity demanded, and the price is above the equilibrium

level determined by supply and demand.

Gross value- The wholesale price, or, if, there be no

1such price, the estimated value, with, in either case,

freight, landing charges, and duty paid beforehand

provided that, in the case of goods or merchandise

customarily sold in bond, the bonded price is deemed to

be the gross value.

San Guillermo - officially the Municipality of San

Guillermo, is a 4th class municipality in the province

of Isabela, Philippines. According to the 2020 census,

it has a population of 20,915 people. On June 17, 1967,

the municipality of San Guillermo was created by virtue

of Republic Act No. 4906,[5] sponsored by Melanio

Singson, the then-representative of Isabela's lone

district. San Guillermo was named in honor of Eugenio

Guillermo, the then-mayor of Angadanan. It took 15

barangays from Angadanan (i.e. Anonang, Colorado,

Calaoagan, Dipacamo, Peredo Edcor, Guam, Nakar, Palawan,

Progreso, San Francisco Norte, San Mariano Norte, San

Mariano Sur, Villa Rose, Villa Sanchez, and Villa

Teresita) and 4 from Echague (i.e. Aringay, Dingading,

San Francisco Sur and Sinalugan).

Conceptual Framework

These following concepts will be used by the

researchers for their future study:

Preservation- activity or process of keeping something

valued alive, intact, or free from damage.

-This is necessary in our study so that the

researcher knows what banana product will last longer.

Techniques - Ability to treat such details or use

skillful or efficient way of doing or achieving something

 -The researchers need to make another

product and make our project a success.

Manufacturing - It refers to a production of goods that

converts raw material, and its components into finished

merchandise.

-This is one of the things we will do to make another

product using banana fruit. The researchers want to

find out how to make raw materials into products.

Dehydration- Occurs when you use or lose more fluid than

you take in, and your body doesn’t have enough water

-The researchers will use it to make a product that

the researcher plans to make and to make things easier.

This will help the researchers to make dehydrated

products that will not rot.

Banana Peel- It is the outer covering of the banana fruit

called banana peel or banana skin

- Instead of throwing it away, researchers

can turn it into a useful product such as wine and

fertilizer that farmers will use on their farmland.

Producing- It refers to the process that is used to

convert raw material or semi-finished goods into

finished products.

-Applying this will help the researchers to

produce other products from raw materials.

RESEARCH PARADIGM

This study focuses on the factors affecting the income

of banana farmers. The researchers use the IPOO model to

gather information regarding factors affecting the

income of banana farmers.

The input consists of the profile of the banana

farmers: Age, Sex, Income, Education, and the Farm lot

area. While in the process, the Analysis of data is done

through Interviews and Questionnaires. The researchers

want to know the list of banana products that they can

use to have more income. The researchers want to know

the effects of the livelihood program on the banana

farmers that can improve their income and not waste the

surplus production on their banana farms.

 INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT OUTCOME

1. What are Analysis of Different Effects of

data through: factors livelihood
the affecting the programs to
income of the banana
demographic
 Interview banana farmers.
profile of  Questionn farmers.
aire
the
 Data
respondents Analysis

in terms of:

a. Age

b. Income

c. Education

d. Farm lot

area

FEEDBACK
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents review of foreign literature,

local literature, foreign studies, and local studies

that are related to the banana farming that the

proponents made use of different reading materials (such

as thesis, articles, and other web articles) that will

help extending the knowledge of proponents. This is

followed by highlighting the research and contribute the

present study.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN RELATED LITERATURE

Local Related Literature

Banana is the most important fruit crop in the

Philippines (Department of Science and Technology

(DOST), 2020). According to World Atlas (2017), the

Philippines is the third-largest producer of bananas in

the world; 80% of the total production of the country

comes from the province of Davao, Northern Mindanao, and

Bukidnon. Moreover, according to the Observatory of

Economic Complexity (2020) Philippines exported $1.66B

of bananas which makes it the 2nd largest exporter of

bananas in the world and this product was the 7 th most

exported product in the country.

In addition to its health benefits, it employs many

Filipinos and has a significant economic impact on the

country. In fact, according to DOST, the members of the

Philippine banana industry include the farmers,

cooperatives, traders, exporters, and manufacturers.

Moreover, they have listed the three principal types of

bananas produced in the country, which are cavendish,

which accounts for 50% of the overall production,

Lakatan, which is regarded as a dessert banana, and Saba,

which accounts for 29% of the total production.

In 2022, however, the Philippine banana industry

faced both domestic and global concerns. According to

Tolentino (2022), the industry faces both recurrent and

new problems. These factors affect the productivity and

value of various banana types. Among the challenges and

problems cited in the report are growing stiff

competition, diseases that could wipe out the industry,

climate change, increasing production costs, and the

difficulty to expand plantations. The Department of

Labor and Employment exerts its best efforts to educate

itself on how to address this issue in order to address

it. In fact, they have established quantifiable goals

referred to as the Dole Promise in order to address the

problem in the agriculture industry.

Moreover, technology interventions are used to save

banana industry in the Philippines. According to

Generalao et.al. (2021), the Cavendish research team

collaborated with the DOST-Philippine Council for

Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources Research

Development (DOST-PCAARRD0 for technological

interventions. They developed three technologies to

control Fusarium Wilt Fungus Tropical Race 4, a disease

that negatively and significantly affects the banana

industry. Until now, they continue to work to address

the gaps and problems in the banana industry to aid the

economy of the Philippines.

Today bananas plantains are best known as a food

crop, almost every part of the plant can be used in one

way or another. It is both cheap and full of nutrients

are rich in nutrition, fiber, vitamins and minerals.

Various parts of the banana plant itself can also be

used for different purposes all over the world. In

Indonesia, the banana plant is used to make traditional

medicine and as animal feed. In indigenous systems of

medicine, pseudo stem juice is a well-known remedy for

urinary disorders, stomach troubles like diarrhea,

dysentery and flatulence; It helps in treatment for

removal of stones in the kidney, gall bladder, and

prostate. Banana leaves are used in eczema, as cool

dressings for blister and burns disease. Banana flowers

is used in dysentery and ulcer disease. Some of the other

by products made from banana includes values added

products from banana fruits like banana puree, banana

powder, banana catsup, banana flour, banana chips dried

banana fritter, banana vinegar, banana wine, banana jam,

banana jelly sweet coat (Yadav et al., 2016)

Different organizations and agencies collaborate

and made an effort to address the issue in the

agricultural industry. In fact, Department of

Agriculture has implemented The Philippine Rural

Development Project last 2021 to support farmers and

fisherfolk become productive through financial and

technical assistance. Through its implementation, local

government is empowered and is equipped with resources

that can help increase the agricultural competitiveness

and income of the country (World Bank, 2021).

Foreign Related Study

Organic products are becoming increasingly popular

worldwide. Therefore, the government should take

initiative in combination with scientists and

technologists to prepare banana bio-products and reach

the people in home and abroad, which in turn will

contribute to food security. Banana fruits and its plants

as a whole are a good source of bio-chemicals. Thus,

bio-pharmaceutical industries can collect bio-chemicals

from backyard industries and can save foreign remittance

of Bangladesh. It seems that this information will be of

immense help to the farmers, entrepreneurs, planners,

scientists as well as the Bangladesh government to take

proper initiatives for the betterment of the nation

(Mohiuddin et al., 2014).

In banana crops, after harvesting the bare pseudo

stem remains in several tons as a waste. Fiber can be

produced for the paper industry, fabrics or yarn industry

etc. But usually, they are disposed of by burning in

fields which creates another air pollution problem.

Larger amount of solid waste increases pollution load in

the environment. In this connection, present study deals

with the use of banana pseudo stem sap as a mordant to

utilize a large quantity of biomass. The remaining

material can be used as fiber, green manure, as a source

of carbohydrate for production of starch, sugar and

alcohol.

According to Kenneth Nyombi (2013), Increasing

banana prices, urbanization and infrastructure

development are likely to increase demand for bananas

and reduce the transportation costs. For banana farmers

to be able to increase their incomes, support from

government and other agricultural organizations is

crucial. This can be in form of farmer education through

on-farm demonstrations on research plots of new or

improved technologies.

According to Luske (2010) Input costs, low access

to market, low-input agriculture, dry climate, water

resource, and low incidence of pest and disease in the

Northern region of Peru facilitate organic banana

cultivation.

According to Quentin and Larsen (2013) New farmers

continued to adopt bananas, and those who had already

adopted them were in the process of expanding their

existing plantations. By the time of the evaluation,

more than two-thirds of the RIPAT farmers and 13 percent

of the non-RIPAT farmers grew the improved banana

varieties

As stated by Vigneswara, et al (2015), banana fibers

have a huge contribution for textile and packaging

industry. However, the banana stem forms a major source

of waste material. But today, most of banana fibers are

used for making ropes and cordage. They have

compositions, properties, and structures that are

suitable for using in industrial applications.

LOCAL AND FOREIGN RELATED STUDY

Local Related Study

According to Deluna (2016), agricultural crop

insurance is a risk management tool to counter shocks

and risks in banana production. It is a mechanism for

farmers to be protected from unexpected risks and a tool

for them to recover from the shocks experienced. The

Philippine Crop Insurance Corporation (PCIC) is mandated

to provide insurance protection to the country's

agricultural producers, particularly the subsistence

farmers, against natural disasters and other perils.

This paper evaluated how agricultural insurance made an

impact to banana growers in terms of managing risks and

their well-being. The inputs, outputs and outcomes

relative to risk, agricultural investment, productivity

and access to credit are documented to provide options

and strategies in improving the agricultural crop

insurance in the country.

 The magna carta for small Farmers is a creditable

law aimed at improving the lives of the small farmers by

empowering them and harnessing their potentials and

abilities. The law encourages greater participation of

this marginalized sector in the government planning and

program and project implementation to contribute to

national economic development. The provision of

incentives in the form of infrastructure and other

physical assets, access to vital agricultural services

and capacity building provide an avenue for the small

farmers to improve their performance as drivers of

development in countryside. In the end, optimizing the

promised purpose of the law requires the government's

adherence to its provisions and the provision of the

necessary funding (Aquino, et al., 2013).

According to Lazo (2012), believed that increasing

marketing efficiency of banana will contribute more to

a higher standard of living to our banana farmers and of

greater national prosperity than any single activity in

our economic life because industrial growth of the entire

banana industry is dependent upon more equitable and

more efficient distribution and production. Expansion in

the future will thus directly depend on the ability of

banana farmers to distribute successfully what it has,

the capacity to produce and must be able to distribute

profitability the increased quantity of banana goods

which greater efficiency and growing technical know-how

can produce.

According to Magaoay (2010), recommended in his

study that improved marketing of agricultural products,

such as banana, should be planned like putting up a farm

cooperative to serve as solution to banana farmers income

shortage.

Moreover, livelihood programs are also provided.

Last 2015, the national government has established the

Payapa at Masaganang Pamayanan (PAMANA) Program to

support T’boli farmers. Collaboration from different

government agencies, this program became possible which

helped the T’boli farmers by constructing roads which

makes it easier for them to transport their goods. It

will increase the productivity of the farmers and

increase the agricultural income (Official Gazette,

2015).
Foreign Related Study

Banana is cultivated in about 230,000 hectares of

land and fiber yields around 8.7 lakh tons. Though banana

fiber extraction is not done on any large scale at

present, banana fibers are reported to have been spun in

the jute spinning machinery and used handbags and other

fancy articles. Agro-based bio fibers have the

composition, properties and structure that make them

suitable for uses such as composite, textile, pulp and

paper manufacture. In addition, banana fiber-based

production processes, structure, properties, and

sustainability of these bio-fibers are to be identified

for various industrial applications (C. Vigneswaran et

al., 2015)

According to Bernard (2015), the livelihoods of the

banana farmers is declining because of the low banana

production which is the result of declining land

fertility, climatic changes, inappropriate land tenure

system which focus on the growth of population and lack

of clear government plans that involve farmers. Due to

lack of support from the government, the number of banana

farmers is decreasing. In spite of the decline of banana

wilt disease and the climatic changes. Banana farmers

still are depending on banana farmers on getting their

daily needs despite the fact there are the declining of

banana production still there are few productions.

The nutritional profile and acceptability of two

preparations of banana chips through baking and frying

and to assess nutritive value and the acceptability of

this product. The results obtained from this study

indicated that Sudanese banana cultivar (Dwarf

Cavendish) can be used for chips making. Fried banana

chips were found to be better quality and acceptability

when compared to potato chips. Baked banana chips were

lower quality and had weak acceptability compared with

both fried banana chips and potato chips. The study

proved the possibility of promoting the use of banana

that could had been wasted unnecessarily. The banana

chips product was found to be a source of energy and

minerals such as potassium and phosphorus, and its

processing as snack was found to be simple,

environmental, clean and can be produced at family level

given the necessary precautions (Abd Elmoneim o.

Elkhalifa et, al., 2014).

 “Sustainability in banana farming will be seen in

the condition of ownership of farmer asset assets in

cultivating banana agribusiness. In carrying out

livelihoods, the assets needed are not just one type.

For this reason, a combination of existing assets will

be required to improve people's welfare. The types of

assets that are more useful or supportive of one's

livelihood are different for each individual” (Andriani

D. et al, 2020).

“Assets include the availability and

accessibility of the community towards resources that

can support and support community livelihoods.”

(Andriani D., et al, 2020)

 CHAPTER III

METHOD AND PROCEDURES

Methodology

This chapter discuss the research methodology

utilized in this study. It will discuss the sample

selection, data gathering procedure, research instrument

used which will be significant in collecting data.

Moreover, it will discuss and explain the statistical

procedure which will be used to measure and analyze the

collected data for formulation of plausible conclusion

and implications.

Research Design

This study will employ a descriptive research

method which will help in understanding a situation and

phenomenon. This method will help the researchers

identify the factors affecting the income of the banana

farmers through using survey questionnaire which will be

distributed to selected respondents. The survey

questionnaire will consist of demographic profiling

which will determine the age, income, and farm lot area

of the farmers. Series of questions will then be asked

which will determine the farming practices of the banana

farmers, the products that can made through banana and

products that will last longer with the use of banana.

The data gathered will be analyzed using statistical

methods which will help the researchers to draw plausible

conclusion and solution that will help banana farmers.

Population and Sample

The respondents of the study are the banana farmers

in the San Guillermo, Isabela. The sample which will

represent the population will be the banana farmers in

San Guillermo, Isabela. There will be twenty possible

banana farmers to be selected to participate in the

study. All their response will serve as the primary

source of data; it will serve as a basis for formulating

conclusions which will benefit the whole population.

Data Gathering Procedures

The first step before going to the testing proper is

to make a request letter. Upon approval, the researcher

retrieves the request letter. Aside from this, the

researcher will develop tools and instrument; they will

use the allotted time for research project and vacant to

avoid distraction during class discussions. It will then

be validated by the research adviser, and appointed

ethics board, the principal other selected faculty

members in the administration.

Before administering the survey process, researchers

will inform selected respondents; they will present

details about the study and the purpose of conducting

it. It is compulsory to obtain their informed consent

before administering the questionnaire which will show

that the participants volunteer to participate without

threat. It will ensure that the data will be collected

will be factual and not manipulated by the researchers.

Their responses are considered primary data. The

survey questionnaire will be divided into two parts: the

first part contains the demographic profile of the Banana

Farmers, while the second part provides the

questionnaire for the different factors affecting the

income of banana farmers.

Statistical Treatment

To present, analyze, and interpret the data gathered

from the respondents, the researchers may utilize the

frequency counts, percentage, and weighted mean.

Frequency distribution/percentage will be calculated

by which will allow the researchers to determine the

profile distribution of the respondents.

Formula:

%= (f/n) x 100

Where:

F= frequency in the category

n= total number of responses

For better analysis and interpretations of the data

gathered, they will be subjected to statistic

tools as follows:

1. Simple Frequency Count

2. Simple Percentage Computation

3. Mean

Formula:

Mean = ∑f/n

Where:

F= frequency of each Likert item score

n= number of respondents