PARMAR

A n im a l
Plant a nd A ni mal

SSC Kingdom
PARMAR
SSC
No symmetry/Asymmetry: Eg:
Porifera
fladial Symmetry: Symmetry
along any plane passing
through the centre. Eg:
Coelentrata, Echinodermata,
Ctenophora Bilateral
Symmetry: Eg:
Platyhelminthes or flatworms, Porifera,
Nematodes, Annelida, Arthropoda Coelenterata,
Ctenophora:
Diploblastic flest all:
Mesoglea: jelly like matrix Triploblastic

Mesoderm: Middle germ layer

2 germ layers 3 germ

layers
Porifera
Coelenterate Acoelom
Ctenophora
Coelom: it is the body
Platyhelminth
cavity present between es Psuedocoelo
the body wall, and the Nematoda/
Aschelminth
gut wall Coelom has a
es Annelida m
mesodermal lining Arthropoda
Mollusca
Echinodermat Eucoelom
a Chordata

Eucoelomata:
true ceolem Psuedocoelomata:
false coelom
 Segmentation seen
in Annelida
Arthropoda
Chordata

Circulatory Systems

Open Circulatory System: It is a system where there is no vessel to contain the blood and it flows freely
through the cavities of the body
Closed Circulatory System: The blood is enclosed in the vessels in the heart while circulating

Notochor
d
Derived from
mesoderm flod like
structure
Present in dorsal side (upper side or back side of an
animal) Eg: Chordata
 KINGDOM
ANIMAlIA All Phylums (in order)
Porifera TflIC
Classified into phylaumons Coelenterate K
Eukaryotic tohnethbeasbisasis of extent Ctenophora PC
and type of body Platyhelminthes
Multicellular design differentiation found Nematoda/Aschelminthes
Annelida
PA
Heterotrophic
Cell wall absent
Most of them are Arthropoda
mobile Mollusca
MEC
Echinodermat
a Chordata
Characteristics of
Porifera

They have holes called pores i.e. body is perforated thPaotreiss lwe ahd yt oclaa lrlgeedb osdpyocnagv ei t sy called Spongocoel
Have water canal system (pores se Non-motile animals
paani) Asymmetrical body They are
hermaphrodite Ostium:
Cellular level organization
(male + female) water canal
Two layer germ layers: Diploblastic Mainly found in system
Exclusively aquatic marine habitat (spaces)
Some are
freshwater
animals
 Ectoderm:
Endoderm: cells inside
cells outside
the body
the body Spongocoel

Endoskeleton is present
Other examples: Euplectella, Spongilla(Freshwater sponge), Scyon, Euspongia
(bathing sponge) (Glass sponge)

PARMAR
SSC
 Characteristics of Ctenophora

Show bioluminescence
Exclusively marine
They are hermaphrodite
Characteristics of They are also known as Sea Walnuts and Comb
Coelenterata/Cnidaria Jellies fladial symmetry

Aquatic Body is fleproduction: Sexual reproduction

Eg: Pleurobrachia and
animals Tissue soft
level organisation
Hard skeleton developed outside called Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
Body made of two layers: Ectoderm: makes up cells outside of body
Diploblastic Anus is absent Endoderm: makes inner lining of the body
fladial symmetry (divided in equal
parts from anywhere)
Central gastrovascular cavity is
present eg: Coral and hydra
Mouth is present surrounded by tentacles
Mostly marine somewaharererfer,
efsrhewshawteartearniamnaimlsa(lseg(:eg:
Hydra) Sea anemone

Stinging cells are present in Cnidoblast known as

Nematocyst

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

They have
dfolrastotveennterdallyboflda ytt,edneodrsboo v
dey nlitkreaallryibbon Bilateral symmetry
Acoelomat
Organ level organisation e
Triploblastic animals: three germ
layers True internal cavity/coelom
absent:

Body cavity Suckers and hooks are usually present Hermaphrodite

(Male+Female part present) animals Anus is absent
They can be parasitic or free living
Coelom have organs accommodated
Either free, living or parasitic and terrestrial
 Free living Parasite

They have FlAME CEllS for excretion and osmoregulation

Incomplete digestive system (common opening for mouth and
anus)

PARMAR
SSC
PARMAR
Characteristics of Nematodes/Aschelmithes

Body is cylindrical Animals show sexual dimorphism

Bilateral symmetry flenette cells present
Triploblastic Most forms are parasitic, but some are free living in soil/water
organisation Parasitic forms are pathogenic (causes
OOrrggaannsylestveeml

SSC
disease) Eg: Ascaris, Wucheria, Ancyclostoma
oorrggaanniziastaiotnion (hookworm)
No real organs false
present cavity
Pseudocoelom
present
Alimentary is complete: mouth and anus
((De inf tf re yre natnedn teryxiatn pd oeixnitt psoainmt) e) eg:
Elephantiasis (filarial worms)
Worms in intestines (roundworms/pinworms)
Sexes are s eparate

Hermaphrodite: having both male

and female part
Unisexual: either male or female part

locomotory organs paired, lateral appendages

parapodia
(Nereis)
True coelomate animal
True organ packaged in coelom Organ
lseyvsetelmorogrgaanniiszaattioionn
Characteristics of Annelida
Body segmetation is present
fleproduction: Sexually
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic
Cylindrical/dorsoventrally
flattened Brown colour skin is
present
 Ali
me
nta
ry
can
al
is
tub
e
like
ext
en
d
fro
m
mo
uth
to
an
us
Th
ey
are
usu
ally
fou
nd
in
fre
sh
wa
ter,
ma
rin
e
wa
ter
,
lan
d

Nephridia: For osmoregulation and excretion

PARMAR
Characteristics of Arthropoda

largest phylum in animal kingdom Insecta is the largest class

They have jointed
legs Bilateral
symmetry

SSC
Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals thorax, abdomen
Open circulatory system (blood openly flows; not through a blood
vessel) Coelom is present and is blood filled
Triploblastic
flespiration through gills, trachea
Excreation through Malpighian
Tubules Exoskeleton is made of
chitin
Unisexual
Alimentary canal is
complete Terrestrial/aquatic
(fresh/marine animals) Sexes are
separate

Devil fish: common name of octopus

Characteristics of Mollusca
2nd largest phylum
Body is soft Exoskeleton is hard (snails) little segmentation on body Open
circulatory system

Bilateral symmetry/asymmetrical
 Blue colour blood: Haemocyanin

PARMAR
Cuttle fish belongs to phylum Mollusca
Alimentary canal is complete
Kidney like organs for excretion is
present flespiration through gills
Unisexual
Entire body covered in mantle (a fold of thin
skin) Foot is for locomotion

SSC
Characteristics of Echinodermata

Spiny skinned organism

Star shaped, spherical,
elongated fladial symmetry
Triploblastic
Coelomic cavity is
present No
segmentation
Organ lseyvsteelmsyorsgtaenmization

Characteristics of Chordata
Types:
They have notochord: rod like
Notochord a)Protochordata
structure Paired gills slits in
not b) Vertebrata
pharynx
developed
Bilateral
properly Notochord
Triploblastic
Organ system level properl
organisation Closed blood y
vascular system develope
Heart is flod like
ventral structure
Coelomate

Hemichordata Invertebrates
PARMAR
SSC
Characteristics of Protochordata

Do not have proper notochord present during all stages of life

Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic Post anal tail present
Coelomate
animals Nerve cord
is present Pharyngeal
gill slits present
PARMAR
SSC
Characteristics of Vertebrates

Characteristics of Cyclostomata

They are jawless vertebrates

eg: Petromyzon/Myxine, hog fishes,
lamprey
Arthropoda
Crayfish

Characteristics of Pieces Silverfish

They are fishes Mamma

ls
eg: Dog fish, Shark, tuna Whale
Chambered heart: 2
D
o
l
p
h
i
n
s
Characteristics of Amphibians

PARMAR
They have mucous glands in skin for respiration
They have 3 chambered or through gills
heart eg: Frogs, toads,
saaml amphanibdeiar ns
Cold blooded animals

SSC
Characteristics of fleptiles

They have 3 chambered

xception:
heart E Crocodile 4 chambered
heart
Cold blooded
animals
eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile

Characteristics of

Aves Theyarm
areblooded
w
animals
They have 4 chambered
heart They lay eggs
Oviparous

Characteristics of Mammalian

They are warm blooded

organism They have 4
chambered heart They
Viviparous
have mammary glands
Exception: Mammals but lay eggs eg: Platypus and echidnas
flT9flOOfCTlOt
ltOTX

Uopics Sages

t. fleprodυction
-> Asexual reproduction vs Sexual reproduction 3
-> Modes of asexual reproduction

2. Asexual fleproduction
Types of fleproduction
-> Binary fission 4
-> Multiple fission 5
-> Fragmentation 5
-> Budding 6
-> flegeneration 7
-> Vegetative propagation 7
Types
i) Cutting
ii)layering
iii) Grafting 8
-> Tissue culture 9
-> Spore formation 9

3. Sexual fleproduction
a) In Plants
-> Types of flower
-> Male part 10
-> Female part
-> Pollination
a)Self-pollination
b)Cross-pollination 11

-> False fruit

-> Parthenocarpic fruit
-> Drupe fruit 11

b) In Humans 11
-> Male reproductive organ 12
-> Female reproductive organ 12
-> Human reproductive system 12
->flole of artery and veins in pregnancy 13
-> IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation) 13
-> Types of Fertilisation 13
-> Parthenogenesis 13
requirement of only one living
being requirement of male
and female to produce
offspring

flEPflODUCTION
It is a method by which offsprings are produced by the living
beings fl
eproduction is not a necessary instinct for survival of a
living bein
g

Rsexual Sexual fleproduction

ASEXUAl flEPflODUCTION
fleproduction
It one
Only involves
parent a single
plant is parent Both male and female parents are involved
Occurs
involved in simple
Occurs organisms like
in unisexual Occurs in bisexual plants
microorganisms,
plants Occurs in lower plants
plants Occur in higher plants
Genetic similarity is commonly seen here Genetic diversity is commonly seen here
fleproductive organs are not present Fully developed reproductive parts are
present
SEXUAl flEPflODUCTION
It involves two parents
MOOTS OF RSTXfRl flTSflOOfCUlOt
Mother
(a)Binary Fission
Father
(b)Multiple Fission
eg: in humans, dogs, elephants, birds, fishes,
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Budding
(e)Spore Formation
(f) flegeneration
(g)Vegetative Sropagation
 RSTXfRl flTSflOOfCUlOt

TYPES OF ASEXUAl flEPflODUCTION

a) BINAflY FISSION
It is a process of reproduction in which a unicellular organism
divides into two organisms
Only for unicellular organisms
Protozoa that causes
Kala Azar disease

reproduction on basis of
particular orientation
any
orientation

Bi: meaning
two
Nucleus inside
spreading to divide
 Malaria causing
b) MUlTIPlE FISSION protozoa
It will develop many
offsprings
It happens in unicellular organisms: Malarial Parasite,
PlasPmlaosmdoiudmium

Many daughter
nuclei develops

green
algae
c) FflAGMENTATION
it is used by simple multicellular organisms like spirogyra and
sea anemone Green
algae

fled algae mode of reproduction:

Fragmentation
 Breaks into half, which is
not fully develop that later
develops into complete
spirogyra

d)BUDDING
It is a process used by simple multicellular organisms like hydra and yeast

form complete
hydra
Develops buds to
main method of
reproduction in hydra
is budding
 not exactly a method
e) flEGEN Bread mould
of reproduction
EflATION
It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like planaria and hydra, rhizopus

Phylum:
Platyhelminthes Eg:
Tapeworms, flatworms
They are free living
organisms repairs or
regenerates the missing part
of the body and forms a
complete organism again

f) VEGETATIVE PflOPAGATION
It is a type of reproduction where new plants grow from a fragment or
cutting of parent
UBhuedbsuddseovnealoppott
plants
ahtoaatreiscalled “neoyetsc”

oanmdptlheetyeclyan grow into

tube
rnew p o t at o p la n ts, they
d e v e lo p e d
are located in the
 eg: in a barren land when it
rains, grass grows as stems
are present on the ground

TYPES

i) CUTTING: a part of plant (stem or

leaf) is cut and planted into soil
eg: rose plant, money plant, sugarcane plant,
Why is vegetative propagation banana plant
done? To save time
To get varieties of plants of ii)lAYEflING: the stem of the plant is
same or different type bent to the ground and covered with
soil
eg: lemon, strawberry

iii) GflAFTING: cutting from some

other plant attached to the stem of a
plant and planted to soil
eg: flose plant
 g) TISSUE CUlTUflE
Scientific artificial vegetative propagation is known as tissue culture
Tissue from different parts of plant are cultured in chemicals in
laboratory to develop into a new plant

used in ornamental
plants eg: Snake
plant
Cost of selling such
plant is very high

h) SPOflE FOflMATION
It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like
rhizopus

Bob and stick

like structures
that releases
spores and these
spores further
reproduces to
bread
mould

green colour fungus on bread: rhizopus

 SEXUAl

flEPflODUCTION
Pollen
PlANTS grains Sollen +

Ovary

Zygote

Tmbryo

Seed

Ovule becomes seeds

fleproductive organ in plants:

Flower Two types of ff leomw earl e

MaMlea+leFe+mfaelempaarlet ipn as armt e= pBlainste:
Bxuisaexl/uMal/oMnooneoce icoiouuss, eg: Hibiscus, sunflower, rose, lily, tulip, tomato,
chilli, petunia
OOnnlylyMMalealoer ForemFaelempaarlet: f=nUisnexisuealxual, eg: Papaya, cucumber, watermelon, musk melon,
bitter
Both the male and the female
gouuarrdd unisexual flowers may be present
in the same plant or in different
Male part plants
has:
Filament: supports anther
Anther: produces pollen Female part has:
Stigma: sticky bulb that catches pollen Style:
Yellow colour
passageway for pgorlaleinns
collectively called STAMEN collectively called PISTIl
Ovary: the part of pistil that holds the eggs awaiting fertilisation. Becomes the fruit
 Uhe transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower is
called as pollination

Pollination: pollen grains reach stigma through (a)Self-pollination: When the

pollen lands on stigma of
same flower
(b)Cross-pollination: When the
pollen of a flower lands on
Win Wate Insec stigma of another flower of
d r t same plant or that of a

Anemophil Hydrophil EAnnttoem

y y moopphhilyi
lnsects visit flowers
and carry away pollen
on their bodies
FRlST FflflU
flEPflODUCTION IN R fruit that develops from
HUMANS other parts of a flower, in
addition to ovary, and
Female sex does not require
Male sex cells cells fertilisation
Male Ovu Uhallus is also
gamete m involved Tg: Rpple,
SRflUHTtOCRflSlC FflflU
Sper Seedless fruit, that
m develops without
fertilisation of the ovule Tg:
Banana, grape, cucumber
OflfST FflflU
lt is a type of fruit with a
hard shell that includes a
Zygot seed and has an inner flesh
e Tg: Coconut

Embry
o

Chil
d
 Seminal
fluid
(semen)

Vas deferens (sperm

duct) layer of testis

Urethra
Produce Sperm
Sperm production in males
typically begins around the age of
MAlE flEPflODUCTIVE
10-12 years old OflGAN

Thickening of uterine Ovules

wall for preparation for
potential implantation of
A female is born with ovules (eggs)
fertilised egg during
present in her ovaries, meaning they are
pregnancy. When
present from birth
pregnancy does not Zygot
occur after the uterine
At the age of 12, the ovaries start to mature
lining thickens, the e
lining is shed through
mensuration Embry

o
FEMAlE flEPflODUCTIVE
Fetus
OflGAN (Body parts visible)
HfMRt flTSflOOfCUlVT
At the age 11-12 The ovaries start to mature, the oviducts, uterus, vagina, breast,
SYSUTM become
Cervical cancer is caused by:
pigmented, this is the first sign of menarche HPV virus (Human
Papilloma Virus)

Menopause: natural decline in reproductive hormones in women when she reaches her 40s or 50s

Gametogenesis Insemination Fertilisation Zygote Implantation

Gestation Cervical cancer is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

flOlT OF RflUTflY RtO VTltS lt

SflTGtRtCY Artery: Deoxygenated

blood/waste
Fetus Placenta

Veins: Oxygenated blood/nutrition

Placenta Fetus

lVF (ln
IVF (In Vitro
vitro Fertilisation):
fertilisation) Rn egg is combined with a sperm in vitro (outside of mother’s body in a
IVF is a type ofthe
lab) and later embryo
fertility is transferred
treatment to the
where eggs areuterus of the
combined mother
with the sperm outside the body in a lab.
The embryos are then inserted into women’s vagina through the cervix up to the womb

Uypes of Fertilisation
Methods of Sterilisation
(a)lnternal Fertilisation: Uhe process of a sperm
Tubectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception for woman. It involves surgically blocking the fallopian
cell and an egg cell fusing inside the female
tube so that the egg released by ovary cannot reach the uterus
body during reproduction
Tg: ln humans
Vasectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception in male. It involves cutting the supply of sperm to
(b)Txternal Fertilisation: R reproductive
the semen
process where a male sperm fertilises a female’s
egg outside of the female’s body
Parthenogenesis: it is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of an
Tg: Frog, earthworms, crab
embryo occurred directly from an egg without the need of fertilisation

Honey bees,

lizard Meaning
Parthe: Virgin
Sarthenogenesis: R type of asexual reproduction, where an organism develops from an unfertilised
Genesis: Birth
egg, without the need for sperm Uhe unfertilised egg completely develops into a new organism
Tg: Honey bees, lizards
PARMAR
llTT
9flOCTSS
SSC
OlGTSTlOt'flTS9lflRTlOt
 Digestive System 3
3
-> Salivary Amylase
-> Mucus Membrane 3

-> Small Intestine 4

-> Bile Juice 4

-> Pancreatic Juice 4

-> large Intestine 4

-> Alimentary Canal 5

-> liver 5
-> Villi 5
flespiratio 6
n 6
Breathing 6
flespiration in 6
Plants 6

-> By floots 6
-> By leaves 7
flespiration in Animals 7
-> Mechanism of flespiration 8
-> Inhale vs Exhale 8
 4 components of life
Process:
Digestion

flespiration

Circulation DIGESTIVE
EExxccrerteioantion
SYSTEM

fleleases Salivary
Amylase (enzyme)
Mouth (Buccal Cavity) Food pipe (length: 25 cm)
food directly goes to
releases bile juice, stomach
it is stored in gall in stomach HCl is
bladder released
Gastric juice,
Sphincter medium is Acidic
muscles pH value:
1.6
highly acidic
Allows food
to pass
itnoto ssmma
allll
intestine
large
intestine FFooooddexecxrectiroenation
Vestigial
finger-like projections: Villi (provides
surface area for food absorption) Site for major
digestion small intestine jejunum and ileum is inside
longest part of and duodenum is outside
large intestine
Complete
digestion
Salivary Amylase: breaks complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates

PSteopmsianc: hbreak1s. prHoCtel:inkislls harmAfmuilnboaActceidrisa; medium Acidic

Needs acidic Amino acids (20 Amino acids)
m2.edPiuempsifn:robmreagkasstpr
rioctejuinice
HCl is present in gastric juice pH 1.6
Mucus membrane: protects inner delicate lining: of stomach from gastric juice

PARMAR
SSC
 Sphincter muscle: it allows food to pass from stomach to small intestine

Small intestine: 7-8 m length, longest part of alimentary canal

PARMAR
3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Major part of digestion occur here

liver: largest gland located on right side of

abdomen

SSC
Dark red bcroolowunr Small intestine:
colour basic/alkanine
Bile juice
(functions
SEtonrzeyd min eGaslel
Bcrlaedtdeedr
Se cr e te d by liver Fat globules (large) Smaller
b y l iv e r)
fat globules

amylase: breaks
Pancreatic juice (secreted by Pancreas)
carbs lipase: fats

Second largest fatty acid

gland

trypsin: proteins amino acid

Works in basic
medium provides
by bile juice

large Intestine: 1.5 m length Aibntseostrinpetitoonthoefcowloan ter from

foCooldo n: flesponsible for absorbing water from indigestible
Cecum is the first part of the food residues
Malt
large intestine, and it connects MMMaaen lltlM
otassoeese
the small z y
ase
GselumGalcelutoocsoGseleuco
M
Ma
alltt
oas
s ee
:: in
saliv
ary
glan
d
and
sm
all
int
est
ine
PARMAR
Alimentary the whole passage along which food passes through
Canal:

liver and pancreas Mouth

are not its part
Oesophagu

SSC s Stomach

Small

intestine

large

intestine

floughage found in
flectum
Fibre Promotes
peristalsis Green leafy
Anus vegetables: Fruits

liver (Study of liver: Cells stores: Glycogen

Hepatology)

liver converts glucose into glycogen and amino acids into proteins
It is of dark red brown colour
Position: right of abdomen side
Kupffer cells: star shaped phagocytic cells in the lining of liver sinusoids (They
are involved in breakdown of Kupffer cells have ability to regenerate
flBCs) It is the largest gland
Hepatocytes: They are the major parenchymal cells of the liver
responsible for various cellular functions

Villi
The finger-like projections in small intestine
They help in increase of surface area for food absorption
flespiration
It is a biochemical process of enzyme, including oxidative breakdown of organic compounds inside living cells,
releasing energy in the form of ATP

Breathing
The process of taking O2 and releasing of

CO2 flespiration in Plats

By floots
Air occurs in soil interspaces
floot hairs as well as Epiblema cells of the young roots are in contact with
them Oxygen from the soil air diffuses through root

By leaves
leaves and young stems are suited to quick exchange of gases
Stems are covered by impermeable Epidermis to prevent loss of
water Epidermis of leaves contain Pores called STOMATA, bordered
by Guard Cells

flespiration in Animals
 Mechanism of flespiration

Inhalation

Nose
Hair: Traps the dust particles present in
the inhaled air by allowing only filtered
Pleura: Outer layer air to enter the body
Mucus: Moistens the air and traps dust
particles and kills the bacteria

Pharynx
Common passage for food and air

larynx
It is also known as voice box (Adam’s Apple)

Trachea
It is surrounded by rings of cartilage so
that the trachea does not collapse during
inhalation

Inhal Exhale
e
During
inhalation,
lungs expand During exhalation, the
or inflate lungs contract
Epiglottis: It protects
flib cage Up
our airway and
Diaphragm flib cage
prevents food and
Down
liquid from entering
Down N2 : 78% Diaphragm
our lungs while we
O2 : 21%
swallow
Up N2: 78%
O2 : 16%

Alveoli
They are tiny air sacs at the end of the
bronchioles They allow for exchange of O2 and
CO2 between the lungs and blood
Causes diffusion
High conc.
conc.
Travels to
Alveol O2
i Blood Cell
Energy Organelles
low
flespiration centre is in Medulla
Mitochondria
 Aerobic flespiration vs Anaerobic

flespiration
Yeast is used in dough to
Anaerobic make baked goods
flespiration Makes the
dough soft and fluffy

In cells
Fermentation

flesponsible for Incomplete respiration

muscle cramps

2 ATP

By 36 ATP
Aerobic product
flespiration

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is a

coenzyme that plays a vital role in cellular
respiration by transporting electrons to the
Electron Transport Chain

flespiration in Various
Organisms flespiration in insects
through: Trachea
flespiration in fish through:
Gills flespiration in
amphibians
Frogs

land:
lungs
Water:
Skin
Toads respire through: Gills