C

SS
No symmetry/Asymmetry: Eg:

:
Porifera
Radial Symmetry: Symmetry along
any plane passing through the
centre. Eg: Coelentrata,
Echinodermata, Ctenophora
Bilateral Symmetry: Eg:
R
A
Platyhelminthes or flatworms,
Nematodes, Annelida, Arthropoda &
Porifera, Coelenterata,
Ctenophora: Diploblastic
RM

-
Rest all: Triploblastic

Mesoglea: jelly like matrix

Mesoderm: Middle germ layer

2 germ layers 3 germ layers

PA

Porifera
Coelenterate Acoelom
Ctenophora
Coelom: it is the body cavity
Platyhelminthes
present between the body Nematoda/ Psuedocoelom
wall, and the gut wall Aschelminthes
Annelida
S
Coelom has a mesodermal
Arthropoda Eucoelom
lining Mollusca
Echinodermata
Chordata

Eucoelomata: true Psuedocoelomata: false

ceolem coelom
 Segmentation seen in
Annelida

:
Arthropoda
Chordata

Circulatory Systems

Open Circulatory System: It is a system where there is no vessel to contain the blood and it flows freely through the
cavities of the body
Closed Circulatory System: The blood is enclosed in the vessels in the heart while circulating

Notochord

Derived from mesoderm

Rod like structure
Present in dorsal side (upper side or back side of an animal)
Eg: Chordata
 C
SS
KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Eukaryotic
R
Classified into phylaums
m
on the basis
on the basis
All Phylums (in order)
Porifera
Coelenterate
TRICK

ii
-

PC
2
A
Multicellular of extent and type of body Ctenophora
design differentiation found Platyhelminthes
Heterotrophic
I

↑
Nematoda/Aschelminthes
PA

:
Cell wall absent Annelida
RM

Most of them are mobile Arthropoda

Mollusca
MEC
↑
Echinodermata
Characteristics of Porifera -
Chordata

.
They have holes called pores i.e. body is perforated that is lead
whytocalled sponges
Pores large body cavity called Spongocoel
Have water canal system (pores se paani) Non-motile animals
PA

Asymmetrical body They are hermaphrodite

(male + female) Ostium: water

o
Cellular level organization canal system
Mainly found in marine
Two layer germ layers: Diploblastic habitat (spaces)
Exclusively aquatic Some are freshwater
>

animals

Ectoderm: cells Endoderm: cells inside the

outside the body body
Spongocoel
Endoskeleton is present
· Other examples: Euplectella, Spongilla(Freshwater sponge), Scyon, Euspongia (bathing sponge)
(Glass sponge)
 Characteristics of Ctenophora

-
Show bioluminescence
:
Exclusively marine
They are hermaphrodite
Characteristics of Coelenterata/Cnidaria

o
They are also known as Sea Walnuts and Comb Jellies
Radial symmetry
Aquatic animals Body is soft
,
Reproduction: Sexual reproduction

It·
Eg: Pleurobrachia and Ctenoplana
Tissue level organisation
-

C
Hard skeleton developed outside called Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
Body made of two layers: Diploblastic Ectoderm: makes up cells outside of body
Anus is absent Endoderm: makes inner lining of the body

SS
Radial symmetry (divided in equal parts
from anywhere)
Central gastrovascular cavity is present
eg: Coral and hydra
-
Mouth is present surrounded by tentacles
I

M
Hydra)
arefreshwater
Mostly marine somewhere,
are freshwater
R
animals
animals (eg:(eg:

Stinging cells are present in Cnidoblast known as Nematocyst

Sea anemone
A
Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

They have dorsoventrally

flattened body, dorsoventrally
flattened body like a ribbon
RM

Bilateral symmetry
Organ level organisation
Triploblastic animals: three germ layers
True internal cavity/coelom absent: Acoelomate
PA

Body cavity

.
They can be parasitic or free living
Coelom have organs accommodated
Either free, living or parasitic and terrestrial
Free living Parasite
Suckers and hooks are usually present
Hermaphrodite (Male+Female part present) animals
Anus is absent
They have FLAME CELLS for excretion and osmoregulation
Incomplete digestive system (common opening for mouth and anus)
 Characteristics of Nematodes/Aschelmithes

Body is cylindrical Animals show sexual dimorphism

/

-
Bilateral symmetry Renette cells present
-

C
Most forms are parasitic, but some are free living in soil/water
Triploblastic organisation
·

Parasitic forms are pathogenic (causes disease)

·

Organ
* level organisation
Organ system organization Eg: Ascaris, Wucheria, Ancyclostoma (hookworm)
↑

No real organs present

SS
false cavity
Pseudocoelom present
Alimentary is complete: mouth and anus (Different L
(entry and exitandpoint
entry same)
exit point)
eg: Elephantiasis (filarial worms)
Worms in intestines (roundworms/pinworms)
Sexes are separate

R
A
Hermaphrodite: having both male and
female part
Unisexual: either male or female part
RM

↑
Locomotory organs paired, lateral appendages
parapodia (Nereis)
-
Alimentary canal is tube like extend from mouth
to anus
They are usually found in freshwater, marine
↑
-

Characteristics of Annelida water, land

PA

Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic

:
Cylindrical/dorsoventrally flattened
Brown colour skin is present
True coelomate animal
True organ packaged in coelom
-
Organ ⑭level
systemorganisation
organization
-
Body segmetation is present Y Nephridia: For osmoregulation and excretion
/
Reproduction: Sexually
Characteristics of Arthropoda

Largest phylum in animal kingdom Insecta is the largest class

::
They have jointed legs

C
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals thorax, abdomen
Open circulatory system (blood openly flows; not through a blood vessel)

SS
Coelom is present and is blood filled
Triploblastic
Respiration through gills, trachea
Excreation through Malpighian Tubules
Exoskeleton is made of chitin
Unisexual
Alimentary canal is complete R
Terrestrial/aquatic (fresh/marine animals)
A
Sexes are separate
RM
PA

Devil fish: common name of octopus

Characteristics of Mollusca
2nd largest phylum
Body is soft
Exoskeleton is hard (snails)
Little segmentation on body
Open circulatory system Bilateral symmetry/asymmetrical
 Blue colour blood: Haemocyanin Cuttle fish belongs to phylum Mollusca

.
Alimentary canal is complete
Kidney like organs for excretion is present
Respiration through gills

C
Unisexual
Entire body covered in mantle (a fold of thin skin)
Foot is for locomotion

SS
Characteristics of Echinodermata

-
Spiny skinned organism
I
Star shaped, spherical, elongated
-
Radial symmetry

:
I

↑
-
Triploblastic
Coelomic cavity is present
No segmentation
R
A
I Organ Me
level
systemsystem
organization
RM

Characteristics of Chordata
Types:
I
They have notochord: rod like structure Notochord not -

a) Protochordata
-
Paired gills slits in pharynx developed b) Vertebrata
- Bilateral properly I
- Triploblastic Notochord
PA

-
Organ system level organisation properly
-
Closed blood vascular system developed
- Heart is ventral
Coelomate Rod like structure -
-
Hemichordata Invertebrates
-
>
 C
SS
Characteristics of Protochordata

-
R
Do not have proper notochord present during all stages of life
A
I
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic Post anal tail present
-
I

Coelomate animals
RM

I
Nerve cord is present
-
Pharyngeal gill slits present
PA
 Ill
C
SS
R
A
RM

Characteristics of Vertebrates

Characteristics of Cyclostomata
PA

They are jawless vertebrates

!
eg: Petromyzon/Myxine , hog fishes, lamprey
Arthropoda
· Crayfish
-
Silverfish
Characteristics of Pieces
Mammals
-
Whale
They are fishes /
Dolphins
eg: Dog fish, Shark, tuna
S

Chambered heart: 2
 Characteristics of Amphibians

They have mucous glands in skin for respiration

:
They have 3 chambered heart or through gills
eg: Frogs, toads, R
amphibians
salamander
,
Cold blooded animals

C
Characteristics of Reptiles

SS
They have 3 chambered heart
Exception: Crocodile 4 chambered heart
Cold blooded animals
eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile

Characteristics of Aves
R
A
They are warm blooded animals
They have 4 chambered heart
They lay eggs
RM

Oviparous

Characteristics of Mammalian

They are warm blooded organism

They have 4 chambered heart
PA

They have mammary glands Viviparous

Exception: Mammals but lay eggs eg: Platypus and echidnas
 -I
requirement of only one living being requirement of male and
female to produce offspring

REPRODUCTION
It is a method by which offsprings are produced by the living beings
. Reproduction is not a necessary instinct for survival of a living being

Asexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction

ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
I
It one
Only involves
parent aplant
single parent
is involved Both male and female parents are involved

:
Occurs
Occurs
-
in simple
in unisexual plantsorganisms like microorganisms,
Occursplants
in bisexual plants
Occurs in lower plants Occur in higher plants
Genetic similarity is commonly seen here Genetic diversity is commonly seen here
Reproductive organs are not present Fully developed reproductive parts are present
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
↑
It involves two parents
/
Mother
MODES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
↑
Father
(a) Binary Fission
eg: in humans,
(b) Multiple Fission dogs, elephants, birds, fishes, plants
(c) Fragmentation
(d) Budding
(e) Spore Formation
(f) Regeneration
(g) Vegetative Propagation
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

TYPES OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

a) BINARY FISSION
↑
It is a process of reproduction in which a unicellular organism divides
into two organisms
I
Only for unicellular organisms
Protozoa that causes Kala

I Azar disease

1
I reproduction on basis of particular
orientation
any orientation

I
Nucleus inside spreading to
Bi: meaning two

divide
 Malaria causing protozoa
b) MULTIPLE FISSION
It will develop many offsprings I

.
↑
It happens in unicellular organisms: Malarial Parasite, Plasmodium
Plasmodium

Many daughter nuclei

develops

green algae
c) FRAGMENTATION
↑ it is used by simple multicellular organisms like spirogyra and sea
anemone
&
Green algae

I
Red algae mode of reproduction: Fragmentation
 I
Breaks into half, which is not
fully develop that later develops
into complete spirogyra

d) BUDDING
I
It is a process used by simple multicellular organisms like hydra and yeast

P Develops buds to form e

I
main method of
reproduction in hydra
is budding
complete hydra
 not exactly a method of
Bread mould
reproduction

.
e) REGENERATION
It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like planaria and hydra, rhizopus

"
Phylum: Platyhelminthes
Eg: Tapeworms, flatworms
They are free living

f) VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
-

organisms repairs or regenerates

the missing part of the body and
forms* a complete organism again

It is a type of reproduction where new plants grow from a fragment or

cutting of parent plants

...
Buds
The

e
develop
buds
“eyes”
thatareiscalled
on a potato
and they can grow into new
not completely
potato plants, they are located in the
developed
tuber
 eg: in a barren land when it rains,
grass grows as stems are present
on the ground

TYPES

i) CUTTING: a part of plant (stem or leaf)

is cut and planted into soil
eg: rose plant, money plant, sugarcane plant,
-> Why is vegetative propagation done? banana plant
I
To save time
I
To get varieties of plants of same ii) LAYERING: the stem of the plant is bent
All
↑
or different type to the ground and covered with soil
eg: Lemon, strawberry

iii) GRAFTING: cutting from some other

plant attached to the stem of a plant and
planted to soil
eg: Rose plant
 g) TISSUE CULTURE
Scientific artificial vegetative propagation is known as tissue culture

:
Tissue from different parts of plant are cultured in chemicals in laboratory to
develop into a new plant

used in ornamental plants

eg: Snake plant
=
Cost of selling such plant
is very high

h) SPORE FORMATION
It occurs in simple multicellular organisms like rhizopus

Bob and stick

like structures that
releases spores and
these spores further
reproduces to rhizopus

bread mould

green colour fungus on bread: rhizopus

 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

PLANTS
Pollen grains
Pollen + Ovary

I
J
Zygote
j
:
Embryo

D W
Seed

-
Ovule becomes seeds

- Reproductive organ in plants: Flower

Two types of · female

flower
eMale + female inpart
Male
↑ + Female part same= plant:
Bisexual/Monoecious,
Bisexual/Monoecious eg: Hibiscus, sunflower, rose, lily, tulip,
tomato, chilli , petunia
·
OnlyMale
Only Male or Female
or Female = Unisexual, eg: Papaya, cucumber, watermelon, musk melon,
part: Unisexual

i
l
bitter guard
ourd Both the male and the female unisexual
flowers may be present in the same
Male part has: plant or in different plants
I
Filament: supports anther
Anther: produces pollen +

collectively called STAMEN

-

Yellow colour

collectively called PISTIL

Female part has:

:
Stigma: sticky bulb that catches pollen
Style: passageway for &grains
pollen
-
Ovary: the part of pistil that holds the eggs awaiting fertilisation. Becomes the fruit
 The transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of a flower is called as
pollination
Pollination: pollen grains reach stigma through (a) Self-pollination: When the pollen

--
lands on stigma of same flower

-
I I
(b) Cross-pollination: When the pollen
of a flower lands on stigma of
another flower of same plant or that
Wind Water Insect of a different plant of same kind

I 11
Anemophily Hydrophily ↑
Antemophily
Entomophily

Insects visit flowers and

carry away pollen on their
bodies
FALSE FRUIT
REPRODUCTION IN HUMANS -

A fruit that develops from other

parts of a flower, in addition to
ovary, and does not require
Male sex cells Female sex cells fertilisation

It
↓ -
Thallus is also involved
Male gamete Ovum >
-
Eg: Apple, cashew nut

PARTHENOCARPIC FRUIT
Sperm Seedless fruit, that develops
- without fertilisation of the ovule
Eg: Banana, grape, cucumber
1

>
- DRUPE FRUIT
It is a type of fruit with a hard

I
shell that includes a seed and has
Zygote I
an inner flesh
- Eg: Coconut

Embryo

↓
Child
 Seminal fluid
(semen)

Vas deferens (sperm duct)

Layer of testis I Urethra

Produce -
> Sperm

Sperm production in males typically

begins around the age of 10-12 years MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN
old

Thickening of uterine wall

for preparation for potential
3 Ovules

implantation of fertilised egg

A female is born with ovules (eggs) present in
during pregnancy. When
her ovaries, meaning they are present from birth
pregnancy does not occur
after the uterine lining Zygote At the age of 12, the ovaries start to mature
thickens, the lining is shed
through mensuration Embryo

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN

Fetus
(Body parts visible)
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
At the age 11-12 The ovaries start to mature, the oviducts, uterus, vagina, breast, become
↑ Cervical pigmented, thisby:
cancer is caused
&
is HPV
the first sign of menarche virus (Human Papilloma Virus)

Menopause: natural decline in reproductive hormones in women when she reaches her 40s or 50s

·Gametogenesis Insemination Fertilisation Zygote Implantation Gestation

>
> D >

Cervical cancer is caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

 ROLE OF ARTERY AND VEINS IN PREGNANCY

Artery: Deoxygenated blood/waste

:
Fetus Placenta

Veins: Oxygenated blood/nutrition

Placenta >Fetus

S
IVF (In
IVF (In vitro
Vitro fertilisation)
Fertilisation): An egg is combined with a sperm in vitro (outside of mother’s body in a lab) and
later the embryo is transferred
IVF is a type of fertility to the
treatment uterus
where eggsofare
thecombined
mother with the sperm outside the body in a lab. The embryos
are then inserted into women’s vagina through the cervix up to the womb
Types of Fertilisation
Methods of Sterilisation
(a) Internal Fertilisation: The process of a sperm cell
I
Tubectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception for woman. It involves surgically blocking the fallopian tube so
and an egg cell fusing inside the female body during
that the egg released by ovary cannot reach the uterus
reproduction
>
-Eg: In humans
&
Vasectomy: It is a permanent method of contraception in male. It involves cutting the supply of sperm to the semen
(b) External Fertilisation: A reproductive process
where a male sperm fertilises a female’s egg outside of
-
Parthenogenesis: it is a natural form of asexual reproduction in which growth and development of an embryo occurred
the female’s body
directly from an egg without the need of fertilisation >
-
Eg: Frog, earthworms, crab

Honey bees, lizard

Meaning
.Parthe: Virgin
↑
Genesis: Birth
-
Parthenogenesis: A type of asexual reproduction, where an organism develops from an unfertilised egg, without the
need for sperm The unfertilised egg completely develops into a new organism
>
-
Eg: Honey bees, Lizards
 4 components of Life Process:
Digestion

" Respiration
Circulation
t
Excreation
Excretion

C
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

SS
Mouth (Buccal Cavity)
Releases Salivary Amylase

=
(enzyme)
releases bile juice, it
Food pipe (Length: 25 cm)
is stored in gall
bladder food directly goes to
- stomach

Sphincter
R in stomach HCL is
released
A
muscles -

Gastric juice,
↓

-
medium is Acidic

-1 I
Allows food to
RM

pH value: 1.6
pass hto small
into small ↓
intestine highly acidic
.

Large intestine
Vestigial ·Foodexcretion
Food excreation
jejunum and ileum is inside
small intestine
and duodenum is outside
Longest part of large
PA

finger-like projections: Villi (provides

intestine
Complete digestion
surface area for food absorption) Site for major digestion

->
Salivary Amylase: breaks complex carbohydrates to simple carbohydrates

-
-> Stomachbreaks
Pepsin: 1. proteins
HCl: kills->
harmful
Aminobacteria;
Acids medium Acidic
- Needs acidic medium from gastric juice Amino acids (20 Amino acids)
2. Pepsin: breaks protein
HCl is present in gastric juice pH: 1.6
↑
Mucus membrane: protects inner delicate lining of stomach from gastric juice
 Sphincter muscle: it allows food to pass from stomach to small intestine

:
Small intestine: 7-8 m length, longest part of alimentary canal
↓ 3 parts: Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

·
Major part of digestion occur here

C
Liver: largest gland located on right side of abdomen
↓

SS
Dark red brown
colour colour Small intestine: basic/alkanine

Bile juice functions

-
--
(Enzyme secreted
Stored in Gall Bladder
Secreted by liver
by liver)
R Fat globules (large)
globules
->
Smaller fat
A
amylase: breaks carbs

I
-

Pancreatic juice (secreted by Pancreas) ~

T-
↑

-
lipase: fats -> fatty acid
RM

Second largest gland -

trypsin: proteins -> amino acid
↓
Works in basic medium
provides by bile juice
PA

-
Large Intestine: 1.5 m length -

Maltose:
Maltase: in salivary gland and

!
↓
Cecum is the first part of the large
intestine, and it connects the small
small intestine
Maltose
Maltose
Maltase Glucose
Maltase ->Maltose Glucose
Glucose
Absorption ofcolon
intestine to the water from enzyme

food
Colon: Responsible for absorbing water
from indigestible food residues
 ↑

Alimentary Canal: the whole passage along which food passes through

↓ Mouth
Liver and pancreas are
↓

C
not its part
Oesophagus
↓
Stomach

SS
↓
Small intestine
↓
Large intestine
↓
R Rectum
↓
-

-
Roughage found in
Fibre Promotes peristalsis
Green leafy vegetables: Fruits
A
Anus

Liver (Study of liver: Hepatology) Cells stores: Glycogen

RM

Liver converts glucose into glycogen and amino acids into proteins

·
-

It is of dark red brown colour

Position: right of abdomen side
Kupffer cells: star shaped phagocytic cells in the lining of liver sinusoids (They
are involved in breakdown of RBCs) Kupffer cells have ability to regenerate
It is the largest gland
PA

Hepatocytes: They are the major parenchymal cells of the liver responsible for
various cellular functions

Villi
The finger-like projections in small intestine
They help in increase of surface area for food absorption
 Respiration
↑
It is a biochemical process of enzyme, including oxidative breakdown of organic compounds inside living cells, releasing
energy in the form of ATP

Breathing
&
The process of taking O2 and releasing of CO2

Respiration in Plats

By Roots
Air occurs in soil interspaces
· Root hairs as well as Epiblema cells of the young roots are in contact with them
-
Oxygen from the soil air diffuses through root

By Leaves
Leaves and young stems are suited to quick exchange of gases
: Stems are covered by impermeable Epidermis to prevent loss of water
/
Epidermis of leaves contain Pores called STOMATA, bordered by Guard Cells

Respiration in Animals
 Af Mechanism of Respiration

Inhalation
f
Nose
Hair: Traps the dust particles present in the
inhaled air by allowing only filtered air to
e
Pleura: Outer layer enter the body
Mucus: Moistens the air and traps dust
particles and kills the bacteria
↓
Pharynx
Common passage for food and air
↓
Larynx
I

It is also known as voice box (Adam’s Apple)

↓
Trachea
It is surrounded by rings of cartilage so that
the trachea does not collapse during inhalation

Inhale Exhale

S
During inhalation, S
During exhalation, the
lungs expand or lungs contract
inflate
Rib cage Up Rib cage Down

:
!
Epiglottis: It protects our
Diaphragm Down Diaphragm Up
airway and prevents food
N2 : 78% N2 : 78%
and liquid from entering
O2 : 21% r
O2 : 16%
our lungs while we swallow
CO2 : 0.036% (

CO2 : 4.4%

Alveoli
They are tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles

:
They allow for exchange of O2 and CO2 between the
lungs and blood
Causes diffusion
High conc. Mitochondria

Alveoli Travels to
O Blood
---- Cell Energy Organelles
2

Low conc.
I
Respiration centre is in Medulla Oblongata
 Aerobic Respiration vs Anaerobic Respiration

Yeast is used in dough to make

Anaerobic Respiration baked goods Makes the
dough soft and fluffy

In cells
Fermentation

Responsible for muscle Incomplete respiration

cramps

2 ATP
By product 36 ATP
Aerobic Respiration

>
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) is a
coenzyme that plays a vital role in cellular
respiration by transporting electrons to the
Electron Transport Chain

Respiration in Various Organisms

>
-
Respiration in insects through: Trachea
>
-
Respiration in fish through: Gills
>
-
Respiration in amphibians
I
Frogs
-

Land: Lungs
>
-

Water: Skin
:
Toads respire through: Gills