CHAPTER 1

1. Define each of the following terms

a. Data is the raw material from which information is derived.
b. Field is a character or group of character (alphabetic or numeric) that has a specific
meaning.
c. Records a logically connected set of one or more field that describes a person place or
things
d. File is a collection of related records,
2. what is data redundancy?

Data redundancy exists when the same data is stored unnecessarily at different places,

Characteristics of the file system that can lead to data redundancy are.

I. Poor data security

II. Data inconsistency
III. Data entry errors
IV. Data integrity problems
3. What id data in dependence?

Data independence exist when you can change the data storage characteristics without affecting
the programs ability to access the data. It is lacking in file system because file system exhibit
data dependence.

4. A database management system (DBMS), is a collection of programs that manages the

database structure and control access to the data stored in a database.
DBMS functions.
I. Data dictionary management
II. Data storage management
III. Data transformation and presentation
IV. Security management
V. Multiuser access control
 5. Structural independence exists when you change file structure without affecting the
application ability to access the data
It is important because the change in the database schema do not affect data access.
6. Data consists of raw facts that information is the result of processing raw data to reveal
its meaning while, Database is the shared integrated computer structure that store a
collection of ends -user data and metadata
7. The role of Database management system
8. The DBMS serves as the intermediary between the user and the database
9. Advantages of DBMS
I. Improved data sharing
II. Improves data security
III. Better data integration
IV. Improved data access

8. Types of database

I. Single user database

A database that support only oner user at a time
II. Desktop database
A single user database that runs on personal computer
III. Multiple database
A database that support multiple connected users
IV. Workgroup database
A multiuser database that usually support fewer than 50 users
V. Enterprise database
VI. The overall company data representation which provide support for present and expected
future needs.
9. The main component of a database system are
I. Hard
II. Software
III. People
IV. Procedures
V. Data
10. Metadata is a about data through which the end user data is integrated and managed.
11. Database design, refer to the activities that focus on the design of the database structure
that will be used to store and manage end user data. A data user that meets all user
requirements does not just happens, its structure must be designed carefully
12. What are the potential costs of implementing a database system?
the potential costs of implementing a database system could include: sophisticated
hardware and software, trained personnel training, licensing and regulation compliance
costs
13. Use examples to compare and contrast unstructured and structured data. Which type
is more prevalent in a typical business environment?
Unstructured is in their original state while structured is the result from formatting.
14. What are some basic database functions that a spreadsheet cannot perform?
The basic database function that cannot be performed by spreadsheet is queries
15. What common problems does a collection of spreadsheets created by end users share
with the typical file system?
The length development time, difficulty, getting quick answers lack of security limited
data sharing
16. Explain the significance of the loss of direct, hands-on access to business data that
end users experienced with the advent of computerized data repositories.
17. Explain why the cost of ownership may be lower with a cloud database than with a
traditional, company database.
CHAPTER 2

1. Discuss the importance of data models.

It is a way to represent reality. Is the blueprint for the database. The database designer
uses data models to facilitate the interaction among designers, application
programmers, and end users.
2. What is a business rule, and what is its purpose in data modeling?
 A business rule is a brief, precise, and unambiguous description of a policy,
procedure, or principle within a specific organization's environment. Properly written
business rules are used to define entities, attributes, relationships, and constraints.
Because these components form the basis for a database design, the careful derivation
and definition of business rules is crucial to good database design
3. How do you translate business rules into data model components?
As a general rule, a noun in a business rule will translate into an entity in the model,
and a verb (active or passive) associating nouns will translate into a relationship
among the entities. For example, the business rule "a customer may generate many
invoices" contains two nouns (customer and invoice) and a verb ("generate") that
associates them.
4. Describe the basic features of the relational data model and discuss their importance
to the end user and the designer.
A relational database is a single data repository that provides both structural and data
independence while maintaining conceptual simplicity. The relational model
represents a breakthrough for users and designers because it lets them operate in a
simpler conceptual environment. End users find it easier to visualize their data as a
collection of data organized as a matrix. Designers find it easier to deal with
conceptual data representation, freeing them from the complexities associated with
physical data representation
5. Explain how the entity relationship (ER) model helped produce a more structured
relational database design environment.
An entity relationship model, also known as an ERM, helps identify the database's
main entities and their relationships. Because the ERM components are graphically
represented, their role is more easily understood. Using the ER diagram, it's easy to
map the ERM to the relational database model's tables and attributes. This mapping
process uses a series of well-defined steps to generate all the required database
structures. Represents reality using well defined graphics and rules. Theoretical
foundation Good for communication Translate to any type of DBMS
 6. Consider the scenario described by the statement “A customer can make many
payments, but each payment is made by only one customer.” Use this scenario as the
basis for an entity relationship diagram (ERD) representation.
7. Why is an object said to have greater semantic content than an entity?
An object has greater semantic content because it embodies both data and behavior. That
is, the object contains, in addition to data, also the description of the operations that may
be performed by the object.
8. What is the difference between an object and a class in the object-oriented data model
(OODM)?
An object is an instance of a specific class. It is useful to point out that the object is a run-
time concept, while the class is a more static description. Objects that share similar
characteristics are grouped in classes. A class is a collection of similar objects with
shared structure (attributes) and behavior (methods.) Therefore, a class resembles an
entity set. However, a class also includes a set of procedures known as methods.
9. How would you model Question 6 with an OODM? (Use Figure 2.4 as your guide.)
10. What is an ERDM, and what role does it play in the modern (production) database
environment?
The Extended Relational Data Model (ERDM) is the relational data model's response to
the Object Oriented Data Model (OODM.)
10. What is a relationship, and what three types of relationships exist?
Set of meaningful associations among entity types. Three types of relationships exist:
one-to-one (1:1), one-to-many (1:M), and many-to-many (M:N or M:M.)
11. Give an example of each of the three types of relationships.
1:1 An academic department is chaired by one professor; a professor may chair only one
academic department. 1:M A customer may generate many invoices; each invoice is
generated by one customer. M:N An employee may have earned many degrees; a degree
may have been earned by many employees.
13. What is a table, and what role does it play in the relational model?
14. What is a relational diagram? Give an example.
15. What is connectivity? (Use a Crow’s Foot ERD to illustrate connectivity.)
 16. Describe the Big Data phenomenon.
17. What does the term 3 Vs refer to? 18. What is Hadoop and what are its basic
components? 19. What is sparse data? Give an example.
20. Define and describe the basic characteristics of a NoSQL database.
21. Using the example of a medical clinic with patients and tests, provide a simple
representation of how to model this example using the relational model and how it would
be represented using the key-value data modeling technique.
22. What is logical independence? 23. What is physical independence

CHAPTER:3

1. What is meant by the term ‘client–server architecture’ and what are the advantages of
this
approach? Compare the client–server architecture with two other architectures.
2. Compare and contrast the two-tier client–server architecture for traditional DBMSs with
the
three-tier client–server architecture. Why is the latter architecture more appropriate for the
Web?
3. How is an application server different from a file server?
4. What is a data warehouse? How is it different from an OLTP system?
5. What is a TP Monitor? What advantages does a TP Monitor bring to an OLTP
environment?
6. Describe the features of a distributed database management system (DDBMS).
7. What technologies and standards are used to develop Web services and how do they
relate
to each other?
8. What is a service-oriented architecture?
9. Describe the functions of a database manager?
10. What is Cloud computing?
11. Discuss the five essential characteristics of cloud computing.
12. Discuss the three main service models of cloud computing.
 13. Compare and contrast the four main deployment models for the cloud.
14. What is the difference between Data as a service (DaaS) and Database as a service
(DBaaS)?
15. Discuss the different architectural models for Database as a service.
16. Describe the main components in a DBMS.
17. Describe the internal architecture of Oracle.

Answers

1. Client–server architecture refers to the way in which software components

Advantages of client-server architecture are:

• It enables wider access to existing databases.

• Increased performance:
• Hardware costs may be reduced:
• Communication costs are reduced:
• Increased consistency:
• It maps on to open systems architecture quite naturally.

2. The traditional two-tier client–server architecture provides a very basic separation on the
data intensive business application components such as base: the transaction logic, the
business and data application logic, and the user interface.
The client (tier 1) is primarily responsible for the presentation of data to the user, and the server
(tier 2) is primarily responsible for supplying data services to the client,

While
 Three tier client- server architecture is the new architecture that proposed three layers.
Each potentially running on different platforms such as:
a) The user interface layer, which runs on the end-user’s computer (the client).
b) The business logic and data processing layer. This middle tier runs on a server
and is often called the application server.
c) A DBMS, which stores the data required by the middle tier. This tier may run
a. on a separate server called the database server.

3. A application server Hosts an application programming interface (API) to expose

business logic and business processing for use by other application.

While
client server A computer attached to a network with the primary purpose of providing shared
storage for computer files such as documents, spreadsheet, image and database.

4. Warehouse- A consolidated/integrated view of corporate data drawn from disparate

operational data sources and a range of end-user access tools capable of supporting
simple to highly complex queries to support decision making.

5. TP Monitor- Is a program that controls data transfer between clients and servers in
order to provide a consistence environment, particularly for online transaction
processing (OLTP). The following are the advantages that a TP monitors bring to an
OLTP environment: increasing the reliability, load balancing and managing distributed
transaction.
 6. The following are the features of DDMS:

• a collection of logically related shared data;

• data split into a number of fragments;
• fragments may be replicated;
• fragments/replicas are allocated to sites;
• sites are linked by a communications network;
• data at each site is under the control of a DBMS;
• DBMS at each site can handle local applications, autonomously;
• each DBMS participates in at least one global application.

7. What is a service-oriented architecture?

- is a business-centric software architecture for building applications that implement business
processes as set of services published at a granularity relevant to the services consumer. Services
can be invoked, published and discovered, and are abstracted away from the implementation
using a single standard form of interface.

8. Describe the function of a database manager?

- The following are the function of database managers

The DM accepts queries and examines the external and conceptual schemas to determine what
conceptual records are required to satisfy the request. The DM then places a call to the file
manager to perform the request.

9. What is Cloud computing?

Cloud computing is the term given to the use of multiple servers over a digital network as if
they were one computer.

10. Discuss the five essential characteristics of cloud computing.

 On-demand self-service. Consumers can obtain, configure, and deploy cloud services
themselves using cloud service catalogues,

Broad network access. The most vital characteristic of cloud computing, namely that it is
network based, and accessible from anywhere, from any standardize platform (eg, desktop
computers, laptops and mobile devices).

Resource pooling. The cloud provider’s computing resources are pooled to serve multiple
consumers, with different physical and virtual resources dynamically assigned and reassign
according to consumer demand.

Rapid elasticity. Resource pooling avoids the capital expenditure required for the
establishment of network and computing infrastructure. By outsourcing to a cloud, consumers
can cater for the spikes in demand for their services by using the cloud providers computing
capacity and the risk of outages and services interruptions are significantly reduced.

Measured service. Cloud systems automatically control and optimize resource use by
leveraging a metering capability appropriate to the type of services.

11. Discuss the three main service models of cloud computing.

Software as a Service (SaaS). Software and associated data are centrally hosted on the cloud.
SaaS is typically accessed from various client devices through a thin client interface, such as a
web browser.
Platform as a Service (PaaS). PaaS a computing platform that allows the creation of web
application quickly and easily and without the complexity of buying and maintaining the
software and infrastructure underneath it.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS). Iaas delivers servers, storage, network and operating system-
typically a platform virtualization environment- to consumers as an on- demand services in a
single bundle and billed according to usage.

12. Compare and contrast the four main deployment models for the cloud.
Private cloud. Cloud infrastructure is operated solely for a single organization, whether
managed internally by organization, a third party, or some combination of them and it
may be hosted internally or externally

Community cloud. Cloud infrastructure is shared for exclusive use by a specific

community of organization that have common concerns (e.g., security requirements, compliance
and jurisdiction)

Public cloud. Cloud infrastructure is made available to the general public by a service
provider. These services are free or offered on a pay-per use model

Hybrid cloud. Cloud infrastructure is a composition of two or more distinct cloud

infrastructure (private, community, or public) that remain unique entities, but are bound together
by standard or propriety technology, offering the benefits of multiple deployment model.

13. What is the difference between Data as a service (DaaS) and Database as a service
(DBaaS)?
DaaS. Daas offers the ability to define data in the cloud and subsequently query that data
on demand. Unlike traditionary database solution, daas does not implement typical
 DBMS interfaces such as SQL (see chapter 6). Instead, the data is accessed via a
common set of APIs.
While

DBaaS. DBaaS offers full database functionality to application developers. In DBaaS, a

management layer is responsible for the continuous monitoring and configuring of the database
to achieve optimized scaling, high availability, multi-tenancy (that is serving multiple client
organizations), and effective resource allocation in the cloud, thereby sparing the developer from
ongoing database administration tasks.

14. Discuss the different architectural models for Database as a service.

• Separate servers
• Shared server, separate database server process
• Shared database server, separate databases
• Shared database, separate schema
• Shared database, shared schema

15. Describe the main components in a DBMS.

The following are the component of DBMS:

Query processor. This is a major DBMS component that transforms queries into a series of low-
level instruction directed to the database manager.

Database manager (DM). The DM interfaces with user-submitted application programs and
queries. The DM accepts queries and examines the external and conceptual schemas to determine
what conceptual records are required to satisfy the request.

File manager. The file manager manipulates the underlying storage files and manages the
allocation of storage space on disk.
DML preprocessor. This module converts DML statements embedded in an application program
into standard function calls in the host language. The DML preprocessor must interact with the
processor to generate the appropriate code.

. DDL compiler. The DDL compiler converts DDL statements into a set of tables containing
metadata. These tables are then stored in the system catalog while control information is stored
in data file headers.

Catalog manager. The catalog manager manages access to and maintains the system catalog.
The system catalog is accessed by most DBMS components.

16. Describe the internal architecture of Oracle.

Oracle database internals consists of two main components: the database and oracle
instances.

The database is the static part part of oracle system, and the oracle instances is the
memory structures and the oracle background processes that are started when the
database is started.