Class Notes - Introduction to Philosophy
Introduction
Philosophy is the study of fundamental questions concerning existence, knowledge, values,
reason, and the human mind. It encourages students to think critically about the world and
their place in it.
These class notes provide an overview of ancient, medieval, and modern philosophy,
highlighting influential thinkers and schools of thought.
The aim is to build a foundation that allows learners to analyze complex ideas and engage in
meaningful discussions about ethics, society, and truth.
Ancient Philosophy
Ancient philosophy began in Greece with figures such as Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.
These philosophers laid the groundwork for Western thought.
Socrates emphasized the importance of questioning and dialogue, while Plato introduced
the theory of forms and the ideal of a just society.
Aristotle contributed to logic, metaphysics, and ethics, establishing methods of inquiry that
shaped science and philosophy for centuries.
Medieval Philosophy
During the medieval period, philosophy was closely connected to religion. Thinkers like
Augustine and Thomas Aquinas sought to reconcile faith and reason.
Scholasticism, the dominant method, emphasized logic and debate to explore theological
and philosophical questions.
This period saw the preservation and expansion of classical knowledge, setting the stage for
the Renaissance.
Modern Philosophy
Modern philosophy emerged with figures such as Descartes, Locke, and Kant. These
thinkers questioned traditional authority and emphasized reason, science, and human
autonomy.
Descartes is famous for 'I think, therefore I am,' highlighting the role of doubt and
rationality in knowledge.
Kant developed a moral philosophy centered on duty and autonomy, which continues to
influence contemporary debates.
Conclusion
Philosophy provides tools for critical thinking and ethical reflection. By studying its history,
students gain insight into the intellectual traditions that shape our world.
These notes encourage learners to continue exploring philosophical questions and to apply
these insights to their personal and professional lives.
