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如何學寫程式

The document appears to be a corrupted or improperly formatted text related to C++ programming. It includes snippets of C++ code demonstrating loops, conditionals, and output statements, but is largely unreadable due to encoding issues. The content suggests a focus on basic programming constructs and examples in C++.

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hilbert214
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6 views13 pages

如何學寫程式

The document appears to be a corrupted or improperly formatted text related to C++ programming. It includes snippets of C++ code demonstrating loops, conditionals, and output statements, but is largely unreadable due to encoding issues. The content suggests a focus on basic programming constructs and examples in C++.

Uploaded by

hilbert214
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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—.

ê C++

A¢.¶P
 ã 2007-03-30

× : .ïÝ.êæ(
E&9P. ã¶PΜlsÝׯ .ï??3«E½×͍Ž
ÝPÞê` uà#¸à×݉ü ©Š\T2ð×°` ~ތÕ PX
Š•î݌nÀΝ|Ռ¼ ¬uΊ;àPD¼׌Õ^µïT ǑŠÝ℄
Pƕ J??µΣ‚×/¯ «{\ŽXǑÝM»P°£‚ŠQ2|PDÝ
℄P¨Œ¼ Ëï Àb×ða- P°#=3×R .ïÀÎ3N×gP
ƕG†”½T Q‚œ52 TÀÎ3¶ì Enter "¡Ÿ ÓÜ #ì
¼XŠ«EݵÎPMP¼Ýt©M» (debugging) ¿\2åy½ÇKڃi
« ××ݤ Ǒ¼ð°0Œý0ÝPD Ǒ|;¶P &P3
¥±_ˡƕ Ñ݌nµº•î3ÇKî

Þ : FÙ'˜ÈÝßF
E×ÍǑ.?P'ŒÝ. FÙîݘȵÎYê ÿû Yê 9Ë
.ê℄PµÎTDÄ\2YêÆbÝP ÿû€ßÝP Yê±ÝPÞ
ê |¾ÕºŠ•ã¶PÝæ 9øÝ.êÄA!©Ýñ× .ï6
Š3\2W5 )Q6¹½â~ºWÝ*F t¡bW Q‚œ52
jî9ó.ïÝ*T??3.lÝÏ×gŽ¡µǑ´ Œ P'Œ
&Ý´?ï ŠhǑΟª .êP ~Þ"DÍæ. |DÆÕFÙݘ
È 4QæJÎÑÝ ¬¬^bèº×ǘ Ýb[.ê℄° GΊO
.ïDÄ\2Yê¼ǑP'ŒÝB™ ‚P'ŒÝ℄°J6ã.˜
xçÿ AhÊTˆÝ.ߊQµº‹ZŒ  9Ë^b×ǘ Ý.ê℄
P¼Sr.ï áP'ŒÝt& ŠQΜ"U ÑÎ|ìXŠŠXÝ

ë : ℄ºì
3ÑP+Û.ê℄°G ´6ŠÝŠËÍP'ŒÝ Íà° E.
P'ŒÝxŠi"Î3áA¢ÞTà®Þ»|PÝ℄ºìP‚
×Í.ï.ºÝA¢3Pþà℄ºìP JµáÆ2» P'
ŒÝ ̀Î.ÕÝP+°©Î9¡FT‚z ;ðpŀ
1
A¢.¶P

×¼1 PÝ℄ºÇ‚½ ¥Æ• 9óÝP;ðºà℄º¼¥


ƕذP 9Îé\t<ÝI  ‹yìPJ΂ ƕÝ5ü 
îPÞã×ÀPóCÍ×ƕ I ÝP'ŒKÎã9ËË ÍP
à°|!Ý℄Pà)‚W
℄º3 C P+Žb 3 Ë 5½ for while  do {...} while |
++

¸à—¼1 Ï×Ë ªÝÜW GËːl8‡ »A u A B C  D


‚×°B– Í B ì¾\P J
for ( A ; B ; D ) {
C ;
}

8 y
A ;
while ( B ) {
C ;
D ;
}

9ËË℄º. Ý B ì¾\B– ƒ ¸ÿPà#®Ò℄º CW D


×gKÎƕÕ ¬9˨鬺sß3t¡×Ë do { ...} while ℄º
î »A
do {
A ;
} while ( B ) ;

ãyì¾\P B 3 A P¡ .h A ‹Kºƕ×g®Ò℄º h


² uP63℄ºÝB–è\®Ò℄º J|¸à break B–
‹y C ݐìPxŠÎã if ͈ßÝ if ... else ... ‡‡àW »
++

A
if ( A ) B ; if ( A ) if ( A1 )
B1 ; B1 ;
else else if ( A2 )
B2 ; B2 ;
else
B3 ;

̀$b´KàÝ switch  ()?():() ºÕP ¡ïÝà°ŽöÝ if ... else


... 8  »A 
if ( A )
B1 ; ( A ) ? ( B1 ) : ( B2 ) ;
else
B2 ;

2
—.ê C++

B1 B2 t? Ž×B– ()?():() tðíŒP×R¸à »A|ìÎà¼í


Œ i Ýó ¬u i y 60 JíŒ 60
cout << ( i < 60 ? 60 : i ) << endl ;

|îXàÝ C +°KÎt ÍÝ/ 93XbÝ'hÍKbÞÝ1€


++

° : ˜xPP'Œ
XÛݘxPP'ŒÇÎ×Ë|tŽÝPlP ×M×MÝÞPD˜xŒ
¼ 39˘xPP t&•‚|Œ ÍJ¬à℄ºìP Ü»¼1
|ìÝPÎà¼ŒÕ 1 Õ 10 Ýóõ
int sum = 0 ;
sum = sum + 1 ; sum = sum + 3 ; sum = sum + 5 ;
sum = sum + 7 ; sum = sum + 9 ;
cout << sum << endl ;

uŠ 1 Õ 9  ÝóC v3N 3 óC¡®×• J¶W


cout << 1 << " " ; cout << 2 << " " ; cout << 3 << " " ;
cout << endl ;
cout << 4 << " " ; cout << 5 << " " ; cout << 6 << " " ;
cout << endl ;
cout << 7 << " " ; cout << 8 << " " ; cout << 9 << " " ;
cout << endl ;

×2
cout << "*" << endl ;
cout << "*" << "*" << "*" << endl ;
cout << "*" << "*" << "*" << "*" << "*" << endl ;

.ït?3ŒÕüî㶘xPP Äý~ZCE„ vZC ŠH^ |


¹SRý: 3㶘xPP` ©ŠíŒÝ£℄|5ï |õ`Ñ팣
℄ ÝE„ |¹ǑPݐӗ !`AŒ3ã¶Ä uÆB|:Œ
PB– Ý!ŸP J¸à ... ¢|;6` 
9øÝP ^bߺ ©Šb\T NÍßK|ÞPD¶Œ¼ ¬9
 P'Œ P'Œ6Š0ŒPDÝ!JP Ǒð°ÞÍà℄ºÝ℄P;¶
¸ÿP´ 
" : ã˜xPPŒs
˜xPÝP4QŽ Qr-Ä 9øÝPP°Ì P'Œ ¬˜x
PPÅÎ .ïèºÝ×ÍP'% .ïqAhP'% 5—B–
3
A¢.¶P

Ý8nP Þ×°£℄|Ê ÝŽóã‚ 0ŒŽóݎ;℄P |ì躿ͻ


Ǒ|1€

 Üܶ°
9 ÎNÍ.ïKº¶ÕÝP ÎBð®ÝPÞê &ÆÞ|˜xP℄
° ÞhPD¶Œ¼
˜xPÜܶ°
//Ï× : 1x1=1 1x2=2 1x3=3 ... 9x1=9
cout << 1 << "x" << 1 << "=" << 1 << " " ;
cout << 2 << "x" << 1 << "=" << 2 << " " ;
...
cout << 9 << "x" << 1 << "=" << 9 << " " ;
cout << "\n" ;

//ÏÞ : 1x2=2 2x2=4 3x2=6 ... 9x2=18


cout << 1 << "x" << 2 << "=" << 2 << " " ;
cout << 2 << "x" << 2 << "=" << 4 << " " ;
...
cout << 9 << "x" << 2 << "=" << 18 << " " ;
cout << "\n" ;

...

//ÏÜ : 1x9=9 2x9=18 3x9=27 ... 9x9=81


cout << 1 << "x" << 9 << "=" << 9 << " " ;
cout << 2 << "x" << 9 << "=" << 18 << " " ;
...
cout << 9 << "x" << 9 << "=" << 81 << " " ;
cout << "\n" ;

|îÝPãyíŒbÜÍð•C- .híŒÜ (row) 3N× 5½b


Ü͌ÕP bÝh ͘xPD¡ #ì¼6Þ»W´ × C PÝ ++

PD
5—˜xP
35—˜xPPD ´Š†ÝÎ'Ê ÝŽó¼‚ ŽóÝÍóŠ÷K÷
? |h » å#3NÍ cout ¡ÝJó«{b!JP vKÎã 1 Õ 9 µgŽ
; .hàL×ÍJóŽó i ¼õ‚ ÍÂKÎ3N×ÍíŒ (row) ã 1 Õ
9 ℄PL
h²3íŒP‡rGÝJó Îã 1 Ž;Õ 9 ÄÎ|N×Ǒ 1 Ý℄
P;Ž |à×ÍJóŽó j ã‚ j Î|Ý℄Pã 1 Õ 9 L 3NÍ j
4
—.ê C++

 i ºã 1 LÕ 9 !`‡r¡ÝóCµ©Î i  j ݶ” .huãŽó i Ý


—¶W℄º íŒÝP¶W
for ( i = 1 ; i <= 9 ; ++i ) {
cout << j << "x" << i << "=" << i*j << " " ;
}
cout << "\n" ;

ãyŽó j LÝ>—´ i X .h j Ý℄º6Y3 i ℄ºÝ²· v 1 L


Õ 9 X|¶W
for ( j = 1 ; j <= 9 ; ++j ) {
for ( i = 1 ; i <= 9 ; ++i ) {
cout << j << "x" << i << "=" << i*j << " " ;
}
cout << "\n" ;
}

AhµWÝÜܶ°xŠÝPD yìÝ ®µ©ÎÞ×°±#ÝB–‚„


»A Ǒáýj LŽó‡
#inclue <iostream>

using namespace std ;

int main() {

int i , j ;
for ( j = 1 ; j <= 9 ; ++j ) {
for ( i = 1 ; i <= 9 ; ++i ) {
cout << j << "x" << i << "=" << i*j << " " ;
}
cout << "\n" ;
}
return 0 ;
}

 ²ó®Þ
lãØÑJóÎÍ ²óÎ.ïBðºÂÕÝ®Þ |ó.ÝÌF¼1 XÛÝ
²óμy 1 ÝÑJó vhóG 1 ͖Jt AhuŠlãØÍJó n
ÎÍ ²ó u¸à‰ü t€Ý℄PµÎ¯ n ãJó 2 8t ut¼ J
Jó 3 8t ut¼ J כ Ah¹ìœ àÕ n-1  38tÝ
M»  uËó|Jt J n µβó ĵtìœ AŒXbÝóK
Jt J n µÎ²ó |ì&Ǝ½¿à˜xP℄°¼ã¶P

5
A¢.¶P

˜xP²ólã
qA²óÝL ÞP¶W|ìÝP
int n ;
cin >> n ;

βó \n" ; return 0 ; }


{ cout << n << "
βó \n" ; return 0 ; }
if ( n == 2 )
{ cout << n << "
βó \n" ; return 0 ; }
if ( n % 2 == 0 )
if ( n % 3 == 0 ) { cout << n << "

n % (n-1) == 0 ) { cout << n << " βó \n" ; return 0 ; }


...
if (

cout << n << " βó \n" ;

|îÝ return 0 ‚½PÞ®ÒxP main ”ƕ


5—˜xP
3|îÝP tÝÏ×Í if fP² ͸ÝfPÝtób!JP Çã 2
××LÕ n-1 X|ŠQ|¸à×͎ó¼‚ uLÍ i JÏÞ
ÍfPÝfPµ;;Hw3×Í℄º/ P|;¶W
for ( int i = 2 ; i <= n-1 ; ++i ) {
if ( n % i == 0 ) {
cout << n << " βó
\n" ;
return 0 ;
}
}

Ǒî ÝB– JÍPµŽW


#include <iostream>

using namespace std ;

int main() {
int n ;
cin >> n ;

if ( n == 2 ) { cout << n << " βó \n" ; return 0 ; }

for ( int i = 2 ; i <= n-1 ; ++i ) {


if ( n % i == 0 ) {
cout << n << " βó \n" ;
return 0 ;
}
}
cout << n << " βó\n" ;

6
—.ê C++

return 0 ;
}

|îÝPD3ƕî4QÎÑÝ ¬Q^b[£ »A 3ó.î Š¾\ nÎ


Í ²ó ¬6Šã 2 µgtÕ n-1 ¯î GŠtÕy‡y n ÝJó
√

ǝ h²tÝóC 2 |² ¬6Š×Ýt|͸݉ó Q‚9°Þ;3hÞ


|E¯
 óC%
9ÍP»ÎŠ¶×ÍPŒ|ìÝóC% óCÎã 1  ãî‚ì 㼂
ŸÝ℄PL vóCÎWìë (lower triangle) øP ÍPÝæp Î3
óCǑ℄P3P+Ž 㼂Ÿ ãî‚ìÝ℄Pâ?8D
ó : 4 ó : 5

1 1
2 5 2 6
3 6 8 3 7 10
4 7 9 10 4 8 11 12
5 9 12 14 15

˜xPP
ƒ'P6ŒÝó n  ãíáX qA|îÝ% |ޘxPPD
_¶W|ì℄P
cin >> n ; // Àó
cout << 1 ; // Ï1
cout << "\n" ;

cout << 2 << " " // Ï2


cout << (n+1) << " " ;
cout << "\n" ;

...

cout << n << " " ; // Ïn


cout << (n+1)+(n-2) << " " ;
...
cout << (n+1)+(n-1)+(n-3) + ... + 1 << " " ;
cout << "\n" ;

|îËъíŒÝóC6Š~Þ2àó.℄P.0 .h3h¶Kó¿ÍóC|
7
A¢.¶P

† ‚
5—˜xP
œ€•Ý |îN×íŒ (row) Ýó|¸à×͎ó r ¼‚ r Îã 1 L
Õ n N×íŒî íŒÝóCÀó8! µÎÏ× ׉óC Ï
ÞˉóC . . . Ï r  r ‰óC 3N× ŠŒ r ÍóC 3
P'Œî µ¸à℄º¼ § J§|îÝ1€ Pµ;¶W
cin >> n ;
for ( r = 1 ; r <= n ; ++r ) {
for ( c = 1 ; c <= r ; ++c ) {
ŠíŒÝŽó
6Š¨²0ŒóÂ
f = ... ; // f
//
cout << f << " " ;
}
cout << "\n" ;
}

|îݎó f º. r  c Ý!‚bX-² uàó.Ý℄Pî J¶W f =


f(r,c) ‚3Ï r Ï c •ŠíŒÝóC óCÝ© r  c bn v r Õ
Gy‡y c #켩Šàó.Ý℄°0Œ f(r,c) ó ¶WPD AhP
µWÝ
ãyóCÎãî‚ì 㼂Ÿ u0ŒNו (column) ÝÏ×ÍóC J
!וÝ͸óCµœ"2ŒÕŒ¼ µÎ
f(r, c) = f(c, c) + (r − c)

œ€•2 óC f(c,c) 8 yÏ c-1 •GXbóCÝÀóǑî 1 ãyÏ×


•b n ÍóC Ïޕb n-1 ÍóC Ïë•b n-2 ÍóC .hÏ c-1 •b
X
n + (n − 1) + . . . + (n − (c − 2)) ÍóC ¶Wó.ÿPJ k .h
n

k=n−(c−2)

X
n
f(c, c) = k + 1
k=n−(c−2)

X
n X
n−(c−2)−1
= k − k + 1
k=1 k=1
n(n + 1) (n − c + 1)(n − c + 2)
= − + 1
2 2
GËÍó.P”)3×R
n(n + 1) (n − c + 1)(n − c + 2)
f(r, c) = − + (r − c) + 1
2 2

8
—.ê C++

Þ|î0Œ f(r, c) Ý2PǑáPD ŸJPÝíŒ}P t¡ÝPDµ


|¶W|ìøP
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>

using namespace std ;

int main() {

int r , c , n , f ;

cout << "> " ;


cin >> n ;
cout << "\n\n" ;

for ( r = 1 ; r <= n ; ++r ) {


for ( c = 1 ; c <= r ; ++c ) {
f = n*(n+1)/2 - (n-c+1)*(n-c+2)/2 + (r-c) + 1 ;
cout << setw(5) << f << " " ;
}
cout << "\n" ;
}

return 0 ;
}

ã|îPÝ.0℄P|ÿá EØ°P®Þ P'Œõ͖Ýó.æb`


º6‰8 ݍ‘
 £Õ e ó
x

3Š”5 e ó|¸à94P¼£Õ Í2Pu|Œ˜"℄°îJ


x

x2 x3 xn
ex ≈ 1 + x + + + ··· +
2! 3! n!
Q n ÷ ŒÕµ÷¿ËÑÝó 9 &Ɗ¶ÍP¼£Õ e ó x

˜xPP
|î2P‘âÝ&9gǑ° 3˜xP&ÆÞÍ5ŠW×4×4ÝǑ° ãyN
4Ý55ÒKb8nP .hÞÍ5½ŒÕ Ah˜xPPDµ¶W
cin >> x ;

&4Ý5
&4Ý5Ò
num = 1. ; //
den = 1. ; //

9
A¢.¶P

exp = 1. ; // Ï×4
num = num * x ;

GÞ4õ
den = den * 1 ;
exp = exp + num / den ; //

num = num * x ;

Gë4õ
den = den * 2 ;
exp = exp + num / den ; //

...

num = num * x ;

G 4õ
den = den * n ;
exp = exp + num / den ; // n+1

GëÞÝPD!  9 ݘxPD6Š¸àõ`ݎó¼;D Ý
ŒÕ u&Ah J˜xPÞ? Ó
5—˜xP
ã|îÝPDá ŠÏÞ4R XbŒÕÝM»K8 v« Í°×Ý-½
ΌÕ5ÒÝI  ÍóCÎã 1 LÕ n .h|ÞͶá×͍ŽÝ℄º
for ( int i = 1 ; i <= n ; ++i ) {
num = num * x ;
den = den * i ;
exp = exp + num / den ;
}

ǑîG¡ÝP JÍPµ¶W
#include <iostream>

using namespace std ;

int main() {

int n = 10 ;
double x , den , num , exp ;
cin >> x ;

den = num = exp = 1. ;

for ( int i = 1 ; i <= n ; ++i ) {


num = num * x ;
den = den * i ;
exp = exp + num / den ;

10
—.ê C++

}
cout << "exp(" << x << ") = " << exp << endl ;

return 0 ;
}

3P &Æà#' n Jó 10 .ï6¥Œ×F AŒÞPXbݎ


óKLWJól½ JŒÕݔŒÞËÑÝó®ß8 Ý-² xŠæ.3
y!l½ ݺՔŒÎ8!l½ .h 3 t| 4 ݔŒµ 0 ¬& 0.75
u͌ÕîÝ0-”)3×RµW 0- .hDE£℄l½ÝŒÕ-
²
 £Õ π
π |¸àùó℄P¼£Õ tŽÝ℄Pθà arctan(x) ݌˜"P
x3 x5 x2n+1
arctan(x) ≈ x − + + · · · + (−1)n
3 5 2n + 1
ãy arctan(1) =  .h π = 4 arctan(1) Q n ÷ ŒÕµ÷¿ËÑÝ
π

ó 4Qh2PÝ¿>—œX Ä9¬Î9 Ý¥F 9 &Ɗ¶ÍP


4

¼£Õ π ÝÂ
˜xPP
ÌD arctan(x) ݌˜"P |.á arctan(x) ݌Õ℄P ÍîµÎ×4×4
ÝÆø®Ǒ3ݛ® ûïG» ÞÍM»¶W|ìÝPD
x = 1 ;
atan = 0 ;

// i = 1
num = x ;
den = 1 ;
atan = atan + num/den ;

// i = 2
num = num * x * x ; // num = x^3
den = 3 ;
atan = atan - num/den ;

// i = 3
num = num * x * x ; // num = x^5
den = 5 ;
atan = atan + num/den ;

...

11
A¢.¶P

// i = n
num = num * x * x ; // num = x^(2n-1)

AŒ ‰ó
den = 2*n-1 ;

AŒ ó
atan = atan - num/den // i
atan = atan + num/den // i

t¡ËÍP6qA i ݉óC×ƕ
5—˜xP
5—|ÝP tÝÝ5I ¾!² ͸Kb8«P .h¶W
PJ 
for ( i = 1 ; i <= n ; ++i ) {

if ( i == 1 )
num = x ;
else
num = num * x * x ;

den = 2*i-1 ;

if ( i % 2 == 1 )
atan = atan + num/den ;
else
atan = atan - num/den ;

|îËÍ if ÝfP5½; 
num = ( i == 1 ? x : num * x * x ) ;
atan = atan + ( i % 2 == 1 ? num/den : -num/den ) ;

ãy i % 2 == 1  i % 2 3ìP/Ý®à8  !` atan = atan + ... 


; atan += ... .hîP ×M; 
atan += ( i % 2 ? num/den : -num/den ) ;

ǑîG¡Ä6ÝP JÍPµ¶W
#include <iostream>

using namespace std ;

int main() {

double pi , atan , num , den , x ;

12
—.ê C++

x = 1 ;
atan = 0 ;

for ( int i = 1 ; i <= 1000000 ; ++i ) {


num = ( i == 1 ? x : num * x * x ) ;
den = 2*i-1 ;
atan += ( i % 2 ? num/den : -num/den ) ;
}

pi = 4 * atan ;
cout << "PI = " << pi << endl ;

return 0 ;

9ÍùóÎ|œ XÝ℄P[eÕ π  3ó.5—îb͸ùó||´"Ý>—


[eÝ π  b·¶Ý\ï|îç0´8n£℄
0 : ”+
.ï.ê˜xPP'ŒxŠÝêÝÇΎ%¯ž3\Ž/ÝǑ° ´DčŽ
ÑøÝPDÓ¨Œ¼ #ì¼5—PD 'Ê ÝŽó 0ŒPDÝ
!JP ¿à℄ºìP¼‚ |¾Õ;PÝêÝ
˜xPP'ŒÝ¸àE xŠÎjE.P'ŒÝßÿ .ï3¿à˜x
PG Ä6ÞP+Ž×°t ÝìP℄ºÝà°z½ ÍJ)Q
º›Äÿ .ï|3PŠã2ºà℄ºìP¡ µ|wì˜x
PP'Œ Š•s"Ê)͖¤êYÝP'Œ*» ÑP”áb¶ÝP'Œ
t&

13

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