7 13. What are the features of the goliard songs?

TQ: Why that

Chapter 4 term?
Song and Dance Music in the Middle Ages 10th-13th centuries; religious to worldly pleasures; wandering
students; attributed to St. Golias
1. (67) Summarize the situation concerning secular music.
Oral (not notated), several hundred monophonic songs, many 14. (71) Chanson de geste. The most famous was the
poems, some dance music, pictures of instruments ________________, which is about ______________.
Epic – heroic narration, northern France; Song of Roland;
2. Name the three successors to the Roman empire. Charlemagne's army vs. Muslims from Spain
Byzantine, Arab (Islam, 610), western Europe
15. How many are there? When were they written? Any
3. (68) Who led western Europe? music? What are the other examples?
Charlemagne and his son Louis the Pious (r. 814-43) 100; 12th century; very little music was preserved; English
Beowolf (8th century) Norse eddas (c. 9th-13th);
4. (69) Which kingdom was strongest in Europe after German Nibelungs (13th)
Louis? Ruled by kings?
Germany (Holy Roman Empire); no, princes, dukes, bishops, 16. What are bards? Jongleurs? Minstrels? TQ: What does
administrators Celtic mean? TQ: What does "Unlike jongleurs,
minstrels came from varied backgrounds,...." mean?
5. England emerged in the _____ century and continued Poet-singers; jugglers; servant; British Isles; minstrels had
after the _________ conquest in _____. Italy was more advantage by birth, by education, etc.
_________. Spain was divided between
________________ and ______________. 17. In what century did musician guilds begin? What is the
9th; Norman; 1066; fragmented; Christendom; Muslim modern equivalent?
12th; unions and professional organizations
6. What was the purpose of the Crusades (1095-1270)? TQ:
How many were there (see timeline, p. 71)? 18. (72) Music in Context. T/F. Minstrels were important in
Retake Jerusalem from the Turks; 7 French city functions. T/F. Only were permitted to join
the guild
7. The economy was _________; population, _________. True; false
The three classes of people were ___________ and
__________; ___________; ____________. 19. (73) Troubadours were ___________ found in
Agricultural; rural; nobility/knights, religious, peasants __________ France in the ____ century whose language
was __________ (or ______________). A female
8. (70) What was the term used to organize the workers? troubadour was called a _______________.
They became the ___________. Poet-musicians; southern; 12th; Occitan; langue d'oc;
Guild; new middle class trobairitz

9. Cathedral schools were established between ______ and 20. (SR) Guild members are to uphold the profession and
_______. Schools for the ordinary people were begun in fulfill their obligation (e.g., don't leave early and don't
_______. Women were _________. send a sub)
1050; 1300; 1200; excluded
21. In the _______ were the trouveres who spoke
10. Describe characteristics of a versus. ___________, which is __________. (74) D'oc and d'oïl
Latin song, sacred (attached to liturgy), rhymed, regular mean _______; trobar and trover mean ___________.
pattern of accents, 11th century, monophonic, southwest North; langue d'oïl; Old French; yes; to find, invent
France (Aquitaine), newly composed
22. (74) We know about these people from biographies
11. Same thing with conductus. TQ: Can you explain the called ___________. TQ: What's the modern word?
difference? Vidas; vita
12th, "movement"; Latin song, rhymed, rhythmical text (other
than hymn or sequence); newly composed melody. 23. Name the poet-musician.
Not from these definitions, but a conductus is non-liturgical Bernart de Ventadorn

12. What's the deal with Latin? 24. Their songs are found in _____________. What is
Not native tongue; used by educated classes contrafactum?
Chansonnier; putting new words to an existing melody

Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 4

25. (74) How many troubadour melodies? Poems? Trouvere 37. (79) After the Norman Conquest, _________ was the
melodies? Poems? TQ: Any idea why so many more language of England. What survives in Middle English?
trouvere songs are extant? TQ: Why?
260; 2600; 1400; 2100; they came later French; nothing because lower classes were not educated

26. What seems to be the confusion about the connection 38. Tell me about German "troubadours."
between melody and poem? Minnesinger (= love); Middle High German; 12th-14th
Some poems have more than one melody; new words to centuries; strophic; AAB; bar form; Stollen; Abgesang;
existing melodies; variants suggest oral transmission. Walther von der Vogelweide

27. (75) T/F. Current thought is that the troubadours were 39. (80) What about Italy?
able to read and write music. Explain. Lauda (pl. laude); dozen after 1300; sacred monophonic;
False. Manuscripts appeared after the troubadours died in processions of religious penitents and in confraternities
order to preserve the poetry and music. (= a society devoted to a religious or charitable cause);
most after 1300 were polyphonic
28. Who performed these songs?
Troubadours and trouveres, but also jongleur or minstrel 40. (80) Spain? The form?
Cantiga; song to the Virgin Mary; Cantigas de Santa Maria,
29. (75) Most of these songs have ___________ forms. 400 songs in Galician-Protuguese; 1270-90; King
Dance songs often have a ____________, sung by the Alfonso el Sabio (the Wise) of Castile and Léon; AbbaA
dancers.
Strophic; refrains 41. Describe a vielle.
Fiddle; 5 strings in 4ths or 5ths; melody plus drone
30. What is the meaning of fine amour? What is it?
Refined love (19th century courtly love); idealized love (a 42. Hurdy-gurdy.
woman who was married but adored from afar) 3-stringed vielle with rotating wheel; melody played by levers

31. Name the female poet-musician. 43. (81) From the British Isles was the _______.
Countess of Dia Psaltery; plucked strings on a wooden frame; ancestor of
harpsichord and piano
32. (76) What are the essential traits of these songs?
Strophic; syllabic; more notes on penultimate syllable; narrow 44. Transverse flute.
range (< 9th); stepwise with occasional skips of a third; Flute
arch-shaped melodies; modes 1 and 7 common; new
music for each phrase of the stanza; Ventadorn has AAB 45. Shawm.
however Double-reed

33. (78) What are the thoughts about performance practice? 46. Trumpet.
TQ: Who's right? Straight, no valves
Free; equal duration; metrical for dance songs; most likely
dance songs were metrical and love songs were free 47. Pipe and tabor
Whistle and drum
34. Were these songs unaccompanied?
Pictures show accompanied. Dance songs more likely than 48. What are the other instruments?
love songs. Bagpipe (chanter, drone, reeds); bells (church and signals);
organ c. 1100 portative, positive
35. What is a pastoral song? The most famous was
______________ by ______________. It's in the form 49. (82) Where did these instruments come from?
of a ______________, the pattern of which is Asia through byzantine, Arabs in North Africa and Spain
_______________.
Idealized rural setting; Play of Robin and Marion (c. 1284); 50. What is a carole? How many survive? SR: Retrouenge.
trouvere Adam de la Hall; rondeau; ABaabAB Circle dance; 24; a song with a refrain

36. TQ: Why a paragraph on dissemination?

How do we get from point A to point B.

© 2014, 2009, 2006, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois

8

51. (82) How many instrumental dance tunes survive from

the 13th and 14th centuries?
50

52. What is the most common type?

Estampie with two endings ouvert, (incomplete) clos
(complete cadence); same endings for each section

53. (83) How do the French and Italian versions compare?

French – triple meter, short sections
Istampita – duple or compound longer sections, more
repetition

54. TQ: Why is the last section called "The Lover's

Complaint"?
I don't know. Is it because these poetic/musical longings are
never resolved/reciprocated, that the desired love is
never obtained? The subheading does sound like a good
song title, however.

55. What caused those songs to come down to us?

Disappeared with the people who sang them and replaced;
19th century interest in medieval poetry; 20th century
music; recent revival of these songs in concert and
recordings

Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 4

© 2014, 2009, 2006, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois