45 13. (961) What is the definition of art music?

Music listened to with rapt attention, valued for its own sake,
Chapter 38 and preserved in a repertoire of classics
The Late Twentieth Century
14. Write a summary statement for "Jazz repertory."
1. [958] What is mixed media? We no longer move with the changes of jazz styles. The whole
Linking music with other arts in performance history has been preserved on CDs, for example, so a
person has access to contemporary as well as jazz of the
2. We'll get definitions for minimalism and neo- past.
Romanticism later.
3. (959) What are some of the events that indicated a 15. What institutions are preserving jazz? Any problems?
growing gulf between young and old? David Baker, the Smithsonian Jazz Orchestra
Urban riots (Watts, 1965; Detroit, 1967, L.A., 1992), growing Wynton Marsalis, Jazz at Lincoln Center, 1987
discord over the Vietnam War, assassination of Martin Yes, with Marsalis who refuses to acknowledge avant-garde
Luther King, Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy (both in 1968) jazz, his efforts to preserve older types, and promoting
his own pieces
4. What political events took place?
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut 16. What about the legitimacy of rock music?
production in 1973 forcing prices up and long waits in It's taught in universities. R&R hall of fame and museum in
lines (prior to 1970, gas was $.25/gal., a hamburger at Cleveland, the Experience Music Project in Seattle. By
McDonalds was $.25 as was a bean burrito at Taco Bell, the way, I.M. Pei designed the Meyerson symphony hall,
and they had a BellBeefer, taco meat in a hamburger bun the Fountain Place, the ARCO Tower, all in Dallas
for the same price); the Watergate episode forced
President Nixon to resign in 1974 17. (962) What about CW?
It too has a hall of fame in Nashville, 1960s, 2001
5. What is détente?
French term meaning easing or relaxing; it's usually referred to 18. What about the musicals?
U.S./Soviet Union relations in the 1970s They continue. Some shows had very long runs. If they've
gone off Broadway for a while, they're being brought
6. What events led to the fall of communism? back
Solidarity movement. in Poland in 1980; fall of the Berlin
Wall in 1989; collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 19. Who is the person successful in new musicals? Would
following Mikhail Gorbachev's policies of glasnost those stories have been accepted in the1940s?
(openness) and perestroika (restructuring) Stephen Sondheim, Company (1970, plotless social
commentary); Sweeney Todd (1979, murderous London
7. Other threats to world peace have replaced the Cold barber); Sunday in the Park with George (1984, story
War. What are they? about Georges Seurat); Assassins (1991, story about
Conflict in the Middle East, Korea, civil wars in the Balkans presidential assassinations and attempts); no, they would
and Africa and the Philippines; Oklahoma City bombing not
(1995), Al Qaeda's attacks on U.S. embassies in Kenya
and Tanzania in 8/98 20. Who was the leading English musical composer?
Andrew Lloyd Webber, Jesus Christ Superstar (1970-71, rock
8. (960) What are the new opportunities? music); Evita (1976-78, Eva Peron, wife of Argentinian
End of discrimination of African Americans; women making dictator Juan Peron); Cats (1981); The Phantom of the
strides (Indira Gandhi, Golda Meir, Margaret Thatcher). Opera (1986) and Sunset Boulevard (1993), which are
musicals derived from film instead of vice versa
9. What replaced the Common Market?
European Union 21. (963) Who's next?
Claude-Michel Schönberg, Les Misérables (1980, 1985,
10. What are the communication tools available after 1980? poverty in Paris by Victor Hugo), Miss Saigon (1989,
Satellites, cable television, personal computers, fax machines, Puccini's Madame Butterfly in the context of the
cell phones, Internet Vietnam War)

11. What are problems with the shrinking world? 22. Who's next?
Flu, AIDS spread easier Jonathan Larson, Rent (1996, Puccini's La bohème with pop
music in NY during the era of AIDS)
12. Asians have become more familiar to the Western world,
and vice versa. 23. And then?
Elton John and Tim Rice, Aida (1998-2000)

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24. How are musicals similar to operas? Example? 36. What are the techniques? Who are other performers?
Serious tone, use of spectacle, almost continuous music Jazz with electric guitar, rock, rhythms or soul and R&B.
Adam Guettel, The Light in the Piazza (2005) that has operatic Herbie Hancock and Chick Corea (pianists)
melodies, classical orchestra, neo-Romanticism
37. What was the offshoot? Artists?
25. Blurring the Lines. Paul McCartney melds what styles? Smooth jazz; Kenny G and David Sanborn (saxophonists)
Works?
Pop and classical (Baroque to Cage), Liverpool Oratorio 38. Who was the representative of experimental jazz? Goal?
(1991), Standing Stone, choir and orchestra (1997) Art Ensemble of Chicago (1969-); jazz as an art music for a
select audience of connoisseurs
26. What is Elvis Costello's contribution?
R&R and CW, The Juliet Letters (1993), song cycle for voice 39. Who is the eclectic artist? What is klezmer? Name his
with string quartet; Il Sogno, ballet (2000) which rose to works.
the top of the Billboard classical music chart John Zorn (saxophone); a European Jewish popular style;
Filmworks (1990-2008), Masada Books (1993-2004);
27. Ryuicki Sakamot? Kristallnacht (1993), Aporias: Requia for Piano and
Electronic pop (Yellow Magic Orchestra), The Last Emperor Orchestra (1998)
(1987) film score with extended playing technique and
musique concrete; Discord (1998), orchestral piece 40. (966) What is the essence of art music?
One listens to the music with full attention and values it for
28. (964) Christopher Rouse? itself
Bonham (1988), percussion ensemble about John Bonham
(drummer for Led Zeppelin) 41. Name the three institutions mentioned.
Meltdown Festival (London, 1993-); Band on a Can (New
29. Steven Mackey? York); Kronos Quartet (1973-)
TILT (1992), for orchestra; Troubadour Songs (1991) for
electric guitar and string quartet 42. What is World Beat? What is the name of the Nigerian?
What was Paul Simon's contribution?
30. In the 1960s and 1970s, Frank Zappa blended the African popular music; Fela Kuti; Graceland (1986)
traditions of ___, ___, and ___ in 200 Motels for rock
band and orchestra. 43. (967) SR: Note the diversity of styles that the quartet
Rock, jazz, and classical music performs. Notice also how many commissions they have
awarded.
31. In the 1970s and 1980s, Frank Zappa wrote music for
which groups? 44. (968) Bright Sheng studied with ___ and ___, a student
London SO (1983-87), Ensemble InterContemporain of ___. Name the two works.
conducted by Pierre Boulez (The Perfect Stranger, Leonard Bernstein, Chou Wen-chung, Varese. Seven Tunes
1984), Ensemble Modern (The Yellow Shark, 1993). Heard in China (1995; Bach cello suite-like), Seasons

32. What elements did Astor Piazzolla combine? What did 45. Who are the next three? Name the last's pieces.
he call it? Chen Yi, Zhou Long, Tan Dun. Crouching Tiger, Hidden
Tango, jazz, and classical music; tango nuevo Dragon (2000), Water Passion after St. Matthew (2000)

33. What are the compositional techniques he employed? 46. Who's next?
Improvisation (jazz), counterpoint/fugue/passacaglia Kevin Volans, South Africa, White Man Sleeps (1985, string
(Baroque); chromaticism, dissonance, angular melodies quartet)
(modern) Peter Sculthorpe, Aboriginal melodies, Songs of Sea and Sky
(1987, clarinet and piano)
34. (965) Name his works.
Libertango (1974), La Camorra (1989, Finve Tango 47. (969) SR: How does digital differ from analog?
Sensations (1991, Kronos Quartet), Maria de Buenos Digital is on/off (1 or 0), whereas analog has sound waves
Aires (1968, tango opera), Double Concerto for guitar,
bandoneon, and string orchestra (1985) 48. SR: What is a MIDI?
Musical instrument digital interface
35. Miles Davis left ___ jazz and ___ jazz to create ___ jazz
in the 1950s. His album? 49. SR: Digital synthesizer "can generate…" what?
Cool, modal, fusion (jazz fusion); Bitches Brew Imitative or nonimitative polyphony, rhythmic or melodic
ostinatos, heterophony

© 2014, 2009, 2007, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois

46 61. How has film music fared?
Very well; George Lucas's American Graffiti (1973) used pop
50. (969) SR: What does "playing in real time" mean? music from the late 1950s and early 1960s; John
Played and heard at the same instance instead of preparing the Williams, six Star Wars movies (1977-2005) had music
event beforehand in the studio equal to the film

51. SR: What are the advantages of compact discs? 62. (972) What is the concert work mentioned? TQ: Any
Smaller, more durable, greater fidelity, hold more music thoughts?
Howard Shore, The Lord of the Rings: Symphony in Six
52. SR: TQ: What are some of the technologies that now Movements (2004). Symphonies don't often have six
challenge CDs? movements. See what happens when you miss one
mp3 files, Internet MUSI 3349 lecture?

53. (970) What is sampling? Where is it used? 63. Music has diversified so that no longer one size fits all.
A process of creating new compositions by patching together 64. (973) Who was in the market for disco in the 1970s?
digital chunks of previously recorded music; rap, other What was the film?
pop music, experimental, avant-garde, classical concert African-Americans, Latinos, gay men; steady 4/4 meter and
music uniform dance tempo; Saturday Night Fever (1977, Bee
Gees)
54. Who are the pioneers in computer music, their works,
and process? 65. What was punk music like?
Charles Dodge, Speech Songs (1972), blah, blah, blah; Hard-driving style, Sex Pistols, safety pins through flesh,
Paul Lansky, manipulates speech in Six Fantasies on a Poem nihilism; untutored, raw sounds
by Thomas Campion (1979) or Smalltalk (1988),
highway traffic noises in Night Traffic (1990) 66. What is New Wave about? Performers?
Modification/offshoot of Punk; reinvention of R&R; Blondie,
55. Even though they involve electronic sounds, they still Talking Heads
use pop elements such as:
Tonal harmonies, regular meter, propulsive beat, layered 67. What is Indie rock (or independent rock) [was alternative
syncopated rhythms rock]?
Grunge (nihilism of punk and electric guitar sound of heavy
56. Jean-Claude Risset has a different approach. What is his metal) Nirvana ("Smells Like Teen Spirit," 1991),
group? Soundgarden, Pearl Jam
Institute of Acoustic and Musical Research and Coordination
(IRCAM), Paris, founded by Pierre Boulez; his 68. What is rap (a.k.a. hip hop)? (974) Gangsta rap?
Inharmonique (1977) uses processed sounds and live Conscious (a.k.a. political) rap?
performers Rhymed lyrics chanted over repeated dance beats, 1970s,
African-American urban youth culture; lawlessness;
57. What does mixed media mean to Michael Jackson or inequality and racism ("Fight the Power" by Public
Madonna? The spectacle was almost as important as the Enemy)
music.
Elaborate sets, costumes, choreography, visual effects 69. What is women's music? Who? Christian rock? Who?
(lighting, fog machines, pyrotechnics) Song of various styles (folk) with texts that reflect a feminist
perspective; Holly Near, Kay Gardner, Olivia Records;
58. What are music videos? current popular styles to Christian themes; for both the
Visual to accompany/reinforce a song; 1980s, MTV message is more important than the style; Amy Grant,
Third Day
59. (971) Who is a leading performance artist?
Laurie Anderson, O Superman (1981), synthesized voice; 70. (975) Who coined the term "minimal art"? When?
United States I-IV (1983), 7-hour show Definition? The artists?
Richard Wollheim, 1965, art that reduced materials and form
60. How would you classify STOMP? What is the name of to fundamentals and was not intended to express feelings
the percussion group from New York (1987)? What is or convey the artist's state of mind and usually has a
the inspiration for Jim Mason's Blast! (2001) repetitive pattern of simple elements; Carl Andre's 64
Choreographed percussive music; Blue Man Group; marching Copper Squares (1969), Frank Stella's Hyena Stomp
band halftime show and drum corps performance (1962)

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71. Who is the composer of minimalistic music? 80. Who's next? What are "gates"?
La Monte Young, Composition 1960 No. 7 (B-F#); The John Adams; Phrygian Gates for piano (1977-78); a gate is
Tortoise: His Dreams and Journeys (1964), going from one figure to another
improvisation in/out of harmonics over a fundamental Harmonielehre (1985), symphonic poem that combines
played as a drone by a synthesizer Romantic and modern styles
The Dream House (1996) where sounds and lighting change as Nixon in China (1987), opera
the viewer moves through the rooms Short Ride in a Fast Machine (1986), orchestral work ostinatos
and repeating chords give a sense of harmonic
72. (976) Who's next? progression with wide-ranging melodies ending in three-
Terry Riley, Mescalin Mix (1962-63), tape loops; In C (1964), part counterpoint over slow changing but rapidly pulsing
live instrumentalists play short figures over a quickly harmonies
pulsing octave C with repetitions of each figure and The Wound Dresser (1988), Walt Whitman poem about
coordination of parts left indeterminate nursing wounded Civil War soldiers, for baritone and
orchestra
73. Who is the "phase" minimalist? Describe it. Examples? The Violin Concerto (1993)
Steve Reich; tape loops that move out of phase with one
another; Come Out (1966); Piano Phase (1967) for two 81. (981) What about Babbitt, Stockhausen, and Boulez?
pianos He found superarrays; worked 25 years on Light (1977-2003),
seven operas about the seven creative periods using
74. (978) How did he change in the 1980s? serial melody-formulas associated with Eve, Lucifer, and
Used minimalist techniques but had significant emotional the archangel Michael; interaction of live musicians and
content (Jewish heritage: Tehillim [1981]) recorded sounds (Répons, 1980-84, for six soloists,
chamber orchestra, and electronics)
75. What is postminimalism? Examples?
Beyond minimalism to include traditional methods, (e.g., 82. Describe Ligeti's work as an example of "accessible
canon and harmonic motion), more varied material, modernism."
renewed expressivity; Different Trains (1988) for string Self Portrait with Reich and Riley (and Chopin is also there),
quartet and tape about the Holocaust; The Cave (1993) 1976; Etudes for Piano (1985-2001) that combines
for voices, ensemble, and video about Abraham and dissonant textures that gradually change with 19th-
Judaism, Christianity and Islam century virtuoso technique. The example cited is Vertige
(Vertigo, 1990), etude no. 9
76. TQ: Experimentalist or modernist?
Modernist because he wants to become part of the repertoire 83. (982) What is spectral music?
Focus on perception, acoustics, and tone color. A violin and
77. Who's next? With whom did he study? What is the clarinet sound different playing the same pitch
foundation of his music and the traits?
Philip Glass; Nadia Boulanger, Ravi Shankar; rhythms of 84. Who are the spectralists? Their ensemble? Examples?
Indian music; melodiousness, consonance, simple Followers?
harmonic progressions, amplification of rock music Gérard Grisey and Tristan Murail, Ensemble L'Itinéraire
(1973); Grisey's Partiels (1975), Claude Vivier
78. (979) Name his works and give a brief description. (Canadian composer in Cologne), Lonely Child for
Einstein on the Beach, one-act, 4.5 hr. opera, solfege syllables soprano and orchestra; Magnus Lindberg and Kaija
sung, nonsensical stage action; music has repeated Saariaho from Finland and Jonathan Harvey from
figures (arpeggiated triads) England
Satyagraha (1980), about Gandhi
Akhnaten (1984), Egyptian pharaoh martyred for his 85. (983) What about Brian Ferneyhough?
monotheistic worship of the sun god Microtones and hugely complex durations
The Voyage (1992), Columbus, blends multilayered ostinatos,
rapid pulse, slowly changing tonal or modal harmonies 86. What was Sofia Gubaidulina's imagery? What works are
with the standard orchestra, recitatives, and arias of the cited? What do they represent?
operatic tradition Religion; Offertorium (1980) a violin concerto based on the
J.S. Bach Musical Offering theme capturing the concept
79. What are his film scores? of self sacrifice; sonata for violin and cello, Rejoice!
Koyaanisqatsi (1982), Powaqqatsi (1988), Naqoyqatsi (2002) (1981) in five movements, transcendence from ordinary
Kundun (1997), The Hours (2002), Notes on a Scandal (2006) reality to a state of joy
Symphonies: No.1, Low (1992), No. 4, Heroes (1996) based
on David Bowe (pop) and Brian Eno (ambient music)

© 2014, 2009, 2007, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois

47 98. What are some of the unusual things? TQ: Who is he
spoofing in Igphigenia in Brooklyn (1964)? Who does he
87. (983) Who is the left-wing Dutch composer? What two spoof in his "Howdy" Symphony (1982)?
composers influenced his style? What are his named Long-winded continuo accompaniment in the cantata, unsual
compositions? instruments (double-reed slide music stand), contrasts of
Louis Andriessen; Stravinsky and Ives; De staat (The style (Classic, vaudeville, big-band jazz, modernist);
Republic, 1972-76) for four female voices and large Gluck; Haydn's Farewell Symphony
ensemble, De materie (Matter, 1984-88), a four-part
theater piece; De tijd (Time, 1980-81) for female chorus 99. (987) What was the difficulty composers faced at the end
and large ensemble. of the 20th century?
It was easier to get a commission than a second performance
88. (984) Who's next? What are his works and what's the of a new work; few compositions entered the repertory;
inspiration for them? concert audiences were shrinking
R. Murray Schafer, Dream Rainbow Dream Thunder (1986),
Manitou (1995), Inuits; Music for Wilderness Lake 100. What approaches were taken?
(1979) which is environmental music for 12 trombones! Continue on with what you are doing and to heck with the
audience; write music that could be understood at first
89. (985) Define postmodernism? What is the premise? hearing; dumb up your compositions to find a middle
Blending of elements from different periods; musical idioms ground between your aesthetics and those of your
don't have to develop continuously audience; write for the audience; imitate older styles;
adding meaning/images to the music
90. Who is the next composer? What are some of the styles
he used? 101. What does Ellen Taaffe Zwilich do? How does the
Alfred Schnittke; serialism, indeterminacy, new instrumental author classify her? What's the example cited? What's
sounds the motive?
Continuous variation with older formal devices of recurrence
91. What is polystylism? What are the examples cited? What and contrast; accessible modern; Symphony No. 1 (1982;
are the resources for the first work? Pulitzer Prize); rising minor third
A combination of new and older styles created through
quotation or stylist allusion; Symphony No. 1 (1969-72), 102. Pärt is classified as what by our author? What are the
Haydn, Beethoven, Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Grieg, Johann different styles that Arvo Pärt has moved through?
Strauss, and Schnittke himself Radical simplification; neoclassical, serial,
Concerto Grosso No. 1 (1976), 18th-century style with atonal modernist/Baroque, Gregorian chant and early
and pop styles through allusion than quotation polyphony
The previous edition listed 9 symphonies, numerous
concertos, and chamber music for his output 103. What is the name of his 1970s style? (988) What works
are cited?
92. Who's next? Tintinnabuli, bell-like sonorities; Tabula rasa, Fratres
John Corigliano, The Ghosts of Versailles (1987) (Brothers), Cantus in memorium Benjamin Britten (all
1977), Seven Magnificat Antiphons (1988, rev. 1991)
93. (986) The ghosts are rendered in _____ while the play is
in the style of ______. 104. (989) What means did composers use to attract
Serial; Mozart operas followers?
Extramusical imagery and meanings
94. His Symphony No. 1 could be classified (by it's
description) as a ____ piece. What is the name of his 105. Who's next? What are her works?
film score and the two derivative works? Joan Tower, Silver Ladders (1986) for orchestra, that has
Quotation; The Red Violin (1998); Red Violin Chaconne rising lines moving at different speeds (ladders); the
(1997); Red Violin Concerto (2007) orchestra represents silver in its solid state; solos for
clarinet, oboe, marimba, and trumpet is silver in its
95. Who's next? What works and what style? liquid state; Made in America (2005), a sonic image
Peter Schickele; five string quartets are mostly tonal, based on America the Beautiful
Stravinsky to jazz and rock
106. What were John Tavener's works like before 1977?
96. What is his nickname? Stravinsky serialism and block construction
P.D.Q. Bach

97. What does the moniker allow him to do?

Spoof old music, its performing practice, and musicologists

Burkholder/Grout/Palisca, Ninth Edition, Chapter 38

107. What is the liturgical piece? What elements did he use to
make his music even more religious? What is his best-
known work?
Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom (1977) for unaccompanied
chorus; harmonically simple, chant-derived idiom; The
Protecting Veil for cello and string orchestra (1987)

108. What are some of Penderecki's neo-Romantic works?

Violin Concerto No. 1 (1976-77), opera Paradise Lost (1975-
78), Polish Requiem (1980-84) that also has Renaissance
and Baroque styles

109. (990) What are George Rochberg's styles?

Serialism, quotation, neo-Romantic (1970s)

110. Who did he imitate in his String Quartet No. 5 (1978)?

1. Beethoven/Schubert, A major sonata
2. Slow, sad Eb minor, Bartok
3. Beethoven scherzo in A minor with a Mahler trio
4. Atonal serenade, Schoenberg
5. Energetic, developing, modulating within tonal, like
Schoenberg's first string quartet

111. What were David Del Tredici's styles? Why did he

change to neo-Romanticism?
Atonal, serial, neo-Romantic (1970s); setting Lewis Carroll's
stories for children

112. What are the resources need for Final Alice (1975)?
Amplified soprano and orchestra, with a folk group (banjo,
mandolin, accordion, two soprano saxophones)

113. What kind of music does he use when Alice grows

larger?
Atonal music, a 12-tone motive and electronic sounds
(Theremin)

114. (991) SR: What were Del Tredici's thoughts?

"It's good to have a hit, but what will my colleagues think?
They'll think I've sold out to the establishment. They
won't respect my work if it's liked. But if the audience
likes it, I've reached them as a composer."
115. (992) "There is no longer one mainstream, one taste for
music, but many streams and tastes."

© 2014, 2009, 2007, 2001, 2000 Ted A. DuBois