VISION

GRAMMAR

6
Unit 1:
1. (It) with the infinitive:
It's + adjective + infinitive
(It) is used when (infinitive) comes in last part of sentence.
Eg.
It is nice to see you again.
It is easy to drive car to park.
It is interesting to watch tv with family.

It's + adjective + for phrase + infinitive

(For phrase) is used with some certain adjectives when the subject of infinitive is important to the meaning
of sentence.
Eg.
It is easy for me to drive car.
It is difficult for us to stay away from family.
It is impossible for her to forget Ali.

2. The (ing) form of the verb as subject:

(Ing) form of the verb can be used as subject of sentence.
Eg.
Watching tv with family is fun.
Helping people is good action.
Playing football with friends is good idea.
Having home in country is important.

3. Adjectives with infinitive:

Infinitive (appear, be, feel, look, seem, and sound) can be used with adjectives that show emotional state
(afraid, eager, glad, happy, lucky, pleased, proud, ready, and sorry).
Eg.
She appeared pleased to help her neighbor.
Ali is eager to take part in our class.
They feel happy to see their team in ground.
You seem proud to see your son on stage.

4. The use of infinitive after certain verbs:

1. Without subject of infinitive:
Eg.
I agreed to help them.
She plans to start a new business.
They decided to buy a house.
2. With subject of infinitive:
Eg.
I advised Ali to start an English class.
She told me to wait for the manager.
They forced with to buy the products.

3. With/ without subject of infinitive:

Eg.
She wants (me) to wait for the doctor.
They asked (us) to pay the bills.
You expect (her) to bring home cooked food.

Note:
(Let) is used with simple verb while (permit) is used with (to + verb).
Eg.
I let my brother watch tv.
I permit my brother to watch tv.
Unit 2:
1. The infinitive and the (ing) form of the verb as objects:
Verbs such as: begin, continue, hate, love, prefer, start, try, and like are used either with (infinitive) or the
(ing) form of verb.
Eg.
I begin to watch the series.
I begin watching the series.
She continues to work alone.
She continues working alone.
Ali prefers to eat at home today.
Ali prefers eating at home today.

2. The (ing) form of the verb as an object:

The (ing) form of the verb can be used directly after these verbs as object.
Avoid, consider, enjoy, recommend, and suggest.
Eg.
She avoids eating junk food.
Ali condensed taking a new class.
We enjoy watching the cricket live.
The doctor recommended taking fresh fruit.
A student suggested repeating all previous grammars.

3. The (ing) form of the verb as an object of (admit, deny, finish, and stop):
The (ing) form of the verb can also be used as object of the above verbs.
Eg.
Mustafa admits spending his money carelessly.
She denied talking to her mother privately.
They finish working in their final project.
Ali stops smoking cigarettes for his parents.
Unit 3:
1. Cause and purpose connectors:
(Because and since) are uses to show cause in sentence.
(So that and so) are used to show purpose in sentence.
When (because/ since) comes at the front of sentence, a comma is required in the middle of sentence.
Eg.
Because/ since you are very sick, you need to see a doctor.
You need to see a doctor because/ since you are very sick.
I don't eat junk food so that/ so I don't get fat.
She called all of her classmate so that/ so she can invite them to her birthday party.

2. Sentences related by cause and consequence:

The followings are used to show consequence or result of something:
1. As a result
2. Because of this
3. Consequently
4. For this reason
5. Therefore
6. Thus
7. So
They are used at the beginning of sentence. They are always separated by a comma except for (so).
(Thus and therefore) are used in informal speech and writing.
Eg.
Knowing English and computer can help us get a high-paying job. As a result, we should consider learning
them.
I wanted to celebrate my brother's birthday so I bought him a wonderful cake.
She told me that the class wouldn't start today. For this reason, I called my friends and had a picnic.
Unit 4:
1. (And ... Too) connecting two affirmative statements:
(And ... Too) is used to connect two affirmative statements.
The second statement is completed with subject and helping verb.
Don't use contractions in second sentence.
Eg.
I can drive the car. She can drive the car.
I can drive the car and she can, too.
Ali waited for you. I waited for you.
Ali waited for you and I did, too.
Aimal is from Logar. Mustafa is from Logar.
Aimal is from Logar and Mustafa is, too.
She speaks Arabic. Her sister speaks Arabic.
She speaks Arabic and her sister does, too.

The following structure is also used for the same purpose in second sentence.
(And + so + helping verb + subject).
Eg.
I can drive and so can she.
Ali waited for you and so did I.
Aimal is from Logar and so is Mustafa.
She speaks Arabic and so does her sister.

2. (And ... Either) connecting two negative statements:

(And ... Either) is used to connect two negative statements.
The second sentence is formed by negative auxiliary verb and subject.
Eg.
She wasn't absent. I wasn't absent.
She wasn't absent and I wasn't, either.
Ali doesn't work on a report. They don't work on a report.
Ali doesn't work on a report and they don't, either.
Your class won't start. Our class won't start.
Your class won't start and our won't, either.

The following structure is also used for the same purpose in second sentence.
(And + neither + helping verb + subject).
Eg.
She wasn't absent and neither was I.
Ali doesn't work on a report and neither do they.
Your class won't start and neither will out.
Note: (never) means (not ever).
He never calls me.
He doesn't ever call me.
They have never helped students.
They haven't ever helped students.

3. (But) connecting an affirmative and a negative statement:

(But) is used to connect an affirmative statement to a negative statement.
You can omit the repeated information in second sentence.
Eg.
I can speak English. I don't want to speak English.
I can speak English, but I don't want to.
They are students here. We are not students here.
They are students here, but we are not.
She has swept the hall. She hasn't swept the kitchen.
She has swept the hall, but she hasn't swept the kitchen.
Unit 5:
1. The passive construction in the simple verb tenses:
When (active sentence) is changed to (passive sentence), subject is changed to object.
Verb is changed to (past participle form).
(To be) verb is used according to tense.
Eg.
I call Amin. - Amin is called by me.
I called Amin. - Amin was called by me.
I will call Amin. - Amin will be called by me.

Rules:
1. Identify subject, verb, and object of sentence.
2. Change subject to object, and object to subject.
3. Add (by) before the agent (subject).
4. Use (to be) verbs according to tense.
5. The verb must agree with subject.
Eg.
Ijaz helped Iqbal. - Iqbal was helped by Ijaz.
Rameen wrote an essay. - An essay was written by Rameen.
Hewadullah watches the new Avatar film. - The new Avatar film is watched by Hewadullah.
Ziarmal will register new students. - New students will be registered by Ziarmal.

The agent is not mentioned when it is unimportant, unknown, or very clear to all.
Eg.
The class was taught.
Ali was born in December.
The classes will be announced.
Note:
Passive voice is more formal than active voice.

2. The passive construction in the progressive verb tenses:

Change subject to object and object to subject.
Change verb to past participle form.
Use to be verb (according to tense) with (being).
Eg.
Mr. Kaihan was teaching grammar.
Grammar was being taught by Mr. Kaihan.
The manager is distributing the cards.
The cards are being distracted by the manager.
3. Using (get) with passive voice:
(Get) is used instead of (be) in passive voice to show sudden or unplanned action or a change in situation.
Eg.
Musawer was helped by his teacher.
Musawer got helped by his teacher.
Shafiq was being fired by the manager.
Shafiq was getting fired by the manager.
The class was cancelled.
The class got cancelled.
Fatima is married to her cousin.
Fatima gets married to her cousin.

(Get) is commonly used with adjectives in a past participle form.

It can be used with:
Arrested, burned, divorced, fired, hit, hurt, married, paid, and promoted.
(Get) is informal and it is used in speaking.
Unit 6:
1. The passive construction in the present perfect verb tense:
Change subject to object and object to subject.
Use (been) before main verb.
Eg.
Iqbal eaten the burgers.
The burgers have been eaten by Iqbal.
The police have arrested the kidnapper.
The kidnapper has been arrested.
She has ordered the pizza for guests.
The pizza has been ordered for guests.

2. The passive construction with modal verb forms:

Change subject to object and object to subject.
Change the verb to past participle form.
Use (be) after the modal verb.
Eg.
They can print the test papers.
The test papers can be printed.
Students must do the homework.
The homework must be done.
Ameer should type the letter.
The letter should be typed by Ameer.
You have to construction the building.
The building has to be constructed.
You don't have to write the complaint.
The complaint doesn't have to be written.

3. The passive construction in questions:

Steps:
1. Change the active question to active statement.
Eg.
Did you write the essay.
You wrote the essay.

2. Change the active statement to passive statement.

Eg.
You wrote the essay.
The essay was written by you.
3. Change the passive statement into passive question.
Eg.
The essay was written by you.
Was the essay written by you?

Did she call Shabana.

Was Shabana called by her.
Did you check my papers.
Were my papers checked?

Note: (did ... get) is used in informal speaking.

Did she call Shabana?
Did Shabana get called by her?
Did you check my papers?
Did my papers get checked?

4. Adjectives ending in (ing) and (ed):

Adjectives ending in (ing) are used to describe a person or thing that causes a feeling.
Eg.
The story was confusing.
The last movie is frightening.
The park near our home is very amusing.
The book in my bag is boring.

Adjectives ending in (ed) are used to describe how people feel.

Eg.
I am bored in my office.
She was shocked to hear the news.
We were amused by the kids.
People are confused about the election.

Note: adjectives with (ed) are all passive.

Eg.
I was shocked by my marks.
She was annoyed by her little sister.
Unit 7:
1. (Zero conditional) sentences using the present tense:
Use (if) to connect a condition to main clause.
Main clause can be a statement, question, or request.
Use simple present tense in both parts.
Zero conditional shows general truth or fact.
Some adverbs (always, usually, never) can be used with it.
Eg.
I watch TV if I am alone.
She cooks at home if she has guests.
Do you help your brothers if you are free?
You can talk to her if she is interested.
Mustafa drives the car if his father lets him.
Does Aimal fix the watch if I bring the tools?
Can you help me if you have time?

Note: when if clause comes at front of sentence, put comma after it.
Eg.
If she has guests, she cooks at home.
If you type the letter, You notice the mistakes
If Sabir heats the water, it boils.

2. (First conditional) sentences with an if condition:

Use simple present tense in main clause and simple future tense in if clause to show a probable future
action.
When if clause comes at front of sentence, put comma after it.
Eg.
I will start new class if my current class end this week.
She will call her friend if she does all her chores before noon.
If Basir has a son, he will take him to park.
If Faisal buy a new phone, he will give away the old one to his brother.
Will Naveed to come birthday party if invite him?
Will the air get fresh if it rains here?

3. If, unless, and whether or not:

(If) shows that the main action will happen if when the condition happens.
Eg.
I will help you if you are polite.
(Helping is done only when the person is polite).
Ijaz teaches my class if I am absent.
(Teaching happens only when I am not present).
(Unless) shows that the main action will happen except when the condition happens.
It has the same meaning as (if + not).
Eg.
I will teach you computer unless I am busy.
(I will teach you computer if I am not busy).
They will attend meeting unless they get sick.
(They will attend meeting if they don't get sick).
Maryam doesn't study unless she has exam.
(Maryam doesn't study if she doesn't have exam).

(Whether or not) is used to show that the condition is not necessary for the main action.
Eg.
She must pay my money whether or not she wants to.
She must pay my money whether she wants or not.
They have to be present whether or not they are interested.
They have to be present whether they are interested or not.
She watches that show whether or not she enjoys it.
She watches that show whether she enjoys it or not.

4. The past perfect tense:

It shows an action that happened before another action in past.
The second sentence is always past tense.
It is formed by (had + past participle verb).
('d) is short for (had).
(Hadn't) is short for (had not).
Eg.
Ajmal Khan had invited all his colleagues before he threw his party.
Ali had sent the resignation letter before he left his job.
She had studied the book before she took the test.

Adverbs like (already, just, and never) are used between (had) and (past participle verb).
Eg.
I had already left the home when you called me.
She had just arrived when her mother left.
Unit 8:
1. (Second conditional) if with contrary-to-fact present conditions:
If + simple past/ past progressive tense + , + sub + would/ could + simple verb.
If clause shows an action or situation which is not true in present.
Eg.
I spoke to my teacher ( if I didn't speak to my teacher).
It is raining ( if it were not raining).
She is absent now. (If she were present).

Main clause with (would) shows willingness.

Eg.
I would ask him about test.
We would go on picnic.
She would learn all conditionals.

Main clause with (could) shows imaginary ability.

Eg.
I could ask him about the test.
We could go on picnic.
She could learn all conditionals.

Note: (were) is used with all subjects in (if clause).

Eg.
If I were you, I would not trust him this time.
If it were easy, everyone would answer it.

When if clause comes at front of sentence, put comma after it.

Eg.
If the family planned the party, we could order food online.
If Ziarmal prepared the papers, the test would start later.

2. (Third conditional) if with contrary-to-fact (UNREAL) past conditions:

If + past perfect tense + , + sub + would have/ could have + past participle verb.
(If clause) shows an action or situation which was not real in past.
Eg.
I painted my room yesterday. (If I had not painted my room yesterday).
Arash started a mathematics class. (If Arash had not started mathematics class).
Shabnam did not help her mother. (If Shabnam had helped her mother).
Main clause with (would have) shows willingness.
Eg.
I would have covered it with wallpaper.
He would have started an English class.
She wouldn't have gone to office.

Main clause with (could have) shows past imaginary ability or possibility.
Eg.
I could have covered it with wallpaper.
He could have started an English class.
She could not have gone to office.

Note: When if clause comes at front of sentence, put comma after it.
Eg.
If she Maryam had not broken up with me, we could have gotten married.
If the class had delayed for two more days, some students would have changed the time.
If my father had retired last year, he would have shifted to our village.

3. Should have, would have, and could have:

(Should have) shows an action which was necessary in past, but didn't happen.
Eg.
I should have invited you to my party last week.
She should have insulated her in front of class.

(Would have) shows that someone had the willingness to do something in past, but they didn't do it.
Eg.
I would have bought two book yesterday, but did not have my wallet.
They would have ordered extra food if needed.

(Could have) shows that something was possible to happen in past, but it didn't.
Eg.
The games could have started early, but there was raining.
Ali could have washed his handkerchief instead of throwing it.
Writing
Unit 1:
1. Introducing a summary or restatement:
To summarize a speech, the following phrases are used:
1. In other words.
2. In short.
3. To summarize.
4. In summary.
Use comma after them in writing, and take a short pause after them in speaking.
Eg.
We studied LADO books at MELI for almost one year. In other words, we had a wonderful experience with new
system of Muslim Institute.
She disappeared shortly after her brother's marriage. Everyone looked for her, but no one could find her. In
short, her disappearance is still a mystery.
Kabul is a city with many recreational parks, well designed residential cities and amazing weather. It also has
the most pleasant seasons with spectacular views. To summarize, it is the most beautiful city in continent.

2. The prefix (inter-) and (extra-):

(Inter) means (between).
Eg.
National international
Continental intercontinental
Change interchange
Com intercom
View interview
Face interface
Action interaction

(Extra) means (beyond).

Eg.
Ordinary extraordinary
Territorial extraterritorial
Terrestrial extraterrestrial
Curricular extracurricular
Judicial extrajudicial
3. The prefix (over-) and (under-):
(Over) means (too much).
Eg.
Estimate overestimate
Charged overcharged
Due overdue
Slept overslept
Load overload
Eat overeat
Heat overheat

(Under) means (less than).

Eg.
Estimate underestimate
Charged undercharged
Value undervalue
Take undertake
Rate underrate
Pay underpay

4. The prefixes (in-) and (out-):

(In) means (interior).
Eg.
Side inside
Doors indoors

(Out) means (exterior).

Eg.
Side outside
Doors outdoors
Unit 2:
1. Relating ideas as an exception or limitation:
(But, however, nevertheless, and on the other hand) are uses to join two opposing ideas.
(But and however) shows difference.
Eg.
I am a doctor, but my brother is a teacher.
I started my class today. However, no one came.

(Nevertheless) shows a surprising difference.

Eg.
I answered all the questions correctly. Nevertheless, I got the lowest mark in class.
The class delayed for almost a week. Nevertheless, no student complained about it.

(On the other hand) emphasizes the second idea.

Eg.
English is very important for getting a well paying job. On the other hand, Pashto grammar is also important
nowadays.
I need to buy a new computer. On the other hand, I want to deposit money for my 1st semester.

Note:
Don't use comma after (but) when it comes at the beginning of sentence.

2. The suffixes (-ful) and (-ship):

(Ful) means (full of something).
Eg.
Thank thankful
Grate grateful
Success successful

(Ship) means (the state of something).

Eg.
Friend friendship
Citizen citizenship
Member membership
Scholar scholarship
Partner partnership
Unit 3:
1. Nouns with the ending (ation):
(Ation) is used to change some verbs to noun.
Eg.
Educate education
Indicate indication
Operate operation
Associate association
Generate generation
Evacuate evacuation
Locate location
Congratulate congratulation
Converse conversation
Apply application
Supply supplication

Writing note:
(e) is removed before adding (tion).
(Y) is changed to (i) before adding (tion).
Pronunciation note:
The heaviest stress is on the syllable before (tion).

2. Nouns with the ending (ition):

(Ition) is also used to change some verbs to noun.
Eg.
Add addition
Oppose opposition
Propose proposition
Define definition
Compose composition
Prohibit prohibition
Exhibit exhibition
Expose exposition
Unit 4:
1. Prefix (un-) and (dis-):
(Un) means (not or opposite of).
Eg.
Able unable
Specific unspecific
Employed unemployed
Clear unclear
Fair unfair
Comfortable uncomfortable

(Dis) also means (not or opposite of).

Eg.
Able disable
Connect disconnect
Honest dishonest
Agree disagree
Respect disrespect
Appear disappear
Courage discourage
Continue discontinue

2. The suffix (-er) and (-or):

(Er) forms the noun with the meaning (person or thing that does something).
Eg.
Teach teacher
Work worker
Write writer
Read reader
Listen listener
Speak speaker
Wait waiter
Help helper

(Or) is used with some nouns from Latin.

Eg.
Advise advisor
Invent inventor
Translate translator
Decorate Decorator
Edit Editor
3. The suffixes (-able) and (-ible):
(Able/ible) forms adjective with the meaning (have the capability of/ appropriate for something).
Eg.
Believe believable
Read readable
Enjoy enjoyable
Response Responsible
Reason reasonable
Drink drinkable
Detect detectable
Predict predictable
Return returnable
Access accessible
Reverse reversible
Advise advisable
Value valuable
Gull gullible
Cred credible

Unit 5:
1. The suffixes (-ness) and (-ment):
(Ness) is used to change adjective to noun.
Eg.
Good goodness
Bad badness
Sad sadness
Happy happiness
Sleepless sleeplessness
Friendly friendliness
Skillful skillfulness

(Ment) is used to change verb to noun.

Eg.
Agree agreement
Refresh refreshment
Arrange arrangement
State statement
Acknowledge acknowledgment
Move movement
Pay payment
Govern government
Retire retirement
Develop development
Unit 6:
1. Nouns with the ending (sion) and (ssion):
1. Verbs that end in (nd/de) form their nouns with (sion).
Eg.
Expand expansion
Extend extension
Comprehend comprehension
Include inclusion
Intrude intrusion
Collide collisions

2. Verbs that end in (mit) form their nouns with (ssion).

Eg.
Submit submission
Permit permission
Admit admission

2. Nouns with the ending (ion) and (tion):

1. Many verbs that end in (pt/ct) form their nouns with (ion).
Eg.
Interrupt interruption
Opt option
Adapt adaption
Adopt adoption
Instruct instruction
React reaction
Act action
Prefect perfection

2. Many verbs that end in (ce), remove (e), and add (tion).
Eg.
Produce production
Reduce reduction
Deduce deduction
Seduce seduction
Induce induction
Unit 7:
1. Punctuation:
Comma:
A comma is used to show a short pause in speaking.
Eg.
Ali, you should always respect your parents.
Books, pens, and markers were missing.

Period:
A period is used at the end of complete sentence or an imperative sentence.
Eg.
She always watches tv with her cousins.
Put salt in my rice.

Quotation marks:
Quotation marks are used in direct speech.
When writing, put the question mark/ period/ exclamation mark inside the quotation mark.
Eg.
Ali said, “the weather is hot today."
Ali said, “how are you?"
Ali said, “what a brilliant mind you have!"

2. The following phrases are used to introduce an example in writing:

1. For example
2. For instance
Separate them from sentence by comma.
Use a complete sentence after them.

Eg.
I teach different classes for example, vision four, talk and talk, and special grammar class.
Reading books can benefit us in many ways. For instance, we can boost our general awareness about our
surroundings.

3. The following phrases are used to add an idea to previous information.

1. In addition
2. Also
3. Moreover
4. Furthermore
Separate them from sentence by comma.
Use a complete sentence after them.
(Moreover and furthermore) are very formal and are mostly used in writing.
Eg.
I teach English classes at MELI. Also, I manage the timetable for new classes.
MELI has always offered quality English classes. In addition, it has always contributed to the society.
Our vision 4 test was very easy. Moreover, the examiner treated us with huge respect.
Driving small cars is dangerous. Furthermore, they are very difficult to control.

Unit 8:
1. The following phrases are used to introduce a summary or restatement of an
idea.
1. In short
2. In summary
3. In other words
4. To summarize
Separate them from sentence by comma.
Use a complete sentence after them.

Eg.
Last year I and my parents went to our village after long time. We saw many ruins of old houses. In short, we
had a journey full of tragedy.

MELI has recently launched its new English teaching system which is completely practical. In other words, it is
the best learning system anyone has ever seen.

I don't want to cover that class because they never treat me with respect, the students are also not punctual.
In short, neither the teacher nor the students are interested in class.

“You can win" is an English book written by an Indian author named Shiv Khera. The books generally talk about
the secrets of being successful in life. To summarize, the book can help the reader overcome their day to day
problems.

FAISAL SIDIQI
0788 786 207
Faisalsidiqi33@gmail.com