VISION

GRAMMAR

7
Unit 1:
1. Quantifiers as noun substitutes:
The following quantifiers are used to substitute a noun:
One, none, either, neither, every one, not one.
Everyone, everybody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody.

Eg.
There are 10 students in my class. Ali is sitting in first row. Basir is sitting in last row.
One of the students is sitting in first row.
Every one of the students brought the homework.
Not one of the students left the class early.
Either of the students are intelligent.
Neither of the students are lazy.

Note: (none) can take a singular or plural verb.

None of the students is/are late for class.
None of these subjects is/are taught here.

The modifying phrase that starts with (if) can be omitted when the situation is already known.
Eg.
One ( of the boys) is asking about you.
None (of the employees) is/are eating here.
Every one (of the children) is watching tv.

Everyone, anyone, and no one are not followed by (of).

Eg.
Everyone left class at end of session.
Is anyone speaking on phone in class?
No one wants to help you.

2. Quantifiers as noun substitutes:

The following quantifiers can be used instead of noun in sentence.
(None, both, a few, several, some, many, most, all).

Eg.
None of the doctors is/are in clinic.
Both of the doctors are helping the patient.
A few of the doctors were busy.
Several of the doctors aren't present in meeting.
Some of the doctors are tired now.
Many of the doctors are on leave today.
Most of the doctors are hardworking here.
All of the doctors are Muslim.
Note: when the situation is already known, the modifiers are removed.
Eg.
None (of the doctors) is/are in clinic.
Both (of the doctors) are helping the patient.
A few (of the doctors) were busy.
Several (of the doctors) aren't present in meeting.
Some (of the doctors) are tired now.
Many (of the doctors) are on leave today.
Most (of the doctors) are hardworking here.
All (of the doctors) are Muslim.

(None) can take singular or plural verb.

(Both) means two.
(A few) means a small number.
(Few) means less than expected.
(Several) means more than a few and less than some.

3. Requests:
In some requests, the subject is mentioned to make the request more emphatic.
(Everyone) is used when the request is applied to every person present.

Eg.
Everyone, keep silence!
Everyone, open your books!
Everyone, listen carefully to what I say!

(Anyone) is used in negative request when it means that not even one person can violate the request.
Eg.
Don't anyone come in!
Don't anyone move!
Don't anyone open your laptops!

(Nobody) is used in affirmative requests, but it has negative meaning.

Eg.
Nobody leave!
Nobody sit!
Nobody talk!

(Someone) is used when the request should be fulfilled by a person but not important who.
Eg.
Someone, help me!
Someone, open the door for me!
Someone, call the ambulance!

(You) makes the request stronger.

Eg.
You, come here!
You, sit down!
You, bring me the book!
When the subject of request is not mentioned, it is understood to be (you).
Eg.
Don't (you) talk!
(You) Pour me a glass of water!
(You) Cut him a piece of cake!

Sentence beginning with (let's or let's not) are requests that include the speaker.
(Let's) is the contraction of (let us).
Eg.
Let's make some changes to our class.
Let's watch the program for 15 minutes.
Let's not backbite them anymore.
Let's not waste the time.

Requests with (no) usually appears on signs which are like commands.
Eg.
No smoking.
No talking.
No pet!

(Thank you and please) are used to make the request more polite.
Eg.
Thank you for not parking.
Thank you for not smoking here.
Please don't park here.
Please don't smoke here.
Unit 2:
1. The use if the verb (make) and (do):
Make means to create something.
I made an example.
She makes excuses.

Make means cause someone to feel emotion.

Ali made her mother happy.
She made me sad.

Makes means to force someone to do something.

They make us get inside class.
Ali is making her cook at home.

Expressions with make:

Make money.
I want to make money by starting a business.

Make sense.
Your excuses sometimes make sense.

Make a promise.
She made a promise to call me back.

Make time for.

Can you make time for shopping?

Do means perform an action or job.

What are you doing now?
I did nothing yesterday.

Do means perform a procedure.

I do my homework after class.
She does the chores every day.

Expressions with do:

Do damage.
The storm did damage to my booth.

Do one's best.
I am doing my best to make you happy.

Do a good/bad job.
I did a good job in my profession. I wrote a book.
She does a bad job at home. She wastes the money.
Do a favor.
Ali did me favor by owing me some money.
Can you do her a favor?

2. Tense sequence in past:

Simple past tense shows an action that completed in past.
Eg.
I called Ali yesterday.
She watched the program last Sunday.

Past perfect tense shows an action that happened before another action in past.
It is formed with (had) + (past participle verb).
Eg.
Leeda had charged her phone before she called Musawer.
She had done her chores before she watched the program.

Note: when (before and after) are used in sentence, there is no need to use past perfect tense because the time
relationship is already clear.
Eg.
Before I came to class, I washed my hands.
Before I came to class, I had washed my hands.
She watched program after she did her chores.
She watched program after she had done her chores.

3. Sentences with times clauses:

(When, while, after, and before) are used to show time relation between two clauses.
when (before and after) are used in sentence, there is no need to use past perfect tense because the time relationship
is already clear.

(When) shows an action that happens at the same time as the action in main clause.
Eg.
I saw Leeda when I bought this book.
When she watched the tv, she notice the information.
When the teacher entered, all students were busy with phones.

(While) shows a progressive action that happens at the same time as the action in the main clause.
Eg.
While she was cooking, she burned her hand.
While I was painting, I spilled the paint.
Ali got hurt while he was playing cricket.
Note: when the main clause is in future tense, the time clause still follows simple present tense.
Eg.
I will help you when I am free.
She will go to store after she finishes her work.

Note: use comma between two clauses when time clause comes first.
When I am busy, I don't talk to anyone.
While the car was rolling, it broke the engine.
After I sold my home, I bought a car.

Note: many people use (when) with progressive verb.

Eg.
When she was washing the plates, a plate broke.
The teacher caught Ali when he was cheating.
Unit 3:
1. Adjectives and nouns as modifiers of noun:
Adjectives are used as modifiers of nouns.
Adjectives are used before nouns.
Eg.
Ali is our new teacher.
She is the fastest player in team.
This is a short paragraph.

Nouns can also be used as noun modifiers.

When a noun is used as modifier, it is always singular.
Eg.
She bought a biology book.
Let's watch the new cartoon film.
We offered prayer in our village mosque.
Leeda painted the kitchen window yesterday.
We need to repair the desk leg.

2. Adverb expressions as modifiers of noun:

Adverb expressions of place can modify a noun.
They come after noun in sentence.
Eg.
The man is my brother.
The man in front of the door is my brother.
The class in the corner ends today.
The institute on first square offers new classes.
The teachers in office complained about salary.
Unit 4:
1. Direct and indirect speech:
(“ ”) quotation mark is used to show direct speech.
Use comma (,) after reporting verb (say, ask).
Eg.
Ali says, “ I like watching new films in cinema.”
She asks, “when will Vision 9 class start?"
“Who are you?" Asks the manager.

Remove quotation marks in indirect speech.

Indirect speech is also called reported speech.
Eg.
Ali says that he likes watching new films in cinema.
She asks that when Vision 9 class will start.
The manager asks who I am.

Note: the common verbs in indirect speech are:

Ask someone, tell someone, asy to someone, answer someone.

2. Change of person in indirect speech:

Using (that) is optional in indirect speech.
Eg.
He says, “I am happy."
He says that he is happy.
He says he is happy.

Use (if or whether) to report a yes/no question.

Change the question order to statement order.
Eg.
Ali asks, “do you want water?"
Ali aks if I want water.
Ali aks whether I want water.

“Is this an English book?" Asks Fatima.

Fatima aks if that is an English book.
Fatima aks whether that is an English book.

Use appropriate WH word to report an information question.

Change the question order to statement order.
Eg.
“When are they singing?" Asks Farzad.
Farzad aks when they are singing.
“where did you find the flashlight?" His father asks.
His father asks where I found the flashlight.
3. Change of tense in indirect speech (past tense):
When the verb that introduces the indirect speech in in past, then the verb in indirect speech is also changed to past.
Eg.
Ali said to me, “I work in a bank."
Ali said to me that he worked in a bank.
She asked Frishta, “why is the class empty?"
She asked Frishta that why the class was empty.

If the verb in indirect speech is already in past, then it is changed to past perfect tense in formal writing.
Eg.
Basheer told me, “I bought a laptop."
Basheer told me that he had bought a laptop.
Sakina asked him, “how did you find me?"
Sakina asked him how he had found her.

In speaking, the past tense can be used.

Eg.
Riza said, “I was a kind in 2000."
Riza said that he was a kid in 2000.
Nasir asked, “what did they eat in restaurant?"
Nasir asked what they ate in restaurant.
Unit 5:
1. The present progressive verb tense for repeated actions and to complain:
One usage of present progressive tense is to show a present repetitive action.
Eg.
Ali is working on a new big project.
Her brothers are studying computer science at university.
Kareem is taking new flue drug.

Other usage of present progressive tense is to show a complaint about something. In this case, frequency expressions
such as always and constantly are used.
Eg.
Ali is constantly using my laptop.
They are always coming late to meeting.
Basir is always making fun of me.

Note: compare these sentences.

1. Ali is using my laptop. (He is using it right now).
2. Ali is always using my laptop. (He doesn't use it now. He often uses it which bothers me).

2. The present progressive verb tense for near future reference and actions of
limited duration:
Other usage of present progressive tense is to show near future action.
Eg.
Farid is getting married next week.
We are renovating our home next month.
I am paying my bill tomorrow.

Other usage of present progressive tense is to show limited duration of action at the time of speaking.
Eg.
I am eating my dinner with my family.
She is watching her favourite tv show now.
They are looking at the new designs right now.

3. The future progressive verb tense:

It is formed with (will) + (be) + (verb+ing).
It is mostly used in formal situations to ask a polite question.
Eg.
Will you be helping us in next semester?
Will she be waiting for us there?
Will Faheem be teaching their new class?
It is used in informal situations to start a conversation.
Eg.
Ali, when will you graduating from school?
I will graduate from school next year, insha'Allah.
Will you be starting to work or continue your education after that?
I will continue my education and start university.
It can also be used to talk about far future actions.
Eg.
I will be living in Canada next year.
Tameem will be painting the rooms after two years.
She will be buying a car in 2025.
Unit 6:
1. Negative questions:
A negative questions starts with (auxiliary verb) + (not).
When negative question is asked, the speaker expects an affirmative answer, but it any answer is possible.
Eg.
Don't you live in an apartment?
Yes, I do. Expected answer.
No, I don't. Possible answer.

Haven't they already left the class?

Yes, they have. Expected answer.
No, they haven't. Possible answer.

It can also be used to express surprise or shock.

Eg.
Didn't he buy that car? He said he would buy it.
Can't you speak English? You are in university.
Doesn't she cook rice? She is free.

2. Tag questions:
Tag question is a short question that comes at the end of statement.
Positive statement takes negative tag.
Negative statement take positive tag.
Separate tag from statement with a comma.
The answer to tag question could be yes or no.
Eg.
Ali is your brother, isn't he?
She called the boss, didn't she?
You have been to park, haven't you?

She can't help you, can she?

Samim doesn't come, does he?
They will not call, will they?

Note: notice the difference.

I have called Ali, haven't I?
She has gone home, hasn't she?

I have a pen, don't I?

She has a laptop, doesn't she?

Note: the tag question of (I am) is (aren't I).

Eg.
I am your friend, aren't I?
I am waiting, aren't I?
3. The order of ordinal and cardinal numbers.
Ordinal numbers always precede cardinal numbers.
Eg.
I want to buy the first two shirts.
The second two coats are very tight.
The first four classes are taught by Yahya.

(Next and last) act like ordinal numbers, and (few) acts like cardinal number.
Eg.
The next two classes will end today.
The last two boys were absent yesterday.
The first few students were confused.
The next few books were sold very soon.

4. The order of numbers and other adjectives:

The number precedes the adjective.
Eg.
The three newest books are on self.
The two youngest boys in our family are Ali and Basir.
The four earliest students were given extra marks.

Note: noun can be replaced with (one or ones).

Eg.
I bought many books recently. The three newest ones are on self.
Our family has the youngest boys. The two youngest ones are Ali and Basir.
Some students came early to class. The four earliest ones were given extra marks.
Unit 7:
1. Reflexive pronouns as emphasizers:
Singular reflexive pronouns end in self.
Myself
Yourself
Himself
Herself
Itself

Plural reflexive pronouns end in selves.

Yourselves
Ourselves
Themselves

Reflexive pronouns are used as emphasizers to clarify the confusion about the doer of action.
It appears either immediately after subject or at the end of sentence.
Eg.
I myself wrote the letter.
I wrote the letter myself.

She herself will clean up the home.

She will clean up the home herself.

They themselves complain about the teacher.

They complain about the teacher themselves.

You yourself called me last night.

You called me last night yourself.

2. Reflexive pronouns as direct object:

They can be used as direct object when the person/thing doing the action is also receiving the action.
In this case, reflexive pronouns come directly after verb.

Eg.
She introduced herself to audience.
Ali has injured himself in flam.
I prepare myself for exam.
They saw themselves in pictures.
3. Reflexive pronouns as indirect object:
They can be used as indirect objects when they are the same as subject of sentence.
When they are used as indirect objects, they come directly after verb.
Eg.
I bought myself a burger.
She cooked herself a pizza.
Ali makes himself a home.
They caused themselves many problems.
We cut ourselves pieces of cake.
I taught myself painting.

The reflexive pronouns can also be used as object of preparation.

Eg.
I bought a burger for myself.
She cooked a pizza for herself.
Ali makes a home for himself.
They talked to themselves.
She looked at herself.
I taught painting to myself.

(By + reflexive pronoun) shows that the action is done alone.

Eg.
I painted the wall by myself. I was alone.
She went to supermarket by herself. She was alone.
He buys the tv by himself. He is alone.
Unit 8:
1. Wish:
(Wish) talks about actions or situations which are not true, and we desire them.
If the desired action or situation is not true in present, use simple past tense with (wish).
Eg.
I live in Kabul.
I wish that I lived in Herat.
She cooks food at home.
She wishes that she ordered food online.
They teach English language.
They wish that they taught French Language.
I can't help you.
I wish that I could help you.
We have to leave now.
We wish that we didn't have to leave now.

Use (were) with all subjects to show unreal state or situation in present.
Eg.
I am at job now.
I wish (that) I were at home.
She isn't our doctor.
I wish (that) she were our doctor.
The weather is rainy today.
I wish (that) the weather were not rainy today.

Note: using (that) is optional.

I wish that I went to party.
I wish I went to party.

If the desired action or situation was not true in past, use past perfect tense with (wish).
Eg.
Ali did not start English class last year.
Ali wishes that he had started English class last year.
Fatima left school after her marriage.
She wishes she hadn't left school after marriage.
They sold the car in 2020.
They wish that they hadn't sold the car in 2020.

Note: Since (wish) shows unreal actions or situations, sometimes it changes positive sentence to negative and
negative to positive.
Eg.
I quit my job. I wish I didn't quit my job.
She can't drive car. She wishes she could drive car.
2. Must and might:
(Must) shows probability. It means that the speaker is 75 to 90% sure about something.
Sub + must + base form of verb
Sub + must + be + verb-ing
Eg.
Where is Ali? He must be at home now.
I bought this phone for 500$, it must work well.
You must be joking about your result.
She must be sleeping, it late night.

Must also shows a strong need.

Eg.
I must see the doctor for my illness.
She must eat before leaving.
You must bring your books to class.
They must provide refreshments for meeting.

Must also shows a logical conclusion.

Eg.
The television is on. Someone must be watching a film.
You sound tired. You must be running now.

(Might) shows possibility. It means the speaker is less than 50% sure about something in present or future.
Sub + might + base form of the verb
Sub + might + be + verb-ing
Eg.
The test might start in 10 minutes.
They might be at park now.
Weather forecast might not be precise for next week.
I might visit Fatima during my trip to Herat.

3. Must have and might have:

(Must have) is the past form of (must).
It has the same functions as (must) in past.
Eg.
You must have cut your hair. You look cool.
She must have cooked something spicy. It smells delicious.
My room is tidy. My sister must have cleaned it when I was out.

(Might have) is the past form of (might).

It has the same functions as (might) in past.
Eg.
I might have taken some beautiful picture in park yesterday.
They might have asked for more money, but they were not at bank.
The weather might have gotten chilly, but the sun showed up.
 Writing
Unit 1:
1. But, however, nevertheless, on the other hand:
They are used to join two opposing ideas.
(But and however) shows difference.
Eg.
I am a doctor, but my brother is a teacher.
I started my class today. However, no one came.

(Nevertheless) shows a surprising difference.

Eg.
I answered all the questions correctly. Nevertheless, I got the lowest mark in class.
The class delayed for almost a week. Nevertheless, no student complained about it.

(On the other hand) emphasizes the second idea.

Eg.
English is very important for getting a well-paying job. On the other hand, Pashto grammar is also important nowadays.
I need to buy a new computer. On the other hand, I want to deposit money for my 1st semester.

Note:
Don't use comma after (but) when it comes at the beginning of sentence.

Unit 2:
1. First, second, then, next, finally:
These transition words are used to organize the steps or actions in order.
(Finally) introduces the last step or action.
Eg.
Yesterday I had a very busy day. First, I organized the entire room. I put all my shirts in closet and polished my shoes.
Second, I turned on my laptop and worked on the grammar file of Vision 8. It took me almost three hours. Then, I
prepared myself for prayer. I made ablution and went to mosque to offer the noon prayer. I met some neighbors in
mosque and talked about the weather condition of the day. Next, I called an old friend of mine and had a hangout for an
hour in Zazai park. Finally, I returned home tired and sleepy. I immediately went to bed.
Unit 4:
1. Descriptive essay:
It is an essay that describes something or someone in a very clear and detailed way.
Thesis statement:
It is the last sentence of the introduction paragraph.
It shows what the writer will explain in the essay.
It also shows how the writer organizes and presents the explanation.

Body:
The topic sentence of body should relate to thesis statement.
Supporting sentences provide examples and details about the topic.

Conclusion:
It is the restatement of thesis statement in different words.
Add some interesting information related to the topic.

Sample:
To some people city might be just a place to live, but to me it is all my life. If I could choose a city of my dreams, it would
be the one with beautiful green nature, picturesque sceneries, clear blue sky with a warm beams of sun, clean, sleek,
black asphalted avenues, large green parks with succulent and colorful flowers, and so on because our residence has
significant role in our lives.

The improvement of lifestyle depends on where one lives. Off course life in suburbs and countryside can't be as classy
and chic as it is in the cities, and it's because of all the easily-accessed facilities in cities. Some cities have the best
schools, universities, hospitals, banks, parks, organized traffic system, spectacular views Which make them the most
demanding places for living. It could also be one of the main causes of population growth in some areas.

In conclusion, where we live and how we live play a great role in way we develop our society.
Unit 7:
Opinion essay:
It is an essay the presents the writer's opinion about a topic and uses reasons and examples to support the opinion.

Introduction:
Start with an interesting statement to catch the reader's attention.
Briefly state the main reasons that you want to discuss in the essay.
Write a thesis statement. It should contain your opinion about the topic.

Body:
Writes paragraph for each reason, and provide details to support your opinion.
Each paragraph should have topic sentence, supporting sentences, and conclusion.
Present your opposing argument and a response to it.
Opposing argument shows different opinions of other people.

Conclusion:
Start it with (in conclusion or in summary).
Restate your thesis statement shortly in different words.

Sample:
Introduction:
Ever since human stepped on the revolutionary age of technology, there has been controversies whether or not both
genders are treated equally. One of the most arguable subjects in between is the equal payment of men and women.
Men and women should have the same rights and should receive equal pay.
Reason 1:
Workload and pressure is the same as it is on men. Organizations, schools, universities, banks, hospitals and even
religious institutions have never made any reduction in the working hours of women which means they consider the
workforce of both genders the same, so their payment should be equal.
Reason 2:
They need to financially support their families and prove that they are not created just to handle home affairs. The need
to fulfill life's requirements pushes women to get engaged and do their part as part of the society. Also, the financial
dilemma demands women to standby their families. The society can't be run only by men. There are some
responsibilities and duties that need women head.
Reason 3:
Islam commands all its followers to work hard for the betterment of their communities and societies. Considering
yourself Muslim, you should do your part in changing your society for better. Women have their specific role in society
by upbringing the leaders of tomorrow. Off course positive nurturing is not free, it requires money, time, and great
attention. By having a stable income one can raise their children positively.
Opposing argument:
Some skeptics may object to women's working out of home and financially supporting their families, but they have to
face it. Allah almighty created us all equally and provided all the equipment for our lives. It is us who alter it to a heaven
or hell.
Conclusion:
In summary, payments are distributed according to workload and struggle that one faces, not their gender or physical
structure thus no one should maul the rights of women.
FAISAL SIDIQI
0788 786 207
Faisalsidiqi33@gmail.com