Grammar

Present perfect simple, present perfect continuou

Present perfect simple

have/has + past participle
• statement negative question
Vyou/we/they have ('ve) learnt ... Vyou/we/they have not (haven't) learnt.. . Have Vyou/we/they learnt .

Use Example Helpful hints

Situations that started Mrs Jenkins has been The present perfect simple is often used with the following
in the past and are still the head teacher words and phrases:
true for three years. • for She's taught German here for over five year5
Completed actions at a I've already read that • since Mr Gray has taught French here since 2006.
time in the past which is book. • just We've just done this exercise.
not mentioned • already We've already done this exercise.
Completed actions where They've all done their • yet We haven't checked the answers yet.
the important thing is the homework. • ever Have you ever had guitar lessons?
result now • never I've never understood why they give us so
much homework!
• it's the It's the first time we've watched a video in
first time class.
Q • We don't use the present perfect simple when we want to say when something happened in
\,t9 the past. We use the past simple.
✓ I did my homework last night.
• We don't use the past simple when we want to show that something happened before now or is still
important now. We use the present perfect simple.
✓I've finished! Can I go home now?
��---- • Some verbs have irregular past participle forms. See page 182.

Present perfect continuous

have/has + been + -ing
• statement negative question
Vyou/we/they have ('ve) I/you/we/they have not (haven't) Have Vyou/we/they been
been studying . . . been studying . . . studying . . . ?
He/she/it has('s) been studying ... He/she/it has not(hasn't)been studying . . . Has he/she/it been studying..

Use Example Helpful hints

Actions continuing We've been doing grammar The present perfect continuous is often used with the
up to now or just exercises for over an hour. following words:
before now Can we have a break now? • for I've been learning English for over three years.
They're having a break now because • since He's been learning Chinese since 2004.
they've been working so hard. • just I've just been reading the school newspaper.

Q • The present perfect simple often emphasises the result of an action:

\t9 ✓ She's written an article for the school newspaper. ( = She's finished it.)
• The present perfect continuous often emphasises the action, and the time spent on the action, rather
than the result:
✓ She's been writing an article for the school newspaper. ( = She's started, but she hasn't finished
it yet.)
18
 --------- --· - Present perfect simple, present perfect continuous Unit 4

0j Complete using the correct present perfect simple form of the verbs in brackets.

1 I ................................................ (see) this film already.

2 John and Julie ................................................ (had) their car for about a year.
3 She ................................................ (not / take) her driving test yet.
4 Sue ................................................ (be) a tour guide since she left university.
5 ................................................ (you I ride) into town on your new bike yet?
6 This new computer ................................................ (make) my life a lot easier.
7 We ................................................ (not I decide) what to get Mark for his birthday yet.
8 ................................................ (Paul / ever / meet) a famous person?

[[}J Choose the correct answer.

1 .......................... never played this game before. 5 It's the first time .......................... our flat, isn't it?
A I've BI A you've visited B you visited
2 Adam .......................... his room last night. 6 They .......................... the baby a name yet.
A has tidied B tidied A haven't given B didn't give
3 .......................... here since 2005? 7 .......................... to New York when you went to
A Have you lived B Did you live the States last summer?
A Have you been B Did you go
4 Carol and I .......................... to the cinema three
nights ago. 8 .......................... an e-mail before?
A have been B went A Have you ever sent B Did you ever send

Look at the picture and use the prompts to write sentences. Use the correct
form of the present perfect simple.

1 lesson/ not/ start/ yet

2 teacher/ already/ write/ on the board

3 Joe and Tim /just/ come/ into the classroom

4 Tony/ not/ finished/ getting / books ready 6 Dave/ drop/ pen/ on the floor

5 Christine/ already/ open/ book 7 he/ not/ pick it up/ yet

19
 Unit 4 Grammar

Complete using the correct present perfect continuous form of the verbs in
brackets. Use short forms where possible.

Mandy: Hi Matt. How are you?°What (1) .....:................................ , ......... (you I dofreeently?

'= ·
Matt: Oh, hi Mandy! Well, (2) .......... :..................................... (I / study) for my exams.·
Mandy: That sounds boring! (3) ....... :.............. ,......................... (you I wor-k) hard? :
Matt: Very! Basically, (4) ··········:: .................................... (I / just I sit) at my desk 111. my bedroom for
the past three·weeks and (5) ............... ,................................ (.I / not-/ go) out at all: .
(6) ....... :............. :..................:....... (I / work) with Michael, my best friend, some of·the time,
though, so at least I've had some company. How about you?
Mandy: Well, my. mum and (7) ....................... .'........................ (I / paint} my bedroom for the last tew days.
That has been fun! And (8) :.............-.................................. (we / al'so I plan) our summer ho1iday.
Matt: Great! Where are you going?
Mandy: Well, we haven't decided yet. (9) .........................._...................... (We I look) at different places
to see which we like best.
Matt: · I'm sure you'll have a great time, wherever you go. Oh, by the way,
(10) .... :............ ,: .............................. (11 think) of having a party when I finisti niy exams. Would
you like to come?
Mandy: Sure! That wOuld be great!:

[I] Circle the correct word or phrase.

1 I think I've heard I been hearing that song before.

2 They haven't arrived I been arriving yet, but they should be here soon.
3 You've written I been writing that e-mail for over an hour. How long is it going to take you?
4 Have you talked / been talking on the phone since eight o'clock?
5 Jo has already invited I been inviting Shirley to dinner.
6 I've read / been reading an interview with Brad Pitt, but I haven't finished it yet.
7 Have the boys played / been playing computer games since this morning?

[rJ Complete using the words in the box.

already • ever • for • just • never • since • yet

1 I haven't listened to their new CD .......................... . Is it any good?

2 We've been waiting for you .......................... over an hour. Where have you been?
3 Have you .......................... been to the UK before?
4 I'm afraid we've .......................... made plans for this weekend, so we won't be free.
5 Pedro has been having English lessons .......................... he was five years old.
6 It's strange that you mention the film Crash. I've .......................... been reading about it in the paper.
7 I've .......................... heard of a 'sudoku'. What is it?

20
 Grammar
Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous

Past perfect simple

had + past participle
• statement negative question
Vyou/he/she/iVwe/they had ('d} Vyou/he/she/iVwe/they had not (hadn't} Had Vyou/he/she/iVwe/they
written . . . written ... written ... ?

Use Example Helpful hints

Actions and states I'd finished my homework The past perfect simple is often used with the following
before a moment in a few minutes before the words and phrases:
the past lesson started. • by I'd finished my homework by eight
Mrs Cross had been a o'clock.
teacher for twenty years • by the time By the time I got to class, the lesson
before she became a head had started.
teacher. • before The teacher had checked the answers
before the lesson.
Finished actions and We were happy because
• after I left after I'd finished the test.
states where the we'd all done our
important thing is the homework. • just Simon had just finished the test when
result at a moment in
the bell rang.
the past • when I left when I'd finished the test.

\f:9
� • Whether we use the past simple or the past perfect simple can change the meaning of a sentence.
✓ The lesson started when I arrived. (=I arrived and then the lesson started.)
✓ The lesson had started when I arrived. ( = The lesson started and then I arrived.)
• Some verbs have irregular past participle forms. See page 182.

Past perfect continuous

had + been + -ing
• statement negative question
Vyou/he/she/iVwe/they had ('d} Vyou/he/she/iVwe/they had not (hadn't} Had Vyou/he/she/iVwe/they
been writing ... been writing ... been writing ... ?

Use Example Helpful hints

Actions continuing We'd been doing grammar The past perfect continuous is often used with the
following words and phrases:
up to, or stopping exercises for over an hour, so
just before, a we were really bored! • for Tony had been studying for hours,
moment in the past They had a break because so he had a headache.
they'd been working so hard. • since She'd been hoping to win the
competition since the summer.
• before We'd been talking about the
Internet before the lesson started.
• all day/nighVetc I'd been studying all day.

• The past perfect simple often emphasises the result of an action:

✓ She'd written an article for the school newspaper. ( = She'd finished it.)
• The past perfect continuous often emphasises the action, and the time spent on the action,
rather than the result:
✓ She'd been writing an article for the newspaper. ( = She'd started, but she hadn't finished it.)
 Unit 5 Grammar

� Complete using the correct past perfect simple form of the verbs in brackets.

1 By the time I arrived, everyone ................................................ (leave)!

2 Steve ................................................ (already I see) the film, so he didn't come with us to the cinema.
3 Tina ................................................ (not/ finish) doing the housework by seven o'clock, so she called
Andrea to tell her she would be late.
4 ................................................ (you / just / speak) to Billy when I rang?
5 The car broke down just after ................................................ (we/ set off).
6 I didn't eat anything at the party because ................................................ (I / already / eat) at home.
7 ................................................ (you I hear) about the accident before you saw it on TV?

I]] Choose the sentence (A or B) which means the same as the first sentence.

1 We'd had dinner when Wendy arrived. 5 Mr Banks hadn't arrived at the office by the
A Wendy arrived and then we had dinner. time I got there.
B We had dinner and then Wendy arrived. A I arrived before Mr Banks.
B Mr Banks arrived before me.
2 I read the book after I'd seen the film.
A I saw the film and then I read the book. 6 They'd bought the plane tickets before they
B I read the book and then I saw the film. heard about the cheaper flight.
A They bought the plane tickets and later
3 By the time Dad came home, I'd gone to bed. they heard about the cheaper flight.
A I went to bed before Dad came home. B They heard about the cheaper flight and
B I went to bed after Dad came home. then they bought the plane tickets.
4 She didn't go to bed until her mum had come 7 The girls had tidied the house when the
home. visitors arrived.
A She went to bed and then her mum came A The visitors arrived and later the girls
home. tidied the house.
B Her mum came home and then she went to B The girls tidied the house and then the
bed. visitors arrived.

@] Write sentences using the prompts. One of the verbs must be in the past
perfect simple.

1 we/just/ hear/ the news/ when/ you/ ring

2 I/ already/ think of/ that/ before/ you/ suggest/ it

3 when/ I/ turn on/ the TV/ the programme/ already/ start

4 she/be/ hungry/ because/she/ not/eat/ anything/ all day

5 by the time/ I leave/ school/ I/ decide/ to become/ a musician

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 Past perfect simple, past perfect continuous Unit 5

Look at the pictures and complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the
past perfect continuous.

1 She was tired because .........................................

................................. (run).
2 They were hot because .........................................
................................. (dance).
3 The garden was flooded because ...................
....................................................... (it / rain / all
night).
4 Did they crash because .........................................
................................. (drive / too fast)?
5 When I arrived, ........................................................ .
................. (they I wait / for over half an
hour).
6 When I got there, ..................................................
........................ (they I not I wait / long).

[[} Choose the correct answer.

1 I'd only .......................... the washing-up for a few 4 Mum had .......................... her cup of tea for
minutes when Clare came home, so she offered several minutes before she realised it had salt
to finish it. in it!
A done B been doing A drunk B been drinking
2 Had you already .......................... James his 5 We'd .......................... ready all day when they
birthday present when we gave him ours? called to say the party had been cancelled.
A given B been giving A got B been getting
3 Gail hadn't .......................... me that she would 6 It was a fantastic experience because I'd never
heJp me, so I wasn't .......................... in a plane before.
angry when she didn't. A flown B been flying
A told B been telling

IFI If a line is correct, put a tick ( ✓). If there is an extra word in a line, write the word.

Dear Diary,
1 .........P:�1.......... This morning my exam results finally fta6 came. I'd been expecting
2 .......................... them for the last week. I knew I'd been done quite well, but I was
3 ····················""·· still nervous as I had opened the envelope. Before I'd had a chance to
4 .......................... look at them, my sister ran up and pulled them out of my hand! She
5 .......................... had read them out one by one. 'English A, maths A, biology A,
6 ····················"··" French A ... 'This was the news I'd been waiting for. I'd got As in
7 .......................... every subject - even geography, which I hadn't been making sure
8 .......................... about! When Mum and Dad heard the news, they immediately started
9 ·························· been shouting with joy. By the time I'd had breakfast, Mum had
10 ·························· already called Grandma and Grandpa and had yet told the neighbours!
l- --·-· --· .••.•••••••••••••••••.. • .•--- - -- -
- - -·----------------- --- ---·-··-------·---·--··· -- -·-

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 G
Future time
ar
(present continuous, will, be going to, present simple)

For th e form of the present continu o u s, see Unit 1.

Example

i
We're driving to Berlin this weekend.

• Things we want to do in the fut ure b ut have not arranged are call ed 'intenti ons'. We do not u s e the

�.·i•,:
r c u i e going to inste ad.

�.·:'t

om
� ����:e :;,���; ;,;:;,:�:� �1��1� g��: �;.
, • We do not use the present continu ous for predictions. We u se will or be going to instead.
X Do you think you're enJoy,ng your trip to Berlin next week?
��I"""'""__,,..,.__.,....._________�-------..---_,,,,..""""',,.,_"'�' """S ;.,,,.,q.,,.,;; .-.; ,,,_,, ,,..,,.,.,,,..,,_..,,..,""!'
, ?.9'"'C'fflif%}-)��

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will + bare infinitive
• statement negative question

u
I/you/he/she/it/we/they will ('II) I/you/he/she/it/we/they will not Will l/you;11e/she/it/we/they go ... ?
go ... (won't) go ...
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Use Example
Facts abo ut th e futu re The new airport will be the biggest in Europe.
Pr edicti ons You'll have a great time in the Bahamas.
gi
Offers and requests We'll help you get ready for your holiday.
D ecisions made now I know! I'll go to China this summer.
lts

Watch • W i th off er s whi ch are questi ons, we u se Shall • We do not use will for arrangements.
outy1 with I and we. x Vq'e'fl visit lily g1a11d111a tllis weekeud.
✓ Shall I drive you to the airport?
.ie

ht=> Qni,1a tn
be going to + bare i nf initi v e
statement negative question
w

I am ('m) going to travel ... I am ('m} not going to travel ... Am I going to travel ... ?
He/she/it is ('s} going to travel ... He/she/it is not (isn't/ 's not} Is he/she/it going to travel ... ?
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going to travel ...

, ,, You/we/they are ('re} going to You/we/they are not (aren't/ 're not} Are you/we/they going to travel ... ?
'·· travel ... going to travel ... {
w

·1 Use Example
1 Intenti ons
--------------------------------------------f¥, I'm going to become an explorer when I grow up.
/4 Predictions (often with evid ence we can see)
.,;,
It's going to rain, so take an umbrella.
Facts about the future The new airport is going to be the biggest in Europe. ;.l 1

.,,..,,,.,..,...,_....,,..____......,�,W·9,"""',,,..W,'./.-l"("l'ft" 1,.,,.17.,r.��#.q.,'¥f"1"/'f.1?'!)':l '

Dro('r,('f C--ll'VIY'\I
�
� For the form of the present simple , see Unit 1. /

Use Example �
f

30 -·
Timetabl es My plane leaves at six. www.ieltsgiasu.com
/'.
t
I
 Present continuous, will, be going to, present simple Unit 7

I ook at Shelley's diary and use the prompts to write sentences. Use the correct
form of the present continuous.

1 On Monday, she ................................................

meet Alison - Frienas
Cafe
2 On Tuesday, she ...............................................
90 shopping - Mum
3 On Wednesday, she .........................................

m
catch train - Brighton

spena day - Charlie i11 4 On Thursday, she ........................................... ..

;.,,

co
·� . · Brighton
.•.,,,,,, ... ...... ,, .,, . ,.

catc.h train - home - 5 On Friday, she ...................................................

:9 10am

u.
work• Oaa's sh0t1- f,flf• 6 On Saturday, she ..............................................
,..�mom,,,!!. ...
=•
.... .�I-• .,,_ " �.,,•,•
.. -· •,..,,.
�•• "

as
Complete using will or shall and the verbs in the box. You may have to use some
1egative forms.
gi
be • come • find • have • lend • live • take • visit
lts

1 This year, more than a million tourists ................................................ our local area.
2 I'm sure we ................................................ your bag soon. Where did you last see it?
.ie

3 .......................... you .......................... me some money until Saturday?

4 Everything on the menu looks delicious! Erm ... I ................................................ Chicken Kiev, please.
5 I ................................................ you to the bus station, if you like.
w

6 One day, people ................................................ on Mars in special buildings.

7 No, there ................................................ any problems with delivering your new furniture next week.
8 .......................... we .......................... at six to help you get things ready for dinner?
w

c:J may
Complete using the correct f?rm of be going to and the verbs in brackets. You
w

I
have to use some negative forms.

1 When I grow up, I ................................................ (play) guitar in a rock group!

2 Rick and Mark ................................................ (start) going to the gym twice a week.
3 .......................... Lauren .......................... (tell) her mum about what happened?
4 I ................................................ (look) on the Internet for information about snowboarding.
5 No, Nadine ................................................ (invite) everyone from class - just her close friends.
6 .......................... Harry .......................... (be) ready on time or not?
7 Careful! You ................................................ (break) something with that ball! Go outside!
8 I ................................................ (lie down) for half an hour. Call me at six o'clock. www.ieltsgiasu.com
 Unit 7 Grammar

[QJ Complete using the correct present simple form of the verbs in the box.

arrive • come • leave • t ake I

'I'm so excited about my h oliday! My plane (1) ................................................ th e airport h ere at
nine o'clock and we (2)................................................ in Paris two h ours later. We th en
(3) ................................................ th e train from th e airport t o the city. We'll h ave a great
week, and th en we (4) ................................................ back on th e 17th . I can't wait!'

om
E Circle the correct word or phrase.

.c
1 Oscar says he is doing/ will do th e wash ing-up after dinner.
2 I'm a bit scared because I am seeing/ will see th e dentist th is afternoon.
3 Wh at are you going to do/ do you do th is evening?
4
5
6
7
8
a su
Shall you tell/ Will you tell Rupert I'm sorry about yest erday?
My dad will grow/ is going to grow a beard, but my mum doesn't like th e idea.
I h ave to revise tonight because we are having/ will have an exam tomorrow.
I am remembering/ will remember th is day for the rest of my life!
Do you go/ Are you going to Aust ralia next C h ristmas?
gi
9 I'm sure you are passing/ will pass your driving test. Don't worry.
10 If you want me to, I will complain/ am going to complain to th e manager about it.
lts

[£] Choose the correct answer.

.ie

1 'Have you made plans for t he summer?'

'Yes ........................... to Spain.'
A We'll go B We're going ewe go
w

2 'We're moving h ouse t omorrow.'

'Really? .......................... you with th e furniture.'
A I h elp B I'm h elping C I'll help
w

3 'Do you need th is paint brush ?'

'Ah, yes ........................... it to me, please?'
w

A Do you pass B Will you pass C Are you passing

4 'Wh at do you want to be when you grow up, St evie?'
..........................
' a scientist. That's what I want to do, anyway.'
A I be B I'm going to be C I'm being
5 'Joh n is a better player th an Martin, isn't h e?'
'Oh , yes........................... th e match t omorrow, I expect.'
A He'll win B He wins C He's winning
6 'Th e weather h as been t errible, h asn't it ?'
'Yes, I th ink.......................... again lat er.'
www.ieltsgiasu.com
A it's going t o rain B it's raining C it rains
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 Grammar
Prepositions of time and place

m
Time Place
months Paris is wonderful in April. towns and cities There's a famous castle in
years I first wen t to Russia in 2005. Edinburgh.
seasons We often go skiing in winter. countries and continents My brother is in Mexico.
parts of the day My train leaves in the areas and regions What's life like in the desert?
afternoon.

om
inside an object Your passport is in the drawer.
Helpful hints inside a room I've left the tickets in the living
room!
We also use in in the following phrases:
• in a minute/an hour • in front of inside a building Sharon has been in the travel
• in the middle (of) • in the future agent's for an hour!

c
\:!!7
� With verbs of motion (come, go, move, run, walk, etc), we usually use to instead of in, on or at.

u.
✓ Was it hot when you went to Japan?

as
Time Place
days I got a new car on Saturday. islands Last year, we stayed on Mykonos.
gi
dates My birthday is on 1 g t March. pages There are some useful Italian
phrases on page 97.
Helpful hints on top of an object Did you put your car keys on the
lts

We also use on in the following phrases: kitchen table?

• on the beach • on the left/right on a surface There's a timetable on the wall.
• on my birthday
.ie

\:!!7
� • We say in the morning/afternoon/evening, but on Monday morning/Wednesday evening/etc.
✓ We're flying to Washing ton in the morning I on Tuesday morning.
• We don't use a preposition with tomorrow, yesterday, tomorrow morning, yesterday evening, etc.
✓ We're flying to Washington tomorrow afternoon.
w
w

Time Place
w

clock times There's a bus at ten past three. exact places What's it like at the North Pole?
holiday periods What are you doing at Christmas? addresses My cousin lives at 132 London Road.
buildings, when I think John is at the cinema,
Helpful hints we are talking about watching Titanic.
the activities that
We also use at in the following phrases:
happen there
• at the moment • at night • at the top/bottom
• at the door/window activities Rania isn't here. She's at a party.

\:!!7
� Compare how we use in and at for places. We use in for larger areas that are all around us when we
are there. We use at for smaller places and points on a journey.
✓ We're spending our next holiday in the countryside. ✓ Let's meet at the train station.
www.ieltsgiasu.com
33
 Unit 8 Grammar

� If the word in bold in each sentence is correct, put a tick(✓). If it is wrong,

write the correct word.

1 We first visited China on 2006.

2 My birthday is at the second of July.
3 Let's meet on five o'clock, shall we?
4 School starts again in September.
5 There's a party at Emily's at Saturday.
6 What do you want to do on the morning?

m
7 Let's go and see Grandma on Easter.
8 Where do you usually go in Christmas Day?

co
[[] Complete using on, in or at.

1 There are lots of people .......................... the restaurant.

u.
2 The people who live .......................... number 44 are away on holiday.
3 You should go to the Louvre when you're .......................... Paris.
as
4 Gorillas live .......................... forests in Africa and eat fruit.
5 What does that sign .......................... the wall say?
6 What did Ethan say .......................... his letter?
7 Have you heard of the strange statues .......................... Easter Island?
gi
8 Do you really want to spend the whole day .......................... the beach?
lts

II] Look at the pictures and complete the sentences.

.ie
w
w
w

1 This photo was taken .......................... winter. 5 It's .......................... the middle.
2 We're .......................... a concert. 6 He's .......................... an island.
3 She's .......................... the sea. 7 It's .......................... the mountain.
4 It's .......................... page 62. 8 They're .......................... awww.ieltsgiasu.com
wedding.

34
 Prepositions of time and place Unit 8

[QJi Complete using the words in the box.

at • in • on • to I
1 My aunt and uncle have decided to move .......................... New Zealand.
2 Do you want to go .......................... the theatre tomorrow?
3 We stayed .......................... a great hotel in Dubai.
4 Wait .......................... the end of the street and I'll come and meet you.

om
5 You can come .......................... my house for dinner, if you like.
6 Connor was walking .......................... the corner shop when he realised he'd lost his wallet.
7 We drove all night and finally arrived .......................... Lisbon at eight o'clock.
8 Did you leave your book .......................... the teacher's desk, so she can see it?
9 Look at those sheep .......................... that field over there.

.c
10 It takes about six hours to fly .......................... Asia from here.

II] Circle the correct word.

1
2
3
I'm meeting Andy at / on the cinema in an hour.
a
Have you seen the new building at / in front of the school?
My new job starts in I on the first day of August.
su
gi
4 We're going to Martin's to see their new baby in I on Wednesday evening.
5 See if there are any tomatoes at / in the fridge, will you?
lts

6 We'll all have computers connected to our brains at / in the future.

7 I don't feel like playing chess at / on the moment.
8 I think there's someone at / in the door. I'll go and check.
.ie

[IJl Write one word in each gap.

w
w

When you travel (1) .......................... the other side of the world, jetlag is a real problem. You
find yourself awake (2) .......................... the middle of the night and you feel like going to bed
w

(3) .......................... the morning, just when everyone around you is getting up.
Jetlag happens when you go (4) .......................... a country where the time is very different.
For example, you might leave London (5) .......................... midday and fly (6) ......................... .
Los Angeles. The flight takes about eleven hours, so when you arrive (7) .......................... Los
Angeles airport, your body thinks you're there (8) .......................... 11 pm. But Los Angeles is
eight hours behind London, so you actually get there (9) .......................... 3 pm local time. So,
(10) .......................... midnight Los Angeles time, your body (which still thinks it's
(11) .......................... London) says it's 8 am. It takes a few days for your body clock to
change.
www.ieltsgiasu.com

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