92lsl23
ExPERIMENT -10 : DeTERMINAToN OF LUNG VoLUME
AND VITAL CAPACITY
’ ATM: To determine he lung volame and vitat cGpaty ding fhe
TespiLaton
PRINCLPLE ?
Ly Tidal yalume - dt is the volume air which paases in_o out he Lungo cig
Normal Volume e 400-500 ml
JE s the maimurn value air whiih on be inspied om
ratng and reJatory pasthen neludes the idal volne.
Normal velume = 300md
nspiatory Resene Valume - The ma inun volume air which Can be iape from
srontaneous and repiatory positon. Jt doesnt incluce cal voure.
Normal volume - 2500ml
Kzpratny Reser ve Valume- The mazimum woleme q_aii that can be expnd
spontaneaus and piatny pasiton.
Normal vo me = 000ml
Residuol Volume The volune air n he dungp maimum
afte
ezpielon. Normal elne (C00 - 1500ml
Vital Cepacty - The aainum volume Qi that can be epirtd fom maimum
Normal Value = 4000 - 5000m
Voume of aii psent n helngs at the end
maximum epiabon
Normal alume b000ml
Study o dpiomtr
A tates. he water Containes ià
jacket he ylada
o chai_which mòves ove a cabbealed pully beaving an hdicator neede
A wide al pases
pAses b coneypring ubrng ttoo mouh pece and he subject
blows ar the weght atached to chain o! nove Oves the
pulley to balane he wegt g the bel.
’ RocEDURE
’ Aelesinaton Tidal Kalume :
bring he gas fo its dauest posihen So that he catbelaled indi cates
e fhe spiromete t empty:nypie he aii
puley
dep as pasnble etale heepng te.
Lnosbils as clee te wifh he help q thumb and indlexnges, kzpel nto mout
piece whch is held tightly between lps wh manim forts The budb oves
p and te pointe o plley ihchates olme ezpied
and thus hasten Repeat the pro Cedure and Sithiy potons
at mio tervab
Vavatons n tol Capacitys
inder pattgeri condtifans vial capacity or mehancal
Coud cibs and sfernum, The cond ton ineuing lurgs aiecty e preumonta,
fubesclasx and enpbgena. Corcttons nvcbirg g4, lesons thee upon hehm spaces
and peutes.
lmonay kdema- due o vevous reasons Goitre aue to mu le weakneas
was found t b e
be 1800 md twhich
hotmal
22|8l23 XPERIMENT 11 : STUDY OF SvsTEMS
A) DiGeSTIVE S ysTEM
9 AiM: To shudy the anatoms and physolog dqestve syotem wilh fe help Charls
and model
9Mouth:
manly nede y veshbule and oral The oral cawity cantains had palate
anl softpabte. t middle ovula is docated. the im po rlant moulh e:
Tongue
J heas taste buds and tae types c papllo ie uIumalate, fungijosm and
Teeth:
lyjom
The pemanent teth aie 32 In number, amanged inko s kach hal q the jaw have
2 insisors 1 Canne, 2pemolas chd3 molas tach. has 3_penty a CrOwn neck and root.
The tooh is made. hasd matesial denhne anc ehamel The tee th wth
saliva helps m the mastijicaton of yood
albng
bngue and
L
dalirasy Glanda:
here are 3 pairs ie. peotd gand submaxitany gland and sublinguit gland
Pharynz
Jt os situated tefueen oouth and oescphagus. cansisb q p naaopharynx, to arephary nx
d muscuos ube like ghuchre tohich nto the somach. t i sitated between hachea
and vetehral colume. Thk process qsualewiny le bo le takes pace hee and fnaly,
he baes is cahied to e stomach
2stomach
he abaloinal
has huo ench e.. cardiac ond pylon, duo bodess e. lesse Cunvatre and greatea
CUAvatute ond uo sulaes C antenior and
MOUTH
SALVARY SUBLINGUAL GLAN D
GLANDI
PHARYAY
OESOrHGS
LIvER
-’ STOMACH
1RANSVtRSE CoOr
’ SMALL INIESTINE
ASCENDING CON
AerENDIx y RECTUM
StGMOID CCLOA!
ANUS
ORGANS GE DIGíNE SySTEM
quarded by codbac ophter coheras pylon end is guarded by pybone phincter. The
uppes pat is caled fndus and ho is (alle d body E secretes gastie
juices whch contain pepsn, enín, HC and intunsc 6actor . he condihon he bood
ip te stomach is called
chyme
(3) Small Intes thne :
) uoden um
Jt is a C shaped tute whch renains fhe bile and
panareaticjwe through opeiny
bile duct and pancreate duct respectivey
a) Tejunum:
JE is caled middle portion smal atestine. J beas nmero us glan odo which secrete
Succus enteicusjice
3) leum :
# sfhe distl past oq smal intestne Many kmphoidstuchres ae fcund hith ae
called payeri pathes hich pavde protechon cgaist nfuten
4 4 Karge Intestine
1) Caecum
Asac- lke stucture ight to ileac essa, ia qardecd by ileo caecal vale.
2), Apercl'z:
blnd vatycal argen at ileucacal vabe
Acacing calon:
JE i sitated veatally upuards and conlinous otansverse cdon.
4) Transverse olon:
JE unA.
kassvenely and near he Spleen conhnous to mdescending colon.
bes veatially downuardh at le7t
9 kiymaid oón:
) Rectum: s
found in hu Kouer pats q_ls cnd Contnous into aAs ano. Rectum and
play' an ônpos kant
taat ole in deluatien.
CARDIAC
SPHINCTEP
AUsCULARIS
LE SSER
(URVATURE 4pLIUE LAYER
GREAE
UGDENUM
sfaNCTER
pYLORIe ANTRUtM
CANAL
REGION S OF S1OMACIH
’ PAYSIOLOGY OF DIGESTION
The proceas f drgeshen begs pom mouth salva contons phylin whch ats as sfarck
form matose. Aaltere aan chang nto qlucose to sSame ertent. Gastrn acts ypan
ConYeited Ino actve Pepsin by H This pepsin acts On preten pbx ad
Ppbe
proteases
Rerin coverts aseinogen to Casel n. Casien is digested tulhes by pptn. The pt
stormach is audie The duodenum bile act on chyme to mke pH alkalie. (ph 740-82)
and alo emulsies. yats. Panr eatie jce Contans umber of engymes
chymehyimgen amylase and
entero kirase
ypaingen ypstn
Chymotyingn.chy mohypsin
Protein
Peph dase Peptides
Pepbdes Dipepbdes amino acds
Poncrease ipase acts an form gatty auda and yceol
amylase acbs on
diiach ansde
’ tosmonal Conhal
Duodena! epithebunn seCVetes gx homones
kntersgastiaga tomone: Jnhibits secreton
8 Chole cysto knin ormone : Causes bile from gull bladdes
Causes selease
pancreati jue
Secretien: Causes release Na Ho3 ih pancreatx
knteronium homone : Causes release the leibeskuln into
otesme juie
Vuikinn horone: chvates moverment G villi Jnteo tiral
Ju'e from sal htestne Centans
àmylase, naltase SUcHase, ipase, pepbiduse, nucleohdase_which act on starch, mattose,
SUCroSe fati.
pepides and nucleabds Eapechvely to krm paltae, guce sk, (acbse,
Qune aus, gaty aads glywel and nuclegsdes.
22/sl28
(6) RespRATORY SYSTEM
AlM: 7o shudy ieapiatony system and dierent ports asociated wfh it
PRiNCIPLE: Reopraton the
takes place stngte
) fdmonany rentilation :
between the abmasphele and
2) Ertenat ventilation:
is te czchange gases be bueen the ai spates dngs and bood th pulmnany
Caplaies the blacd takes o and leaves co
3) totunal ventilaton:
s he eachange gases h fe systemic Cneulation and tsue cells his
Lo, is taken by he cal, e, i eiminaled out of he cel stuctually veapiraby
Censsb
of ye pafs - pe napratory toct and ouoer reapinalory hact.
lper Respiratoy Tract:
QNose: he eatenal ositon the nose is made up q autlage ancl lined cwith a
nucus membrane. The nternal pouiton nose Commynicates wilh paa nasa
linueA and nesqpharynz. is chvided a
sysfem seplm ohose
antevor posihon s alled vestbule. Nase waims, moistens glkexs the at and unctons
otjacben and speek
mucus membrane. automatall, shous
and ayngepfaynn. huphaum quntons in
eopiaton and layngplanynx
jnches, both
bok inmseupiratcn and digesten.
3hewer Repiatory Tract
JE consisth q kayoz, tachea, bronchi and he hat
Lconnects phaiyn a ith hachea. JE cons ste which
LARVNN
QGHT LUNG LEET LuNG
PagIETAL RÉURA
VIscERn PLEURA
PLEVRAL CAVITy
RoNCHUS
RieHT MAN LEFT MAIN
BRoNCHus BRONCHI
BRONCHIALES
TERNNnL BRoNCHIOLEs
DIAPHRAGM
ANTERIOR VIEW
BRONCHLAL
prevenb jood fom entong h loynx he cinid antilag which comnecks he
Jasynr and bnhea and a pon q asastenodenoid cashog
cinc Od canhlage The aynr cantaining vocal
VOCal cods cohich produce sound they
vibrate. the thachea cztencb the e layn to e pimary branchi bronchiole
and tetminal bronchioles branchi (onsist and he
walls bronchioles contain
smaler plates contlage and inreased amcunt
Smoth uscles They ale Cone shaped and described as
base Sfruchures hat orm root lhe bung ente anc tene e
an apex and a
having
1- Bron chioles
0ne
pumonauy vein one bronchel
otey. bymph veasel, Sympahete and euatympu
-tc 2erves
’ PEURA AND PLEURAL CAVITY:
The pleura osisk f a cased sac SeiDus membrane which conssk Small
amount Sesous fid. The viscealpleura is adhered to he
each lobe and pating the hsues which Rtparate them. The pavetal plkura
Is adheed to chast wal and horaic Serous
Secseted by eplhelial ele Jerous membrane.
’ PuLMONARY BLooD SuPPLY:
is d'vided mto tuo within he lungs - each pulmonany atey
dvudes, into 2 praín branches which eateunally end n aense eety capillary nehuerk
asoUnd the ucll alveol. The
alveol qbkec
n h cap leries takes plae Qcross hese 2 ine membrane. he
pulmonag capillavies
An entally komiag 2 pumanay veins n ach kung
bilum and eanvay oxyematd bloc to fe det abium he heart
MusCLES OF RESPIRATI ON:
The expansin chest olusing inspirahon 0CCUSJ ao a result
podly valnauy anal pastly maluntaiy
he main mmucles in norvmal quiet
q respiration breahng ae mteCos fal mutes
and diaphragm Surny dep bealting tag ae asocuated by muscles
and elashe Connectve tsse. e useles myolved are nter Cos tal muscles
26|8/23 (c) CARO1O VASCULAR SYsTEM
’AlM To
study about cadovascule! systom
(a)stucture
Shucture a the Heart:
Heart is a oughly one chped holleu muscular
mu whose
orgen
clased the heast is 2504ma gomales and sMgms th males.
preent n lhe cavity calleod medastinun.
) lesicacium ) yoatlum 3) Endocardivm
lb1) Pericardium
is Te oulermo at layer enelosing heart 4 divded into pibrous peicodium and
Sersus pesardium. hbrous pericardam is ougb., inelashe dosetegula Connechve
hesue. JE is almost atached to the
daphagn Pei carcial fud present between huo
as shock aborbe.
lajor bulk the heast s
mayocadlum which i made p Cardiac mscles The carcae
muxles one yundrcal, ohiated, ino luntay and mter calated cisks
Qcton the heart Contacton and elaxatoo
4) tndoardium -
The innermost which hin endohelim. ey piouc
the chambers c he heart and covers cuallo he
heot
’ (HAMBERS OF HEART:
JE iS made 4 chambess 2 sypeior ctnia and 2 ofeuor ventcks. Jaternaly
atia s dincded by inten - abial septm, Coronang sulcus separats ahia foam ventils
Conror torotid ortery
Arch of or ta
Sueniot veratose
Ascer ding torlo Ott palnorany ortery
veins
Palironasy alve Loyf pulronay
ossa Ovalis left hium
Bicmpid Value
ght dhiom Aovtie valve
Tncuspid Valse ’Chosdac Tedinae
’ faplary JMuscles
’loft Ven hricle
Jnjenor Jnterverhizulan Sephum
Kight Venhriclae
uendig tonta
INTERML ANATOs o HtAKT
Right smium:
and
Jt recieves blbod on hree
three veins supeio venG Cava venacaNa
Poster'or wall is Smoo th and antevoro wal
wal isis rough due to presence
pectmate mscles and
called pectnate etend into aicles An ova
o muscuan idges caled hey
deprosion presenl e-abial s phum called yosso oals uhch remanant
of oramen ovale Tricspid vale helps blabod enter he ver
b Right Ventncls
most Ihe anteAOr Suloce q heat inside . dt Contains cadac mscles
ibres called trabeculae. Tricpd valie iS nnccted tto chorclae tecine through
byabecule Blbod yom her, ente s ine pulmanary tunk.
the base the heart.t reiENeA blood foom lungs hrough palmanany Veins.
Jnside the legt atiamt hassmoh
it has Blood
smoolh mus lles- Blod om here enters from the
atium nto Leyt ventide ay biuspid valve
Left Venhicle :
tis the he heaE uhich con tains tabeula and chodae teinae Bood
om here enters nt aotbe valye.
GonbucTION 8ysTEM OF HEART
Gor the Contachon heart uscleo ro external shimuli s needed. t s
generetes
and the heast controuSly Cen back
hact ond relaxes
acts as paemakers Thn ayfem helps inn conhaton heat o pump bbod
ANTERIOR VIEW Of CoRONARY ARKIES
vena cava the exa taton
ohich is present just below
60-100 tmes Jmin and mib ole impube or euey
beqns. grerates
hode it ravels to node nghl ond layt abia
and o6
hem Sino - auntulas thacts
Auniculo-venhuala bundle IS
bres whh Coa
dvded to em pus kinje yares
impula es to venthles Rate or
peed al whch innpulse
pulse ik greoted fom
JA nodo is more
Q Coronary Grculaton
Blcod and nutients hrough its Own bbad veasels th
deved by myocardum through
and cutsde the heart bte a crown encircles
branch yrom asending aorta
prepel bod nto Caprtlavies and hen
fhe head when the heart relares itit prepelb
queegeel shut.
into coronoy veins, when heast conhact the coronasg etesies ae
systenie Crculabon : and
wih each heastbeat heart pumps blood nto 2 clo sed ciicuts the pulmonay
becomes he other. The
systemie ara
arculation. The output One
iput
Srde heart pumps circulatron: Je
ou sgateic recieves Oxygeated bbod from
from the ach adta bbcd
Aungs. Th Left venhicle ejectt he bood nto aarta
iato huo ad rcolts Thiough horacic aorta boocd vessels Othes
brachio -cephabc carotd bood vessels
Pulononang Crculaton:
Thy ngtt side the heaut is the pump for pulmonary ciculaton. JE secieves al!
the dorygenated bood erran cm systeonik Gnalaton Boad cyject 7tom gát
asteres that cany bocd nto rght and le7t
Ven hcle ybus into putmonaiy aifoes
Augs Jh pulmonany apllaries, the blecd oloads co, uhich o exhaled and
puks up o24genated bloccl. Th fueshly orygenated bot hen loss Irto
vens and eturns l¡t abum.
ANTERI0R VIEW
CokgNARY VEINS
L Hepoto - Portal Cvculaton :
the venous bocd fuom afeshme and splcen hrougk fe ier before it
Teturns to he heast this system arrts bood between two capillaies nefuok
rom One pat in he
bodyy fo anolher wi hout pasung through the heant. sn ais
Case
fuom cap/llasves o qut the snces ord o Ke liven ter a meal, hepatre
portal bood s srch _n absorbed subetances The lives sores Some anod mode
fhe ohers begore me dipsted substane
bstane so hey nay b csed by the cela oetou jes
hasm7ul subs tana hat has been
been absonbed by eI Orgna and deatays bactesa
Lby phageyosa
Splenic Veins:
veins.
They aain blood rom somach panreas antevior and merio mesen bic he
nght and teyt gasht veins which
open dretiy into hepato- porta! vein dran he
gall bladdes. Al he same tme he lvey Yecieves
donygnated blood Ihraugh
hepate otuy d branch and ultinately he bood leaves lves
by hepato vens, whichdrains into nyeo vena Cava. Thus
role in pist cheLk
sliver plays a majoc
metabolsn and storage.
Pavetl wall Heast wall
Lrdocaroum
Iibrous peica dium
Pavelal auye
o2tororara bbad
bod vessel
Myocavdim
Peicatdial aity
Viscerad layer
LAyERS HEART WALL
24/8 l2023
D) URINARY SvsTEM
’ AM: To shdy he anatny and wrh he
he help o chaut
and model.
’kipNEYS
Those ae tuo bean- shaped shuhures located cn Me posteuo walls q ypes ahdom en
The oute part is calleal corlex and mmer pat is alled medulla whih Contans
Pyhamnds and aly ces Cales unte to the
the stuctural and ephrons
Junhonal nt Nephron has 2 puts
y Aalphigian bedies
dE B made up ay Bowmani Caps ule and
oa) Renal Tubules gomnals
They Consist q poxima! convelated tubule, docp Henle sfal onvaluted tubule and
Callecting ducts. kach kidhey has about 200, 00 hephrond.
pelus the kidney conhnuesinto a tub ulas stucture kroun as wetes.
Both wetes s gen
the hladder The atitry wine
by wetes,
made us culas tssues.
p g fibrous and
’ URINRY BLADDER :
dt has mus clar sac IKe ghuche Jt has tuo
pasts ie nds ohich s the gper
past and base which is he kouer part act Jes es voiY wine. curaton
mainly controlled by sphncters and musular Coat ladder.
(oat q the uinary bblad
URETHRA
J4 is Canal- ike stuchure hat conhnues from baddes toautspde Alale
wethra is
1NEERIoR VENA CAVA ’ Aorta
KIDNEYS
URE TER
URINARY BLADDER
URETHRA
URINAR CyTEM
PAYSIOLOGY :
Kidniy requlates the water, en and pt balance and helps waste patut
nd porsonous sabsana alse play on ipelont role wine termaton. e
formaton Usine involves he olowng pOces ir
OL Glomey ula lhaton
This takes plae in the Bowmans capsle conlaning bunch cap1llaes called gomeruas.
The qomerula filkahon rae in novmal adulk human r about 2ml / mn Glaneubr
4lh aton rab dependo on
pressue q he bod losma (80mm) hydro stahe (20mm) and inha apilly peu
(7Bmm) The net ilration presue rs 75 (30t20). This aled ultra filhaton
O Tubular Reabsophon
TR gemeula fdhahon which s about 2 litres
ezuete only 65 to 5 btres ine
reabsor bed by th tubules
Proximal Convoluted Tubule (pCT):
he glomcrulas
fihaton whch n about guae, antoo acds, hamonzs, itemis, Na ,
kt and a +t
ase veabso/bed by
achve hanyoyt chbade ions e seabsor bed
by pasive banspout whle wate paases hto fubutar osmosIJ
4 Aista! Convo luted Tubuk DCT): Ruabso cphon oy wate take _place
under he nflena
ADH 0Smcsiswhle Nat yeabsorbed wrde he infuene q the ados terone
by actve hansport.
descending bab a impermeabe h ions, wea anel uete
The nafiow part to unta Ascendng
G Tubula Secehon - st curs maudly ay achve hanspot inin he PCT and DCT. lateval
Seeeted ndde cveatnine hepuse and, k NH and subslances
RENAL
ReNAL PAPILLAE
RENAL LoeE
KIDNE Y
CROXIMAL (oNvOLUTE O
rUevLE (PC7)
DISTAL (oNVOLåTED
TUBULE (DT)
L.ow/MAí CAPSULE
’ CoLLECTING DUCT
RENAL
ARTERY
RENAL
VeIN
|NEFHK ON
