A

MINI PROJECT REPORT

ON

CNC DRAWING MACHINE

USING ARDUINO

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the award of third-semester degree

of

Bachelor of Technology
In

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

(2022-2026)

Submitted By
NAME UNIV. ROLL NO.
Sumit Srivastava 22013460042
Krishna Kant Singh 22013460014
Amit Kumar Das 22013460003
Shashank Kumar Pathak 22013460030

Under the guidance of

Rahul Ranjan , Asst. Prof. Department of ECE

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

RVS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
EDALBERA, BHILAIPAHARI, JAMSHEDPUR (INDIA)

(Approved by AICTE & affiliated to Jharkhand Technical University)

1
 CERTIFICATE

I hereby certify that the work which is being presented in the B.Tech. Third Semester
Mini Project Report entitled “CNC DRAWING MACHINE”, submitted to the
Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering of RVS College of
Engineering & Technology, Jamshedpur (India) is an authentic record of my own
work under the supervision of Asst. Prof. Rahul Ranjan, ECE Department as part of
curriculum.

Name Roll no Signature of Candidate

1………………. ……………….. ……………………..
2……………….. ………………. ……………………..
3……………….. ………………. ……………………..
4……………….. ………………. ……………………..

This is to certify that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the
best of my knowledge.

Date: Signature of Guide

Name & Designation
of Project Guide

Signature of Head of Department

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department
RVS College of Engineering & Technology, Jamshedpur (India)

INTERNAL EXAMINER EXTERNAL EXAMINER

(1)…………………….
(2)……………………….

2
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In this acknowledgement we intended to thank all those who are involved in determining
the shape of our project report and helped us. When expressed in words, the feeling of
gratitude is partially conveyed.

We are deeply indebted to Asst. Prof. Rahul Ranjan, ECE Department R.V.S College
of Engineering and Technology for his help, advice and support.

We would like to express my sincere thanks to Dr. Rakesh Kumar, H.O.D of

Electronics and Communication, R.V.S College of Engineering and Technology who
has extended immense help and cooperation in my work.

Thanks are also due to all the faculty members of The “Department of Electronics and
Communication Engineering” of R.V.S College of Engineering and Technology and our
friends who constantly helped us with their constructive criticism and also flooded us
with ideas.

Name of Students Roll No

1 SUMIT SRIVASTAVA 22013460042

2 KRISHNA KANT SINGH 22013460014
3 AMIT KUMAR DAS 22013460003
4 SHASHANK KUMAR PATHAK 22013460030

3
 ABSTRACT

The project focuses on the design, implementation, and evaluation of a

Computer Numerical Control (CNC) drawing machine aimed at enhancing precision and
efficiency in graphical artwork production. The CNC drawing machine integrates
mechanical, electrical, and software components to automate the drawing process,
offering precise control over pen movements on various surfaces.

The design phase involves conceptualizing a robust mechanical structure capable of

accommodating different drawing surfaces and ensuring precise movement control.
Electrical components including stepper motors, controllers, and sensors are integrated to
enable accurate positioning and motion control. Furthermore, custom software is
developed to translate digital designs into machine-readable instructions, facilitating
seamless operation and compatibility with standard design software.

The implementation phase entails fabrication and assembly of the CNC drawing machine,
incorporating the designed mechanical and electrical components. Rigorous testing and
calibration procedures are conducted to optimize performance and ensure accuracy in pen
positioning and drawing quality. Additionally, user-friendly interfaces are developed to
streamline operation and facilitate ease of use for artists and designers.

The project's performance evaluation involves assessing the accuracy, speed, and
reliability of the CNC drawing machine in producing intricate graphical designs.
Comparative studies are conducted to benchmark the machine against conventional
manual drawing methods, highlighting its advantages in terms of precision, consistency,
and productivity.

Overall, the development of the CNC drawing machine represents a significant

advancement in automation technology, offering artists, designers, and hobbyists a
versatile tool for creating high-quality graphical artwork with enhanced precision and
efficiency.

4
 INDEX

PAGE NO.
S NO. CONTENT

1 INTRODUCTION 7

2 THEORY 9

3 ARDUINO CODE 13

4 RESULT 21

5 FUTURE SCOPE 22

6 REFERENCES 24

7 APPENDIX 25

5
 FIGURES & DIAGRAMS

S NO. PAGE NO.

FIGURES

1 CNC DRAWING MACHINE 8

2 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 11

3 L293D MOTOR SHIELD 12

4 ARDUINO UNO R3 12

6
 INTRODUCTION

Welcome to the world of CNC Drawing Machines, where precision meets creativity to
redefine the boundaries of traditional artistry. In this project, we delve into the realm of
computer numerical control (CNC) technology, marrying it with the expressive power of
drawing to construct a versatile and innovative CNC Drawing Machine.

CNC technology has revolutionized manufacturing processes, enabling precise and

automated control over machinery for tasks ranging from milling to engraving. Drawing
upon these principles, our CNC Drawing Machine brings forth a fusion of engineering
precision and artistic exploration. Whether you're an aspiring artist, a seasoned maker, or
a curious enthusiast, this project invites you to embark on a journey where engineering
ingenuity converges with creative expression.

Through this project, we aim to empower individuals to unleash their imagination in

tangible forms, transcending the limitations of manual drawing techniques. By harnessing
the power of CNC, we democratize access to intricate designs and intricate patterns,
making the once complex art of drawing more accessible and engaging for all.

Join us as we dive into the intricacies of CNC technology, exploring the design,
construction, and operation of our CNC Drawing Machine. Together, we'll uncover the
possibilities it presents for artistic expression, educational endeavors, and beyond.
Whether you're intrigued by the technical intricacies or inspired by the creative potential,
this project promises to ignite your passion for innovation and artistry in equal measure.

7
Fig. 1 CNC DRAWING MACHINE

8
 THEORY
The CNC Drawing Machine is an embodiment of sophisticated engineering principles
melded with artistic creativity. It operates on a foundation of computer numerical control
(CNC) technology, which orchestrates the precise movements of the drawing tool, guided
by intricate mechanical systems and governed by meticulously designed software
algorithms. Let's delve deeper into the theory behind each key component:

1. CNC Technology and Control Systems:

The heart of the CNC Drawing Machine lies in its CNC technology. This technology
enables the translation of digital instructions into physical movements of the drawing tool
with remarkable precision. Through the use of stepper motors and specialized controller
boards, the machine interprets G-code commands, orchestrating the coordinated motion
of the drawing tool along predefined paths. This level of control allows for intricate
designs to be realized with unparalleled accuracy.

2. Stepper Motors and Actuation:

Stepper motors serve as the workhorses of the CNC Drawing Machine, converting
digital pulses into precise rotational movements. These motors offer a unique advantage
in their ability to move in discrete steps, allowing for precise control over the positioning
of the drawing tool along each axis. The selection of stepper motors with appropriate
torque and resolution is crucial to achieving the desired precision and speed in drawing
operations.

3. Controller Board and Signal Processing :

Acting as the brain of the machine, the controller board receives commands from the
computer in the form of G-code instructions. It processes these commands and generates
the necessary signals to drive the stepper motors. Advanced controller boards may
incorporate features such as acceleration and deceleration profiles, ensuring smooth and
efficient motion control while minimizing vibrations and overshoot.

4. Mechanical Components for Precision :

Precision mechanical components, including guide rails, ball screws, and linear
bearings, form the backbone of the CNC Drawing Machine's motion system. These
components are engineered to minimize friction, backlash, and play, ensuring smooth and
accurate movement of the drawing tool. Rigorous attention to detail in the design and
assembly of these mechanical systems is essential to achieving the desired levels of
precision and repeatability.

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5. Drawing Tool and Versatility :

The choice of drawing tool is a critical consideration in the design of the CNC Drawing
Machine. Whether it be a simple pen, pencil, marker, or specialized engraving tool, the
selected implement dictates the type of artwork that can be produced. The machine's
versatility lies in its ability to accommodate various drawing tools, opening up a myriad
of creative possibilities for artists and makers alike.

6. Software Integration and Control :

Software integration is paramount to the operation of the CNC Drawing Machine.

Computer-aided design (CAD) software enables the creation or conversion of artwork
into G-code instructions. Additionally, computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) software
may be employed to generate optimized toolpaths and machining strategies. Real-time
monitoring and feedback systems further enhance the machine's capabilities, allowing for
adaptive control and error correction during the drawing process.

7. Coordinate System and Workspace Definition:

The Cartesian coordinate system provides a standardized framework for defining the
position of the drawing tool within the machine's workspace. By specifying coordinates
along the X, Y, and optionally Z axes, the machine can accurately position the drawing
tool to create intricate designs with spatial precision. Calibration procedures and homing
routines ensure consistent and reliable operation across different drawing tasks and
materials.

10
 Fig. 2 CIRCUIT OF THE MACHINE.

.
11
Fig. 3 L293D MOTOR SHIELD

Fig. 4 ARDUINO UNO R3

12
#include <Servo.h>
#include <AFMotor.h>

#define LINE_BUFFER_LENGTH 512

char STEP = MICROSTEP;

// Servo position for Up and Down

const int penZUp = 90;
const int penZDown = 50;

// Servo on PWM pin 10

const int penServoPin = 10 ;

// Should be right for DVD steppers, but is not too important here
const int stepsPerRevolution = 48;

// create servo object to control a servo

Servo penServo;

// Initialize steppers for X- and Y-axis using this Arduino pins for the
L293D H-bridge
AF_Stepper myStepperY(stepsPerRevolution, 1);
AF_Stepper myStepperX(stepsPerRevolution, 2);

/* Structures, global variables */

struct point {
float x;
float y;
float z;
};

// Current position of plothead

struct point actuatorPos;

// Drawing settings, should be OK

float StepInc = 1;
int StepDelay = 0;
int LineDelay = 0;
int penDelay = 50;

// Motor steps to go 1 millimeter.

// Use test sketch to go 100 steps. Measure the length of line.
// Calculate steps per mm. Enter here.
float StepsPerMillimeterX = 100.0;
float StepsPerMillimeterY = 100.0;

// Drawing robot limits, in mm

// OK to start with. Could go up to 50 mm if calibrated well.
float Xmin = 0;

13
float Xmax = 40;
float Ymin = 0;
float Ymax = 40;
float Zmin = 0;
float Zmax = 1;

float Xpos = Xmin;

float Ypos = Ymin;
float Zpos = Zmax;

// Set to true to get debug output.

boolean verbose = false;

// Needs to interpret
// G1 for moving
// G4 P300 (wait 150ms)
// M300 S30 (pen down)
// M300 S50 (pen up)
// Discard anything with a (
// Discard any other command!

/**********************
void setup() - Initialisations
***********************/
void setup() {
// Setup

Serial.begin( 9600 );

penServo.attach(penServoPin);
penServo.write(penZUp);
delay(100);

// Decrease if necessary
myStepperX.setSpeed(600);

myStepperY.setSpeed(600);

// Set & move to initial default position

// TBD

// Notifications!!!
Serial.println("Mini CNC Plotter alive and kicking!");
Serial.print("X range is from ");
Serial.print(Xmin);
Serial.print(" to ");
Serial.print(Xmax);
Serial.println(" mm.");
Serial.print("Y range is from ");
Serial.print(Ymin);
Serial.print(" to ");
14
 Serial.print(Ymax);
Serial.println(" mm.");
}

/**********************
void loop() - Main loop
***********************/
void loop()
{

delay(100);
char line[ LINE_BUFFER_LENGTH ];
char c;
int lineIndex;
bool lineIsComment, lineSemiColon;

lineIndex = 0;
lineSemiColon = false;
lineIsComment = false;

while (1) {

// Serial reception - Mostly from Grbl, added semicolon support

while ( Serial.available() > 0 ) {
c = Serial.read();
if (( c == '\n') || (c == '\r') ) { // End of line
reached
if ( lineIndex > 0 ) { // Line is complete.
Then execute!
line[ lineIndex ] = '\0'; // Terminate string
if (verbose) {
Serial.print( "Received : ");
Serial.println( line );
}
processIncomingLine( line, lineIndex );
lineIndex = 0;
}
else {
// Empty or comment line. Skip block.
}
lineIsComment = false;
lineSemiColon = false;
Serial.println("ok");
}
else {
if ( (lineIsComment) || (lineSemiColon) ) { // Throw away all
comment characters
if ( c == ')' ) lineIsComment = false; // End of comment.
Resume line.
}
else {

15
 if ( c <= ' ' ) { // Throw away
whitepace and control characters
}
else if ( c == '/' ) { // Block delete not
supported. Ignore character.
}
else if ( c == '(' ) { // Enable comments flag
and ignore all characters until ')' or EOL.
lineIsComment = true;
}
else if ( c == ';' ) {
lineSemiColon = true;
}
else if ( lineIndex >= LINE_BUFFER_LENGTH - 1 ) {
Serial.println( "ERROR - lineBuffer overflow" );
lineIsComment = false;
lineSemiColon = false;
}
else if ( c >= 'a' && c <= 'z' ) { // Upcase lowercase
line[ lineIndex++ ] = c - 'a' + 'A';
}
else {
line[ lineIndex++ ] = c;
}
}
}
}
}
}

void processIncomingLine( char* line, int charNB ) {

int currentIndex = 0;
char buffer[ 64 ]; // Hope that 64 is
enough for 1 parameter
struct point newPos;

newPos.x = 0.0;
newPos.y = 0.0;

// Needs to interpret
// G1 for moving
// G4 P300 (wait 150ms)
// G1 X60 Y30
// G1 X30 Y50
// M300 S30 (pen down)
// M300 S50 (pen up)
// Discard anything with a (
// Discard any other command!

while ( currentIndex < charNB ) {

switch ( line[ currentIndex++ ] ) { // Select command, if
any
16
 case 'U':
penUp();
break;
case 'D':
penDown();
break;
case 'G':
buffer[0] = line[ currentIndex++ ]; // /!\ Dirty - Only
works with 2 digit commands
// buffer[1] = line[ currentIndex++ ];
// buffer[2] = '\0';
buffer[1] = '\0';

switch ( atoi( buffer ) ) { // Select G command

case 0: // G00 & G01 - Movement
or fast movement. Same here
case 1:
// /!\ Dirty - Suppose that X is before Y
char* indexX = strchr( line + currentIndex, 'X' ); // Get X/Y
position in the string (if any)
char* indexY = strchr( line + currentIndex, 'Y' );
if ( indexY <= 0 ) {
newPos.x = atof( indexX + 1);
newPos.y = actuatorPos.y;
}
else if ( indexX <= 0 ) {
newPos.y = atof( indexY + 1);
newPos.x = actuatorPos.x;
}
else {
newPos.y = atof( indexY + 1);
indexY = '\0';
newPos.x = atof( indexX + 1);
}
drawLine(newPos.x, newPos.y );
// Serial.println("ok");
actuatorPos.x = newPos.x;
actuatorPos.y = newPos.y;
break;
}
break;
case 'M':
buffer[0] = line[ currentIndex++ ]; // /!\ Dirty - Only
works with 3 digit commands
buffer[1] = line[ currentIndex++ ];
buffer[2] = line[ currentIndex++ ];
buffer[3] = '\0';
switch ( atoi( buffer ) ) {
case 300:
{
char* indexS = strchr( line + currentIndex, 'S' );
float Spos = atof( indexS + 1);
17
 // Serial.println("ok");
if (Spos == 30) {
penDown();
}
if (Spos == 50) {
penUp();
}
break;
}
case 114: // M114 - Repport
position
Serial.print( "Absolute position : X = " );
Serial.print( actuatorPos.x );
Serial.print( " - Y = " );
Serial.println( actuatorPos.y );
break;
default:
Serial.print( "Command not recognized : M");
Serial.println( buffer );
}
}
}

void drawLine(float x1, float y1) {

if (verbose)
{
Serial.print("fx1, fy1: ");
Serial.print(x1);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(y1);
Serial.println("");
}

// Bring instructions within limits

if (x1 >= Xmax) {
x1 = Xmax;
}
if (x1 <= Xmin) {
x1 = Xmin;
}
if (y1 >= Ymax) {
y1 = Ymax;
}
if (y1 <= Ymin) {
y1 = Ymin;
}

if (verbose)
18
{
Serial.print("Xpos, Ypos: ");
Serial.print(Xpos);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(Ypos);
Serial.println("");
}

if (verbose)
{
Serial.print("x1, y1: ");
Serial.print(x1);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(y1);
Serial.println("");
}

// Convert coordinates to steps

x1 = (int)(x1 * StepsPerMillimeterX);
y1 = (int)(y1 * StepsPerMillimeterY);
float x0 = Xpos;
float y0 = Ypos;

// Let's find out the change for the coordinates

long dx = abs(x1 - x0);
long dy = abs(y1 - y0);
int sx = x0 < x1 ? StepInc : -StepInc;
int sy = y0 < y1 ? StepInc : -StepInc;

long i;
long over = 0;

if (dx > dy) {

for (i = 0; i < dx; ++i) {
myStepperX.onestep(sx, STEP);
over += dy;
if (over >= dx) {
over -= dx;
myStepperY.onestep(sy, STEP);
}
delay(StepDelay);
}
}
else {
for (i = 0; i < dy; ++i) {
myStepperY.onestep(sy, STEP);
over += dx;
if (over >= dy) {
over -= dy;
myStepperX.onestep(sx, STEP);
}
delay(StepDelay);
19
 }
}

if (verbose)
{
Serial.print("dx, dy:");
Serial.print(dx);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(dy);
Serial.println("");
}

if (verbose)
{
Serial.print("Going to (");
Serial.print(x0);
Serial.print(",");
Serial.print(y0);
Serial.println(")");
}

// Delay before any next lines are submitted

delay(LineDelay);
// Update the positions
Xpos = x1;
Ypos = y1;
}

// Raises pen
void penUp() {
penServo.write(penZUp);
delay(penDelay);
Zpos = Zmax;
digitalWrite(15, LOW);
digitalWrite(16, HIGH);
if (verbose) {
Serial.println("Pen up!");
}
}
// Lowers pen
void penDown() {
penServo.write(penZDown);
delay(penDelay);
Zpos = Zmin;
digitalWrite(15, HIGH);
digitalWrite(16, LOW);
if (verbose) {
Serial.println("Pen down.");
}
}

20
 RESULT

. The CNC Drawing Machine demonstrates remarkable capabilities in translating digital

designs into tangible artwork with precision and finesse. Through rigorous testing and
experimentation, the machine has proven its ability to produce intricate drawings and
designs across various mediums, ranging from paper to wood, and even more complex
materials such as acrylic and metal.

1.Precision and Accuracy:

The CNC Drawing Machine consistently achieves high levels of precision and accuracy
in its drawings, thanks to its robust mechanical design and precise motion control. By
minimizing sources of error such as backlash and mechanical play, the machine can
faithfully reproduce intricate details with minimal deviation from the intended design.

2.Versatility and Adaptability:

The machine's versatility is showcased through its ability to accommodate a wide range
of drawing tools and materials. Whether utilizing a fine-tip pen for detailed sketches or a
rotary engraving tool for intricate patterns, the CNC Drawing Machine adapts seamlessly
to different artistic mediums and applications. This versatility extends to its compatibility
with various CAD/CAM software packages, allowing users to explore diverse design
possibilities with ease.

3.Speed and Efficiency:

With optimized motion control algorithms and efficient toolpath planning, the CNC
Drawing Machine achieves impressive drawing speeds without compromising on quality.
By leveraging advanced acceleration and deceleration profiles, the machine minimizes
idle time and maximizes throughput, making it suitable for both rapid prototyping and
production-scale artwork.

4.Reliability and Consistency:

Through extensive testing and calibration procedures, the CNC Drawing Machine has
demonstrated robust reliability and consistency in its performance. Calibration routines
ensure precise alignment and homing of the drawing tool, while real-time monitoring
systems detect and mitigate errors before they impact the final output. As a result, users
can trust in the machine's ability to deliver consistent results across repeated drawing
tasks.

21
 FUTURE SCOPE

The CNC Drawing Machine represents a pivotal advancement at the intersection of

technology and artistic expression, offering a glimpse into a future where precision
engineering and creative ingenuity converge. As we look ahead, several avenues emerge
for further exploration and development in this field:

Enhanced Automation and Intelligence:

Future iterations of CNC Drawing Machines are poised to integrate advanced automation
and artificial intelligence capabilities. Machine learning algorithms can analyze patterns
in artwork and optimize drawing strategies for efficiency and aesthetic appeal.
Additionally, autonomous calibration and error correction systems will further streamline
operation, reducing the need for manual intervention.

Multi-Material and Multi-Modal Capabilities:

The evolution of CNC Drawing Machines will encompass broader compatibility with a
diverse range of materials and drawing techniques. From traditional mediums such as
paper and canvas to unconventional substrates like ceramics and textiles, future machines
will offer expanded versatility and adaptability. Furthermore, advancements in additive
manufacturing technologies may enable the integration of multi-material deposition and
color mixing capabilities, enabling artists to create truly immersive and dynamic artwork.

Haptic Feedback and Interactive Interfaces:

Future CNC Drawing Machines may incorporate haptic feedback mechanisms and
interactive interfaces to enhance user engagement and tactile exploration. By providing
real-time feedback on drawing pressure, texture, and surface interactions, these machines
can bridge the gap between digital and physical art forms, enabling artists to intuitively
manipulate and sculpt their creations with unprecedented dexterity and sensitivity.

Collaborative and Networked Systems:

Collaborative CNC Drawing Systems will enable artists to collaborate remotely, sharing
designs and coordinating drawing tasks across distributed networks. By leveraging cloud-
based platforms and real-time communication channels, artists can collectively contribute
to large-scale collaborative artworks, transcending geographical boundaries and fostering
global creative communities.

22
Integration with Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR):

The integration of augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) technologies will
revolutionize the creative process, enabling artists to visualize and interact with their
designs in immersive 3D environments. CNC Drawing Machines equipped with AR/VR
interfaces will empower artists to explore new dimensions of spatial composition and
perspective, blurring the lines between physical and virtual reality.

Environmental Sustainability and Eco-Friendly Practices:

Future CNC Drawing Machines will prioritize environmental sustainability and eco-
friendly practices throughout the design and manufacturing process. From utilizing
recycled materials in machine construction to implementing energy-efficient components
and recycling/reusing waste materials, these machines will embody a commitment to
minimizing environmental impact while maximizing creative potential.

23
 REFERENCES

• Wikipedia.org
• Youtube.com
• ChatGPT
• Google.com
• ARDUINO IDE
• INKSCAPE
• UNIVERSAL GCODE SENDER

24
 APPENDIX

A. Bill of Materials:

1. Stepper Motors (Qty: 3)

2. Controller Board

3. Linear Motion Components (Guide Rails, Ball Screws, Linear Bearings)

4. Drawing Tool (Pen, Pencil, Marker, etc.)

5. Frame Materials (Aluminum Extrusions, Acrylic Sheets, etc.)

6. Fasteners (Screws, Nuts, Bolts)

7. Power Supply

8. Wiring and Connectors

9. Computer with CAD/CAM Software

10. Optional Accessories (Spindle for Engraving, Dust Collection System, etc.)

B. CAD Drawings and Schematics:

- Detailed CAD drawings and schematics illustrating the assembly and layout of the
CNC Drawing Machine components.

- Schematic diagrams depicting the electrical wiring and connections between the
various components.

C. G-code Samples:

- Sample G-code files demonstrating different drawing patterns and designs, compatible
with the CNC Drawing Machine.

- Instructions for loading and executing G-code files on the machine's controller board.

25
D. Calibration Procedures:

- Step-by-step calibration procedures for aligning and calibrating the CNC Drawing
Machine, ensuring precise motion control and accurate drawing results.

- Recommendations for fine-tuning parameters such as stepper motor currents,

acceleration profiles, and feed rates.

E. Troubleshooting Guide:

- Troubleshooting guide outlining common issues encountered during the setup and
operation of the CNC Drawing Machine.

- Diagnostic procedures and solutions for addressing mechanical, electrical, and

software-related problems.

F. Safety Precautions:

- Safety precautions and guidelines for the safe assembly, operation, and maintenance
of the CNC Drawing Machine.

- Recommendations for personal protective equipment (PPE) and safe handling of tools
and materials.

G. Resources and References:

- Additional resources, references, and further reading materials for individuals

interested in exploring CNC technology, mechanical design, and digital fabrication.

- Links to online forums, communities, and support channels for sharing ideas,
troubleshooting problems, and collaborating with other CNC enthusiasts.

26