SOFTWARE

Software: - Software is a collection of programs. These programs are used for doing user works and
developing new software’s.
Software can be divided into two parts:
1. System Software
2. Application Software
System Software: - System Software is also collection of programs. These programs are used for start
the Computer and ready to use.
System Software can be classified into two types:
1. Single User Operating System
2. Multi User Operating System
Single User Operating System: - A Single Person, A Single Computer and working with a Single File
are called Single User Operating System.
Ex: -
 Ms-Dos
 Window (3.1/95/98/2000/Me/XP)
Multi User Operating System: - Number of Persons, Number of Computers and working with a Single
File is called Multi User Operating System.
Ex: -
 UNIX
 Window NT (Network)
 Linux
Application Software: - Application software’s depends on System Software.
Application Software’s are two types:
1. Packages
2. Languages
Packages: - Packages are readymade collection of designed programming Windows.
Ex: - Calculator, Paint Brush, Ms-Office, Page Maker, FoxPro and Oracle etc...
Languages: - Languages are used for developing new packages.
Ex: - COBOL, PASCAL, “C” Language, C++, VB (Visual Basics) and JAVA etc...

Single User Operating System

MS-DOS
(Microsoft Disk Operating System)
Operating System: - Operating System is a collection of programs. These programs are used for
translate our given instructions into Computer language again translate the Computer language to our
language. All Computers need basic software known as Operating System (OS) to function. The
Operating System acts as an interface between the user, application programs, hardware, and system
peripherals. Users interact with the computer and software through the OS. The OS is the first software to
be loaded when a computer boots up. Application programs are loaded after the OS
Booting: - Copying or loading Ms-Dos files and running Ms-Dos is called Booting.
Ms-Dos has three main files:
1. IO.SYS
2. MSDOS.SYS
3. COMMAND.COM
When you Boot the Computer it can returns the PROMPT. PROMPT indicates that system can ready to
use.
A:\> ----> Booted with Floppy Disk [‘A’ Prompt]
C:\> ----> Booted with Hard Disk [‘C’ Prompt]
Bootable Floppy: - Where the Ms-Dos files are stored in Floppy that Floppy is also called “Bootable
Floppy”.
C:\> ----> Prompt
C: ----> Drive Name
\ ----> Path
 > ----> Command Line Indicator
C:\>.....................Command Line.............
Command Line can execute only “Commands”. From the command prompt, commands can be issued to
perform file and disk management, and to run programs.
COMMAND: - Command is a small Program. Each command can do some specific work. DOS provides a
text-based interface called command prompt.
Commands are two types:
1. INTERNAL COMMANDS
2. EXTERNAL COMMANDS
INTERNAL COMMANDS: - These commands are loaded into Primary Memory (RAM) when while
Booting. These commands are cannot display the any External files. These commands cannot remove,
modify and delete. These commands are always available in your Computer when you boot with Ms-Dos.
Ex: - CLS, DIR, DATE, TIME, COPY CON, RENAME and DEL etc...
EXTERNAL COMMANDS: - These commands are cannot load into Primary Memory (RAM) when while
Booting. These commands can be display the External files. These commands can be removing, modify
and delete. These commands are always not available in your Computer.
Ex: - MORE, MOVE, ATTRIB, DELTREE, EDIT and XCOPY etc...
Starting Ms-Dos Operating in Windows Operating System: -
Start Button -----> Run -----> Here Type the Command.com/CMD/COMMAND ----> Ok
C:\Documents and Settings\Teaching Machine>cd\ <Enter>
C:\>_
If you want to see the Ms-Dos Operating System with full screen:
Press {ALT + Enter}
If you want close the Ms-Dos Operating System:
C:\>exit <Enter>
INTERNAL COMMANDS
CLS: - This command is used to clear the screen.
Syntax: -
C:\>cls <Press the Enter>
DIR: - This command is used to see the files and directories.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir <Press the Enter>
Date: - This command is used to see the system date and change the System Date.
Syntax: -
C:\>date <Press the Enter>
Time: - This command is used to see the system time and change the System time.
Syntax: -
C:\>time <Press the Enter>
DIR/P: - This command is used to see the files and directories with page wise.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/p <Press the Enter>
DIR/W: - This command is used to see the files and directories width wise.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/w <Press the Enter>
DIR/W/P: - This command is used to see the files and directories with width wise and Page wise.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/w/p <Press the Enter>
DIR/A-D or DIR/AA: - This command is used to see the files only without directories.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/a-d
(OR)
C:\>dir/aa
DIR/AD: - This command is used to see the directories only without files.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/ad
COPY CON: - This command is used to create a new file.
Syntax: -
C:\>copy con <New Filename> <Enter>
Here type the information ...
--------
---------
^Z [F6 or Ctrl + Z => To save and close the present file.]
1 file(s) copied
C:\>_
TYPE: - This command is used to see the file contents. (To see the file information)
Syntax: -
C:\>type <Filename> <Enter>
RENAME or REN: - This command is used to change the specified filename.
Syntax: -
C:\>Rename <Old Filename> <New Filename>
OR
C:\>Ren <Old Filename> <New Filename>
COPY: - This command is used to create a duplicate file.
Syntax: -
C:\>copy <Old Filename> <New Filename>
DEL or ERASE: - This command is used to remove the specified file.
Syntax: -
C:\>del <Filename>
OR
C:\>erase <Filename>
Adding new information into already existed file: -
Syntax: -
C:\>copy <Filename> + Con
Filename
CON
Here type the information....
^Z
1 file(s) copied
C:\>=
or
C:\>copy <Filename> + Con
Overwrite C: Filename (Yes/No/All) Y
Filename
CON
Here type the information....
^Z
1 file(s) copied
C:\>=
Adding more then one-file information into new file: -
Syntax: -
C:\>copy <File1+File2+File3….> <New Filename>
Directory: - Directories are used for Storing Files and Directories. These Directories are also called “Sub
Directories”.
MD or MKDIR: - This command is used to make a new directory.
Syntax: -
C:\>md <New Directory Name>
OR
C:\>mkdir <New Directory Name>
Ex: -
C:\>md Mahathi <Enter>
CD or CHDIR: - This command is used to change the one directory to another directory. (Open the
Specified Directory).
Syntax: -
C:\>cd <Directory Name>
OR
C:\>chdir <Directory Name>
Ex: -
C:\>CD Mahathi <Enter>
C:\Mahathi>=
CD.. : - Close the Present Directory and come back to previous directory.
Syntax: -
C:\Mahathi>cd..
C:\>=

CD\: - This command is used to close the all opened directories at a time.
Syntax: -
C:\Suman\Kumar\Harish>cd\
C:\>=
Note: C PROMPT is also called Root Directory or Main Directory.
Copying Files from one Directory to another directory:
Syntax: -
C:\>copy <Source> <Target>
RD or RMDIR: - This command is used to remove a specified directory.
Note: If you want remove a directory that directory must be empty.
Syntax: -
C:\>RD <Directory Name>
Or
C:\>RMDIR <Directory Name>
Working with Floppy Disk: -
Drive Changing: -
From Hard Disk to Floppy Disk: -
Syntax: -
C:\>a: <Enter>
A:\>_
From Floppy Disk to Hard Disk: -
Syntax: -
A:\>c: <Enter>
C:\>_
Copying Files from Hard Disk to Floppy Disk: -
Syntax: -
C:\>copy <Filename> a:\
Ex:
If you want to see the file in Floppy Disk:
C:\>a: <Enter>
A:\>dir <Enter>
If you want to see the files and Directories in Floppy Disk working in Hard Disk (C:\>):
C:\>dir a:\ <Enter>
Copying Files from Floppy Disk to Hard Disk: -
Syntax: -
A:\>copy <Filename> c:\ <Enter>
Ex:
C:\>a: <Enter>
A:\>copy Naresh c:\ <Enter>
Copying Files from Floppy Disk to Hard Disk but working in Hard disk: -
Syntax: -
C:\>copy <A:\Filename> c:\ <Enter>
OR
C:\>copy <A:\Filename> <Enter>
Ex: -
C:\>copy a:\floppy c:\ <Enter>

C:\>copy a:\floppy <Enter>

Wild Cards: - Wild Cards are used for managing group of files means displaying group of files, copying
group of files and deleting group of files.

Wild cards are two types:

1. Asterisk (*) {It can take up to 8 Characters}
2. Question Mark (?) {It can take a Single Character}
Displaying group of files:
C:\> dir si*.*
C:\> dir *.bat
C:\> cd windows
C:\Windows> dir c*.*
C:\Windows> dir *.D*
C:\Windows> dir win*.exe
Copying group of files: -
C:\> copy si*.* c:\Suman
C:\> copy *.exe c:\Suman
C:\> cd windows
C:\Windows> copy c*.* c:\Suman
C:\Windows> copy *.d* c:\Suman
C:\Windows> copy win*.exe c:\Suman
Deleting group of files:
C:\> cd Suman
C:\Suman> del a*.*
C:\Suman> del si*.*
C:\Suman> del *.bat
C:\Suman> del *.exe
C:\Suman> del c*.*
C:\Suman> del *.d*
Displaying group of files using (?):
C:\> dir a????.???
C:\> dir s????.*
C:\> dir *.D??
C:\> cd windows
C:\Windows> dir s????.???
C:\Windows> dir *.c??
C:\Windows> dir win????.exe
Copying group of files using (?): -
C:\> copy a????.??? c:\Suman
C:\> copy s????.* c:\Suman
C:\> cd windows
C:\Windows> copy *.D?? c:\Suman
C:\Windows> copy s??????.??? c:\Suman
C:\Windows> copy win????.exe c:\Suman
Deleting group of files using (?):
C:\> cd Suman
C:\Suman> del a??????.???
C:\Suman> del s?????.*
C:\Suman> del *.c??
C:\Suman> del win????.exe
Searching Specified File or Directory: -
Syntax: -
C:\>dir <Filename>/s
Or
C:\>dir/ <Filename>
DIR/S: - This command is used see the all files and all subdirectory file also.
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/s
Displaying Specified Directory Files and it’s all subdirectory files: -
Syntax: -
C:\>dir/s <Directory Name>