S.
no Reagent Reactions
1 Br₂ (CCl₄) CH₂=CH₂ + Br₂ → BrCH₂–
CH₂Br (Alkene bromination,
decolourises Br₂)
Alkyne + Br₂ →
Tetrabromoalkane
(Decolourisation test)
2 KMnO₄ (cold, dilute) CH₂=CH₂ + [O] → HO–CH₂–
CH₂–OH (Baeyer’s test,
hydroxylation of alkene)
Alkyne + KMnO₄ → Diketone
3 KMnO₄ (hot, conc.) CH₃–CH=CH₂ + 3[O] →
CH₃COOH + HCOOH
(Oxidative cleavage)
Ar–CH₃ + 3[O] → Ar–COOH
(Side chain oxidation of
aromatic hydrocarbons)
4 H₂ / Ni, Pd, Pt CH₂=CH₂ + H₂ → CH₃–CH₃
(Catalytic hydrogenation of
alkene)
Alkyne + 2H₂ → Alkane
Alkyne + H₂ (Lindlar catalyst)
→ Cis-alkene
Alkyne + Na/NH₃ → Trans-
alkene
5 HCl / HBr / HI CH₂=CH₂ + HBr → CH₃–CH₂Br
(Markovnikov addition)
CH₃–CH=CH₂ + HCl → CH₃–
CHCl–CH₃
CH₃–CH=CH₂ + HBr (ROOR) →
CH₃–CH₂–CH₂Br (Anti-
Markovnikov, peroxide effect
– only HBr)
6 Conc. H₂SO₄ CH₃–CH₂–OH → CH₂=CH₂ +
H₂O (Dehydration to alkene)
2CH₃CH₂OH → CH₃CH₂–O–
CH₂CH₃ + H₂O (Ether
formation)
CH₂=CH₂ + H₂O → CH₃–
CH₂OH (Hydration,
Markovnikov)
C₆H₆ + HNO₃ → C₆H₅NO₂ +
H₂O (Nitration of benzene)
C₆H₆ + SO₃ → C₆H₅SO₃H
(Sulphonation of benzene)
7 AlCl₃ / CH₃Cl C₆H₆ + CH₃Cl → C₆H₅–CH₃ +
HCl (Friedel–Crafts alkylation)
8 AlCl₃ / CH₃COCl C₆H₆ + CH₃COCl → C₆H₅–
COCH₃ + HCl (Friedel–Crafts
acylation)
9 Cl₂ (hv) CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl (Free
radical halogenation)
CH₃–CH₃ + Cl₂ → CH₃CH₂Cl +
HCl
10 O₃ / Zn–H₂O CH₂=CH₂ + O₃ → 2HCHO
(Ozonolysis of alkene)
CH₃–CH=CH₂ + O₃ → CH₃–
CHO + HCHO
Ar–CH=CH₂ + O₃ → Ar–CHO +
HCHO
11 NaOH (aq.) R–Cl + NaOH → R–OH + NaCl
(Hydrolysis of haloalkane)
R–COOR’ + NaOH → R–
COONa + R’–OH
(Saponification)
C₆H₅–OH + NaOH → C₆H₅ONa
+ H₂O (Phenol acidity)
R–COOH + NaOH → R–
COONa + H₂O
12 NaOH (alc., Δ) R–CH₂–CH₂–Br + alc. NaOH →
CH₂=CH₂ + HBr
(Dehydrohalogenation)
13 KCN (alc.) R–Br + KCN → R–CN + KBr
(Chain extension)
14 AgCN (alc.) R–Br + AgCN → R–NC + AgBr
(Isocyanide formation)
15 NH₃ (alc., heat) R–Br + NH₃ → R–NH₂ + HBr
(Amine preparation)
16 NaI (acetone) R–Cl + NaI → R–I + NaCl
(Finkelstein reaction)
17 AgNO₂ R–Br + AgNO₂ → R–ONO +
AgBr (Alkyl nitrite formation)
18 NaNO₂ R–Br + NaNO₂ → R–NO₂ +
NaBr (Nitroalkane formation)
19 Cu powder (heat) 2R–Br + Cu → R–R + CuBr₂
20 Na / dry ether 2R–X + 2Na → R–R + 2NaX
(Wurtz)
Ar–X + R–X + 2Na → Ar–R +
2NaX (Wurtz–Fittig)
2Ar–X + 2Na → Ar–Ar + 2NaX
(Fittig)
21 Na metal 2R–OH + 2Na → 2R–ONa +
H₂↑ (Alcohol + Na)
2C₆H₅–OH + 2Na →
2C₆H₅ONa + H₂↑ (Phenol +
Na)
22 NaHCO₃ R–COOH + NaHCO₃ → R–
COONa + H₂O + CO₂↑
(Effervescence test)
23 FeCl₃ C₆H₅–OH + FeCl₃ → Violet
complex (Phenol test)
24 NaOH + CO₂ C₆H₅–ONa + CO₂ → o–HOOC–
C₆H₄–OH (Kolbe’s reaction)
25 CHCl₃ + NaOH C₆H₅–OH + CHCl₃ + 3NaOH →
o–CHO–C₆H₄–OH + 3NaCl +
2H₂O (Reimer–Tiemann)
26 Williamson synthesis R–ONa + R’–X → R–O–R’ +
NaX (Ether synthesis)
27 PCl₅ / SOCl₂ / PCl₃ ROH + PCl₅ → R–Cl + POCl₃ +
HCl (Alcohol → Haloalkane)
R–COOH + SOCl₂ → R–COCl +
SO₂ + HCl (Acyl chloride
preparation)
28 K₂Cr₂O₇/H⁺ 1° alcohol → Aldehyde →
Carboxylic acid
2° alcohol → Ketone
29 LiAlH₄ / NaBH₄ R–CHO + 2[H] → R–CH₂OH
R–CO–R’ + 2[H] → R–CHOH–
R’
R–COOH + 4[H] → R–CH₂OH
(LiAlH₄)
R–COOR’ + 4[H] → R–CH₂OH
+ R’–OH
30 Zn–Hg / HCl R–CO–R’ + Zn–Hg/HCl → R–
(Clemmensen) CH₂–R’ (Carbonyl → Alkane)
31 NH₂NH₂ / KOH, Δ (Wolff– R–CO–R’ + NH₂NH₂ + KOH →
Kishner) R–CH₂–R’ + N₂
32 Grignard reagent (RMgX) R–CHO + RMgX → R–CH(OH)–
R’ (Addition to aldehyde)
R–CO–R’ + RMgX → R–
C(OH)R’–R’’ (Tertiary alcohol
formation)
33 HCN/KCN R–CHO + HCN → R–CH(OH)–
CN (Cyanohydrin)
R–CO–R’ + HCN → R–
C(OH)R’–CN
34 Ester hydrolysis (acidic) R–COOR’ + H₂O/H⁺ → R–
COOH + R’–OH
35 Esterification R–COOH + R’–OH → R–COOR’
+ H₂O (Conc. H₂SO₄)
36 Decarboxylation (NaOH + R–COONa + NaOH → RH +
CaO) Na₂CO₃ (Soda lime)
37 NaNO₂ + HCl (0–5 °C) C₆H₅NH₂ + HNO₂ → C₆H₅–
N₂⁺Cl⁻ + 2H₂O (Diazotisation)
38 Sandmeyer (CuCl, CuBr, C₆H₅–N₂⁺Cl⁻ + CuCl → C₆H₅Cl
CuCN) + N₂
C₆H₅–N₂⁺Cl⁻ + CuBr → C₆H₅Br
+ N₂
C₆H₅–N₂⁺Cl⁻ + CuCN →
C₆H₅CN + N₂
39 KI C₆H₅–N₂⁺Cl⁻ + KI → C₆H₅I +
KCl + N₂↑
40 H₃PO₂ C₆H₅–N₂⁺Cl⁻ + H₃PO₂ → C₆H₆
+ N₂↑
41 Azo coupling C₆H₅–N₂⁺Cl⁻ + C₆H₅–OH → p-
HO–C₆H₄–N=N–C₆H₅ (Azo
dye)
42 CHCl₃ + alc. KOH R–NH₂ + CHCl₃ + 3KOH → R–
NC + 3KCl + 3H₂O
(Carbylamine test)
43 Hinsberg reagent 1° amine → soluble
(C₆H₅SO₂Cl) sulphonamide (NaOH
soluble)
2° amine → insoluble
sulphonamide
3° amine → no reaction
44 Acylation (CH₃COCl) R–NH₂ + CH₃COCl → R–
NHCOCH₃ + HCl
45 Benzoylation (C₆H₅COCl) R–NH₂ + C₆H₅COCl → R–
NHCOC₆H₅ + HCl
46 Gabriel phthalimide Phthalimide + R–X → R–NH₂
(on hydrolysis)
47 Hofmann bromamide R–CONH₂ + Br₂ + 4NaOH →
R–NH₂ + Na₂CO₃ + 2NaBr +
2H₂O
48 Nitrobenzene reduction C₆H₅NO₂ + Sn/HCl → C₆H₅NH₂
+ H₂O (Aniline prep)
49 Tollen’s reagent R–CHO + 2[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺ + 3OH⁻
→ R–COO⁻ + 2Ag↓ + 4NH₃ +
2H₂O
50 Fehling’s solution R–CHO + 2Cu²⁺ + 5OH⁻ → R–
COO⁻ + Cu₂O↓ (red ppt) +
3H₂O
51 I₂ / NaOH (Iodoform) CH₃–CO–R + 3I₂ + 4NaOH →
R–COONa + CHI₃↓ + 3NaI +
3H₂O
52 NaHSO₃ R–CHO + NaHSO₃ → R–
CH(OH)–SO₃Na (Bisulfite
adduct)
53 NH₂–OH (Hydroxylamine) R–CHO → R–CH=NOH
(Oxime)
54 2,4–DNPH R–CHO / R–CO–R’ + 2,4–
DNPH → Yellow/orange ppt
(Hydrazone)
55 Molisch’s test Carbohydrate + α-naphthol +
H₂SO₄ → Purple ring
56 Benedict’s test Reducing sugar + 2Cu²⁺ →
Cu₂O ↓ (red ppt)
57 Biuret test Protein + NaOH + CuSO₄ →
Violet complex
58 Xanthoproteic test Protein + conc. HNO₃ →
Yellow nitro derivative
59 Sucrose hydrolysis C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂O (H⁺) →
Glucose + Fructose
